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trivia_qa_1504923	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the name of the new racecourse, opened in June 2009, about five miles north of Llanelli?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Ultimate guide to Ffos Las Racecourse FAQs Ffos Las Racecourse is situated on the outskirts of the village of Trimsaran, in the county of Carmarthenshire in southwest Wales, five miles north of Llanelli. The 600-acre racecourse is actually built on the site of the largest open cast coal mine in Europe, but no signs of its industrial heritage remain and, today, the course offers scenic views of the Gwendraeth Valley and Carmarthen Bay. Ffos Las has the distinction of being the first new turf racecourse to be opened in Britain in the last 80 years. Unlike the now defunct Great Leighs Racecourse, in Essex, which went into administration just nine months after it officially opened in 2008, Ffos Las was complete in every detail when it opened and has thrived ever since. The racecourse staged its first fixture in the summer of 2009 and, in 2013, is scheduled to host 19 National Hunt fixtures, seven Flat fixtures, between July and September and one mixed fixture. For racegoers, Ffos Las offers just a single enclosure, although admission prices vary according to whether meetings are classified as “Standard”, “Premium” or “Feature.” Saturday Show Night in May, for example, is a “Feature” fixture at £20 per person, Family Fun Raceday in April is a “Premium” fixture at £16 person and Ryan Jones Testimonial Raceday in August is a “Standard” fixture at £12 per person. Admission is free for accompanied children regardless of the pricing structure. For corporate events, large and small, the course offers five function rooms, up to eight breakout rooms, the Blinkers Bar, capable of seating 350 people, banquet style and a selection of hospitality boxes for smaller meetings. The 600 acres of land surrounding the racecourse is also available for outdoor events. Free Wi-Fi and free car parking, lunch and refreshments are included in all delegate packages, the latest audio/visual equipment is available on request and a dedicated events team is on hand to make sure events run smoothly. Getting there View Larger Map What’s unique about the course at Ffos Las? Ffos Las consists of a flat, galloping oval, approximately a mile and a half around, with generous, sweeping bends that suit even the longest striding horse. The straight six furlong course is nearly 200 feet wide, with gentle undulations throughout. The slightly downhill finish tends to favour horses that race prominently, especially when the ground is good or faster. Over Jumps, there are nine, moderately stiff, fences per circuit. Notable Races and Events The very first race ever to be run at Ffos Las, the Freebets.co.uk “National Hunt” Novices’ Hurdle, on June 18, 2009 was won by the 6-year-old Plunkett, trained by Evan Williams in Llancarfan, Vale of Glamorgan and owned by Hywel Jones, a native of west Wales. Mr. Jones said, “It’s a historic moment and I’m proud to win this first race.” The two most valuable races run at Ffos Las are the William Hill Welsh Champion Hurdle, a limited handicap hurdle over 2 miles 4 furlongs worth £50,000 in total prize money and the William Hill West Wales National, a handicap steeplechase over 3 miles 4 furlongs worth £30,000 in total prize money. In February 2013, the William Hill Champion Hurdle was won by Alan King’s 6-year-old Medinas, who went on to win the valuable Coral Cup at the Cheltenham Festival the following month at odds of 33/1. The winner of the 2013 William Hill West Wales National, Mark Bradstock’s 10-year-old Carruthers, fared less well on his only subsequent start when pulled up in the Midlands National, over 4 miles 1½ furlongs, at Uttoexeter. However, he’s becoming a course specialist at Ffos Las, having won on both visits, so he could be one to look out for on his return to the track. Top Owners, Jockeys and Trainers On the Flat at Ffos Las, Martin Dwyer, Steve Drowne and Cathy Gannon have all ridden 14 winners since the racecourse opened in 2009, although in terms of strike rate Martin Dwyer leads the way by virtue of having achieved that total from 29 rides, whereas Steve Drowne and Cathy Gannon have needed 40 and 57 rides", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504924	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In which childrens' TV programme, narrated by Derek Jacobi, would you see Iggle-Piggle & Upsy-Daisy?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "In The Night Garden: Who's Here? [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk: Derek Jacobi: DVD & Blu-ray Product Description Product Description Five episodes of the CBeebies pre-school series narrated by Derek Jacobi, which takes children on an imaginative journey through the night garden, encountering its funny and lovable residents including Upsy Daisy, Igglepiggle, Makka Pakka, the Tombliboos, the Pontipines and the Haahoos. From Amazon.co.uk Chances are there's barely a parent of a toddler in the country who hasn't encountered In The Night Garden in some form over the past few months. The latest BBC-hit from the CBeebies channel, and with a passing resemblance to Teletubbies, this debut DVD for the show brings together five episodes. And many parents already, we suspect, will have their credit cards ready. In true childrens' television tradition, In The Night Garden is often as alien to adults as it is compelling to its real target audience. But heck, do children love it. Accompanied by the gentle narration of Sir Derek Jacobi, it's billed a nursery rhyme picture book of sorts. This manifests itself in the shape of a wild mix of children and characters, who get up to a mixture of diverse and diverting activities. And this is one of the many areas where In The Night Garden strikes gold. Not only does it have a distinctive and warm collection of characters, but it does have an educational undercurrent to it all. In short, it engages its target audience particularly well, and teaches them a little in the process. The DVD is rounded off with special bonus footage and a parents' guide, but it's the five episodes that are set to be spun time and time again. And rightly so. Expect this to be the first DVD release of many, too, for a show with many, many years ahead of it. --Jon Foster --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title. Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504925	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"On 1 September 2010, In the Iraq War, the USA replaced the name \"\"Operation Iraqi Freedom\"\" by what?\"", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Military Call on Me 2010 - YouTube Military Call on Me 2010 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Apr 13, 2010 A video mix from the Military OIF during 2003 of the . Military Call 2010. The Iraq War, also known as the Occupation of Iraq, The Second Gulf War Operation Iraqi Freedom, or Operation New Dawn is an ongoing military campaign which began on March 20, 2003, with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational force led by troops from the United States and the United Kingdom. Prior to the war, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom claimed that Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) posed a threat to their security and that of their coalition/regional allies. In 2002, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441 which called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors to verify that Iraq was not in possession of WMD and cruise missiles. The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) found no evidence of WMD, but could not verify the accuracy of Iraq's weapon declarations. Lead weapons inspector Hans Blix advised the UN Security Council that while Iraq was cooperating in terms of access, Iraq's declarations with regards to WMD still could not be verified. After investigation following the invasion, the U.S.-led Iraq Survey Group concluded that Iraq had ended its nuclear, chemical, and biological programs in 1991 and had no active programs at the time of the invasion, but that they intended to resume production if the Iraq sanctions were lifted. Although some degraded remnants of misplaced or abandoned chemical weapons from before 1991 were found, they were not the weapons which had been the main argument to justify the invasion. Some US officials also accused Iraqi President Saddam Hussein of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, but no evidence of a meaningful connection was ever found. Other proclaimed reasons for the invasion included Iraq's financial support for the families of Palestinian suicide bombers,[60] Iraqi government human rights abuses, and an effort to spread democracy to the country. The invasion of Iraq led to an occupation and the eventual capture of President Hussein, who was later tried in an Iraqi court of law and executed by the new Iraqi government. Violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups soon led to the Iraqi insurgency, strife between many Sunni and Shia Iraqi groups, and the emergence of a new faction of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. In October 2006, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Iraqi government estimated that more than 365,000 Iraqis had been displaced since the 2006 bombing of the al-Askari Mosque, bringing the total number of Iraqi refugees to more than 1.6 million.[66] By 2008, the UNHCR raised the estimate of refugees to a total of about 4.7 million (~16% of the population). The number of refugees estimated abroad was 2 million (a number close to CIA projections) and the number of internally displaced people was 2.7 million. In 2007, Iraq's anti-corruption board reported that 35% of Iraqi children, or about five million children, were orphans. The Red Cross stated in March 2008 that Iraq's humanitarian situation remained among the most critical in the world, with millions of Iraqis forced to rely on insufficient and poor-quality water sources. In June 2008, U.S. Department of Defense officials claimed security and economic indicators began to show signs of improvement in what they hailed as significant and fragile gains. Iraq was fifth on the 2008 Failed States Index, and sixth on the 2009 list. As public opinion favoring troop withdrawals increased and as Iraqi forces began to take responsibility for security, member nations of the Coalition withdrew their forces. In late 2008, the U.S. and Iraq", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504926	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which US president, known commonly by his initials, was born in Stonewall, Texas in 1908?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Biography of President Lyndon B. Johnson for Kids Born: August 27, 1908 near Stonewall, Texas Died: January 22, 1973 in Johnson City, Texas Married: Claudia Taylor (Lady Bird) Johnson Children: Lynda, Luci Biography: What is Lyndon B. Johnson most known for? Lyndon Johnson was known for becoming president after President Kennedy was assassinated. His presidency is known for the passage of civil rights legislation and the Vietnam War. Growing Up Lyndon grew up in a farmhouse in the hill country near Johnson City, Texas . Although his father was a state representative, Lyndon's family was poor and he had to work hard at chores and odd jobs to make ends meet. In high school Lyndon played baseball, enjoyed public speaking, and being on the debate team. Lyndon wasn't sure what he wanted to do when he got out of high school, but eventually decided on teaching and graduated from Southwest Texas State Teacher's College. He didn't end up teaching long before he went to work for a congressman. Soon he wanted to go into politics, so he went to Georgetown University and earned his law degree. Lyndon B. Johnson taking the oath of office by Cecil Stoughton Before He Became President Shortly after graduating from law school, Johnson was elected to the U.S. Congress . He served as a congressman for twelve years. During World War II he took a leave of absence from Congress to serve in the war where he earned a Silver Star. In 1948 Johnson set his sights on the Senate. He won the election, but only by 87 votes. He earned the sarcastic nickname \"Landslide Lyndon\". Johnson served the next twelve years on the Senate becoming the Senate Majority Leader in 1955. Johnson decided to run for president in 1960. He lost the democratic nomination to John F. Kennedy, but became his vice presidential running mate. They won the general election and Johnson became vice president. Kennedy Assassinated In 1963 while on a parade in Dallas, Texas, President Kennedy was assassinated. He was shot while riding in a car just ahead of Johnson. Johnson was sworn in as president just a short while later. Lyndon B. Johnson's Presidency Johnson wanted his presidency to usher in of a new way of life for America. He called it the Great Society where everyone would be treated equally and have equal opportunity. He used his popularity to pass legislation to help fight crime, prevent poverty, protect the voting rights of minorities, improve education, and conserve the environment. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Lyndon b. Johnson by Elizabeth Shoumatoff Perhaps the greatest achievement of Johnson's presidency was the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . This law made most forms of racial discrimination including segregation in schools illegal. In 1965 Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act which allowed the federal government to insure that the voting rights of all citizens regardless of race were protected. The Vietnam War The Vietnam War turned out to be Johnson's downfall. Under Johnson the war escalated and U.S. involvement grew. As more and more U.S. soldiers died in the war, Johnson's popularity began to diminish. Many people disagreed with any U.S. involvement at all and protests grew throughout the country. Johnson put his full efforts into gaining a peace settlement, but failed in the end. How did he die? After retiring to his ranch in Texas, Lyndon Johnson died of a heart attack in 1973. Fun Facts About Lyndon B. Johnson His wife's nickname \"Lady Bird\" gave them both the same initials \"LBJ\". They named their daughters so they would have the \"LBJ\" initials too. Johnson City, Texas was named after a relative of Johnson's. He appointed the first African American to the Supreme Court , Thurgood Marshall . He also had the first African American cabinet member when he appointed Robert C. Weaver to lead the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Johnson once said that \"Education is not a problem. Education is an opportunity.\" At 6 feet 3 ½ inches he was the second tallest president just after Abraham Lincoln at 6 feet 4 inches. Activities", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504927	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which city is served by Hanedi Airport?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Haneda Airport - Go Japan Go Haneda Airport Profile Haneda Airport (IATA: HND, ICAO: RJTT) is officially known as Tokyo International Airport, however it mainly handles domestic flights with some short haul international flight and the majority of international flights go through Narita Airport . Haneda Airport is only 14km south of the centre of Tokyo in the ward of Ota . Haneda Airport is the fifth busiest airport in the world, handling over 64 million passenger movements per year. Sorry, no record were found. Please adjust your search criteria and try again. Google Map Not Loaded Kifune Shrine 4.99 km Kifune Shrine is a Shinto Shrine in Ota Ward of Tokyo, that is said to have been established around 1266. The object of enshrinement at Kifune Shrine is Izanagi-no-ohkami (a Read more [...] Shinagawa Aquarium 6.25 km Shinagawa Aquarium, in Shinagawa central Tokyo, features tunnel tank with a walk through tunnel where you can view sea creatures swimming over head and on both sides of you. Read more [...] Oedo-Onsen-Monogatari 7.44 km Oedo-Onsen-Monogatari, in Odaiba, is the largest (artificial) hot spring complex in Tokyo. Oedo-Onsen-Monogatari has an Edo-era (1800s) style and featuring an endless array of batht Read more [...]", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504928	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In the Book of Genesis, what is described as 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide and 30 cubits high?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "World's largest timber construction - Noah's Ark - opens for business \| Woodworking Network World's largest timber construction - Noah's Ark - opens for business Print WILLIAMSTOWN, Ky. — A 510-foot-long, $100 million pine-clad Noah's Ark replica has opened in Kentucky. And Colorado Timberframe was chosen to mill the logs because they are said to be the only U.S. group capable of milling logs as large as 50 feet long and 36 inches in diameter. The Ark Encounter was engineered and built using exact biblical measurements, requiring over 3.3 million board feet of timber to construct it, and fitting over 16,000 people simultaneously. The Book of Genesis describes Noah's Ark as 300 cubits long, its width 50 cubits, and its height 30 cubits. The attraction will feature museum-like exhibits, displays of Noah's family, and lifelike models of animals - existing in pairs and in compartments just like the Bible described. Guests will be able to tour the ship for $40. In an effort to employ techniques used in the ancient time the Ark was said to have been constructed, one hundred Amish craftsmen built the replica using ancient timber framing techniques, such as manually bending the wood for the rudder rather than steaming it to make it more pliable. Most of these techniques were utilized, but some had to be altered to adhere to modern building codes (builders originally planned to hold the ark together with wooden pegs, but had to change to steel fasteners). A length of 20.1 inches was chosen for the biblical cubit. This produced plans for an ark measuring 510 feet (160 m) long, 85 feet (26 m) wide, and 51 feet (16 m) high. The 3.3 million board feet of wood was harvested from as far away as Oregon and British Columbia. The Ark's framing consists of Englemann spruce, and the exterior is made mostly of Accoya wood - sustainable, insect-resistant radiata pine that undergoes an acetylation process to make it class 1 durable. The ark contains 132 bays for animals, each standing about 18 feet high. The structure is held off the ground by three 80 foot masonry towers, which contain stairwells, elevators, and bathrooms. Each features electric lighting designed to resemble oil lamps. Below the ark is a theater and giftshop, and a restaurant sits on its roof. The structure was supposedly built using green construction methods and utilized Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) practices, like geothermal and solar heating, and rainwater capture. Creator and devout Christian Ken Ham said the massive ark will stand as proof that the stories of the Bible are true. Ham's group Answers in Genesis believes God created the world and everything in it around 6,000 years ago. The ark opens July 7 and will attract an estimated two million visitors in its first year, putting it on par with some big attractions in nearby Cincinnati. It has stirred up much controversy among atheists, other religious groups, and those who disapproved of tax incentives given to Ham and his group. Topics:", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504929	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Give any year in the life of 'Ivan the Terrible'?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Ivan the IV, or Ivan the Terrible, was tsar of Russia from 1530-1584 and established a tradition of absolute rule. After a childhood of abuse and repression he destroyed his rivals and claimed the throne of Tsardom. He beat back the last of the Mongols, provided some large territotial expansion, and centralized the bureacracy. At the same time his blood thristy habits and cruel personality have made him infamous in history's annals as a lunatic ruler whom even his own people called \"Terrible.\" Historical Background In the 1500's while the rest of western Europe was revealing in the glories of the Renaissance, Russia was still struggling to establish its own identity after just emerging from the Mongol yoke in 1480. The princes of Muscovy had traditionally been tax collectors for the Mongols and it was not until Ivan the I managed to amass a large personal fortune and conquer surrounding rivals, furthering his power and gaining the trust of the Mongols, that any single ruler began to emerge in Russia. In 1480, Ivan the III managed to buy up all the surrounding territory around Moscow and proclaim himself tsar and not subject to Mongol rule Research Report Ivan IV Vasilyevich (1530-1584), was the first of two children of Basil III and Elena Glinskaya. Ivan came into the world on August 25, 1530. Nearly a year after this Ivan's father died when he was only three. Basil had died due to a small, little pimple on his thigh that had developed into a deadly sore. Basil requested at his deathbed that his son Ivan would become the ruler of Russia when he became a man at age 15. Once Basil died the boyars took over Russia, denying Ivan's right to the throne. Ivan's mother then with other trusted boyars took over the ruling party. Elena was able to successfully rule Russia for four years, until she died suddenly in 1538, apparently from poisoning, leaving eight-year-old Ivan an orphan. Through all this Ivan had remained isolated, Ivan's brutal behavior later on in life is testimony to his never having forgotten nor forgiven the childhood indignities he had suffered. The boyars would only pay attention to him when his presence was required at a ceremony. As the rivalry in the Palace for the power of Russia escalated into a bloody feud, Ivan witnessed horrible things. Living in poverty he watched and heard murders, beatings, and verbal and physical abuse regularly. The boyars alternately neglected or molested him; Ivan and his deaf-mute brother Yuri often went about hungry and threadbare. Incapable to strike at his tormentors, Ivan took out his terrible frustrations on defenseless animals, He tore feathers off birds, pierced their eyes and slit open their bodies. On December 29, 1543 Ivan surprised his boyars by calling them to a meeting. He condemned them for their neglect of him and the nation, and denounced them for their misconduct. Prince Andrew Shuiksy, the leader of the boyars was thrown to a pack of hungry hunting dogs as an example to the others. After this the boyars conceded that their rule had ended and that Ivan had complete power. On Sunday, January 16, 1547, Ivan was crowned czar in Moscow's lavish Cathedral of the Assumption. Ivan soon married Anastasia Romanovna-Zakharyina-Yurueva. Anastasia bore him six children of whom only two survived infancy. At times Ivan was very devote; he used to throw himself before the icons, banging his head against the floor. It resulted in a callosity at his forehead. Once Ivan even did a public confession of his sins in Moscow. During the beginning of Ivan's reign, the administrative functions of the government were handled by two brothers of Ivan's mother, Prince Yuri Glinsky and Prince Mikhail Glinsky abused their position in the government, mistreating the boyars and the citizens. Ivan vowed to no longer leave administration duties in the hands of others. From 1547 to 1560 Ivan is believed to have governed with the aid of a talented group of advisers dubbed the Chosen Council. It is unknown who wielded more power, Ivan or the council. In 1550, Ivan announced a reformed code of laws", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504930	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Phrenologists believed they could determine a person's character by measuring their what?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "History of Phrenology on the Web What was phrenology? Phrenology was a science of character divination, faculty psychology, theory of brain and what the 19th-century phrenologists called \"the only true science of mind.\" Phrenology came from the theories of the idiosyncratic Viennese physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828). The basic tenets of Gall's system were: 1.The brain is the organ of the mind. 2. The mind is composed of multiple, distinct, innate faculties. 3. Because they are distinct, each faculty must have a separate seat or \"organ\" in the brain. 4. The size of an organ, other things being equal, is a measure of its power. 5. The shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs. 6. As the skull takes its shape from the brain, the surface of the skull can be read as an accurate index of psychological aptitudes and tendencies. (For a description in Gall's own words see: Letter to von Retzer ) So it was believed that by examining the shape and unevenness of a head or skull, one could discover the development of the particular cerebral \" organs \" responsible for different intellectual aptitudes and character traits. For example, a prominent protuberance in the forehead at the position attributed to the organ of Benevolence was meant to indicate that the individual had a \"well developed\" organ of Benevolence and would therefore be expected to exhibit benevolent behaviour. However, like so many popular sciences, Gall and the phrenologists sought only confirmations for their hypotheses and did not apply the same standard to contradictory evidence. Any evidence or anecdote which seemed to confirm the science was readily and vociferously accepted as \"proof\" of the \"truth\" of phrenology. At the same time, contradictory findings, such as a not very benevolent and disagreeable person having a well-developed organ of Benevolence were always explained away. This was often done by claiming that the activity of other organs counteracted Benevolence. What was never accepted by phrenologists, however, was that admitting that the activity of a particular faculty could be independent of the size of its organ undermined the most fundamental assumptions of the science- and thereby rendered all of its conclusions inconsistent and meaningless. (For a more in depth account of the origins of phrenology see: van Wyhe 2002 .) The history of phrenology can be divided into three general phases. The first, extending roughly from the mid-1790s to the 1810s, saw only the Germans Gall and his disciple J.G. Spurzheim as the practitioners and advocates of the science. From 1815 a damning review in the prestigious Edinburgh Review launched the science into general public view in the English-speaking world instead of being restricted to elite medical journals. From this time forward many more middle-class men took up phrenology as a scientistic pursuit. These first phrenologists sought to achieve recognition for themselves as students of the greatest of all the sciences. It was meant to be a certain science of human nature. Spurzheim faced down and refuted his Edinburgh Review critic and thereby won many converts in Edinburgh. The first phrenological society was founded in Edinburgh in 1820, and many more followed throughout Britain and America in later decades. In addition to societies these men established subject journals, modelled on existing scientific journals and the Phrenological Association, which first met in 1838, to mimic the British Association for the Advancement of Science (from which phrenology had been excluded). See Timeline and the ' Introductory Statement ' to the Phrenological Journal, 1823. From its beginnings as a social activity in Britain, phrenology", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504931	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the capital of Bermuda?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Hamilton Bermuda // Burmuda's Capital & Beating Heart Article City of Hamilton & Nearby Parishes The City of Hamilton is not only the capital of Bermuda – it’s also the island's beating heart. A picturesque harbour city graced with shops, museums, galleries and gardens, the city is also a hub for local and international businesses. Topics // Central Bermuda City of Hamilton, the capital of Bermuda On any given morning in downtown Hamilton, you might see commuters in Bermuda shorts travelling to work on scooters, passing each other with a warm “good morning.” It's the blend of global sophistication and local flavour and that makes the city so intriguing and inviting. Hamilton in History Founded in 1788, the City of Hamilton was named after Sir Henry Hamilton, who served as Governor of Bermuda until 1794. People in the Town of St. George, then the capital, objected to the new upstart town, but the governor felt it made sense to have a town in the centre of the island. That explains the city's motto: 'Sparsa Collegit', which translates to \"brought together the scattered.\" The new town overtook the Town of St. George, growing into a thriving hub on Hamilton Harbour and becoming the capital of Bermuda in 1815. Touring the City Today Front Street in Hamilton Today, the City of Hamilton has those same great harbour views and a more energetic, cosmopolitan vibe than ever before. To see its major sites start on Front Street , which is lined with jewel-toned shops, restaurants and museums. It bustles with energy, especially come nightfall when the bar scene heats up. Then head east towards Sessions House, home to both Bermuda’s House of Assembly and Supreme Court. Here, you can pop in on a session of Parliament and see how it plays a powerful, sometimes lively role in Bermuda history. From there, visit the Cathedral of The Most Holy Trinity , an 1869 Anglican Church built of native stone and imported Caen stone. Climb the tower for a view of Hamilton. Close by, City Hall and Arts Centre houses the Bermuda National Gallery , with exhibits of art and artefacts from Bermuda, Africa and Europe. It's also home to the City Hall Theatre, a venue for concerts, plays and dance. Front Street is lined with jewel-toned shops, restaurants and museums. Finally, stroll through Victoria Park, a serene oasis designed in the traditional English style with sunken gardens, flowerbeds and an ornate 19th-century bandstand. Or, follow a ready-made walking tour to discover Hamilton. Natural Attractions The Bermuda Aquarium is home to more than 200 species of sea life Since Hamilton is a harbour town on a lush island, plenty of its attractions delve into local flora and fauna. In the surrounding, the Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute explores the mysteries of the deep with displays of shipwreck treasures (coins, gold crosses and more), an interactive submarine exhibit and a collection of over 1,200 seashells. In linked buildings and outdoor spaces, the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum & Zoo showcases a range of island life. There's a 140,000-gallon fish tank mimicking a coral reef, an outdoor seal exhibit with popular feeding times and hands-on activities for kids. The Botanical Gardens fills 36 acres with a palm grove, a tropical fruit garden and a large collection of blooming hibiscus plants. Don't miss the aromatic garden meant for sight-impaired visitors. Artful Hamilton At the Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art , you'll find over 1,500 works by international names like Georgia O’Keeffe as well as pieces by numerous Bermudian artists. The on-site Homer's Cafe (named after Winslow Homer) serves pastries and snacks. Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art What's Nearby Outside of the city centre, Hamilton Parish and neighboring parishes offer numerous other attractions. Fort Hamilton , an 1870s stronghold-turned-park, boasts views over Hamilton and down to the port. It's also the jumping-off point for watersports and boat tours. Jessie James Cruises offers shipwreck and snorkelling boat trips, glass-bottom catamaran jaunts and fishing excursions departin", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504932	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; If you were served food in a French restaurant 'En Brochette' how exactly would it be presented ?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\"brochette\" in allen Sprachen/in all languages/dans toutes les langues... - Google Groups \"brochette\" in allen Sprachen/in all languages/dans toutes les langues... Showing 1-41 of 41 messages I need to translate \"brochette\" in as many languages as possible (for homeworks). I know the word in german (Spiesschen), but I need much more translations. The word \"brochette\" is french and it's a long thin metal pin which is pushed through small pieces of meat or vegetables to hold them in place while they are cooked, or a dish of food cooked this way: Can you help me? \"Bettina Price\" < bettina...@pappnase.demon.co.uk > wrote in message news:3qg3e9FeqiaiU1@individual.net... OK. But not when it refers to \"a dish of food cooked this way.\". Then it would be \"kebab\", \"kebob\" \"shish kebab\" or any variation thereof. In other words (for Beate Bartčs), not all languages have a one word equivalent to the French \"brochette\" meaning both the skewer and the meat and/or vegetables threaded on it. J. Italian: spiedino both for the tool and the dish. The plural form is spiedini. Italian: spiedino for both the tool and the dish. The plural form is spiedini. \"Bettina Price\" < bettina...@pappnase.demon.co.uk > wrote in message news:3qg3e9FeqiaiU1@individual.net... I have seen Zigeunerspiess translated on an Austrian menu as \"gypsy spit\" ... Spanish varies. 'brocheta' is fairly common, but I think that in Argentina and Uruguay they use the French 'brochette'. In Chile and Peru, where I have lived, 'anticucho' is used (though this has a more general meaning in Argentina!) As for the pointy bit, 'espeto' or 'espetón' for the larger ones... I know that in Portuguese, the word for the metal stake is also 'espeto' (and in souther Brazil 'um assador') but I am not sure of an authentic word for the meat pieces so cooked as my inclination would be to use either 'kebab' or 'brochette' in Portuguese! But I am sure there must be some specific term for this version of carne assada. -- > OK. But not when it refers to \"a dish of food cooked this > way.\". Then it would be \"kebab\", \"kebob\" \"shish kebab\" or any > variation thereof. In other words (for Beate Bartès), not all > languages have a one word equivalent to the French \"brochette\" > meaning both the skewer and the meat and/or vegetables threaded > on it. After thinking about it further, I realize that one can speak of \"skewer\" as a dish but it needs to be defined -- e.g. \"lamb skewer\". The French would not hesitate to say \"On va manger des brochettes\" or \"Ce restaurant sert d'excellentes brochettes\", but in the English speaking word, statements like \"We're going to eat skewers\" or \"This restaurant has great skewers\" would not really fly. Kinda borderline, thus... J. In Danish that would be \"grillspyd\". I have never come across any dish of that sort where it hasn't been grilled - and they are pretty close to the brochettes we buy during our holidays in France. Grillspyd are both the 'instrument' and the dish. Spyd in Danish is the same as spear in English. \"Ken Berry\" < ken....@gmail.com > schrieb im Newsbeitrag news:434307f4$0$48283$c30e37c6@ken-reader.news.telstra.net... > >> I need to translate \"brochette\" in as many languages as possible (for > >> homeworks). > >> I know the word in german (Spiesschen), but I need much more > >> translations. > >> The word \"brochette\" is french and it's a long thin metal pin which is > >> pushed through small pieces of meat or vegetables to hold them in > >> place while they are cooked, or a dish of food cooked this way: > Spanish varies. 'brocheta' is fairly common, but I think that in > Argentina and Uruguay they use the French 'brochette'. In Chile and > Peru, where I have lived, 'anticucho' is used (though this has a more > general meaning in Argentina!) As for the pointy bit, 'espeto' or > 'espetón' for the larger ones... > > I know that in Portuguese, the word for the metal stake is also 'espeto' Yes, that's correct. > (and in souther Brazil 'um assador') but I am not sure of an authentic > word for the meat pieces so cooked as my inclination would be to use > eith", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504933	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who won the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Eurovision Song Contest 1974 \| Eurovision Song Contest Show more Eurovision Song Contest 1974 For the second time in three years the United Kingdom staged the Eurovision Song Contest without having won the contest in the preceding year. Due to the fact that the broadcaster in Luxembourg, RTL, did not wish to host the event again for financial reasons, the BBC embraced the possibility once more. The 1974 Eurovision Song Contest was held at The Dome, in the seaside resort of Brighton. Winners become legends 1974 saw the first participation of Greece who sent their national star Marinella. France was to enter the song contest with the entry La Vie A Vingt-cinq Ans by Dani, but the French singer never got the chance to perform though as the French president, Georges Pompidou, died in the week of the contest and France withdrew. The voting system changed once more: 10 jury members in every country each awarded one point to their favourite song. For the first time, a draw of lots was used to decide the order in which countries would give the results of their juries. However, it was the last time this method was used to cast the votes - from 1975 onwards, a new voting system would be implemented where the order of the jury votes followed the order of performance. About the winner Sweden won the song contest for the first time with the entry Waterloo, performed by ABBA. The song became a huge international hit and was the starting point of their legendary international career. Over 30 years after it won, Waterloo was even voted the best Eurovision Song Contest song ever at the 50-year anniversary show Congratulations, in Copenhagen in autumn 2005. ABBA had actually tried to enter the 1973 Eurovision Song Contest with the song Ring Ring, which later became a hit for them in many European countries - but they only reached the third place in the Swedish national selection. For their 1974 entry, the group hesitated a while before choosing Waterloo as they thought their other option Hasta Mañana would be a more suitable song for the contest. However, Hasta Mañana was only really sung by only one of the girls, Agnetha Fältskog, and ABBA wanted a song where all four members could give their vocals to. Facts & figures Some years before she starred in the American movie Grease, the Australian pop singer Olivia Newton-John sang Long Live Love, representing the United Kingdom. Olivia Newton-John actually wanted to sing a different song, but Long Live Love was chosen by a public postal vote. The winner from 1964, Gigliola Cinquetti, returned to the contest and finished second with her song, Si. Katie Boyle presented the contest for the fourth and final time. She holds the record for hosting the Eurovision Song Contest the most times. Facts & Figures", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504934	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which London Rail station is the terminus of the Midland Main Line?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "London: Railway Stations - TripAdvisor London: Railway Stations Review a place you’ve visited JOIN We'll send you updates with the latest deals, reviews and articles for London each week. London Traveler Article: London is a city with twelve major railway stations around the central area of the city. Each station has train services to different regions of the country. Cannon Street: Local stopping services to South East London, and outer suburban services to Kent. Charing Cross: Services to Kent, and the south coast of England. Local stopping services to Lewisham, Blackheath/Greenwich and south east London. Euston: Terminus of West Coast Main Line - services to Birmingham (New Street), Manchester, Liverpool, the Lake District and Glasgow. Overnight sleeper trains to Scottish destinations (Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Inverness and Fort William) also depart from Euston. Local stopping services to Watford, Milton Keynes and Northampton. Fenchurch Street : Local stopping services to East London suburbs and the Essex coast. Kings Cross: Terminus of East Coast Main Line - services to Peterborough, York, Leeds, Newcastle, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. Local stopping trains to North London suburbs, Hertfordshire and onwards to Cambridge. London Bridge : Local stopping services to South London suburbs as well as commuter services to Kent. Liverpool Street : Terminus of Great Eastern Main Line - services to East Anglia (Ipswich, Lowestoft and Norwich), local services to East London suburbs and the Essex coast. Express services to Stansted Airport. Service to Southend Airport Marylebone: Terminus of Chiltern Line - commuter services to Buckinghamshire towns, Banbury and Birmingham (Snow Hill) Paddington: Terminus of Great Western Main Line - services to Oxford, Swindon, Bath, Bristol and the South West of England. Also terminus for the Heathrow Express. St Pancras: Terminus of Midland Main Line and High Speed One - services to Luton (incl. Luton Airport), Nottingham, Derby and Sheffield. Eurostar international services to Paris (Gare du Nord) and Brussels. High Speed services to Kent (from December 2009) Victoria : Terminus of the Brighton Main Line - services to Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings. Local stopping services to South London suburbs. Waterloo : Terminus of the South Western Main line - services to Bournemouth, Southampton and towns along the Dorset coast. Eurostar trains run frequently to Brussels , Lille (France) & Paris via the Channel Tunnel from St Pancras International Station . Airports London City (LCY) London City is in East London in the old Docklands. There is a DLR (Docklands Light Railway) station which connects to the Jubilee Line Underground at Canning Town and the Central and Northern Lines at Bank. Heathrow (LHR) Heathrow is the worst served of all London ’s airports for rail links. A non-stop service call The Heathrow Express runs to Paddington Station, however this service is very expensive (about £16 single) even though the journey is only around 10-15 minutes. There is also a cheaper, less frequent service called The Heathrow Connect which runs the same route, but also stops at intermediate stations. Heathrow is the only London airport with an underground station. The Piccadilly Line runs from Heathrow to central London with stations at Earls Court, Piccadilly Circus and Covent Garden. Average journey time around 50 minutes, but can be quite unpleasant and overcrowded at peak times. There is also an easy change at Hammersmith for the District Line to Westminster. Gatwick (LGW ) Gatwick is served by the Gatwick Express with frequent departures direct to Victoria . There are also Southern Railway trains to Victoria or Brighton . These are normal trains and may be crowded at peak times. These are cheaper than the Express and some trains are just as quick. First Capital Connect trains also stop at Gatwick and these trains run from Brighton, in the south, to Luton or Bedford , in the north of London . They also stop at London Bridge and the basement level of St Pa", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504935	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Dydd Iau is Welsh for which day of the week?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "BBC Wales - Learn Welsh the Big Welsh Challenge - Days Of The Week Helpful Notes Days Of The Week The days of the week are essential as they crop up all the time. Just remember to say 'Dydd' in front of each one. Also, it sometimes help to think of something in English to latch on to if you can't remember words. Sunday - Dydd Sul. Think of the sun or Solar. Monday - Dydd Llun. Think of the moon or lunar. Tuesday - Dydd Mawrth. Think of the planet Mars. Wednesday - Dydd Mercher. Think of the planet Mercury. Thursday - Dydd Iau. This is linked to Jove or Jupiter, but think of touching something hot and the exclamation 'Iai!' for Thursday. Friday - Dydd Gwener. Again this is linked to Venus. Think of a beautiful woman called Gwen. Saturday - Dydd Sadwrn.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504936	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; On what island would you find the Giant's Causeway?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Giants causeway: A natural wonder Bed and Breakfast The Giants Causeway; just how many pillars are there? The Giants Causeway is Northern Ireland's premier tourist attraction and fascinating geological wonder. A visit to Northern Ireland will be incomplete if you don't see the Giant's Causeway. It consists of thousands of basalt rock pillars, mostly hexagonal in shape and at times up to 100 meters deep, that at times are so geometrically fine as if custom designed by some intelligent super entity (hence the reference to giants). How many pillars in the Giants Causeway? Thousands! Some people estimate around 40.000 but this is by no means an accurate number. Even if you were to count them on your next visit, you would have missed the ones that are covered by the sea. How to Get There Ideally, make a visit to the Giants Causeway a tour day and include some of the other attractions in the area. In which case, take the coastal route A2 from Belfast/ Larne or Londonderry/Coleraine. It is also accessible via the A27 from Ballymena. Ensure you have a map with you always when driving in Northern Ireland. Parking at the Giants Causeway Once you are near, the Giants Causeway is well signposted. There is an ample car park where you will pay about £5 for the day. If you prefer not to pay, follow the small country road that goes down the hill on the left side as you approach the Causeway complex. Go down the hill about 500 meters, past the Causeway & Bushmills steam rail station, and there you can park free on the side of the road. Please ensure that you don't block any of the farm entrances or farm traffic. Parking free means you will have to walk up the hill to get back up so if you would rather not, just leave your car at the car park. The Giants Causeway Visitor Centre You have parked your car walked past the entrance and are wondering where the Causeway is. Well, you are not there yet. What you have before you is a Visitor's Centre which includes a tourist shop; a small restaurant with another tourist shop; toilets. Use all three if you need to. The tourist shops have a plethora of guides, souvenirs, and other nice things and chances are you will want to spend at least half an hour there. There is also an audio/visual presentation which is very informative. From the Visitor Centre to the Giants Causeway Once you have finished with the Visitor's Centre take the road down towards the sea. It is paved but no cars are allowed apart from the shuttle buses that ferry people up and down every 15 minutes or so. If you feel brave you can walk down to the Causeway and then back again. It takes about 15 minutes going down and a little longer coming up. Or you can take the shuttle bus. Many visitors walk down and take the shuttle bus back. If you decide to return by shuttle bus, make sure you know what time the last one leaves because they tend to stop early, especially in winter. The road from the Centre to the Causeway goes down towards the sea and swerves to the right following the coast for another 500 meters to the Causeway itself. The view is beautiful. Take your time. Walk around. See the waves splash on the rocks. Enjoy it, it is worth it. At the Giants Causeway Make sure you are wearing good walking shoes. The rocks are uneven and can be slippery. Also, in places there are steep climbs/falls. So tread carefully and if you have small children preferably hold them by the hand. Sunsets can be very romantic there, but remember the minibus timetable if you are planning to use it. To the Pipe Organ? If you like walking/hiking, walk beyond the Giants Causeway to the Pipe Organ. The Pipe Organ is a similar rock formation that can be seen on the side of a cliff a few hundred meters beyond the Causeway. Follow the path beyond the Causeway and you will see the Pipe Organ on the side of the cliff. Then rather than return to the Causeway, follow a path that follows the side of the cliff for some more spectacular views. You will end up on the top of the Antrim cliffs, on the same level as the Visitor Centre, but", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504937	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which T Rex hit was called 'Bang A Gong' when it was released in the USA?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "No. 81: T.Rex, ‘Bang A Gong (Get It On)’ – Top 100 Classic Rock Songs No. 81: T.Rex, ‘Bang A Gong (Get It On)’ – Top 100 Classic Rock Songs REDDIT Universal T. Rex has probably the only song on our Top 100 Classic Rock Songs list with two different titles. ‘Get It On’ was the single’s original U.K. title and Marc Bolan and his group took the track, originating from the album ‘Electric Warrior,’ to No. 1 in 1971. Later, when the single was released in the USA (Jan. 1972) it was re-titled ‘Bang A Gong (Get It On)’ to distinguish it from another song with the same name by a band called Chase . The single went to No. 10 on the Billboard chart and turned out to be T.Rex’s shining moment and their biggest selling hit. The hypnotic groove of this Tony Visconti produced song begs you to play it repeatedly. The boogie-like piano, the Flo and Eddie (The Turtles) back-up vocals and Bolan’s sassy guitar give way to the simple but suggestive lyrics that radiate like the “hub-cap-diamond-star-halo” that the author sings about. Bolan found rhythm in his language and will long be remembered as a poet turned superstar. 40 years later ‘Bang A Gong (Get It On)’ still plays a crucial part in pop culture, most recently heard in the trailer for the upcoming ‘ Dark Shadows ’ film. Rewind through the decades and you’ll recall that the Power Station had a smash hit with it, Blondie have covered and recorded it live and last but not least, Joan Jett told Sirius radio that this single was one of the songs she used to learned to play guitar.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504938	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who was nearly 7 feet tall, weighed 500 pounds, and could drink 100 beers in a sitting?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The WAWLI Papers (ED. NOTE--The genesis of my search for an accurate history of professional wrestling came early in life, when in a Ripley's Believe It Or Not cartoon I \"learned\" that Ed \"Strangler\" Lewis lost only 33 matches in his long career. The information has been picked up by countless sources since, including the Guiness Book of World Records. It is, of course, palpably false, a fact that is testified to by the hundreds (yes, hundreds) of Lewis losses uncovered in various local newspaper accounts over the entire span of his career, running approximately from 1910 to 1948. I began searching these out in my quest to discover who those 33 guys were who beat Lewis. In no time at all, I was up to 50, then 100, then 150 losses, and so on, and the research continues today, nearly 40 years later.) STRANGLER LOSES TO MAT RIVAL (Portland, Ore., Oregonian, Thursday, Mar. 27, 1947) Ed (Strangler) Lewis, the former world heavyweight mat champion, was upset at Civic Auditorium Wednesday night by burly Fred Atkins, Australian title claimant, who tore into the famed headlock artist from the opening bell. Atkins, who has yet to taste defeat in the Auditorium, took the nod over Lewis in just nine minutes, grabbing the lone fall with a body press. Lewis, however, displayed fine form, showing several features of his greatness. In other bouts, Ken Kenneth of New Zealand downed Juan Sepeda, Jim Spencer debuted with a win over Babe Small(inski) and Bomber Singh defeated Lone Wolf (billed as the brother of Chief Little Wolf). ____________________________ (St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Thursday, Oct. 12, 1989) By Thom Gross An hour before the first match, the South Broadway Athletic Club is already teeming. But this looks less like a fight crowd than a church social. Adults outfitted in their Saturday night best sit at tables and chat quietly. Some tend babies. Older children chase each other around the well-scrubbed, brightly lit room. Most people enter, greet friends and take their places with a comfortable familiarity. At 8 p.m. sharp, all rise and pay somber heed to a recorded version of the national anthem. Seconds later, as the night's first contestants make their opening feints toward each other, the air is filled with some of the vilest epithets you can expect to hear in public, expressed with simultaneous rage and delight. The kids come up with the pithiest and most printable cheers. ''Cheater!'' shout the younger ones. ''No fair!'' One boy, about 12, inspires others in the peanut section to take up his taunt for an obese participant: ''Hey mister, get a bra!'' Fan interaction is the key to this entertainment called professional wrestling. The wrestlers spend equal amounts of time inside and outside the ring. Big Daddy, the ''manager'' for most of the villains, spends less time counseling his clients than hissing at the crowd. If professional wrestling is less than a sport, it's also more. It's also a psychedelic melodrama with real-life comic-book heroes, a morality play with a theme of a narchy. Evil triumphs over good, and good is forced beyond the rules to retaliate. Authority, in the form of the bumbling referee, is incompetent and impotent. The ring contains no middle ground. Every color is the brightest, every sound the loudest, every feeling the strongest. The appeal is undeniable. Professional wrestling keeps ascending to new heights of popularity. According to the World Wrestling Federation, 70 million Americans watch its televised matches each month. Its superstars, Hulk Hogan and Randy ''Macho Man'' Savage, are more widely known than the principals of the national pastime. When Hogan and Savage get together these days to vie for the Beautiful Elizabeth - blending the comic-book motif with another popular literary genre, gothic romance - they can pack any arena in the country, as well as several satellite auditoriums carrying the closed-circuit broadcast. But here at the South Broadway Athletic Club, the bouts constitute the minor leagues of pro wrestling. On this night, about 200 people turn out to watch aspiring Hulks m", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504939	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In ‘Coronation Street’, what was the name of Minnie Caldwell’s cat?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Minnie Caldwell \| Coronation Street Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Margot Bryant Minnie Caldwell (née Carlton) was a Coronation Street resident from 1962 to 1976 . A widow by the 1960s , Minnie lived at No.5 with her beloved cat Bobby . She was a fixture in the snug of the Rovers Return Inn along with her pensioner friends Ena Sharples and Martha Longhurst . A soft-spoken, simple-minded woman, Minnie appeared docile compared to her overbearing companions, and was frequently bossed around by them. She didn't share their obsession with complaining and criticising, preferring to enjoy life, even though she was not wealthy, continually struggling to live on her pension money. To help pay the bills, Minnie often took in lodgers at No.5, including Charlie Moffitt , Joe Donelli and her favourite, \"Sunny Jim\" Jed Stone , who became the son Minnie never had. Minnie's determination to follow her dreams occasionally led to disaster however as she battled a gambling addiction in 1969 . In 1976 , Minnie moved to Whaley Bridge to live with her friend Handel Gartside . Contents Edit Minnie Carlton in 1925 . Minnie Carlton was born on 26th September 1900 to Bob and Amy Carlton , and lived at 15 Jubilee Terrace , around the corner from Coronation Street , until 1962 . During her schooling days at Hardcastle's Factory School in Silk Street , she met some of her lifelong friends including Handel Gartside , Ena Schofield and Martha Hartley . Her mother was a suffragette and she assisted her, they were moved on from Albert Square. She also worked as tram conductress and in the munitions factories in both World War I and World War II . She married Armistead Caldwell in 1925 after being bullied into it by Ena, but Minnie and Armistead never had any children and Armistead died in 1935 . By 1939 Minnie was living alone with her widowed mother. Amy Carlton could intimidate anyone, even Ena Sharples , but her health wound down and by war's end she rarely left bed. In 1944 , Minnie began hearing noises in her home and became convinced the place was haunted, leading Leonard Swindley to conduct an exorcism. The noises continued, and Elsie Tanner discovered a young, very weak boy hidden in Minnie's attic. Young (around four years old) Ken Barlow helped convince him to leave the attic, and they learned he was Dieter Holliman, a young German boy who had emigrated to Britain with his mother as World War II beckoned; after his mother's death he'd been put in an orphanage and had run away due to abuse. He'd been hiding in the house, stealing food when Minnie wasn't around. Minnie nursed him back to health, and Ena convinced the authorities to let him stay with Minnie. Dieter stayed with her for nearly a year, but as the war wound down, his uncle arrived to take him back to Germany. By 1960 , she was taking care of her elderly mother after retiring from Earnshaw's Mill . 1960-1964: The quiet one Edit Minnie with Ena and Martha in the snug When Minnie started collecting her pension, most of her time was spent either looking after her mother in Jubilee Terrace or spending time with Ena and Martha, who by now were also both widows. Generally they could be found drinking milk stout in the Rovers Return snug, slyly but shamelessly passing judgement on their neighbours (as well as each other). Minnie was the quietest of the three, and being quite satisfied with her life, usually spent most conversations on the defensive from the criticisms of her aggressive friends. When Ena quit her job at the Mission Hall in 1961 , she moved in with Minnie and her mother, and quickly dominated the house. It wasn't for a few months that Ena was offered her job back, and she went home, tired of Minnie's bossy mother and her cat, Bobby . In the coming months, Minnie's mother's health declined, and she died in her bed a short time later, aged 94. Unwilling to go on living in the same house, Minnie moved to 5 Coronation Street with Bobby. Facing a rent increase, Minnie's finances were strained until she took in Jed Stone as a lodger. Childless Minnie's life was brightened by Jed's p", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504940	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Emil Zatopek won the 5000 and 10000 metres at the 1952 Olympics. In which event did his wife Dana also win a gold medal?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Athletics at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games \| Olympics at Sports-Reference.com Athletics at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games Date Started: July 20, 1952 Date Finished: July 27, 1952 Events: 33 Participants: 963 (776 men and 187 women) from 57 countries Youngest Participant: Barbara Jones (15 years, 124 days) Oldest Participant: John Deni (49 years, 75 days) Most Medals (Athlete): 3 athletes with 3 medals Most Medals (Country): United States (31 medals) Overview The world had not recovered somewhat from the ravages of World War II, and the level of athletics competition was increasing yearly. The 1952 Olympics saw the début of athletes from the Soviet Union, who had competed at the 1946 and 1950 European Championships, but had passed on the 1948 Olympics, for rather Byzantine reasons. Germany also competed again, after they were not invited in 1948. Titularly Germany was to be represented by a combined team from East and West Germany, but the German team was entirely from West Germany, as the East Germans refused to compete alongside their Western counterparts. The 1952 Olympics were opened by two Finnish track legends. The torch was brought into the stadium at the Opening Ceremony by [Paavo Nurmi], the greatest athletic star in the Finnish pantheon. He then handed it to [Hannes Kolehmainen] , winner of the 5K and 10K in 1912 and the marathon in 1920, who lit the Olympic Flame. Having been opened by distance runners, it was fitting that the Helsinki Olympics were the private party of the great Czechoslovakian runner, [Emil Zátopek]. Zátopek won the 5,000/10,000 double in dominating fashion. He had never before run a marathon, but elected to enter that race as well, and won quite easily, completeing a unique Olympic distance triple. His family did quite well, as his wife, Dana Zátopková, won the women’s javelin gold medal. The German team won no events, but collected two silvers and three bronze medals. The Soviet men did won any gold medals, but [Galina Zybina] won the shot put and [Nina Romashkova-Ponomaryova] the discus throw. Medalists A Sports Reference Site : About SR/Olympics \| Privacy Statement \| Conditions & Terms of Service \| Use of Data Data provided by OlyMADMen , led by Hilary Evans, Arild Gjerde, Jeroen Heijmans, and Bill Mallon. Members: David Foster, Martin Frank, Jørn Jensen, Carl-Johan Johansson, Taavi Kalju, Martin Kellner, George Masin, Stein Opdahl, Wolf Reinhardt, Ralf Regnitter, Paul Tchir, Magne Teigen, Christian Tugnoli, Morten Aarlia Torp, and Ralf Schlüter. Sports Reference LLC and www.sports-reference.com are not sponsored by or affiliated with the Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee or the International Olympic Committee. Trademarks featured or referred to on this website are the property of their respective trademark holders and not Sports Reference LLC or www.sports-reference.com . Part of the", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504941	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which writer had a haddock omelette named after him?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Omelette Arnold Bennett - Cockles n' mussels Cockles n' mussels By colm 1 Comment My version of the classic fish omelette Arnold Bennett. Made with flakes of smoky haddock, lightly cooked eggs, and a bechamel flavoured with mustard and Worcestershire. You might be wondering who Arnold Bennett is and why the hell an omelette is named after him. Spare a thought though for the waiters at london’s savoy hotel who must get tired of answering this question. Apparently this classic is still made there on a daily basis since some clever chef invented it in the hotel’s kitchen for the writer decades ago. The story goes that Arnold was staying at the hotel while writing a novel. One night the chefs whipped up this omelette for his supper and he liked it so much he insisted it be cooked for him wherever he traveled. Hence the name. Personally I’m not really that into omelets. Normally I like my eggs fried or boiled but on this occasion I have to agree with Mr. Bennett this unusual omelette tastes absolutely divine. Smoked haddock and milk are too ingredients that love each other. In the recipe the haddock is lightly poached in the milk till just cooked. This infuses the milk with a deep smoky flavour before its used to make a traditional bechamel that’s been given a kick with some spicy English mustard and Worcestershire sauce. The cooked haddock is then folded back into the velvety sauce with some herbs and parmesan cheese. This delicious concoction is than pored over some lightly cooked fluffy eggs and gratinated under a hot grill till bubbling and golden. An ideal brunch dish. Warm eggy comfort on a cold day. Just serve it with a simple salad and some crusty bread. Those of you who are a bit superstitious might like to know legend has it that you’ll suffer the wrath of Arnold’s ghost if you mess around with the original recipe. Thing is though, I’m not sure if any one knows just what’s in the original. I’ve seen countless different versions of it in cookbooks and online. Some recipes call for a bechamel and others are made with a hollandaise. Some have parmesan cheese while others use Gruyère. As well as all sorts of different flavouring and ingredients added to either sauce. So i reckon you can safely pimp out your omelette Arnold Bennett what ever way you please without worrying about being haunted. I’ve found two factors that contribute to the success of a delicious omelette Arnold Bennett. First, make the sauce just before you’re about to cook your eggs. You want it to be hot as it goes over the eggs. Second, don’t over cook those eggs you want them light, fluffy, and barley cooked. Go easy on the seasoning too. Smoked fish can be a bit salty. How about you, what do you like to put in an omelette? 250g (9 oz) smoked haddock 200ml (1 cup) milk 200g (7 oz) creme fraiche 1 bay leaf 40g (1 1/2 oz) butter 2 tablespoons flour 1 small bunch of chopped parsley 1 tablespoon of olive oil 6 eggs Instructions Pour your milk into a sauce pan. Add the creme fraiche and bay leaf and then bring the milk up to the boil. Slide in the smoked haddock and poach your fish for about 5 minutes till just cooked. Drain the milk from the haddock and set aside. When its cool enough to handle flake the smoked haddock into medium sized pieces. Next melt the butter in a sauce pan. Than add the flour and cook the roux on a low heat with out colour for 2 minutes. Slowly add in the reserved milk from cooking your haddock and bring the sauce up to the boil. Stir it constantly till it becomes thick and velvety. Next add in the English mustard, worcestershire sauce, half the parmesan, parsley, and the flakes of smoked haddock to your sauce. Now its time to make the omelette. Beat the eggs together and heat a pan on the stove. When the pan is hot add the oil and then pour in your eggs. Allow the eggs to settle on the bottom of the pan and then scrape in the edges of the omelette to the center allowing some of the uncooked egg out to the edges. Remember don't over cook the eggs. When your eggs are barely cooked pour over the sauce, sprinkle with the remaining", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504942	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Albany and Camp Hill are two of the three prisons outside Newport on the Isle of Wight. What is the third?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Isle of Wight prisons: where social work is making inroads \| Community Care Jobs Live Inform Isle of Wight prisons: where social work is making inroads The giant grey walls topped with barbed wire surrounding HMP Isle of Wight's three sites, Parkhurst, Albany and Camp Hill, do not exactly say \"caring environment\". By Vern Pitt on July 29, 2011 in Adults The Isle of Wight is among the most pioneering areas when it comes to the use of social workers in its prisons. Vern Pitt reports The giant grey walls topped with barbed wire surrounding HMP Isle of Wight’s three sites, Parkhurst, Albany and Camp Hill, do not exactly say “caring environment”. However, once inside visitors are greeted with colourful wings, manicured gardens and even Queen Victoria’s old hunting lodge, immaculately preserved. It is abundantly clear that appearances can be deceptive. The Isle of Wight has, for some time, been at the forefront of introducing social care into the prison environment. It was the first council to partner with its prison service, providing a social worker to conduct assessments of prisoners’ needs as part of a Department of Health-funded older prisoners project in 2008. See special report on social care in prisons It was a move driven by the prison’s population, which is the oldest in the UK. It currently has 431 prisoners over 50, and 70% are on long sentences. Following the end of that initiative, in April 2010, the island is now a development site for the DH’s common assessment framework for adults (CAF), which is designed to promote information-sharing between social care and other services and backed by £630,000 funding over two years. Reablement is the ‘big thing’ Phil Parkinson, head of residence and prison liaison with the project, says it has “opened his eyes” to what can be achieved. “Reablement, to me, is the big thing,” he says. “The more people we can get through from the in-patient health wing and enable them to live on a wing and prepare for release, the better. The cell is their own home. We want to be doing what happens on the outside.” Cheryl Garrett, the social worker who has been working in the prison since 2008, says her role is much more about developing services than it would in the community. “For instance, there are a lot of dementias which can get hidden within the prison system because it’s very regulated – things are all done at a certain time,” she says. “So, we have been working with the memory service and they are now doing the tests to pick up any dementias or poor cognitive functioning on the part of people in the prison.” Perhaps the most successful project is the older person’s activity group, run by Mary Wozencroft, disability liaison officer. Wozencroft says that demand for the group, which allows older prisoners to socialise and learn some key living skills, has soared from 15 people to more than 70. She says Garrett’s input and the use of the CAF has helped her develop the support that is really needed but also control demand for the service to ensure it’s reaching those with the highest needs. One prisoner, whom Community Care finds in the middle of game of dominoes, appears to be in high spirits, but he says it’s only the group that keeps him that way. “I have two budgies in my cell and I used to spend most of my time in the cell just doing paintings and looking after them. I was getting depressed,” he recalls. He says he did have difficulty reaching the group because of his ability to push his own wheelchair but since he has attended he can find any number of people to take him there. However, Garrett’s influence can only stretch so far. She will take referrals for assessment from any part of the three sites but two prison officers on one older prisoners’ wing have no idea who she is when questioned. Her managers put this down to shift patterns which can mean certain staff have little contact with those that work office hours. Barriers to integration The council’s service commissioner, Jackie Raven, says there are other barriers to fully integrating social services with the prison. “We use", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504943	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; If a pair of adult shoes are European size 42, what is their British equivalent?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Size conversion chart for US/UK/EUROPEAN clothing/shoes \| eBay Size conversion chart for US/UK/EUROPEAN clothing/shoes Here are some very useful size conversion charts for US, UK, and EURO SIZE CONVERSION CHART European 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 UK 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 USA 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Shoes Birkenstocks 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 European 38 38 39 39 40 41 41 42 UK 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 USA 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 79.5 ___________________________________________________________________________________ European 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 UK 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 USA 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 Shirts European 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 UK 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 USA 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 Shoes European 41 42 43 44 45 46 UK 7 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11 USA 8 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12 Socks European 39 40 41 42 43 44 UK 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 USA 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 ___________________________________________________________________________________ European (cm) 125 135 150 155 160 UK(inches) 43 48 55 58 60 USA 4 6 8 10 12 Chilrens shoes European 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 USA 7 8 8.5 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 ___________________________________________________________________________________ Bra Size Conversions: US 32AA 32A 32B 32C 32D 34AA 34A 34B 34C 34D 34DD 36AA 36A 36B 36C UK 32A 32B 32C 32D 32DD 34A 34B 34C 34D 34DD 34E 36A 36B 36C 36D France 35A 35B 35C 35D 35DD 90A 90B 90C 90D 90DD 90E 95A 95B 95C 95D International 70A 70B 70C 70D 70DD 75A 75B 75C 75D 75DD 75E 80A 80B 80C 80D US 36D 36DD 38AA 38A 38B 38C 38D 38DD 40A 40B 40C 40D 40DD UK 36DD 36E 38A 38B 38C 38D 38DD 38E 40B 40C 40D 40DD 40E France 95DD 95E 100A 100B 100C 100D 100DD 100E 105B 105C 105D 105DD 105E International 80DD 80E 85A 85B 85C 85D 85DD 85E 90B 90C 90D 90DD 90E For Earth Friendly Organic clothing for the family check out my Ebay Store Natural Living", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504944	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which horse won the 2013 Grand National at 66 to 1?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Grand National 2013: 66-1 outsider Auroras Encore takes it - Telegraph Grand National Grand National 2013: 66-1 outsider Auroras Encore takes it The Grand National has been won by a 66-1 outsider ridden by a showjumper who almost quit riding two years ago - and by bookmakers who will pay out only a fraction of the tens of millions of pounds bet on the race. Image 1 of 2 The champion: Ryan Mania soaks up the applause after riding Auroras Encore to Grand National victory Photo: Getty Images", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504945	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The 1850s 'open-hearth process' was used in producing?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "open-hearth process \| metallurgy \| Britannica.com Open-hearth process metal Open-hearth process, also called Siemens-martin Process, steel making technique that for most of the 20th century accounted for the major part of all steel made in the world. William Siemens , a German living in England in the 1860s, seeking a means of increasing the temperature in a metallurgical furnace , resurrected an old proposal for using the waste heat given off by the furnace; directing the fumes from the furnace through a brick checkerwork, he heated the brick to a high temperature, then used the same pathway for the introduction of air into the furnace; the preheated air materially increased the flame temperature. The first to use the device to produce steel were Pierre and Émile Martin of Sireuil, France, in 1864, charging the furnace with pig iron and some wrought-iron scrap. The ores most readily available in both Great Britain and the United States were especially well suited to the open-hearth process, the product of which proved superior to that from the Bessemer converter. Open-hearth furnace. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Natural gas or atomized heavy oils are used as fuel; both air and fuel are heated before combustion . The furnace is charged with liquid blast-furnace iron and steel scrap together with iron ore, limestone, dolomite, and fluxes. The furnace itself is made of highly refractory materials such as magnesite bricks for the hearths and roofs. Capacities of open-hearth furnaces are as high as 600 tons, and they are usually installed in groups, so that the massive auxiliary equipment needed to charge the furnaces and handle the liquid steel can be efficiently employed. Though the open-hearth process has been almost completely replaced in most industrialized countries by the basic oxygen process and the electric arc furnace , it nevertheless accounts for about one-sixth of all steel produced worldwide. Learn More in these related articles:", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504946	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who did Paul McCartney marry in 1969. First name and surname?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "BBC ON THIS DAY \| 12 \| 1969: Paul McCartney weds Linda Eastman 1969: Paul McCartney weds Linda Eastman Paul McCartney has married Linda Eastman in a civil ceremony in London. Hundreds of people gathered outside the Marylebone Register Office to catch a glimpse of the couple as they arrived with Miss Eastman's six-year-old daughter, Heather, from a previous marriage. A dozen policemen were on hand to fend off enthusiastic teenagers, many of whom were distraught that the last remaining bachelor Beatle was tying the knot. The couple entered the building via a side-door to the disappointment of many of the crowds. Miss Eastman, 27, was wearing a daffodil yellow coat over a fawn dress, while 26-year-old Mr McCartney was sporting a matching yellow tie. Best man arrives late The ceremony was delayed because the best man, Mr McCartney's brother Mike McGear of the Scaffold pop group, arrived late. He had been travelling from Birmingham where he had been performing the night before when his train became delayed. After the ceremony the newly-weds were ushered through the crowds into a waiting car and driven away to their local parish church where the marriage was blessed. The couple met two years ago when Miss Eastman, a professional photographer, was taking photographs of the Beatles in America. Linda Eastman was born in 1941 in New York and was educated at the prestigious Scarsdale High School. After leaving school, she trained as a photographer and throughout the 1960s has photographed many famous names, including Jimi Hendrix, the Doors, the Who, Bob Dylan and Otis Redding. Paul McCartney was born in 1942 in Liverpool and had written his first song, I Lost My Little Girl, by the age of 14. The Beatles were formed in 1960 and by 1963 Beatlemania had gripped the country. The couple plan to spend their honeymoon visiting relatives in America.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504947	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What was the name for the Zimbabwean Capital 'Harare' before 1982?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Harare Map, Capital of Zimbabwe Population Density 4,330/sq mi (2,540/sq km) Harare is the capital of Zimbabwe. The city was a fort when the Pioneer Column founded it in 1890. The city was formally known as Salisbury. It became a city in 1935 and was made the capital of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland from 1953 to 1963. The city was renamed Harare on April 18th, 1982 during the second anniversary of Zimbabwean independence. The name has been taken from the Shona chieftain Neharawa. Harare was politically and economically affected in the early 21st century. In May 2005,the Zimbabwean government demolished the shantytowns in the other cities of the country, resulting in a sharp reaction from the international community. The Harare is the largest city in Zimbabwe and is also the administrative, commercial and communications center of the country. Geography of Harare : The city of Harare is situated in the northeastern part of Zimbabwe. Harare is also the capital city of Zimbabwe. As per the Harare geography, the city lays on the geographical coordinates of 17° 50' South and 31° 03' East latitude and longitude respectively. It is situated at an elevation of 1480 meters (4858 feet) above sea level. Harare is set above the lowlands of the Zambezi River in the north and Limpopo River in the south. The geography of Harare features that it lies on a high-lying plateau. Harare enjoys a warm and wet season from November to March/April, cool and dry climate from May to August and a hot and dry climate in September/October. Manyame River is a major river of Harare that flows in the southwestern part of the city. Some of the nearby cities and towns of Harare are: Arcadia Eastlea History of Harare : As per the history of Harare, the city was founded in 1890 by Pioneer Column, which was a military volunteer force organized by Cecil Rhodes. This force was led by Major Frank Johnson. Harare was given the status of a fort at that time. It was then known by the name of 'Fort Salisbury'. The name was kept after the then British Prime Minister, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. After sometime, the place was known only as 'Salisbury'. In 1897, Salisbury was declared as a municipality. Railway was introduced in Salisbury in 1899 in the month of May. Cleveland Dam built the Seke Dam in 1913 to introduce piped water in Salisbury. In course of time a locomotive steam boiler was established for supplying electricity. By 1935, a number of industries and factories came up in the region. It was in the year of 1935, that Harare was declared as a city. According to the history of Harare, it served as the capital of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland for ten long years from 1953 to 1963. Thereafter, it became the capital city of Southern Rhodesia. Zimbabwe achieved its independence on 18th April, 1980. On the same day in 1982, Harare got its current name. The name Harare has been derived from the Shona inhabitants Neharawa. They used to inhabit at 'The Kopje', on which the city of Harare stands presently. Due to the pleasant weather, the city is also known as the 'Sunshine City'. As per the contemporary history of Harare, it is one of the developed cities of southern Africa with a multi-ethnic character. When to Visit : Best Time : Spring or winters (May to August) The weather of Harare is pleasurable almost throughout the year. The climate of Harare can be divided into three, warm and wet season from November to March/April, somewhat cool and dry months from May to August and a hot and dry season in September/October. The average annual temperature of Harare is low due to the influence of the south-easterly cool winds. It stands at 17.95°C. This low annual temperature is also due to the fact that Harare is located at a high altitude. Harare climate supports the growth of natural vegetation of open woodland. July is the coldest month in Harare while October is the hottest month of this city of Zimbabwe. The month of January is the mid-summer time in Harare. The temperature during July varies from 7°C to 20°C and that during October ranges bet", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504948	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain more popularly known as?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "SHAFTESBURY MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN, EROS - 1265625\| Historic England SHAFTESBURY MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN, EROS List Entry Summary This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest. Name: SHAFTESBURY MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN, EROS List entry Number: 1265625 SHAFTESBURY MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN, EROS, PICCADILLY CIRCUS W1 The building may lie within the boundary of more than one authority. County: Greater London Authority National Park: Not applicable to this List entry. Grade: I Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry. Legacy System Information The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system. Legacy System: LBS UID: 424375 Asset Groupings This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information. List entry Description Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details. Reasons for Designation Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details. History Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details. Details TQ 2980 NE CITY OF WESTMINSTER PICCADILLY CIRCUS, Wl 71/73 Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain \"Eros\" 24.2.58 GV I Memorial Fountain. 1892-93 by Alfred Gilbert commemorating the philanthropist Lord Shaftesbury. Bronze octagonal fountain on stepped platform surmounted by winged archer in aluminium representing the Angel of Christian Charity but always popularly identified as Eros. The sculpture of the fountain itself is of remark- able naturalistic proto-Art Nouveau invention, hence Pevsner's quotation \"fishes of all kinds, and every class of molluscous and crustacean life, the crab, the lobster and such like\". Survey of London; Vol XIX. London Volume 1 N Pevsner Listing NGR: TQ2955780644 Selected Sources Books and journals Pevsner, N, Cherry, B, The Buildings of England: London I - The Cities of London and Westminster, (1973) 'Survey of London' in Old St Pancras and Kentish Town The Parish of St Pancras Part 2: Volume 19 , , Vol. 19, (1938) National Grid Reference: TQ 29557 80644 Map © Crown Copyright and database right 2016. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100024900. © British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited 2016. All rights reserved. Licence number 102006.006. Use of this data is subject to Terms and Conditions . The above map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 1265625 .pdf The PDF will be generated from our live systems and may take a few minutes to download depending on how busy our servers are. We apologise for this delay. This copy shows the entry on 31-Dec-2016 at 02:49:29. End of official listing", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504949	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Penfold is the sidekick of which British animated super hero / secret agent?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Danger Mouse \| Heroes Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia his sidekick Penfold , his boss Colonel K , Professor Heinrich Von Squawkencluck, Professor Squawkencluck , Jeopardy Mouse Enemies Baron Silas Greenback, Stiletto, Count Duckula, Doctor Augustus P. Crumhorn, The Snowman, The Princess, Quarrk Danger Mouse is the world's greatest secret agent, so secret in fact, that his codename has a codename. He is the protagonist of the British animated television series of the same name which was produced by Cosgrove Hall Films for Thames Television. He was voiced by David Jason in the original series which ran from 1981 to 1992 and Alexander Armstrong in the revived series in 2015. Contents [ show ] Biography Danger Mouse (also called \"DM\" by Colonel K and \"Chief\" by his assistant Penfold) is an antromorphised mouse and is known through out the series as the greatest secret agent in the world, a secret agent so secret that even his codename has a codename. He wears a white body suit with a titanium alloy red badge (which saved him on a couple of occasions) with the initials DM in yellow. He also wears a black eyepatch over his left eye but it revealed that he only wears it because it is part of his suit, especially when he wears it on the wrong eye in one particular episode. In 2015 revival series, he is given a eyepatch-like gadget called the IPatch. DM's headquarters are in London where he lives in a red Royal Mail Post box with his hamster assistant Ernest Penfold who frequently annoys him with his constant bumbling and misinterpreting of instructions. DM pilots their modes of transportation the Mark III (a car with wings) and the Space Hopper (a space rocket) which remarkably both have steering wheels. Throughout the series, Danger Mouse along with Penfold battle many villains (mostly Baron Silas Greenback ) Personality In the series he is shown to very agile and an expert gymnast which is shown on one episode when he balances on his finger. He also knows the ancient martial art of Kung Moggy. He often says \"Penfold Shush\" when his assistant is talking too much or just plain nonsense and \"Good Grief\" in a dangerous situation.He is brave, courageous, good hearted and always willing to lend a hand. In fact in one of the episodes the narrator says: \"He can get you out of a jam or even a marmalade come to that.\" He likes making joke puns and knows over thirty four differant languages. Whenever Colonel K contacts him with a new mission he's on it straight away urging Penfold to come with him despite his assistant's many excuses. No matter what the situation Danger Mouse is always ready to help out. Gallery", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504950	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which singer's real name is Arnold George Dorsey?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A SINGER BY ANY OTHER NAME February 25, 2016 Arnold George Dorsey is more generally known by his internationally-recognized moniker: Engelbert Humperdinck . But, to paraphrase Shakespeare, a singer by any other name would sing as sweet. Humperdinck, who will be performing in Reynolds Hall at The Smith Center on March 19th , was not Dorsey’s first name change. His initial name change was to his first name. The Leicester, England lad had taken up playing the saxophone and was challenged by friends to put his instrument aside and sing in a pub contest. He ended up doing such a successful impression of another recent Smith Center performer – Jerry Lewis – that he was immediately labeled as Gerry Dorsey. Now, that’s fine as names go, but while touring in England, Dorsey had to contend with a serious bout of tuberculosis and was off the stage for six months. When he recovered, it was time for a new image to showcase his health and vitality, so it was time for the next (and final) name change. His manager suggested Engelbert Humperdinck, from the 19th century Austrian composer who wrote \"Hansel & Gretel.\" Not a common name, but one that would grow in popularity as the singer rose to global fame.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504951	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which motor manufacturer produces the 'Croma' model?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "FIAT - Official website \| Fiat.com Find the right Fiat for you How many seats do you need? What matters most to you? What do you use your car for? Gear", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504952	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What former U.S. president, and Nobel Peace Prize winner, is known for his staunch support of Habitat for Humanity?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Jimmy Carter - Nobel Lecture Jimmy Carter The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter - Nobel Lecture Nobel Lecture, Oslo, December 10, 2002 Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter delivers his Nobel Lecture after receiving the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize in the Oslo City Hall, Oslo, Norway. Copyright© Pressens Bild AB 2002, S-112 88 Stockholm, Sweden, telephone: +46 (0)8 738 38 00 Photo: EPA Scanpix Norway POOL/Bjoern Sigurdson Your Majesties, Members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is with a deep sense of gratitude that I accept this prize. I am grateful to my wife Rosalynn, to my colleagues at The Carter Center, and to many others who continue to seek an end to violence and suffering throughout the world. The scope and character of our Center's activities are perhaps unique, but in many other ways they are typical of the work being done by many hundreds of nongovernmental organizations that strive for human rights and peace. Most Nobel Laureates have carried out our work in safety, but there are others who have acted with great personal courage. None has provided more vivid reminders of the dangers of peacemaking than two of my friends, Anwar Sadat and Yitzak Rabin , who gave their lives for the cause of peace in the Middle East. Like these two heroes, my first chosen career was in the military, as a submarine officer. My shipmates and I realized that we had to be ready to fight if combat was forced upon us, and we were prepared to give our lives to defend our nation and its principles. At the same time, we always prayed fervently that our readiness would ensure that there would be no war. Later, as President and as Commander-in-Chief of our armed forces, I was one of those who bore the sobering responsibility of maintaining global stability during the height of the Cold War, as the world's two superpowers confronted each other. Both sides understood that an unresolved political altercation or a serious misjudgment could lead to a nuclear holocaust. In Washington and in Moscow, we knew that we would have less than a half hour to respond after we learned that intercontinental missiles had been launched against us. There had to be a constant and delicate balancing of our great military strength with aggressive diplomacy, always seeking to build friendships with other nations, large and small, that shared a common cause. In those days, the nuclear and conventional armaments of the United States and the Soviet Union were almost equal, but democracy ultimately prevailed because of commitments to freedom and human rights, not only by people in my country and those of our allies, but in the former Soviet empire as well. As president, I extended my public support and encouragement to Andrei Sakharov , who, although denied the right to attend the ceremony, was honored here for his personal commitments to these same ideals. The world has changed greatly since I left the White House. Now there is only one superpower, with unprecedented military and economic strength. The coming budget for American armaments will be greater than those of the next fifteen nations combined, and there are troops from the United States in many countries throughout the world. Our gross national economy exceeds that of the three countries that follow us, and our nation's voice most often prevails as decisions are made concerning trade, humanitarian assistance, and the allocation of global wealth. This dominant status is unlikely to change in our lifetimes. Great American power and responsibility are not unprecedented, and have been used with restraint and great benefit in the past. We have not assumed that super strength guarantees super wisdom, and we have consistently reached out to the international community to ensure that our own power and influence are tempered by the best common judgment. Within our country, ultimate decisions are made through democratic means, which tend to mo", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504953	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What was the first item of non-stick cookware marketed by 'Teflon'?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "10 BEST Non-Stick Cookware Reviews 2017 Cookbooks Non-Stick Cookware Is nonstick the most favorable for your skillets? Non-stick cookware becomes popular for making our life easier these days-for comfy to cook, less oil or butter and breezy cleaning. There’re lots of nonstick types on the market -from traditional nonstick, infused coats to PFOA- and PTFE-free pans for reducing harmful chemicals. Need a brief review? First, the nonstick coat does matter. The type of surfaces tells how quality and safety of the tools. Consider ceramic or non-Teflon pans if you’re health-conscious. Second, consider the construction; the weight and heat conductor play the big rules. Last, remember that each brand does best in different types. Calphalon, Anolon and Circulon are good at in anodized pans, while Scanpan, EarthPan and GreenPan are spotlighted for PFOA-free products. Top 10 Best Non-Stick Cookware 2017 1 Having superior performances like the famous model, Anolon Advanced, yet the Advanced Bronze dresses more style with bronze finish. Great professional cook. This outstanding cookware is recommended by Good Housekeeping and Consumer’s Digest 2011. Full Review ï¿½ 3 WearEver Pure Living Frustrated in find nice safe cookware in payable charges? So, we proudly suggest this stylish Pure Living series for your pleasant cooking with nonstick pans without PTFE, PFOA, Cadmium or lead, as well as good heat distribution from aluminum inside. Full Review ï¿½ 4 Rachael Ray Hard Anodized II No need to be a fan of Rachael Ray, Yet this fantastic non-stick cookware will make falling in love with. This is a good combination of quality and style for family kitchen. Dishwasher-safe is interesting features updated. Full Review ï¿½ 5", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504954	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who shot Ronald Reagan on 30th March, 1981?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "President Reagan shot - Mar 30, 1981 - HISTORY.com President Reagan shot Publisher A+E Networks On March 30, 1981, President Ronald Reagan is shot in the chest outside a Washington, D.C., hotel by a deranged drifter named John Hinckley Jr. The president had just finished addressing a labor meeting at the Washington Hilton Hotel and was walking with his entourage to his limousine when Hinckley, standing among a group of reporters, fired six shots at the president, hitting Reagan and three of his attendants. White House Press Secretary James Brady was shot in the head and critically wounded, Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy was shot in the side, and District of Columbia policeman Thomas Delahaney was shot in the neck. After firing the shots, Hinckley was overpowered and pinned against a wall, and President Reagan, apparently unaware that he’d been shot, was shoved into his limousine by a Secret Service agent and rushed to the hospital. The president was shot in the left lung, and the .22 caliber bullet just missed his heart. In an impressive feat for a 70-year-old man with a collapsed lung, he walked into George Washington University Hospital under his own power. As he was treated and prepared for surgery, he was in good spirits and quipped to his wife, Nancy, ”Honey, I forgot to duck,” and to his surgeons, “Please tell me you’re Republicans.” Reagan’s surgery lasted two hours, and he was listed in stable and good condition afterward. The next day, the president resumed some of his executive duties and signed a piece of legislation from his hospital bed. On April 11, he returned to the White House. Reagan’s popularity soared after the assassination attempt, and at the end of April he was given a hero’s welcome by Congress. In August, this same Congress passed his controversial economic program, with several Democrats breaking ranks to back Reagan’s plan. By this time, Reagan claimed to be fully recovered from the assassination attempt. In private, however, he would continue to feel the effects of the nearly fatal gunshot wound for years. Of the victims of the assassination attempt, Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy and D.C. policeman Thomas Delahaney eventually recovered. James Brady, who nearly died after being shot in the eye, suffered permanent brain damage. He later became an advocate of gun control, and in 1993 Congress passed the “Brady Bill,” which established a five-day waiting period and background checks for prospective gun buyers. President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law. After being arrested on March 30, 1981, 25-year-old John Hinckley was booked on federal charges of attempting to assassinate the president. He had previously been arrested in Tennessee on weapons charges. In June 1982, he was found not guilty by reason of insanity. In the trial, Hinckley’s defense attorneys argued that their client was ill with narcissistic personality disorder, citing medical evidence, and had a pathological obsession with the 1976 film Taxi Driver, in which the main character attempts to assassinate a fictional senator. His lawyers claimed that Hinckley saw the movie more than a dozen times, was obsessed with the lead actress, Jodie Foster, and had attempted to reenact the events of the film in his own life. Thus the movie, not Hinckley, they argued, was the actual planning force behind the events that occurred on March 30, 1981. The verdict of “not guilty by reason of insanity” aroused widespread public criticism, and many were shocked that a would-be presidential assassin could avoid been held accountable for his crime. However, because of his obvious threat to society, he was placed in St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, a mental institution. In the late 1990s, Hinckley’s attorney began arguing that his mental illness was in remission and thus had a right to return to a normal life. Beginning in August 1999, he was allowed supervised day trips off the hospital grounds and later was allowed to visit his parents once a week unsupervised. The Secret Service voluntarily monitors him during these outings. If his mental i", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504955	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"Who were the two main characters in \"\"Bringing Up Father\"\", a comic strip created by George McManus that ran from January 1913 to May 2000 about an Irishman who comes into wealth in the USA but wants to live much as he used to?\"", "role": "user" }, { "content": "George McManus and Irish America George McManus and Irish America By Charles Fanning In his Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel, The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay (2000), Michael Chabon evokes the cultural apogee during the Great Depression of the newspaper comic strip, \"then in the full flower of its since faded glory, read by presidents and Pullman porters, a proud American cousin, in indigenous vitality and grace, of baseball and jazz.\" [1] A piece on \"The Funny Papers\" in Fortune in April 1933 declared that \"between 70 and 75 per cent of the readers of any newspaper follow its comic sections regularly,\" and estimated that \"U. S. Funny Paper, Inc. (and we shall see that it is very Inc.) grosses about $6,000,000 a year.\" Hearst-owned King Features was the largest syndicate, and the three biggest earners were Sidney Smith ( The Gumps By this point, George McManus had been hard at his trade for some thirty years, and his famous strip Bringing Up Father , featuring the nouveau riche Irish-American couple, Maggie and Jiggs, had been appearing for twenty. From the outset, the Hearst papers ran the strip above the fold on the front page of their colored Sunday comics sections. As the comics wrapped the rest of the paper, this was arguably the most powerful spot in American popular culture, and Bringing Up Father stayed there for forty-one years. In his prime, McManus had 100 million readers in 750 newspapers published in seventy-one countries and twenty-eight languages. Spin-off ventures included yearly collections in book form, radio programs, touring stage shows (as many as seven on the road at one time), animated cartoons, and eleven movies. (McManus played his own main character in four of the films.) In a 1952 interview for Collier's , McManus says that \"more than forty concerns have manufactured such things as dishes, ash trays, soaps, playing cards, perfume bottles, jewelry, canes, fans, masks and articles of clothing with Jiggs or Maggie or [their daughter] Nora stamped on them.\" Moreover, he estimated that he had made $12 million on the strip and been praised by the prime ministers of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and by U. S. Presidents Hoover and FDR. The latter said he was \"a national institution.\" McManus was especially proud of an encounter with Ireland's Oliver St. John Gogarty, who declared to him, \"George, you're a genius.\" McManus also pointed out that he worked eight hours a day, seven days a week to create Bringing Up Father , and he marveled that \"all I've had for capital is a retired hod carrier who has a fondness for corned beef and cabbage and for being himself. And a drawing board.\" [3] George McManus had been born in St. Louis, Missouri, on January 23, 1884, to Irish immigrant parents, Katherine Kenrick McManus from County Limerick and George McManus from Mullingar, County Westmeath, who was himself the son of an Irish captain in the British army, killed in the African wars. [4] George McManus, Senior, was manager of the Grand Opera House in St. Louis, and young George grew up steeped in theater, music hall and vaudeville traditions. McManus has said that \"I began to draw primarily because my father, whom I idolized, liked to sketch and I imitated him.\" Along with his brothers Charles and Leo, George attended St. Louis public schools. One story has it that McManus was sent home from high school for drawing caricatures in class, and his father responded by getting him a job running errands in the art department of a local newspaper, the St. Louis Republic . He was fourteen years old, and within a year he had sketched his way into a staff position, covering train wrecks, trial scenes, murders, suicides, and hangings. He recalled that \"the whole Republic staff had standing orders to report to work every rainy Sunday—local Germans, suffering from beery hang-overs, usually picked gloomy, rainy Sunday mornings to commit suicide. I sketched dozens of them.\" McManus claimed \"a national record\" for having sketched \"120 hangings in the courtyard of the St. Louis jail.\" [5] By 1902, McManus was draw", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504956	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What was Little Miss Muffet eating when the spider came along?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Little miss muffet nursery rhyme - YouTube Little miss muffet nursery rhyme Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 8, 2013 Little miss muffet came to the tuffet eating her curds and whey along came a spider which sat on a sider and scared miss muffet away then little muffet went running inside to her mother and say there was a big spider which sat on the sider it scared me and I dropped my whey then mrs muffet came to the tuffet and told her dont scare away this little spider which sits on the sider means no harm it just wants your whey Category When autoplay is enabled, a suggested video will automatically play next. Up next Play now Mix - Little miss muffet nursery rhymeYouTube Little Miss Muffet \| Nursery Rhymes \| Kids Songs \| Baby Videos - Duration: 42:42. Kids TV - Nursery Rhymes And Children’s Songs 809,020 views 42:42 Old Mother Hubbard \| Mother Goose Club Playhouse Kids Song - Duration: 2:27. Mother Goose Club Playhouse 12,317,762 views 2:27 Little Miss Muffet Nursery Rhyme with Barbie and Chelsea - Duration: 1:30. Toy Box 72,276 views 1:30 Little Miss Muffet \| Nursery Rhymes \| Rhymes for Children by NurseryRhymeStreet - Duration: 29:54. Nursery Rhyme Street - Kids Songs and Rhymes 7,700,815 views 29:54 Little Miss Muffet \| Nursery Rhymes Farmees \| Kids Songs - Duration: 42:49. Farmees - Kids 3D Nursery Rhymes TV And Baby Songs 1,431,473 views 42:49 Little Miss Muffet \| Plus Lots More Nursery Rhymes \| 77 Minutes Compilation from LittleBabyBum! - Duration: 1:17:19. LittleBabyBum ® 5,691,539 views 1:17:19 Humpty Dumpty Sat On A Wall and Many More Nursery Rhymes for Children \| Kids Songs by ChuChu TV - Duration: 1:52:36. ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs 241,910,552 views 1:52:36 Little Miss Muffet \| Nursery Rhymes \| Nursery Rhymes Songs For Babies by Hooplakidz - Duration: 1:13. HooplaKidz - Nursery Rhymes for Children 6,563,136 views 1:13", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504957	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"Which conductor of the Worcester Glee Club from 1879 to 1889, went on to write \"\"The Enigma Variations\"\" and \"\"The Dream of Gerontius\"\"?\"", "role": "user" }, { "content": "March 1, 2014 By Edward Burlingame Hill At present, no English composer occupies a position of such prominence as Edward Elgar. His works are enthusiastically performed and received throughout England; they have made their way into Germany, France, Austria, and the United States. He is been the subject of more fervid eloquence than any living composer with the possible exception of Richard Strauss. The present Albert Bogue is a striking contradiction of the proverb of the prophet, “not without honor save in his own country.” Considering that he is practically self-taught, his career is all the more remarkable, and deserves an account in detail of its progress to recognition and fame. Boyhood Edward William Elgar was born it brought Heath, no Worchester, June 2, 1857, of old English yeoman stock. His father, who had been an assistant in a London music shop, settled at Worchester, in 1841. He was intensely musical in his case, an excellent violinist, and organist of the Roman Catholic Church of St. George, a position which he held for 37 years. He also established a music shop with his brother. At an early age Edward Elgar was sent to the ladies school, where he took his first lessons on the piano. Somewhat later he learned some of the simple facts of violent technique from a violinist named Frederick Spray. However, the most impressionable years of his early life passed without is coming into contact with any remarkable personality. He was one of seven children, and has he gave no evidence of extraordinary talent, he was not singled out for special attention. At an early age, therefore, in the matter of musical instruction he became exceedingly self-reliant, a quality to which he owes his present eminence more than anything else. As a boy, he was an omnivorous reader, and cared little for sport; but he was eager to master the secrets of musical technique. Accordingly, he taught himself the violin, viola, violoncello, piano, organ, and even the bassoon. Later he went to a boy school, called Littleton House. About this time he came across some old works on theory, such as Catel’s “Treatise on Harmony,” Mozart’s “succinct thorough bass,” and Cherubini’s “Counterpoint.” These he eagerly devoured. Later he profited by Sir John sustainers “Harmony,” and Sir Hubert Parry’s articles on matters of technique and grows “Dictionary of Music.” “The worst of the older textbooks,” said Elgar, in commenting upon his early studies, “is that they taught building but not architecture.” Musical career when he was about 15, Elgar left school with the intention of becoming a solicitor, but a years experience in a lawyer’s office convinced him that his taste did not lie in that direction. It was in 1873, therefore, they returned to Worchester with the idea of “making himself useful” about the music shop and the church. He sat with his father at the organ, and was occasionally permitted to extemporize voluntariness, and later even accompanied services. He waded through the organ schools of Rinck and Best, he continued the study of theory, and even began to learn German with the hope of going to leaps it, but lack of funds compelled him to give this up. At this. He became acquainted with the early piano music of Kotzeluch, Schubert, and Emanuel Bach. He also joined a quintet of wind instruments, consisting of two flutes, and oboe, a clarinet, and a bassoon, for which he wrote a great deal of music. Elgar had kept up his practice of the violin, and in due course of time he became a member of the Worchester Philharmonic Orchestra, as well as other orchestras in the neighborhood. He also derive much benefits at this time from the weekly concerts of the Worchester glee club, at which all the best old English Gleason madrigals were performed. The club also gave monthly “evenings” of instrumental music, in which Corelli’s works, the overtures of Handel, and Haydn symphonies were given, Elgar playing among the violins for several years. From the age of 15 Elgar supported himself. In 1877, with the idea of becoming a solo violinist, he went to London and", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504958	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which Channel Island is divided by a causeway called the Coupee, and has one port, Croux?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Channel Islands - Topic Guernsey Channel Islands Channel Islands The Channel Islands are a group of islands in the English Channel between England and France. The main islands are Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm, Brecqhou, Jethou and Lihou. All of these except for Jersey are part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. There are also some uninhabited islets: the Minquiers, Écréhous, Les Dirouilles and Les Pierres de Lecq which are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey and Burhou and Casquets which lie off Alderney. Jersey is the largest of the Channel islands. It has an area of 118.2 square kilometres (45 square miles). It has twelve parishes which are named after Christian saints. It is approximately 22 kilometres from France and 161 km south of England. Jersey is the most southerly of the British Isles. The capital of Jersey, St Helier,stands in St Aubin's Bay on the southern side of the island. Jersey is famous for its Jersey Royal potatoes, flowers and the Jersey breed of cow with its rich yellow butter and creamy milk. It is also a leading international finance centre and home to the world famous Durrel Wildlife. Guernsey is the second largest of the Channel Islands. St Peter Port is the capital of Guernsey, as well as the main port of the island. The island is divided into ten parishes. The population of Guernsey is just over 60,000 with financial services and tourism making up most of the island's economy. Guernsey is situated 48 km (30 miles) west of France's Normandy coast and 121 km (75 miles) south of Weymouth, England and lies in the Gulf of St Malo . Alderney is the most the most northerly Channel Island. It is the third largest Channel Island, with an area of 4.8 km (3 miles) long and 2.4 kim (1.5 miles) wide. It is the closest of the Channel Islands to France as well as being the closest to England. The only parish of Alderney is the parish of St. Anne which covers the whole island. Alderney has a population of about 2,400. Sark has two main parts which are joined by a narrow causeway called La Coupée; Greater Sark and Little Sark. Sark has its own laws and its own parliament. It has a population of about 600. There are no cars in Sark, the only vehicles allowed are horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles, tractors and battery powered vehicles for the disabled. Sark has a ferry from Guernsey which takes about 40 minutes. Herm is one of the smallest of the Channel Islands that is open to the public. There is a ferry service to Herm which takes 20 minutes from Guernsey. Cars and bicycles are banned from Herm but the locals are allowed to drive quad bikes and tractors. Herm is only 1½ miles long and less than half a mile wide. The population is approximately 60 residents. Herm is owned by the States of Guernsey and rented out to tenants.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504959	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the more common name of the plant Hedera?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Plants Profile for Hedera helix (English ivy) Hedera helix English ivy This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Click on an acronym to view each weed list, or click here for a composite list of Weeds of the U.S.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504960	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In what year did the 'Vauxhall Bridge', crossing the Thames, open?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Vauxhall Bridge \| London Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Opening Date 26 May 1906 Vauxhall Bridge is a steel arched bridge for road and foot traffic, crossing the River Thames in a north-west south-east orientation, between Lambeth Bridge and Grosvenor Bridge , in central London . On the north bank is Westminster , with Tate Britain and the Millbank Tower to the north-east, and Pimlico and its tube station to the north and east. On the south bank, Vauxhall Cross, site of Vauxhall Station and the headquarters of MI6 , lies immediately to the south-east; Kennington is to the east, Vauxhall to the south-east and Nine Elms to the south west. St George Wharf is located beside the bridge on the southern bank. The River Effra , one of the Thames's many underground tributaries, empties into the main river just to the east of the bridge on the south bank. History Edit One of the eight Vauxhall Bridge figures, here depicting Fine Art. (October 2005) The current bridge was designed by Sir Alexander Binnie, with modifications by Maurice Fitzmaurice, to replace a previous cast-iron structure. It was built by Petwick Brothers. It was completed in 1906, and opened on the May 26 by the Prince of Wales, and was the first bridge to carry trams across the Thames. It measures 80ft wide by 809ft long, has five steel arches mounted on granite piers, and its most striking feature is a series of bronze female figures on the bridge abutments, both upstream and downstream, commemorating the arts and sciences. The four upstream figures are by F. W. Pomeroy, the four downstream by Alfred Drury. The previous bridge was the nine-span Regent's Bridge, designed by James Walker and opened in 1816 as a toll-bridge. The history leading up to the construction of this bridge was tortuous with at least three aborted designs rejected, two by John Rennie—first a seven-span stone bridge, and then a design with eleven cast-iron arches—and one by Sir Samuel Bentham. The Vauxhall iron bridge, looking west, in 1816. On the right can be seen part of Millbank Penitentiary under construction. The Vauxhall Bridge in 1829 Walker's nine-span structure was the first iron-built bridge over the Thames in London, but it lasted less than 90 years. Tidal scour undermined the bridge's piers and these were too expensive to replace. A temporary wooden bridge was constructed across the river and demolition work began in 1898, but construction of the Binnie bridge did not start until 1904. The bridge was declared a Grade II listed structure in 2008, providing protection to preserve its special character from unsympathetic development.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504961	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"The word \"\"batty\"\" derives from which expression?\"", "role": "user" }, { "content": "etymology - Where did the phrase \"batsht crazy\" come from? - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange up vote 14 down vote accepted I started to type up an answer summarizing several theories about its origin and first use, but then I found that since the last time I tried to look it up, the Oxford English Dictionary has in fact added an entry for this term (in the online edition), along with some helpful citations. Turns out the phrase didn't originate with Hunter S. Thompson, or with Kubrick's Col. \"Bat\" Guano in Dr. Strangelove. Here are the definitions provided by the OED, along with the earliest citation for each: A worthless or contemptible thing; rubbish, nonsense. Cf. bullshit n. (1950 M. Shedd Return to Beach ii. 156: \"I felt the minute hand of that bat shit of a Judas clock stand up to me.\") Austral. Used in similative phrases as the type of something dull or uninteresting. Chiefly in boring as batshit. (1964 G. H. Johnston My Brother Jack iv. 58: \"He would describe somebody as being ‘as silly as a two-bob watch’ or ‘dreary as bat-shit’.\") Crazy, mad, insane. Cf. bats at bat n*. 1 b. Orig. and freq. in to go batshit (cf. to go ape-shit at ape n. Additions). (1971 W. Calley Lieutenant Calley 104: \"Most of America's males were in Korea or World War II or I. They killed, and they aren't all going batshit.\") As an intensifier, esp. in batshit crazy. (1993 Toronto Life Aug. 6/4: \"His mug is emblazoned with the words: full-blown bat shit crazy.\") So, while batshit crazy certainly does seem to be influenced by the expression bats in the belfry as you suggest, its first meaning, in use by 1950, was simply a variant of bullshit. This use continued and overlapped with the \"crazy\" meaning: further citations are given for definition #1 from Dean Koontz's 1985 novel Door to December and from Seattle Weekly in 2002. Also, batshit as a standalone word meaning \"crazy\" appears to be older than the two-word phrase batshit crazy, at least as far as the written record shows. There's anecdotal evidence scattered around the internet, like in this Straight Dope Message Board discussion, that definition #1 was in common use in the US military during the 1950s. Someone else points out there that Hunter S. Thompson may have picked up the term in the Air Force, from which he was discharged in 1958. Apparently he used the terms batshit, batshit crazy, and/or batshit insane in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and/or Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72, but I don't have either book handy to check, and none of the claims I've found includes a full quotation. From an inexplicably deleted answer is a 1983 cartoon by P. S. Mueller (the voice of Onion News Radio ) captioned: Full blown batshit crazy and still holding down a productive job Mueller adds: Since I first published this cartoon around 25 years ago, I have received more correspondence about it than anything I have done before or since. I guess it struck a chord. As far as I knew at the time or know now, the phrase \"Full Blown Batshit Crazy\" just sort of fell out of my head and appears to have entered some part of the language. I seem to have the dimmest memory of a guy I knew in my early teens uttering the word \"Batshit\" on the school bus and nearly killing me with it. I could have it all tangled up with another guy or made it up myself, but it certainly sounds like something Birdy would have said. I'm not sure when Mueller was born, but he \"began contributing drawings to the Daily Egyptian at Southern Illinois University-Cabondale\" from 1967 , so his early teens batshit memory was probably around the early 1960s. up vote 1 down vote The word crazy is a later addition. Scanning Google Books I find a handful of references starting from the mid-60s where batshit is clearly just a variation on bullshit (nonsense, rubbish) - which meaning still turns up even in 2001 , but it's relatively uncommon now. Here's a relatively early one from 1967 where the meaning is crazy. A decade later most references have this meaning, but the earliest actual \"batshit crazy\" I can find is this one fr", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504962	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which US state is named after Queen Elizabeth I?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Which U.S. States Are Named After Kings and Queens? By Matt Rosenberg Updated August 10, 2016. Seven of the U.S. states are named after sovereigns - four are named for kings and three are named for queens. These include some of the oldest colonies and territories in what is now the United States and the royal names paid tribute to the rulers of either France and England. The list of states includes Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Can you guess which kings and queens inspired each name? The 'Carolinas' Have British Royalty Roots North and South Carolina have a long and complicated history. Two of the 13 original colonies, they began as a single colony but were divided shortly after because it was too much land to govern. The name 'Carolina' is often attributed as an honor of King Charles I of England (1625-1649), yet that is not entirely true. What is fact is that Charles is 'Carolus' in Latin and that inspired 'Carolina.' However, the French explorer, Jean Ribault first called the region Carolina when he tried colonizing Florida in the 1560's. During that time, he established an outpost known as Charlesfort in what is now South Carolina. The French King at the time? Charles IX who was crowned in 1560. When the British colonists established their settlements in the Carolinas, it was shortly after the 1649 execution of King Charles I of England and they retained the name in his honor. When his son took over the crown in 1661, the colonies were also an honor to his rule. In a way, the Carolinas pay tribute to all three King Charles. 'Georgia' Was Inspired by a British King Georgia was one of the original 13 colonies that became the United States. It was the last colony established and it became official in 1732, just five years after King George II was crowned King of England. The name 'Georgia' was clearly inspired by the new king. The suffix -ia was used often by the colonizing nations when naming new lands in honor of important people. King George II did not live long enough to see his namesake become a state. He died in 1760 and was succeeded by his grandson, King George III, who reigned during the American Revolutionary War. 'Louisiana' Has French Origins In 1671, French explorers claimed a large portion of central North America for France. They named the area in honor of King Louis XIV, who reigned from 1643 until his death in 1715. The name 'Louisiana' begins with a clear reference to the king. The suffix -iana is often used to refer to a collection of objects in regards to the collector. Therefore, we can loosely associate Louisiana as 'a collection of lands owned by King Louis XIV.' This territory became known as the Louisiana Territory and was purchased by Thomas Jefferson in 1803. In total, the Louisiana Purchase was for 828,000 square miles between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The state of Louisiana formed the southern border and became a state in 1812. 'Maryland' Was Named After a British Queen Maryland also has an association with King Charles I yet, in this case, it was named for his wife. George Calvert was granted a charter in 1632 for a region east of the Potomac. The first settlement was St. Mary's and the territory was named Maryland. All of this was in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen consort of Charles I of England and daughter of King Henry IV of France. The 'Virginias' Were Named for a Virgin Queen Virginia (and subsequently West Virginia) was settled by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584. He named this new land after the English monarch of the time, Queen Elizabeth I. But how did he get 'Virginia' out of Elizabeth? Elizabeth I was crowned in 1559 and died in 1603. During her 44 years as queen , she never married and she earned the nickname of the \"Virgin Queen.\" That is how the Virginia's got their name, but whether the monarch was true in her virginity is a matter of much debate and speculation.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504963	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"According to Burt Bacharach's theme for \"\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\"\", what \"\"keep fallin' on my head\"\"?\"", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head (Butch Cassidy/Soundtrack Version) - YouTube Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head (Butch Cassidy/Soundtrack Version) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 25, 2014 Provided to YouTube by Universal Music Group North America Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head (Butch Cassidy/Soundtrack Version) · B.J. Thomas · Burt Bacharach Butch Cassidy And The Sundance Kid ℗ 1969 A&M Records", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504964	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The words admiral and arsenal are derived from which language?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Top 50 English Words---of Arabic Origin! \| Arabic Language Blog ZENITH (سمت الرأس: Literally the “azimuth of the head”، it is the opposite of the “nadir.”) ZERO (same as “cipher.”) Names of many stars and constellations: (Altair: الطَّائـــــــــر meaning “the bird”; Betelgeuse: بيت الجــــــوزاء, meaning “the House of the Gemini”; Deneb: ذنب meaning “tail”; Fomalhaut: فم الحوت which means “the mouth of the Pisces”, Rigel: رِجـــــــل meaning “foot”, it stands for رجل الجبَّار, or the “foot of the Titan”, Vega: الواقع meaning “the Falling”, refers to النسر الواقع، meaning “the falling eagle”, etc.) An entirely separate post is necessary to list all of the astronomical terms which are of Arabic origin. TECHNICAL TERMS (ENGINEERING, MILITARY, BUSINESS, COMMODITIES, etc.) ADMIRAL (أميــــــــر الرحلة, meaning commander of the fleet, or literally “of the trip”) ADOBE (الطوب: meaning a “brick.” Next time you use an Adobe Acrobat product, you will remember that Adobe is originally Arabic!) ALCOVE (القبة: meaning “the vault”, or “the dome”) AMBER (عنبر: Anbar, “ambergris.”) ARSENAL (Do fans of F.C. Arsenal today, including those living in the Arab world, know where the name of their favorite team came from? دار الصناعــــــــــــــــة : “manufacturing house”) ASSASSIN (Just like the word MAFIA, it is of Arabic origin: It either comes from “حشَّــــــــــــــاشين”, referring to the medieval sect of the same name famous for the heavy hashish consumption by its knife-wielding members, or “العسَّاسيــــــــــــــــن”, meaning “the watchmen.”) CALIBER (قـــــــالب: meaning “mold”) CANDY (from قندي, itself from Persian for “hard candy made by boiling cane sugar”) CHECK (from صکّ, also from Persian meaning “letter of credit.” It would give the Chess expression “Checkmate”, from “الشيخ مات”, or “the Shaikh is dead.”) CORK (القورق) COFFEE (قهوة: For long snubbed by Europeans as the “wine of the infidels”—that is, many centuries before the age of Starbucks and instant coffee!) COTTON (قُطْـــــــــن) GAUZE (either from قَــــــــــزّ, meaning “silk”, or from غَــــــــزّة, “Gaza”, the Palestinian city.) GUITAR (just as LUTE, العود, a musical instrument known to Europeans through the Arabic قيثارة, itself possibly borrowed from a word of Ancient Greek.) HAZARD (الزّهر: “the dice”—Think of an Arabic TV series hazardly titled “The Dukes of Al-Azhar”…) LAZULI (As in “Lapis Lazuli”, لاژورد: Arabic word for a semi-precious stone famous for its intense blue color. The Arabic word is said to come from a Persian city where the stone was mined.) MASCARA (Just as with the English “masquerade” and the French “mascarade“, mascara comes from the Arabic word مسخرة, an event during which people wear masks, such as carnivals.) MATTRESS (مطـــــــــــــــــــرح.) MONSOON (موسم: Arabic for “season.”) MUMMY (مومياء: Originally from Persian root “موم”, meaning “wax”.) RACQUET (As in a “tennis racket”. Some point to an Arabic origin of Tennis. The word racket comes the Arabic word “راحـــــــة”, as in “راحـــــة اليد”, meaning the “palm of the hand.”) REAM (as in a “ream of paper”, it comes from Arabic رزمة, meaning a “bundle.”) SAFARI (سفـــــــر: “travel”—As in Apple’s Safari web browser) SASH (شــــــــاش.) SATIN (زيتــــــــــــوني: “Olive-like”, perhaps related to modern Tsinkiang in Fukien province, southern China.) SOFA (الصُفــــــــة)", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504965	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Aqua Sulis was the Latin name for which English city?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "aquae definition \| English definition dictionary \| Reverso Wiesbaden (German) n a city in W Germany, capital of Hesse state: a spa resort since Roman times. Pop.: 267122 (1996 est.), (Latin name) Aquae Mattiacorum English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus Bath n a city in SW England, in Bath and North East Somerset unitary authority, Somerset, on the River Avon: famous for its hot springs; a fashionable spa in the 18th century; Roman remains, notably the baths. Pop.: 85202 (1991), (Latin name) Aquae Sulis English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus See also:", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504966	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Sent as a gift to King James II of Scotland in 1457, what is the alliterative name of the medieval bombard siege gun located outside of Edinburgh Castle?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Edinburgh Castle - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Edinburgh Castle NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE Jump to: navigation , search The \"Maidens' Castle\" redirects here. Not to be confused with various other Maiden Castles in England and elsewhere. Edinburgh Castle Edinburgh Castle stands at the head of the Old Town Edinburgh Castle Coordinates Site history Built Site occupied since the late Bronze Age ; buildings of present castle date from the 12th to 21st centuries In use sieges in 1640, 1650, 1689, 1745 Garrison information List of Governors of Edinburgh Castle Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh , Scotland , from its position on the Castle Rock . Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD), although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site continued to be a royal residence until 1633. From the 15th century the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally used as military barracks with a large garrison. Its importance as a part of Scotland's national heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th century onwards, and various restoration programmes have been carried out over the past century and a half. As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland , Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite Rising of 1745. Research undertaken in 2014 identified 26 sieges in its 1100-year-old history, giving it a claim to having been \"the most besieged place in Great Britain and one of the most attacked in the world\". [1] Few of the present buildings pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, when the medieval defences were largely destroyed by artillery bombardment. The most notable exceptions are St Margaret's Chapel from the early 12th century, which is regarded as the oldest building in Edinburgh, [2] the Royal Palace and the early-16th-century Great Hall, although the interiors have been much altered from the mid- Victorian period onwards. The castle also houses the Scottish regalia , known as the Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War Memorial and the National War Museum of Scotland . The British Army is still responsible for some parts of the castle, although its presence is now largely ceremonial and administrative. Some of the castle buildings house regimental museums which contribute to its presentation as a tourist attraction. The castle, in the care of Historic Scotland , is Scotland's most-visited paid tourist attraction, with over 1.4 million visitors in 2013. [3] As the backdrop to the Edinburgh Military Tattoo during the annual Edinburgh International Festival the castle has become a recognisable symbol of Edinburgh and of Scotland and indeed, it is Edinburgh's most frequently visited visitor attraction—according to the Edinburgh Visitor Survey, more than 70% of leisure visitors to Edinburgh visited the castle. Contents Main article: Castle Rock, Edinburgh Diagram of a crag and tail feature, such as the Castle Rock: A is the crag formed from the volcanic plug, B is the tail of softer rock, and C shows the direction of ice movement. In the case of Edinburgh, the castle stands on the crag (A) with the Royal Mile extending along the tail (B) The castle stands upon the plug of an extinct volcano , which is estimated to have risen about 350 million years ago during the lower Carboniferous period. The Castle Rock is the remains of a volcanic pipe , which cut through the surrounding sedimentary rock before cooling to form very hard dolerite , a type of basalt. Subsequent glacial erosion was resisted by the dolerite, which protected the softer rock to the east, leaving a crag and tail formation. [4] The summit of the Castle Rock is 130 metres (430 ft) above sea level, with rocky cliffs to the south, w", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504967	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The Pacific island of Bora Bora is a dependency of which country?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Bora Bora Map / Geography of Bora Bora/ Map of Bora Bora - Worldatlas.com - WorldAtlas.com Bora Bora Map / Geography of Bora Bora/ Map of Bora Bora - Worldatlas.com Print this map Bora Bora, located about 160 miles northwest of Tahiti and approximately 2,600 miles south of Hawaii , was discovered in 1722, and is arguably the most beautiful island on the planet. The island's ancient name of Vava'u suggests the original inhabitants of this 7 million year old island arrived from Tonga , and interestingly, there is no \"B,\" in the local Tahitian language, so its actual name is Pora Pora, meaning \"first born.\" Under the leadership of Admiral Abel Aubert Dupetit Thouars, Bora Bora was named a colony of France in 1842. The onset of World War II brought U.S. troops to the island, and seven massive cannons were set up around the perimeter, as well as a number of forts. The presence of the troops was generally accepted, and lucky for the natives (and troops alike) no combat took place on the island during the war. The U.S. military base officially closed on June 2, 1946, and the abandoned base became an international airport until Tahiti opened their own in 1962. Bora Bora relies heavily on the tourism industry to fuel its economy, and its fabled blue lagoon is - according to novelist James A. Michener - \"So stunning, that there are really no adequate words to describe it.\" Volcanic in origin, Bora Bora's rugged main island, and a few smaller islands, are completely surrounded by coral reefs. Made famous by books, movies, and its stunning beauty, the island is now besieged by tourism and overcrowding. Regardless, if you must visit a South Pacific island (and you should), Bora Bora would be an excellent choice. For additional info about the islands of French Polynesia , and their most interesting history, go here .", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504968	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Prior to Barack Obama in 2009 who was the last US president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Obama wins 2009 Nobel Peace Prize Obama wins 2009 Nobel Peace Prize Advertisement The Nobel committee said they wanted to support Mr Obama's approach US President Barack Obama has been awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Committee said he won it for \"his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and co-operation between peoples\". The committee highlighted Mr Obama's efforts to support international bodies and promote nuclear disarmament. Mr Obama - woken up with the news early on Friday - said in an address at the White House that he was \"surprised and deeply humbled\" by the award. He said he did not feel he deserved to be in the company of some of the \"transformative figures\" who had previously received the award. Speaking outside the White House, he said he would accept the prize as a \"call to action\". There were a record 205 nominations for this year's peace prize. Zimbabwean Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai and Chinese dissident Hu Jia had been among the favourites. Instead the committee chose Mr Obama, who was inaugurated less than two weeks before the 1 February nomination deadline. There was widespread surprise at the committee's decision. While world leaders were largely supportive of the award, thousands of people have contacted the BBC with more sceptical views. An estimated 75% of comment sent to the BBC expressed surprise at the award. Some said awarding the prize to Mr Obama was plain wrong, others that the decision had come too soon, before he had made any concrete foreign policy achievement. ANALYSIS Paul Reynolds BBC News, London The award is certainly unexpected and might be regarded as more of an encouragement for intentions than a reward for achievements. After all, the president has been in office for a little over eight months and he might hope to serve eight years. His ambition for a world free of nuclear weapons is one that is easier to declare than to achieve and a climate control agreement has yet to be reached. Indeed, the citation indicates that it is President Obama's world view that attracted the Nobel committee - that diplomacy should be founded \"on the basis of values and attitudes that are shared by the majority of the world's population\". Obama rewarded for world view The Nobel laureate - chosen by a five-member committee - wins a gold medal, a diploma and 10m Swedish kronor ($1.4m). \"Only very rarely has a person to the same extent as Obama captured the world's attention and given its people hope for a better future,\" the Norwegian committee said in a statement. \"His diplomacy is founded in the concept that those who are to lead the world must do so on the basis of values and attitudes that are shared by the majority of the world's population.\" Asked why the prize had been awarded to Mr Obama less than a year after he took office, Nobel Committee head Thorbjoern Jagland said: \"It was because we would like to support what he is trying to achieve\". \"It is a clear signal that we want to advocate the same as he has done,\" he said. He specifically mentioned Mr Obama's work to strengthen international institutions and work towards a world free of nuclear arms. 'New climate' Reaction to the committee's decision from around the world was swift and varied. MARDELL'S AMERICA There was already a huge weight of responsibility on Obama's shoulders, and this medal hung round his neck has just made it a little heavier Mark Mardell Read Mark's thoughts in full Mohamed ElBaradei, the head of the UN's nuclear watchdog, the IAEA, said he could not think of anyone more deserving of the award. \"In less than a year in office, he has transformed the way we look at ourselves and the world we live in and rekindled hope for a world at peace with itself,\" Mr ElBaradei said. At the other end of the spectrum, Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid told the Reuters news agency the award was ridiculous. \"The Nobel prize for peace? Obama should have won the 'Nobel Prize for escalating violence and killing civilians',\" he said. Since taking office in January, President Obama", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504969	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The Gini coefficient (or index or ratio), devised by Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini in 1912, is a common measure of?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Gini coefficient - 必应 Sign in Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient (also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio) (/dʒini/ jee-nee) is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measure of inequality. It was developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper \"Variability and Mutability\" (Italian: Variabilità e mutabilità). The Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example, levels of income). A Gini coefficient of zero ex ... (展开) xpresses perfect equality, where all values are the same (for example, where everyone has the same income). A Gini coefficient of one (or 100%) expresses maximal inequality among values (for example, where only one person has all the income or consumption, and all others have none). However, a value greater than one may occur if some persons represent negative contribution to the total (for example, having negative income or wealth). For larger groups, values close to or above 1 are very unlikely in practice. The Gini coefficient was proposed by Gini as a measure of inequality of income or wealth. For OECD countries, in the late 2000s, considering the effect of taxes and transfer payments, the income Gini coefficient ranged between 0.24 to 0.49, with Slovenia the lowest and Chile the highest. African countries had the highest pre-tax Gini coefficients in 2008–2009, with South Africa the world's highest, variously estimated to be 0.63 to 0.7, although this figure drops to 0.52 after social assistance is taken into account, and drops again to 0.47 after taxation. The global income Gini coefficient in 2005 has been estimated to be between 0.61 and 0.68 by various sources. There are some issues in interpreting a Gini coefficient. The same value may result from many different distribution curves. The demographic structure should be taken into account. Countries with an aging population, or with a baby boom, experience an increasing pre-tax Gini coefficient even if real income distribution for working adults remains constant. Scholars have devised over a dozen variants of the Gini coefficient. Error when calculating Gini coefficient with user-defined functi... I am trying to use ddply to generate the Gini coefficients of several groups of observations. My data looks something like this: (this is obviously artificial)Group Name Month Wage A Alice January 0 A Alice February 300 A Alice February 400 B Alice March 500 B Bob January 1000 B Bob January 2500 I want to get the Gini coefficients of the wages, grouped by group, name, and month. Right now, I have the below code. It uses a user-defined function for doing the calculation because I needed to modify the data a little before sending it to gini. There's also a user-defined gini function that I found here, because the standard ineq function wasn't working correctly for me. #add up to 5 0's if there are not enough observations fakeinflate <- function(x) { toadd <- 5 - length(x[[1]]) add <- rep(0, toadd) togin <- c(x$wage, add) g <- ineq(togin) return(g) } #calculate the Gini coefficient gini <- function(x, unbiased = TRUE, na.rm = FALSE){ if (!is.numeric(x)){ warning(\"'x' is not numeric; returning NA\") return(NA) } if (!na.rm && any(na.ind <- is.na(x))) stop(\"'x' contain NAs\") if (na.rm) x <- x[!na.ind] n <- length(x) mu <- mean(x) N <- if (unbiased) n * (n - 1) else n * n ox <- x[order(x)] dsum <- drop(crossprod(2 * 1:n - n - 1, ox)) dsum / (mu * N) } #aggregate with ddply allginis <- ddply(allwagesdf, c(\"Group\", \"Name\"), fakeinflate) When I run this, I get the following error: 'Error: invalid 'times' argument'. I have tried debugging and my function seems to be running fine - the error is thrown in ddply. Does anyone know what this means and how I can fix it? 图片:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/r 图片:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/user-defined-functions 图片:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/plyr 答 The problems is in fakeInflate. toadd c", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504970	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Swansea City FC now play their home games at the Liberty Stadium. What was the name of their previous stadium?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Liberty Stadium \| Swansea City FC \| Football Ground Guide Football Ground Guide Address: Morfa, Swansea, SA1 2FA Telephone: 01792 616 600 Ticket Office: 0844 815 6665 Pitch Size: 114 x 74 yards Pitch Type: Grass Club Nickname: The Swans or The Jacks Year Ground Opened: 2005 Home Kit: All White With Gold Trim Away Kit: Sky and Navy Blue External View Looking Towards The North Stand North Stand WHAT'S IS THE LIBERTY STADIUM LIKE? The Club moved to the Liberty Stadium in 2005, after spending 93 years at their former Vetch Field home. Built by Interserve for a cost of around £30m, it is located near to the former site of the Morfa Athletics Stadium on the West side of the River Tawe. The stadium was christened White Rock by the Swansea residents, but was renamed the Liberty Stadium under a 10 year corporate sponsorship deal. Although fairly conservative in its design, the stadium is still impressive. It is completely enclosed with all four corners filled with seating. Each of the four stands is two tiered and three are of the same height. The West Stand at one side of the pitch is slightly taller, having a row of 28 corporate hospitality boxes, situated above the upper tier. The Club's offices are also located behind this stand. An unusual feature is the great use of transparent roofing towards the South End of the stadium. This allows more natural light into this area, making for an interesting effect. Both ends have an electric scoreboard situated on the front of their roofs, although for some reason the scoreboard at the North End is larger than the one at the South End. Outside the stadium at the South West corner, by the club shop and ticket office, is a statue of former Swansea legend Ivor Allchurch. The stadium is shared with Ospreys Rugby Union Club. FUTURE STADIUM DEVELOPMENTS The Club have put in a formal planning application to extend the capacity of the Liberty Stadium to 34,000. The first phase of the developments would see an additional tier being added to the East Stand, increasing the number of seats by 6,000. This would be followed at a later stage with additional tiers being added to both ends of the stadium. No time scales have been announced as to when these developments would take place. WHAT IS IT LIKE FOR VISITING FANS? Away fans are housed in the North Stand at one end of the stadium. Up to 2,000 fans can be accommodated in this area, although this allocation can be reduced to 1,000 for teams with a smaller following. The views of the playing action from this area are excellent as there is a good height between rows and the leg room is probably one of the most generous of any stadium that I have visited. The concourses are spacious, with food and beverage outlets, plus a number of television sets, for pre-match and half time entertainment. As you would expect from a new stadium the facilities are good. Away fans are separated from home fans by two metal barriers, with a line of stewards and Police in-between. Interestingly, the main singing contingent of home fans, have, in the traditions of the Vetch Field, situated themselves along one side of the pitch in the East Stand, rather than at the South end of the stadium. David McNeil informs me; 'As a West Brom fan on holiday in Swansea, I visited the new stadium for the first League game against Tranmere. The stadium is very impressive and the facilities inside the stadium are excellent. Large concourse and great views from the stands. The atmosphere generated by the Swansea fans was excellent throughout the 90 minutes and it will become an intimidating place just as the Vetch used to be. Pre-match entertainment was enjoyed by my kids especially the antics of Cyril the Swan. Great day out, would love to visit the ground again when West Brom play there'. Tickets will not be sold to away supporters by Swansea City on the day of the match, so do not travel unless you already have a ticket from your own Club. It is also worth bearing in mind that the Swansea fans are passionate about their club and this can make for an intimidating atmosphere. Exercise", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504971	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who presented the weekday mid-morning show on BBC Radio 1 from 1967 to 1973, moving to Radio 2 until his retirement in 2002?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Classic BBC Radio Theme ~ The JY Prog (Town Talk) - YouTube Classic BBC Radio Theme ~ The JY Prog (Town Talk) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Aug 29, 2009 This is \"Town Talk\" by Ken Woodman & His Picadilly Brass, radio 2 DJ Jimmy Young used it as the theme to his Radio 2 programme After a spell with Radio Luxembourg, Young joined the BBC as one of the first disc jockeys on BBC Radio 1, presenting the weekday mid-morning show from 1967 to 1973. In 1973 he joined BBC Radio 2, where he presented a regular programme (known to listeners as 'The JY Prog'), until his retirement from broadcasting at the end of 2002. His show was a mixture of music, chat and current affairs and over the next couple of decades, he interviewed every British Prime Minister on the show as well as royalty, Prince Philip, The Princess Royal and Princess Grace Of Monaco. His easy, laid back style became the voice of Radio 2. Category", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504972	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In which country was former motor racing driver Ayrton Senna born?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Ayrton Senna - Biography - IMDb Ayrton Senna Biography Showing all 39 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (5) \| Trivia (21) \| Personal Quotes (6) Overview (5) 5' 9\" (1.75 m) Mini Bio (1) Ayrton Senna da Silva was born in Sao Paulo, Brazil to a wealthy family. When he was four years old his father Milton bought him a go-kart, and by age eight Ayrton was regularly competing in karting events. His career progressed quickly, and in 1982 he moved to England to pursue his racing. In 1984 he came to the attention of the whole world by racing in Formula One. Over the next ten years he won the World Championship three times and engaged in some controversial racing with France's Alain Prost and England's Nigel Mansell. Ayrton Senna was killed on 1 May 1994 in a race at the San Marino Grand Prix when his car, which had been beset with problems the entire season, inexplicably left the track and crashed into the concrete barrier. His was the last death in Formula One due to the major safety reforms that the tragic weekend at Imola had brought about. He was voted by over two hundred of his fellow Formula One drivers as the best driver of all time in a 2010 poll. Senna was also a humanitarian who discreetly donated millions to help those less fortunate in his native country. - IMDb Mini Biography By: AC Spouse (1) Trivia (21) Born at 2:45 p.m. Ayrton Senna was one of the most important pilots of Fórmula 1 of all the times. Formula 1 Champion in 1988, 1990 and 1991. Raced for Toleman (1984), Lotus (1985-1987), McLaren (1988-1993) and Williams (1994). Although in Formula One Grand Prix wins he was behind his chief rival Alain Prost, at the time of his death he had achieved 65 Pole Positions, one short of twice as many as Prost and the other second place holder, Jim Clark, who had 33 each. Michael Schumacher took 12 years to beat Senna's record, recording his 66th pole position, ironically, at the San Marino Grand Prix in 2006. Died in a Bologna hospital from severe head injuries resulting from a crash on Imola's famous Tamburello bend. Many experts were convinced that the cause must have been mechanical failure: Senna could not have lost control of his vehicle for any other reason. An inquiry concluded that the accident was caused by a snapped steering column. As a result, manslaughter charges were brought against six members of Senna's Williams racing team. However, all of them were eventually acquitted, and in 1997 the prosecutor's appeal was rejected. First win race in Formula One: Portugal (1985) He always had a Brazilian flag hidden in his car in the case he won the race. At the time of his death he had an Austrian flag in his car to commemorate a fellow race car driver Roland Ratzenberger of Austria, who was killed on the same track the day before in a car crash as well. Had his look-alike puppet in the French show Les guignols de l'info (1988). Held the record of most pole positions in Formula One with 65 of them. Since his first in pole position in June 1985 until his tragic death on the 1st of May in 1994, he had earned altogether 65 pole positions. Eventually he was overtaken - more than a decade later - by Michael Schumacher in April 2006, but his record for pole positions remained to be the hardest one to overtake during the time of modern tracks. Younger brother of Viviane Senna and older brother of Leonardo Senna. Son of Neyde Senna and Milton Theodoro Silva. His last girlfriend was Adriane Galisteu . F1 Racing Magazine voted him the greatest Formula 1 driver of all time in 2004.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504973	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In which town is the University of Ulster based?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "University of Ulster - Detailed information - Admission - Tuition University of Ulster &bullet; Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) &bullet; Universities UK University of Ulster (UU) - public higher education institution in United Kingdom. University of Ulster - Description Ulster University is a large, diverse and modern institution with over 25,000 students and 3,000 staff. The University has ambitious development plans, notably the expansion of the Belfast City campus to open in 2018, accommodating students and staff currently based in Belfast and Jordanstown in a stunning 21st century building. With four campuses across Northern Ireland, Ulster University is deeply embedded in every aspect of the region’s life and work. Bachelor - University of Ulster Ulster University is a large, diverse and modern institution with over 25,000 students and 3,000 staff. The University has ambitious development plans, notably the expansion of the Belfast City campus to open in 2018, accommodating students and staff currently based in Belfast and Jordanstown in a stunning 21st century building. With four campuses across Northern Ireland, Ulster University is deeply embedded in every aspect of the region’s life and work. At the Coleraine campus, course provision is broad – biomedical sciences, environmental science and geography, psychology, business, the humanities and languages, film and journalism, travel and tourism, teacher training and computing are among the campus strengths. The Belfast campus provision spans an increasing and exciting range of subjects including architecture, hospitality, Irish language, event management, photography and digital animation. Magee teaching strengths include business, computing, nursing, Irish language and literature, social sciences, law, psychology, peace and conflict studies and the performing arts - with plans to expand computing and engineering provision on this campus over the next few years. The Jordanstown campus has a strong profile in engineering, built environment, social sciences, business, law, communication and academic disciplines relating to the science and coaching of sport. Location on map - University of Ulster Universities related to University of Ulster Universities in this city Admission process in University of Ulster We guide admission of applicants to this educational institution whilst managing the entire enrollment process. Data Relevance. You can search and find lots of online information which is behind the times. This disorients applicants since outdated materials may result in failure to apply for international education. Enrollment failure may refer to such errors as wrongly completed application form, or a letter of reference. We are routinely involved in process of applicant enrollment at educational institutions all around the world and we hold the most recent information on all nuances of enrollment at particular universities. Guaranteed Assignment. When applying to top-rated universities abroad, you compete with the most talented students from different countries. As per the statistical data, less than 10% applicants are selected which says on the extremely high challenges. In view of that, prior to arrange an interview with you, you have to show your relevance by submitting well prepared and completed package of application documents to submit to the Admission Board and the more accurate you adhere to instruction, the higher are chances for admission. We know how the winning package of documents looks like and with us you have all chances to succeed. We Save Your Time that you can more effectively use to enhance your language skills or prepare to exams. As the official agent of most educational institutions abroad, we will help you avoid never ending retrieval of information and wrong unnecessary steps, employing tried and tested practices to search for academic programs and winning enrollment strategies. We Save Your Money. We are able to offer the most qualified education even at the restrained budget. We will develop the enrollment and training s", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504974	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which golfer became only the fifth in history to win both the British and US Open championships in the same year, in 1982?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "History of The Game Of Golf Including it's origins 'Francis Ouimet and the 1913 U.S. Open:' 'The 1913 U.S. Open Championship was played at The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts, one of the earliest American golf courses. Harry Vardon had come back to the U.S. again and entered the Open, expected by many to win. His primary competition was expected to come from friend and fellow Brit Ted Ray. No one saw Francis Ouimet coming.' 'Ouimet was a 20-year-old amateur and former caddy from Brookline when he entered the U.S. Open in 1913. Tied with the two British stars after the first three rounds of the tournament, Ouimet managed two birdies in his final six holes to finish tied for the lead at the end of the four rounds. A playoff was required, and Ouimet, much to the shock and delight of the crowd, ended the playoff round with a one-over-par 72, beating out Vardon and Ray. Ouimet's victory became national news, catapulting golf into even greater popularity. Ouimet would go on to win two Amateur Championships and a French Amateur Championship. He would also appear on the American team in the newly-created Walker Cup in 1922, a tournament between American and British teams played every other year. Ouimet would play on every Walker Cup team from 1922 to 1949, captaining the squad between 1936 and 1949. In 1951, he was named captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews in Scotland, the first non-British person awarded that high honor.' 'The Amateur Game:' 'Both in Britain and the U.S., amateur golf was as highly regarded and popular in the 1800s and into the 1900s as professional golf. The Amateur Championships of Britain and America were extremely well attended and well thought-of events. In Britain, early amateur domination came in the form of John Ball, who won the British Amateur Championship eight times, three more than any other player has ever won. Interestingly, Ball never won twice in a row - all his victories came at least a year apart from each other. Ball also became the first to win both an Amateur and Open Championship, one of only three in history who have done so. Harold Hilton, another top amateur of the time, was the first to win both championships, winning two Opens and four Amateurs. He also became the first British player to win both the British and U.S. Amateur Championships.' 'In the U.S., the first amateur star was Walter Travis. The Australian who had moved to the U.S. as a child first won the U.S. Amateur Championship in 1900 and would collect two more titles. Only three other players have ever won three or more U.S. Amateur Championships. He also became the first American player to win the British Amateur Open, capturing the 1904 title. Following Travis's success was Jerome Travers, who between 1907 and 1913 won four titles. Travers would also become one of the first Amateur winners to also win a U.S. Open.' 'The greatest amateur of the first half of the 1900s, however (and one of the greatest of all-time) was Bobby Jones. Of the seven U.S. Amateur Championships between 1924 and 1930, Jones won five of them; those five victories are also the most all-time in Amateur Championship history. His greatest feat, another unmatched in history, came in 1930. In that single year, Bobby Jones won the U.S. Open, the British Open, the U.S. Amateur Championship and the British Amateur Championship. That accomplishment was dubbed the \"Grand Slam.\" No other player has ever completed a single-season Grand Slam, though five others have completed a career Grand Slam, winning all four majors in their career.' 'The Professional Game:' 'In 1916, as professional golf gained more ground in the U.S., players wanted an organizational body to govern the game: U.S. amateurs had the USGA and British players had the R&A (taking its name from the Royal and Ancient Club), so they wanted one of their own. That January , the Professional Golfer's Association of America was born. Seven months later, they established the first PGA C", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504975	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The population of Malta is reputed to be descended from which ancient people?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Phoenicians Online Extra @ National Geographic Magazine In the Wake of the Phoenicians: DNA study reveals a Phoenician-Maltese link Photograph by Robert Clark Looking for links between the Phoenicians and the people who live around the Mediterranean today, geneticist Pierre Zalloua of the American University of Beirut prepares to extract a tooth from a human jawperhaps 4,000 years oldfound in a mountain cave at Raskifa, Lebanon. By Cassandra Franklin-Barbajosa The idea is fascinating. Who among us hasn't considered our heritage and wondered if we might be descended from ancient royalty or some prominent historical figure? Led by a long-standing interest in the impact of ancient empires on the modern gene pool, geneticist and National Geographic emerging explorer Spencer Wells, with colleague Pierre Zalloua of the American University of Beirut, expanded on that question two years ago as they embarked on a genetic study of the Phoenicians, a first millennium B.C. sea empire thatover several hundred yearsspread across the Mediterranean from the Levant, a coastal region in what is now Lebanon. The Romans conquered the Phoenicians during the Punic Wars, destroying much of their culture. \"In many ways, they've been quite enigmatic,\" says Wells. \"We know they existed, but we know very little about them. Why did they suddenly arise and start to spread around 1200 B.C.? And what impact did they have on other peoples in the Mediterranean? We've tried to use DNA, the genetic material we all carry in our bodies, to answer those questions.\" Supported by a grant from National Geographic's Committee for Research and Exploration, the scientists collected blood samples from men living in the Middle East, North Africa, southern Spain, and Malta, places the Phoenicians are known to have settled and traded. Starting with between 500 and 1,000 well-typed samples, they began looking at the Y chromosome, the piece of DNA that traces a purely male line of descent. The goal was to answer two questions: What was the impact of a group the ancient Egyptians referred to as the Sea Peoples, who apparently arrived in the Levant region about 1200 B.C. just before the Phoenician culture began to flower and expand? And can we use genetics to trace the expansion of the Phoenician empire? What the study has revealed so far, detailed in \"Who Were the Phoenicians?\" in the October issue of National Geographic, is compelling. \"We're not seeing a significant genetic influence from elsewhere on the coastal population in what was the Levant region,\" says Wells. \"The people are very similar to the groups we see inland in Syria and Jordan, for example, suggesting that there wasn't a huge influx of Sea Peoples or others from outside the area. A cultural shift occurred but not a genetic one. Today's Lebanese, the Phoenicians, and the Canaanites before them are all the same people.\" Wells and Zalloua are finding similar results among samples taken in Tunisia, site of ancient Carthage and the largest of the Phoenician colonies. \"Less than 20 percent of the genetic lineages found could have come out of the Middle East,\" Wells continues. \"They're showing the markers of aboriginal North Africans. That means the Phoenicians moved into this area and, like the Sea Peoples, had more of a cultural impact than a genetic one.\" As DNA samples continue to be analyzed, more revelations are surfacing. \"We've just received data that more than half of the Y chromosome lineages that we see in today's Maltese population could have come in with the Phoenicians,\" Wells says. \"That's a significant genetic impact. But why?\" At this point he can only speculate. \"Perhaps the population on Malta wasn't as dense. Perhaps when the Phoenicians settled, they killed off the existing population, and their own descendants became today's Maltese. Maybe the islands never had that many people, and shiploads of Phoenicians literally moved in and swamped the local population. We don't know for sure, but the results are consistent with a settlement of people from the Levant within the past 2,000 years,", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504976	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In June 2011, FBI arrested Boston mob boss James 'Whitey' Bulger near Los Angeles after a 16 year manhunt. He was the inspiration behind the character of Frank Costello in which Oscar-winning film?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "James J. Bulger \| Mafia Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Bulger's father, Johnny Joseph Bulger, Sr., was from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland. After settling in the North End, Boston James Sr. married Jane Veronica \"Jean\" McCarthy, a first generation Irish-American. Their first child, James Joseph Bulger, Jr. was born in 1929. The elder Bulger worked as a union laborer and occasional longshoreman; he lost his arm in an industrial accident and the family was reduced to poverty. In May 1938, the Mary Ellen McCormack Housing Project, now known as Old Harbor Village public housing project, was opened in South Boston. The Bulger family moved in and the children grew up there. The other Bulger children, William Michael and John P. Bulger, excelled at school; James Bulger, Jr. became drawn into street life. Early criminal career Edit Bulger developed a reputation as a thief and street fighter fiercely loyal to South Boston. This led to him meeting more experienced criminals and finding more lucrative opportunities. In 1943, fourteen-year-old Bulger was arrested and charged with larceny. By then, Bulger had joined a street gang known as the \"Shamrocks\" and would eventually be arrested for assault, battery and armed robbery. He was sentenced to a juvenile reformatory. Shortly after his release in April 1948, he joined the U.S. Air Force, where his character continued to show. After his basic training, he was stationed first at the Smoky Hill Air Force Base in Salina, Kansas, then in Idaho. Bulger was sentenced to the stockade for several assaults. He was also arrested in 1950 for going absent without leave. Nevertheless, he received an honorable discharge in 1952, and returned to Massachusetts. Prison Edit In 1956 he was first sentenced to federal time in Atlanta Penitentiary for armed robbery and hijacking. There, according to mobster Kevin Weeks , he was involved in the MK-ULTRA program, the goal of which was to research mind-control drugs for the Central Intelligence Agency, headed by CIA chemist Sidney Gottlieb. For eighteen months, Bulger and eighteen other inmates, all of whom had volunteered in return for lessened sentences, were given LSD and other drugs. Bulger later complained that he and the other inmates had been \"recruited by deception,\" and that they were told that they were helping to find \"a cure for schizophrenia\". He was transferred from Atlanta to Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, arriving on November 2, 1959, as prisoner #AZ1428. He became a close friend of fellow inmate Clarence Carnes, alias \"The Choctaw Kid\". In November 1962, he was transferred to Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary and in the following year, 1963, to Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary. He was released in 1965, after serving nine years in prison. The Killeen–Mullen War Edit After his release, Bulger worked as a janitor and construction worker before becoming a bookmaker and loanshark with ties to Donald Killeen , the leader of the dominant Irish mob in South Boston. In 1971, Killeen's younger brother allegedly bit off the nose of Michael Dwyer, a member of the rival Mullen Gang. A gangland war soon resulted, leading to a string of killings throughout Boston and the surrounding suburbs. The Killeens quickly found themselves outgunned and outmaneuvered by the younger Mullens. It was during the Killeen–Mullen war that Bulger committed what Kevin Weeks describes as his first homicide. According to Weeks: \"Killing Paul McGonagle , however, took Jimmy longer than he originally expected. Paulie talked a big game, but he wasn't a shooter. Although he never did anything, he kept on stirring everything up with his mouth. So Jimmy decided to kill him. One day while the gang war was still going on, Jimmy was driving down Seventh Street in South Boston when he saw Paulie driving toward him. Jimmy pulled up beside him, window to window, nose to nose, and called his name. As Paulie looked over, Jimmy shot him right between the eyes. Only at that moment, just as he pulled the trigger, Jimmy realized it wasn't Paulie. It was Donald, the most likable of the McGonagle", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504977	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the name of the outer plasma atmosphere of the sun, visible with the naked eye during an eclipse?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sun's Outer Atmosphere Revealed By Total Solar Eclipse Sun's Outer Atmosphere Revealed By Total Solar Eclipse By Tariq Malik, Space.com Managing Editor \| July 16, 2010 12:06pm ET MORE The atmosphere of the sun blazes clearly in a new image from NASA that combines observations from Earth and space during the only total solar eclipse of this year. The new solar eclipse photo used observations from two NASA space telescopes and ground-based astronomers from Williams College in Massachusetts to assemble a detailed look at the sun's ultra-hot corona when the moon completely blocked the sun during the July 11 total solar eclipse . \"The sky was wonderful,\" Williams College astronomer Jay Pasachoff told SPACE.com after the eclipse. Pasachoff led a Williams team that ventured to the remote Easter Island in the southern Pacific Ocean to study the sun's corona during the solar eclipse. [2010 Total Solar Eclipse Photos] Atmosphere of the sun The corona is the outer atmosphere of the sun and can be seen only during solar eclipses . While the surface of the sun is typically about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5,538 degrees Celsius), the gas in the corona can be up to 100 times hotter. During a total eclipse, when the disk of the sun is entirely blocked by the moon, the corona is suddenly visible as bright, wispy tendrils that can be safely viewed with the naked eye. (Protective glasses are required to watch the phases of the eclipse before and after totality. Viewing the sun?s disk directly can cause permanent eye damage.) Sun's corona revealed The NASA photo of the July 11 solar eclipse is a mosaic of three images layered on top of each other. The photo's outer ring in red is a false-color view of the sun's outer corona recorded by the LASCO instrument on the SOHO space observatory (a joint project of NASA and the European Space Agency), which observes the sun at a stable point in space between the star and Earth. LASCO is a coronagraph that uses a disk to blot out the sun and inner corona so its faint outer corona can be observed. Pasachoff's observing team took the gray-and-white image that makes up the eclipse photo's middle ring. The corona's tendrils are easily visible in this ring stretching out away from the sun. In place of the moon at the center of the new image, NASA has added a view of the sun's surface as seen by the space agency's powerful Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The SDO photo is actually an extreme ultraviolet light view of the sun, but was taken at about the same time as the others that make up the solar eclipse mosaic. The July 11 solar eclipse was the only total solar eclipse for this year, but it was actually the second solar eclipse to occur in 2010. An annular solar eclipse, in which the sun was not completely covered by the moon, occurred on Jan. 15. The total eclipse was touted as one of the most remote solar eclipses ever because it occurred over a hard-to-reach swath of the Pacific Ocean, visible on only a few islands and part of South America. \"An impossible eclipse at the end of the world,\" said skywatcher Daniel Fischer, who watched the solar eclipse from the Patagonia region of Argentina as the sun set behind the Andes mountains. The next total solar eclipse will occur in November 2012. Photos: Total Solar Eclipse of 2010", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504978	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The Lev is the currency of which country?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "BGN - Bulgarian Lev rates, news, and tools BGN - Bulgarian Lev Bulgaria, Lev The Bulgarian Lev is the currency of Bulgaria. Our currency rankings show that the most popular Bulgaria Lev exchange rate is the BGN to GBP rate . The currency code for Leva is BGN, and the currency symbol is лв. Below, you'll find Bulgarian Lev rates and a currency converter. You can also subscribe to our currency newsletters with daily rates and analysis, read the XE Currency Blog , or take BGN rates on the go with our XE Currency Apps and website.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504979	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who was the mother of Richard I?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Richard the Lionheart Search TheMiddleAges.net Richard the Lionheart Richard I (September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199) was King of England from 1189 to 1199. He was often referred to as Richard the Lionheart, Coeur de Lion. He was considered a hero in his day and has often been portrayed as one in works of literature. Early life The third of King Henry II's legitimate sons, Richard was never expected to accede to the throne. He was, however, the favourite son of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Although born in Oxford, England, he soon came to know France as his home. When his parents effectively separated, he remained in Eleanor's care, and was invested with her duchy of Aquitaine in 1168, and of Poitiers in 1172. This was his consolation prize for the fact that his eldest brother, Henry the Young King, was simultaneously crowned as his father's successor. Richard and his other brother, Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, thus learned how to defend their property while still teenagers. As well as being an educated man, able to compose poetry in French and Provençal, Richard was also a magnificent physical specimen, his height is estimated at six feet four inches (1.93 m) tall, and gloried in military activity. From an early age he appeared to have significant political and military abilities, became noted for his chivalry and courage, and soon was able to control the unruly nobles of his territory. As with all the true-born sons of Henry II, Richard had limited respect for his father and lacked foresight and a sense of responsibility. In 1170, his elder brother Henry the Young King was crowned king of England as Henry III. Historians know him as Henry \"the Young King\" so as not to confuse him with the later king of this name who was his nephew. In 1173, Richard joined his brothers, Henry and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, in a revolt against their father. They were planning to dethrone their father and leave the Young King as the only king of England. Henry II invaded Aquitaine twice. At the age of seventeen, Richard was the last of the brothers to hold out against Henry; though, in the end, he refused to fight him face to face and humbly begged his pardon. In 1174, after the end of the failed revolt, Richard gave a new oath of subservience to his father. After his failure Richard concentrated on putting down internal revolts by the dissatisfied nobles of Aquitaine, especially the territory of Gascony. The increasing cruelty of his reign led to a major revolt of Gascony in 1183. Richard had a terrible reputation, including reports of various rapes and murders. The rebels hoped to dethrone Richard and asked his brothers Henry and Geoffrey to help them succeed. Their father feared that the war between his three sons could lead to the destruction of his kingdom. He led the part of his army that served in his French territories in support of Richard. The Young King's death on June 11, 1183, ended the revolt, and Richard remained on his throne. Young Henry's death left Richard as the eldest surviving son and the natural heir when the old King died. However, there was some uncertainty over King Henry's intentions. When Geoffrey also died, Richard was the only realistic possibility, his youngest brother, John, being too weak and inexperienced to be considered as an alternative. From the Young King's death Richard was considered -- though not officially proclaimed -- heir to the joint thrones of England, Normandy and Anjou. In 1188 Henry II planned to concede Aquitaine to his youngest son John Lackland, later King John of England. In opposition to his father's plans, Richard allied himself with King Philip II of France, the son of Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII by his third wife, Adela of Blois. In exchange for Philip's help against his father, Richard promised to concede his rights to both Normandy and Anjou to Philip. Richard gave an oath of subservience to Philip in November of the same year. In 1189 Richard attempted to take the throne of England for himself by joining Philip's expedition against his father. They were victorious. Henry,", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504980	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who was crowned as the British monarch in 1838?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Crowns \| Royal Exhibitions Royal Exhibitions Crowns St Edward’s Crown This crown is one of the most important of all the Crown Jewels. It is the crown which is used at the moment of coronation. The original, medieval crown was melted down by the Parliamentarians during Oliver Cromwell’s rule. When the monarchy was restored on 29th May 1660, new regalia had to be made before there could be a coronation. A copy was instructed to be made. It was to be used at the actual moment of crowning, but never worn again during the reign. The crown is made of solid gold. Up until George V’s coronation it was set with paste stones and enamel mounts. In 1911, for the coronation of George V, the crown was permanently set with semi-precious stones, and the imitation pearls were replaced with gold beads, which were plated with platinum. Later the platinum plating wore off revealing the gold beads. The crown has a velvet “Cap of Estate” and a faux ermine border. Our replica is made as near as possible to the original. Great importance is paid to every detail of the crown. It is made of base metal, gold plated and set with best quality crystal stones. The Imperial State Crown The Imperial State Crown is the most magnificent of all the Crown Regalia. It was made in 1838 for the Coronation of Queen Victoria, and then altered for the Coronation of George VI in 1937 and Elizabeth II in 1953. It is usually worn at the end of the coronation ceremony, when the newly-crowned monarch departs from Westminster Abbey. Although the crown is modern in design, it is set with very ancient gems. The Black Prince’s Ruby is set into the central panel of the crown. The ruby looks like a clot of congealed blood. It is one of the most interesting and admired gems in existence. Its history is mired in murder and bloodshed. It was first heard of in the mid-14th century, by which time it was already many centuries old. It was then owned by the Moorish Prince of Granada who was murdered by Peter of Castile (also known as Don Pedro the Cruel), who coveted the gem. Don Pedro then gave it to the Black Prince as a token of gratitude for his assistance at the Battle of Navarrette in 1367. On the Black Prince’s death, the ruby was passed down to his son Richard II, but it soon figured again in battle, this time in Agincourt in 1415, when Henry V wore it in his coronet. Seventy years later in 1485, Richard III wore it in his helmet at the Battle of Bosworth Field, where he lost the throne and his life. Legend has it that the ruby was concealed beneath a hawthorn bush. It is said to have been retrieved and placed on the head of the victor, Henry VII. Under Oliver Cromwell, the jewels were melted down and destroyed. The Black Prince’s Ruby was bought by a jeweller who resold it to Charles II after the Restoration in 1660. The Stuart Sapphire was set into the front of the crown by Charles II after the Restoration. It is now set into the back of the crown. This jewel has a rather romantic history. James II took it to France with him in 1688, when he was deposed, and for the next 100 years it belonged to the Stuarts. It was inherited by Henry Benedict Stuart, the Cardinal Duke of York, grandson of James II, and remained in his possession until 1807. The Stuart Sapphire was subsequently brought back to England on behalf of its rightful heir, George III. When, in 1810, the latter was declared unfit to reign, the treasure was inherited by his son, George IV. In 1814, he in turn gave it to his daughter, Princess Charlotte of Wales. Charlotte died in childbirth at the age of 21, whereupon George IV took back the jewel and presented it to one of his mistresses, the Marchioness of Conyngham. Lady Conyngham graciously returned the jewel when the king died in 1830. In 1838, Queen Victoria had the sapphire set into her Imperial State Crown, at the front, below the Black Prince’s ruby. It was reset to the back of the crown in 1909 to make room for the Second Star of Africa, then the second largest diamond in the world. The Cullinan diamond decorates the brow of the Imperial State Crown, j", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504981	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Diego De Vega is a fictional character better known as whom", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Passable Literature Trivia Quiz In which book would you find a Heffalump? Which detective had a landlady called Mrs. Hudson? Who wrote the Booker Prize winning novel The Life of Pi? Which of Alexandre Dumas' 'Three Musketeers' real identity is Comte de la Fère? In which language did Vladimir Nabokov write Lolita? Which 1949 novel begins 'It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen?' How many lines are there in a sonnet? Don Diego de la Vega is the secret identity of which hero? In which novel does an alien invasion commence in Woking, England? In the title of a Shakespeare play, who are Valentine and Proteus? In which George Bernard Shaw play are Professor Henry Higgins and Eliza Doolittle central characters? Which fictional Count's real name is Edmond Dantès? What was the name of Captain Nemo's submarine in Jules Verne's novel? Which poet wrote the Canterbury Tales? Who was Ebenezer Scrooge's deceased partner in 'A Christmas Carol?' Question Who created the fictional town of Middlemarch? In which novel would you find the exceedingly strong drink called the 'Pan-galactic Gargle Blaster?' In which Jane Austen novel do the Bennet family appear? Who is the title hobbit in 'The Hobbit?' Which author used the pseudonyms Isaac Bickerstaffe and Lemuel Gulliver among others? What is the name of the sequel to John Milton's 'Paradise Lost?' In which novel does the character Major Major Major Major appear? Who went on a circumnavigation of the world from the Reform Club as the result of a bet? Which Ray Bradbury novel opens 'It was a pleasure to burn?' Which novel was subtitled 'The Modern Prometheus?' Who wrote the short story 'I, Robot' in 1950? In the Harry Potter novels, as whom did Tom Riddle become infamous? Which novel takes place in the Year of Our Ford 632? Who taught children to fly using 'lovely thoughts' and fairy dust? Which John Steinbeck novel centers on the characters George and Lennie? Who wrote the Twilight series of novels? How are the sisters Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy collectively known? Which mythological figure 'Shrugged' in the title of an Ayn Rand novel? How many syllables are there in a haiku? 'Workers of the world, unite!' is the last line of which work? What real-life Soviet organisation is James Bond's nemesis in the early novels? In which fictional country is the castle of Zenda to be found? Who is the chief protagonist in John Buchan's The 39 Steps? How is David John Cornwell better known? What is the name of Long John Silver’s parrot? At what age do Adrian Mole's diaries start? Who lived the last few years of his life in Paris under the pseudonym 'Sebastian Melmoth'? Who created Noddy?", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504982	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What popular food comes from the Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima plants?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Oryza glaberrima (African rice) \| Plants & Fungi At Kew Discover plants and fungi Oryza glaberrima (African rice) African rice is a staple food in West Africa prized for its delicate taste, its ability to withstand flooding and its resistance to pests and diseases. Detail of a herbarium specimen of Oryza glaberrima Species information Widespread in cultivation. Habitat: African rice grows best on fertile alluvial soils although it tolerates low soil fertility and can produce higher yields than Asian rice on alkaline and phosphorus-deficient soils. Floating rice is planted on loam or clay soils. Key Uses: Food, medicine, livestock feed, ritual. Taxonomy Genus: Oryza About this species There are only two species of cultivated rice in the world: Asian rice (Oryza sativa) and African rice (Oryza glaberrima). African rice is native to West Africa, where it is cultivated as a foodcrop. It is known for its hardiness and its ability to compete with weeds, pests, infertile soils and human neglect. However, increasingly African rice is being replaced by the introduced Asian varieties of Oryza sativa, which produce a higher yield than African rice, shatter less easily and have a softer grain that is easier to mill. African rice is still an important crop for small-scale farmers who grow it for its nutty flavour and other culinary qualities. It is also used in a ritualistic context and as a treatment in African traditional medicine. Genus: Discover more Geography and distribution Oryza glaberrima is native to West Africa and grows in the region extending from the delta of the River Senegal to Lake Chad in the east. The most intensive areas of cultivation of African rice are the floodplains of northern Nigeria, the inland delta of the Niger River, parts of Sierra Leone and Ghana. African rice was introduced to the New World during the days of the slave trade and today is cultivated in parts of Brazil, Guyana, El Salvador and Panama. Oryza glaberrima is thought to have been domesticated from its wild ancestor Oryza barthii around 1,500 BC in the inland delta of the Niger River. Today Oryza barthii can be found growing wild in parts of Africa. Description Overveiw: Oryza glaberrima is an annual with erect stems up to 90-150 cm long. The sheaths which enclose the stems are smooth and hairless. Herbarium specimen of Oryza glaberrima Leaves: The leaf blades are 20-30 cm long and 10-15 mm wide and pointed at the tip. Flowers: The inflorescence is a panicle (an extensively branched inflorescence) 15-25 cm long. The spikelets (clustered units of flowers and bracts) are solitary. The fertile spikelets comprise two sterile florets at the base and one fertile floret. The spikelets are about 8 mm long and remain on the plant when mature. The glumes (empty bracts that enclose the florets) are absent or obscure. The flower contains two lance-shaped (lanceolate) lodicules (small structures at the base of the stamens). Each flower has six anthers and two stigmas. Fruits: The fruit is a caryopsis (a dry fruit where the fruit wall is attached to the seed). Uses African rice is a staple food which can be prepared in similar ways to Asian rice (Oryza sativa). Broken grains are used to feed chicken and other livestock. Some cultures in West Africa, such as the Jola of southern Senegal grow African rice to be used in traditional ceremonies and rituals. African rice also has many medicinal benefits: for example, in the Central African Republic the root is eaten raw as a remedy for diarrhoea. Crop wild relatives of African rice The Millennium Seed Bank and the Global Crop Diversity Trust are engaged in a ten-year project, called 'Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change'. The project aims to protect, collect and prepare the wild relatives of 29 key food crops, including African rice, so that they are available to pre-breeders for the development of new varieties that are more resilient to the effects of climate change. Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storage The Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plants worldwide, focusing on those plants which are", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504983	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which country was the first to produce cigarettes commercially", "role": "user" }, { "content": "History of Tobacco Bibliography History of Tobacco Tobacco has a long history in the Americas. The Mayan Indians of Mexico carved drawings in stone showing tobacco use. These drawings date back to somewhere between 600 to 900 A.D. Tobacco was grown by American Indians before the Europeans came from England, Spain, France, and Italy to North America. Native Americans smoked tobacco through a pipe for special religious and medical purposes. They did not smoke every day. Tobacco was the first crop grown for money in North America. In 1612 the settlers of the first American colony in Jamestown, Virginia grew tobacco as a cash crop. It was their main source of money. Other cash crops were corn, cotton, wheat, sugar, and soya beans. Tobacco helped pay for the American Revolution against England. Also, the first President of the U.S. grew tobacco. By the 1800's, many people had begun using small amounts of tobacco. Some chewed it. Others smoked it occasionally in a pipe, or they hand-rolled a cigarette or cigar. On the average, people smoked about 40 cigarettes a year. The first commercial cigarettes were made in 1865 by Washington Duke on his 300-acre farm in Raleigh, North Carolina. His hand-rolled cigarettes were sold to soldiers at the end of the Civil War. It was not until James Bonsack invented the cigarette-making machine in 1881 that cigarette smoking became widespread. Bonsack's cigarette machine could make 120,000 cigarettes a day. He went into business with Washington Duke's son, James \"Buck\" Duke. They built a factory and made 10 million cigarettes their first year and about one billion cigarettes five years later. The first brand of cigarettes were packaged in a box with baseball cards and were called Duke of Durham. Buck Duke and his father started the first tobacco company in the U.S. They named it the American Tobacco Company. Credit: An 1892 Duke of Durham box of machine-rolled cigarettes Tobacco Biology & Politics The American Tobacco Company was the largest and most powerful tobacco company until the early 1900's. Several companies were making cigarettes by the early 1900's. In 1902 Philip Morris company came out with its Marlboro brand. They were selling their cigarettes mainly to men. Everything changed during World War I (1914-18) and World War II (1939-45). Soldiers overseas were given free cigarettes every day. At home production increased and cigarettes were being marketed to women too. More than any other war, World War II brought more independence for women. Many of them went to work and started smoking for the first time while their husbands were away. By 1944 cigarette production was up to 300 billion a year. Service men received about 75% of all cigarettes produced. The wars were good for the tobacco industry. Since WW II, there have been six giant cigarette companies in the U.S. They are Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, American Brands, Lorillard, Brown & Williamson, and Liggett & Myers (now called the Brooke Group). They make millions of dollars selling cigarettes in the U.S. and all over the world. In 1964 the Surgeon General of the U.S. (the chief doctor for the country) wrote a report about the dangers of cigarette smoking. He said that the nicotine and tar in cigarettes cause lung cancer. In 1965 the Congress of the U.S. passed the Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act. It said that every cigarette pack must have a warning label on its side stating \"Cigarettes may be hazardous to your health.\" By the 1980's, the tobacco companies had come out with new brands of cigarettes with lower amounts of tar and nicotine and improved filters to keep their customers buying and to help reduce their fears. The early 1980's were called the \"tar wars\" because tobacco companies competed aggressively to make over 100 low tar and \"ultra\" low tar cigarettes. Each company made and sold many different brands of cigarettes. In 1984 Congress passed another law called the Comprehensive Smoking Education Act. It said that the cigarette companies every three months had to change the warning labels on cigarette packs. It", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504984	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which German city is the capital of Lower Saxony?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Lower Saxony \| state, Germany \| Britannica.com Lower Saxony Germany Lower Saxony, German Niedersachsen, Land (state) of Germany . The country’s second largest state in size, Lower Saxony occupies an important band of territory across the northwestern part of the country. It is bordered by the North Sea and the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg to the north and by the states of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania to the northeast, Saxony-Anhalt to the east, Thuringia and Hessen to the south, and North Rhine–Westphalia to the southwest. The Netherlands borders Lower Saxony to the west. The state of Bremen , formed by the cities of Bremerhaven (at the mouth of the Weser) and Bremen (40 miles [64 km] up the river), is an enclave within Lower Saxony. Lower Saxony was established on November 1, 1946, by the British military government, which merged the former Prussian province of Hanover with the states of Braunschweig, Oldenburg , and Schaumburg-Lippe . Its capital is Hannover . New Town Hall, Hannover, Ger. © Bundesbildstelle/Press and Information Office of the Federal Government of Germany Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Physical features With the exception of a small highland area to the south, the landscape of the state is dominated by the great North German Plain . Much of the state’s northern half consists of sandy lowlands of heath, bog, and polder, interspersed with scattered forests. In the northwest the East Frisian Islands —12 islands in the North Sea —and about 325 square miles (840 square km) of coastal land are actually below sea level and are protected from inundation by dikes similar to those nearby in the Netherlands . More than half of Lower Saxony is drained by the Weser River and its tributaries, the Fulda and the Werra. At the mouths of the Weser and other rivers flowing into the North Sea, fertile marshes are found, mostly supporting a pasture economy. In the state’s northeastern region, there is a less-fertile area of land partly covered with forests. This contains the Lüneburg Heath (Lüneburger Heide), which is noted for its old-fashioned red farmhouses and the ancient megalithic structures known as “graves of giants.” In the south-central part of the state are two sizable lakes: Steinhuder Lake (about 12 square miles [30 square km]) and Dümmer Lake (about 6 square miles [15 square km]). The highland area occupies the southern portions of the state and contains the Weser, Deister, and Harz mountains. The important Mittelland Canal runs east-west across the south-central part of Lower Saxony. Similar Topics Schleswig-Holstein The sandy lowlands of the north are sparsely populated in comparison with the south-central belt. The troughlike valleys of the forested southern uplands provide good-quality agricultural land, as do the foothills farther north. The latter form part of a treeless belt of rich loess soils known as the Börde , which runs in a narrow east-west zone across the state. Lower Saxony’s climate offers mild winters, moderately warm summers, and a steady year-round rainfall ranging from 24 to 35 inches (600 to 900 mm). People The population of Lower Saxony regards itself as Low German, linked by a common ancient Saxon origin and the use of the Low German dialect known as Plattdeutsch . The latter, a dialect closely related to Dutch, Frisian, and English, is quite distinct from the official High German (see also German language ). Some regional literature is still written in this dialect, and it remains the language of the home in much of the state. About four-fifths of the population is Protestant, with a Roman Catholic minority in the state’s western part. In 1939 the population of Lower Saxony as presently defined stood at about 4.5 million. By 1946 the influx of refugees from other areas of war-torn Europe had caused an increase to about 6.2 million, despite wartime losses. By 1950 the population had reached 6.7 million. During the 1950s more than 340,000 refugees were transferred to states of the Federal Republic of Germany that were able to offer better living conditions. Nevertheless", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504985	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Of the original Cinque Ports, which was the only one not in Kent?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Cinque Ports \| historical towns, England, United Kingdom \| Britannica.com historical towns, England, United Kingdom Written By: Sandwich Cinque Ports, ( French: Five Ports) medieval confederation of English Channel ports in southeastern England , formed to furnish ships and men for the king’s service. To the original five ports— Sandwich , Dover , Hythe , New Romney , and Hastings —were later added the “ancient towns” of Winchelsea and Rye with the privileges of “head ports.” More than 30 other towns in the counties of Kent and Sussex were also attached. Until the 14th century the Cinque Ports provided the permanent nucleus of the royal fleet. They were probably first associated in the reign (1042–66) of Edward the Confessor for the defense of the coast and cross-channel passage. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, their importance grew, and, in return for ship service, their privileges were increased to reach their zenith in the 13th and 14th centuries. They were first jointly granted liberties by charter in 1278. After the 14th century they lost their monopoly, and, although they continued to contribute to the navy, this function was unimportant by the time of the threat of invasion by the Spanish Armada in 1588. Their decline was accelerated by encroachment by the sea on the coastline and silting at other places, and today only Dover remains an important port. Port of Dover, Kent, England. It was one of the original Cinque Ports in medieval times. Remi Jouan Most of their peculiar jurisdiction was abolished in 1855, and only jurisdiction in Admiralty survives. In addition to the towns named above, the other members of the confederation (known as limbs) are Lydd , Faversham , Folkestone , Deal , Tenterden, Margate , and Ramsgate , all in the county of Kent. The highest officer of the Cinque Ports is the lord warden, who is also constable of Dover Castle and has Walmer Castle as his official residence. Learn More in these related articles:", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504986	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who plays Citizen Khan in the eponymous TV sitcom?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Citizen Khan gets third series - News - British Comedy Guide Citizen Khan gets third series Citizen Khan gets third series Monday 2nd December 2013, 4:57pm The BBC has commissioned a new series of popular comedy Citizen Khan . The mainstream studio sitcom hit, created by and starring Muslim comic actor Adil Ray , recently finished its second series on BBC One , and has a Christmas special lined up for broadcast later this month. Ths channel has now confirmed that it has ordered a 7-part third series, expected to be shown in autumn 2014. The programme is set in the Sparkhill area of Birmingham and follows the British-Asian Khan family and the ups and downs of their life. The third series will see creator Adil return to the title role alongside Shobu Kapoor , who plays Mrs Khan; Maya Sondhi and Bhavna Limbachia , who play daughters Shazia and Alia; and Abdullah Afzal , who plays Shazia's fiancé, Amjad. In a statement, Adil Ray said today: \"It's testament to the whole team that we have got this far. I just can't wait to get back in the studio with the entire Citizen Khan family. As the great British public get even more familiar with Mr Khan, it really excites me when I think about the places we can go. The Bahamas?\" Charlotte Moore , Controller of BBC One, says: \" Adil Ray 's finely written family sitcom has grown up on BBC One and established itself as a modern mainstream comedy hit.\" Moore and Controller of Comedy Commissioning, Shane Allen , ordered the third series. Written by Richard Pinto and Anil Gupta with additional input from Adil Ray , the series is produced in-house by the BBC comedy department. The series had featured popular West Indies-born comedian Felix Dexter as local mosque regular Omar. The actor died during the broadcast of the second series after a long battle with cancer. It is not yet known if or how his character will be replaced. Here's a clip from the recent second series of the sitcom: Can't see a video here? Watch this clip on bbc.co.uk Share this page", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504987	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In which English cathedral is the Angel Choir?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Angel Choir by GOTHIC GLASS PAINTER, English Staned glass window Cathedral, Lincoln Between 1256 and 1280 the choir in Lincoln cathedral was extended eastwards. In the new box-shaped space, the so-called Angel Choir, the reliquary of Bishop Hugo had to be installed in a fitting manner. All the window openings and galleries of the choir are filled with geometrical tracery.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504988	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What were the Goons doing for Christmas in 1956?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Goons - I'm Walking Backwards for Christmas - YouTube The Goons - I'm Walking Backwards for Christmas Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Apr 13, 2009 https://twitter.com/shanewhite1989 One of the fourteen singles released by Peter Sellers, Harry Secombe and Spike Milligan a.k.a. 'The Goons'. From June 1956. It was partly as a result of the shelving of their first record that The Goons decided to secure a recording contract with Decca in the spring of 1956. Their first recording session took place on 24th May 1956, soon after the sixth series of The Goon Show had finished. \"Im Walking Backwards for Christmas\" had originally made its debut in the programme \"The Great Tuscan Salami Scandal\" (recorded on 21st February 1956) during which The Goons were without their usual orchestra and musical interlude performances from Max Geldray and The Ray Ellington Quartet due to a strike called by the Musicians Union. To fill in the three minute interludes from the storyline, Spike Milligan performed this classic song accompanied by Peter Sellers' \"unique\" piano playing. The song proved a highlight of the show and prompted its re-recording for Decca. As a B-side to the single, the equally splendid \"Bluebottle Blues\" provided the young cub from East Finchley with his first vocal outing on record. Released on 25th June 1956, the record soon entered the UK singles chart, reaching a height of number 4. Surprisingly, Decca's US subsidiary London Records also released the single in August 1956, but it failed to make any impression on the American charts. Category", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504989	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Anthophobia is the irrational fear of what?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Anthophobia - Fear of Flowers By Lisa Fritscher - Reviewed by a board-certified physician. Updated June 09, 2015 Question: What Is the Fear of Flowers? Answer: Not to be confused with anthropophobia , or the fear of people, anthophobia is the name given to a fear of flowers. Some people are afraid of all flowers, while others fear only one or more specific types of flowers. So what can cause anthophobia? Often, the culprit is a previous negative experience with flowers. For example, you may have seen a scary scene in a film or TV show that involved flowers (perhaps ?) or even having watched a parent being afraid of flowers can be enough to plant the seed for anthophobia to develop later in life. Some people cannot trace their fear to a specific event at all, but in the end, it's not really necessary to discover the cause in order to treat this phobia. Anthophobia and Medical Concerns Plants can cause allergies and skin reactions in sensitive individuals. If you suffer from a medical condition that's triggered by one or more flowers, well... avoiding those flowers is a good way to keep yourself healthy. By definition, a justified fear is not diagnosable as a phobia, which is considered an irrational fear. Nonetheless, it is possible for those with medical concerns to take their fears too far and even develop a legitimate phobia. If you are sensitive to only one or two flowers yet begin to avoid all flowers, your fear is no longer reasonable and justified. It can be difficult to tell when a healthy avoidance becomes an unhealthy phobia, so professional guidance may be appropriate. Anthophobia and Related Fears For some people, the fear of flowers is actually based in another phobia. Those with the fear of germs might be afraid of contamination from soil. Those who fear bees or other insects may worry that flowers are infested with bugs. People with food phobias might be afraid of flowers that are used in cooking. In these cases, treating the underlying phobia generally eliminates the anthophobia. However, it can be difficult to determine exactly which phobia is involved. Additionally, many people suffer from more than one phobia. A trained mental health professional can tease out the various issues and develop an individualized treatment plan that addresses all of the concerns - if your life is being heavily impacted by any phobia, get in touch with a mental health specialist today. Source: American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Continue Reading", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504990	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; James Carker is a villain in which Charles Dickens novel?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Dickens's attitude towards the Age of Steam Dickens's attitude towards the Age of Steam Philip V. Allingham , Contributing Editor, Canada; Associate Professor, Lakehead University [ Victorian Web Home —> Railways —> Authors —> Charles Dickens —> Works ] Past and Present, Technologies of Transportation, Old and New: Left: Old Style — The Mail Coach — from a Picture by Henderson Right: New Style — The Mail Train. Illustrations The Illustrated London News (1849). [Click on thumbnails for larger images.] In the body of his fiction, Charles Dickens seems to have had a peculiar attitude towards the Age of Steam in particular and contemporary issues in general: although \"steam excursions\" by boat occur as early as Sketches by Boz (for example, the City of London steamer is specifically mentioned in \"The Tuggses at Ramsgate,\" published 31 March 1836), not until 1846 does the steam locomotive enter the novels conspicuously, when the villain in Dombey and Son , James Carker, is run over by a train and sensationally mangled in Chapter 55. As late as in works published in 1861, characters such as Pip still make their way to and from London by stage-coach rather than train, although regular rail service to the metropolis was widely available by the 1840s. All too often in Dickens we are in the pre-steam era, when, for example, in the year of the Great Reform Bill (passed in June, 1832) young shorthand reporter Charles Dickens rattled about the country by stage-coach to cover speeches by such political figures as Lord John Russell . Although there was considerable railway construction in the year preceding Victoria's ascension to the throne, one has little sense of the Railway Age in the principal work of fiction published at that time, The Pickwick Papers . My first fall in life by Phiz. [Click on thumbnil for larger image.] Nevertheless, the later stories, articles, and books have a markedly contemporary setting; for example, the Mugby Junction framed tales for All the Year Round at Christmas, 1866, particularly \"The Haunted Signalman,\" are thoroughly contemporary, particularly in how they address popular anxieties about the safety of rail travel. In fact, only after the publication of this story was every train travelling more than 20 miles in a single trip obliged to have some means of communication between the guard and driver. Drawn some sixteen years earlier, Phiz's illustration of David Copperfield uneasily perched atop a coach in \"My First Fall in Life\" (November 1849) reveals both the illustrator's and the writer's nostalgia for the stage-coach age, which finally closed with little fanfare early in the twentieth century. It is safe to say that Dickens was selective about his chronological settings, opting for a contemporary, \"Industrial Age\" setting, as in Hard Times (1854), when the exigencies of the narrative required it, but often retrospectively setting the narrative two decades earlier, particularly in such bildungsromans as David Copperfield and Great Expectations . One of the contemporary topics that occasionally surfaces in Dickens's novels is Australian emigration, as when Augustus Moddle decamps to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in Martin Chuzzlewit, Ch. 54, and when the Micawbers and Peggottys emigrate to New South Wales in David Copperfield, regardless of the theoretical time of the action, which, for example, in the latter novel is probably no later than 1840 (and possibly earlier, if we accept 1812, the year of Dickens's birth, as being that for his protagonist), even though the coverage of the topic in The Illustrated London News in 1849 clearly establishes the matter as extremely topical. Related Material", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504991	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the Japanese word for a martial arts training area?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Training Area (Martial Arts) In Depth Tutorials and Information Training Area (Martial Arts) A training area is a system-specific context in which training in a martial art takes place. The locations considered appropriate for training vary widely across the world’s martial traditions. The choices made may arise from traditional medical beliefs. For example, the masters of some Chinese systems recommend morning practice outdoors in order to promote health. In other instances, historical and political contexts dictated hiding the practice of martial skills from the politically dominant behind closed doors or in secluded areas; it was for that reason that, according to oral tradition, Brazilian capoeira was practiced in slave quarters or in the bush and was disguised as dance. In India, the ethical concerns of the Northern Kalarip-payattu gurus who do not want the dangerous art misused confine teaching to an indoor area at night. Buildings designated as appropriate locations for martial art instruction are common in both European (e.g., the salles de fence [French; fencing halls] of the Renaissance sword master) and Asian (e.g., the guan of some Chinese boxing teachers) arts. In some traditions, such as the Japanese or Korean, a building (referred to in Japanese as a dojo and in Korean as a dojang) whose use is restricted specifically to activities associated with martial arts teaching, practice, testing, or exhibition serves as the location for training. On the other hand, although the location for the instruction in and practice of the Indian martial art of Northern Kalarippayattu is also a building, the kalari (Tamil; battleground), this building also may be utilized by the martial arts master as the clinic in which traditional medicine is practiced. Outdoor areas such as pits or even the shaded area behind the house of a guru are employed as training quarters in the Southern Kalarippayattu system of India, as in some other arts. In yet other arts, the notion of a training area is even more informal. For example, particular parks may provide the training grounds for some of the Chinese arts (e.g., taijiquan [tai chi ch'uan]) in order to allow practitioners to obtain the benefits of fresh air while going through forms, but this is a matter of customary practice rather than the consecration of the site, as is the case with the Japanese or Okinawan dojo, for instance. In the traditional street capoeira of Brazil, certain public areas (most notably the plaza of the Roman Catholic Church of Senhor do Bonfim in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil) became traditional areas for practice, although these locations were used for a range of other social interactions, as well. Although this is not universally the case, it is common cross-culturally to make of the training location something in the nature of sacred space, if only temporarily. The space commonly is marked by special behaviors on entering the area. Students bow or perform similar ritual acts when entering. Behavior in the Japanese dojo (place for studying the way [do]) represents the height of formality in this regard. Not only is the building itself entered with such special behaviors, but also an area of even higher intensity is created within the building itself. In a traditional dojo, a kamidana (altar to the spirits) will be found in the front of the room. Photographs of founders of the system, master instructors, or legendary figures are clustered on the front wall—along with national flags in many contemporary training halls. Hierarchy is signaled by positioning within the dojo. The higher ranks line up facing the front of the training hall, with lower-ranking students lined up behind them; teachers stand at the front of the room facing students. The dojo and the behaviors appropriate to it set the model for many other contemporary Asian martial arts and those non-Asian systems influenced by them. Practitioners of kendo, the Japanese Way of the Sword, practice their moves with bamboo swords in a dojo in Japan, ca. 1920. In south India, a dynamic relationship is believed to", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504992	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who was the first woman to run for the vice-presidency of the United States?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Who Was the First Woman Nominated for Vice President by a Major American Political Party? By Jone Johnson Lewis Updated September 10, 2015. Question: Who was the first woman nominated as a vice presidential candidate by a major American political party? Answer: In 1984, Walter Mondale, Democratic nominee for president, selected Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate, and his choice was confirmed by the Democratic National Convention. The only other woman nominated for vice president by a major party was Sarah Palin in 2008. The Nomination At the time of the Democratic National Convention of 1984, Geraldine Ferraro was serving her sixth year in Congress . An Italian-American from Queens, New York, since she moved there in 1950, she was an active Roman Catholic. She kept her birth name when she married John Zaccaro. She had been a public school teacher and a prosecuting attorney. Already, there was speculation that the popular Congresswoman would run for the Senate in New York in 1986. She asked the Democratic party to make her the head of the platform committee for its 1984 convention. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge As early as 1983, an op-ed in the New York Times by Jane Perletz urged that Ferraro be given the vice president slot on the Democratic ticket. She was appointed to chair the platform committee. Candidates for the presidential slot in 1984 included Walter F. Mondale, Senator Gary Hart and the Rev. Jesse Jackson all had delegates, though it was clear that Mondale would win the nomination. There was still talk in the months before the convention of placing Ferraro's name in nomination at the convention, whether Mondale chose her as his running mate or not. Ferraro finally clarified in June that she would not permit her name to be put in nomination if it would be counterposed to Mondale's choice. A number of powerful women Democrats, including Maryland's Representative Barbara Mikulski, were pressuring Mondale to pick Ferraro or face a floor fight. In her acceptance speech to the convention , memorable words included \"If we can do this, we can do anything.” A Reagan landslide defeated the Mondale-Ferraro ticket. She was only the fourth member of the House to that point in the 20th century to run as a major party candidate for vice president. Conservatives including William Safire criticized her for use of the honorific Ms. and for using the term \"gender\" instead of \"sex.\" The New York Times, refusing by its style guide to use Ms. with her name, settled at her request on calling her Mrs. Ferraro. During the campaign, Ferraro tried to bring issues that were about women's lives to the forefront. A poll right after the nomination showed Mondale/Ferraro winning the women's vote while men favored the Republican ticket. Her casual approach at appearances, coupled with her quick responses to questions and her clear competence, endeared her to supporters. She was not afraid to publicly say that her counterpart on the Republican ticket, George H. W. Bush, was patronizing. Questions about Ferraro's finances dominated the news for quite a while during the campaign. Many believed that there was more focus on her family's finances because she was a woman, and some thought it was because she and her husband were Italian-Americans. In particular, the investigations looked at loans made from her husband's finances to her first Congressional campaign, an error on 1978 income taxes resulting in back taxes owed of $60,000, and her disclosure of her own finances but refusal to disclose her husband's detailed tax filings. She was reported to have won support among Italian-Americans, particularly because of her heritage, and because some Italian-Americans suspected that the harsh attacks on her husband's finances reflected stereotypes about Italian-Americans. But for a variety of reasons, including facing an incumbent in an improving economy and Mondale's statement that a tax increase was inevitable, Mondale/Ferraro lost in November. About 55 percent of women, and more men, voted for the Repub", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504993	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the name of the pub in Ballykissangel", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Ballykissangel (an Episode Guide) an Episode Guide Sat, 14 May 2005 02:00 aired from: Feb 1996 to: Apr 2001 57 eps, 1 special Stephen Tompkinson as Father Peter Clifford [ series 1 - 4 ] Dervla Kirwan as Assumpta Fitzgerald [ series 1 - 4 ] Tony Doyle as Brian Quigley [ series 1 - 5 ] Niall Toibin as Father Frank MacAnally Tina Kellegher as Niamh Quigley [ series 1 - 5 ] Peter Caffrey as Padraig O'Kelly [ series 2 - 4 ] John Cleere as Kevin O'Kelly [ series 2 - 4 ] Deirdre Donnelly as Siobhan Mehigan Col Farrell as Danny Byrne [ series 4 - 5 ] Peter Hanly as Ambrose Egan [ series 1 - 5 ] Bosco Hogan as Dr Michael Ryan Stephen Kennedy as Jimmy Joe Galvin [ series 1 ] Joe Savino as Liam Coghlan Birdie Sweeney as Eamonn Byrne [ series 2 - 4 ] Gary Whelan as Brendan Kearney Victoria Smurfit as Orla O'Connell [ series 4 - 5 ] Lorcan Cranitch as Sean Dillon [ series 4 - 5 ] Don Wycherley as Father Aidan O'Connell [ series 4 - 5 ] Kate McEnery as Emma Dillon [ series 4 - 5 ] Owen Teale as Conor Devlin [ series 5 ] Catherine Cusack as Frankie Sullivan [ series 5+ ] Marion Dwyer as Oonagh Dooley [ series 5+ ] Owen Roe as Paul Dooley [ series 5+ ] Ciaran Owens as Dermot Dooley [ series 5+ ] Katie Cullen as Graine Dooley [ series 5+ ] Robert Taylor as Father Vincent Sheahan [ series 6 ] Susannah Doyle as Avril Burke [ series 6 ] Mick Lally as Louis Dwyer [ series 6 ] Paul Ronan as Edso Dowling [ series 6 ] recurring characters: Allan Barry as Superintendent Foley [ series 2 - 5 ] Dorren Keogh as Imelda Egan [ series 2 - 5 ] James Ellis as Uncle Minto [ series 3 - 5 ] \"Trying to Connect You\" gs: John Olahan [ Gerard Lenihan ] Father Peter Clifford's journey from England ends in his new parish, the small Irish town of Ballykissangel. It's a change from his previous job in the centre of Manchester, but this rural Irish community is hardly the sleepy village he expected. The local bar owner, Assumpta Fitzgerald, seems to have a serious attitude towards the clergy, and is very surprised to discover that the man she offers a lift to is the new parish curate. Niamh wants to know what her boyfriend, the local Garda, will be like to live with when they get married. She is determined to have the two of them live together beforehand, but he does not want to commit a \"mortal sin\". Both seek advice from the new priest. As Father Clifford arrives, a new modern confessional is being delivered. Niamh's father, Brian Quigley, who seems to think that a fax-equipped confessional will be a great addition to the church, has donated it. b: 11 Feb 96 pc: _________ w: Keiran Prendiville d: Richard Standeven \"The Things We Do for Love\" gs: Lena Headey [ Jenny Clark ], Anthony Brophy [ Edso ], Andrea Irvine [ Frances ] As Peter Clifford settles into his new parish, Brian Quigley's holiday home development seems stalled by a young couple living in a caravan near to the site. Peter gets involved when he hears that Brian is responsible for their baby's illness. He appears to have ordered \"organic fertiliser\" to be dumped beside their caravan. But Peter has his own problems. His past catches up with him in the shape of Jennie, a former parishioner who thinks he once had feelings for her. She follows him from Manchester and arrives in BallyK as he is trying to establish himself in the parish. The young couple in the caravan need to move, and in an effort to get some money together for them, the BallyK vet, Siobhan, suggests that they bet against their own side in the next Gaelic football match . . . a match in which Peter is the reserve goalkeeper. b: 18 Feb 96 pc: _________ w: Kieran Prendiville d: Richard Standeven \"Live in My Heart and Pay No Rent\" gs: Oliver Maguire [ KcKenna ], Joe Gallagher [ Walter Dargan ], Ruth McCabe [ Rosarie ] Niamh's wedding plans are disrupted when a stone statue falls off the church and through her fiancee's car. As he had only just got out of the car he takes it as a sign that he should become a priest. Peter tries to talk him out of it, but Ambr", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504994	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; As at the start of the 2003/04 season, how many winners of the English Premiership have there been?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "History of the English Premier League - SuperSport - Football History of the English Premier League William McGregor statue © Action Images What is now known as the English Premier League has its roots in an earlier league, called the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888. The Football League, also known as the npower Football League for sponsorship reasons, is a league competition featuring professional association football clubs from England and Wales. Founded in 1888, it is the oldest such competition in world football. It was the top level football league in England from its foundation until 1992. Since 1995 it has had 72 clubs evenly divided into three divisions, which are currently known as The Championship, League One and League Two. Promotion and relegation between these divisions is a central feature of the League and is further extended to allow the top Championship clubs to exchange places with the lowest placed clubs in the Premier League. A director of Aston Villa, William McGregor, was the first to set out to bring some order to a chaotic world where clubs arranged their own fixtures. On March 2, 1888, he wrote to the committee of his own club, Aston Villa, as well as to those of Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Preston North End and West Bromwich Albion, suggesting the creation of a league competition that would provide a number of guaranteed fixtures for its member clubs each season. The first meeting was held at Anderson's Hotel in London on March 23, 1888, on the eve of the FA Cup Final. The Football League was formally created and named in Manchester at a further meeting on April 17 at the Royal Hotel. In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League to take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal and on May 27, 1992, the Premier League as we know it today was formed. This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three. There was no change in competition format; the same number of teams competed in the top flight, and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained on the same terms as between the old First and Second Divisions. The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, and Wimbledon. A total of 43 clubs have played in the Premier League from its inception in 1992 until the end of the 2009/10 season. Two other clubs (Luton Town and Notts County) were signatories to the original agreement that created the Premier League, but were relegated prior to the inaugural Premier League season and have not subsequently returned to the top flight. Seven clubs have been members of the Premier League for every season since its inception. This group is composed of Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. Due to insistence by Fifa that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted. On June 8, 2006, Fifa requested that all major European leagues, including Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007/08 season. The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction. Ultimately, the 2007/08 season kicked off again with 20 teams. The league changed its name from the FA Premier League to simply the Premier League in 2007. FOREIGN PLAYERS At the inception of the Premier League in 1992/93, just 11 players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches were 'foreign' (players hailing from outside of the", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504995	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The Riksdag is which country’s parliament?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The history of the Riksdag The history of the Riksdag How long has there been a parliament in Sweden? The answer to that question is not entirely straightforward. It depends on how we define a parliament. But it was not until after the election of 1921 that Sweden achieved a system of full democratic representation for all its citizens. In as early as 1435, a meeting was called in the town of Arboga to discuss and determine a number of affairs affecting the country as a whole. The Arboga meeting is therefore sometimes referred to as Sweden's first parliament. However, it was not until 1527 and 1544 at King Gustav Vasa's two assemblies in Västerås that representatives of all four estates – the Nobility, the Clergy, the Burghers and the Peasantry – were called on to participate. The term \"Riksdag\" was first used in the 1540s. You can read more about some important events in the history of the Riksdag here. The committees begin to emerge The 17th century saw the establishment of clearer parliamentary procedures. The committee organisation began to emerge. Regulations were drawn up determining who was to be called to the Riksdag and when the Riksdag should meet. In the late 1600s, King Karl XI gained increasing power, which meant that the Riksdag's position was weakened, and that it in principle became a malleable tool in the hands of the King. Hats and caps During the Age of Freedom in the 18th Century, the pendulum swung once again in favour of the Riksdag, and the power shifted to the four Estates. A party system began to evolve with two parties known as the Hats and the Caps. A parliamentary system with certain similarities to that of today emerged. The working traditions of today's Riksdag, particularly those of the committees, have their roots in the Age of Freedom. The position of the Riksdag was successively weakened by economic crises, antagonisms between the Estates and corruption. After King Gustav III's bloodless coup d'état in 1772, more and more power was shifted into the hands of the King and the Riksdag lost its power and influence as a result. A new Constitution with a separation of powers In 1809 a new constitution was adopted in Sweden. It set out how the power was to be divided between the Riksdag and the King. The courts and public authorities were granted an independent status. Sweden was also the first country in the world to establish the Office of the Parliamentary Ombudsmen in 1809. The Office of the Parliamentary Ombudsmen was a body to which citizens could now turn with complaints about authorities. One of the new fundamental laws in 1809 was the Instrument of Government. The principle of a separation of powers had a large influence on the Instrument of Government. It meant that an ever greater distinction was made between legislative, judicial and executive power. The Instrument of Government from 1809 remained in force until 1974, despite numerous changes over the years. The Riksdag Act, which is a law setting out the procedures for the work of the Riksdag, was introduced in 1810. The bicameral Riksdag Between 1809 and 1974, substantial changes were made to the Constitution to ensure the representation of the newly emerging social classes. In 1865, the Parliament of the four Estates was abolished and replaced by a bicameral (two-chamber) system. The members of the First Chamber were elected indirectly by the county councils and the municipal assemblies in the larger towns and cities. It was considered to represent \"education and wealth\". Only men were eligible for election on the basis of certain criteria relating to age, income and wealth. For election to the Second Chamber, eligibility was limited to men, and voters had to own real property or to have paid tax on an annual taxable income. Under the municipal laws of 1862, some women were entitled to vote in local elections: those who were of age, unmarried and who either had an income of their own above a certain level or owned a certain amount of property. The franchise reform of 1907–09 made women who had the vote eligible for election to lo", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504996	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which rock band did Jarvis Cocker form in Sheffield in 1978 - they had their big break in 1981 ?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "PULP PULP Now screening in selected Mexican & French Cinemas. April 2015. USA - NOW AVAILABLE on VOD & DIGITAL Bright House Networks \"I felt that the film was a triumph—moving, funny, sweet, eccentric—and the reaction from the audience, well, it’s the kind of thing that makes you feel like you are smiling with your heart. Two people who I spoke with were moved to tears. How many rock docs can you say that about?\" - DANGEROUS MINDS 'The only way to fully understand Pulp is to hang out in the town that birthed the band. \"Sing along with the common people\" isn't just a lyric - it's a mission statement.' - NOWTORONTO.COM IN US THEATERS 19 NOVEMBER 2014 WORLD PREMIERE SXSW MARCH 2014 90 minutes, UK 2014 IMDB Variety Review Starring Jarvis Cocker, Mark Webber, Candida Doyle, Nick Banks, Steve Mackey and the people of Sheffield. Directed by Florian Habicht . Produced by Alex Boden ( Pistachio Pictures ) Director of photography Maria Ines Manchego. Edited by Peter O'Donoghue UK distribution and festivals Soda Pictures Australia & New Zealand distribution / festivals E One / Hopscotch Thanks for all the love from Saturday 7 June! Here's a slide show of responses from the premiere at Sheffield City Hall, Sheffield Doc Fest Opening Night... An infectious merging of mutually delighted spirits, Florian Habicht’s collaboration with Jarvis Cocker fixes the triumphant 2012 concert billed as UK pop rock band Pulp’s last ever within a loving portrait of the town where it all began. Applying the gregarious curiosity that’s served him so well in the hot pools of Ngawha (Kaikohe Demolition) and on the streets of Manhattan (Love Story), Habicht accosts resolutely down-to-earth Sheffielders with questions about love, life and the meaning of Jarvis. He draws equally arresting testimony from band members, visiting fans, Jarvis’ mum and the man himself. Rousing concert footage is supplemented with unlikely performances from locals who’ve made the Pulp repertoire resoundingly their own. Cocker’s knack for keeping it real, for drawing from regular experience and feeding back into it, is the film’s effortlessly realised QED. If you ever had your head invaded for days on end by Pulp’s ‘Common People’, prepare to have it reoccupied, this time with a portrait gallery for company. If you haven’t, there could hardly be a more irresistible invitation to join the party. — Bill Gosden, New Zealand International Film Festival Mark Webber, Steve Mackey, Nick Banks, Candida Doyle, Jarvis Cocker Pulp: A Film about Life, Death and Supermarkets is the best film that could be made about Pulp. The majority of British pop bands were eager to be seen as “one of the lads,” with a pint in one hand and a copy of Loaded magazine in the other. Not Pulp, who wholeheartedly embraced an individualistic style of pervy proletariat, outsider chic. Their lyrics are the stuff of fluttering net curtains in run-down terraced houses, chaotic and confused teenage lust and not only not fitting in, but knowing you’ll never be able to. This documentary, centring on the band’s 2012 farewell concert, grasps everything that Pulp is about. It’s less a straightforward band biography and more a sociological study of the swamp of fears, loves and passions that bubbles away under the industrially cratered landscape of Sheffield. -We Got This Covered, UK five stars - full film review here Band history... Most bands hit the big time immediately and fade away, or they build a dedicated following and slowly climb their way to the top. PULP didn't follow either route. For the first 12 years of their existence, PULP languished in near total obscurity, releasing a handful of albums and singles in the '80s to barely any attention. At the turn of the decade, the group began to gain an audience, sparking a remarkable turn of events that made the band one of the most popular British groups of the '90s. By the time PULP became famous, the band had gone through numerous different incarnations and changes in style, covering nearly every indie rock touchstone from post-pun", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504997	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the first name of Agatha Christie's Miss Marple?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Characters from Agatha Christie stories - Agatha Christie Hercule Poirot One of the most famous fictional characters of all time, the inimitable Belgian private detective is synonymous with waxed moustaches, perfectionism and little grey cells. Poirot would be the first to call himself a great man - he has never been known for his modesty - but with such success in his career, it is difficult to argue with him. Miss Marple Miss Jane Marple doesn’t look like your average detective. Quite frankly, she doesn’t look like a detective at all. But looks can be deceiving... For a woman who has spent her life in the small village of St Mary Mead, Miss Marple is surprisingly worldly. But as she often points out, she has had every opportunity to observe human nature. Tommy & Tuppence International spies, two world wars, murders, thefts and not to mention marriage, Tommy and Tuppence seek out excitement wherever it may lie. Tuppence leads the way with her charismatic nature, while Tommy’s slow, considered manner provides the perfect foil. Together they form the 'Young Adventurers Ltd' and the adventures begin.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504998	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Flora, Merryweather and King Hubert are all characters in which Disney film?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Flora, Fauna and Merryweather \| Disney Fanon Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Flora, Fauna and Merryweather Fauna: Quiet, soft spoken, peaceful Merryweather: Feisty, impulsive, outspoken Appearance Flora: Obese, fair skin, gray hair in a bun, brown eyes, both red pointy hat and gown, clear red wings on her back Fauna: Slender, fair skin, brownish-gray hair in a bun, brown eyes, both green pointy hat and gown, clear green wings on her back, black spectacles (in Sofia the First) Merryweather: Obese, fair skin, black hair, blue eyes, both blue pointy hat and gown, clear blue wings on her back Birthday Headmistresses of Royal Prep (Sofia the First) Affiliations Goal To make sure Aurora doesn't prick her finger on a spinning wheel before the sun sets on her 16th birthday (failed) Home Magic, happiness, helping others, joy Dislikes Maleficent's evil plots, sadness, Aurora upset, Aurora in danger Powers and abilities Wand Fate Flora and Merryweather argue over the color of Aurora's gown while Fauna cries tears of joy Quote [Source] Flora, Fauna and Merryweather (known collectively as the Three Good Fairies) are major characters in Disney's 1959 animated film Sleeping Beauty . In the film, Flora is voiced by Verna Felton , Fauna is voiced by Barbara Jo Allen , and Merryweather is voiced by Barbara Luddy . Contents [ show ] Background The three good fairies are clothed in medieval-styled dresses with a particular color predominating. In addition to the dresses, the outfits are complimented with matching capes and pointy hats secured to their heads with colored veils. Flora's dress is predominantly red with her petticoat, cape clasp cuffs and hat veil a dark yellow. She appears to be the leader of the group, and based on her dialogue in the film, she seems to deal heavily with flowers and nature; her favorite color is pink. Fauna's outfit is a dark green with accents in a lighter shade of green and she appears to be second-in-command. Despite her tendency towards absentmindedness and obliviousness, she is the quieter and the more introspective than the other two fairies, and often functions as a peacemaker between Flora and Merryweather. Merryweather is dresses in shades of blue, her favorite color, and is distinguished from the others by her diminutive stature. She is feisty, yet pessimistic, resourceful and often challenges Flora's leadership. As a group they all have powerful magical abilities, channeled by their wands. They can do many things such as shrinking in size, fly, bring inanimate objects to life, and putting people to sleep. Their wings allow them to fly and they maneuver adroitly through the air. Despite their claims that they could only do good things with their magic, they were not above using their powers in morally ambiguous ways: Flora gifted a sword and shield to Prince Phillip (which could be interpreted as promoting violence) while Merryweather turned Diablo into stone. They were also not above using magic for their own convenience and personal desires, as demonstrated through their preparations of gifts for Aurora's 16th birthday party, and in the pink/blue color war between Flora and Merryweather. Though their magic was stated to be inferior to Maleficent's in raw power, when they work together they were capable of granting people extremely powerful weapons to be used in the cause of righteousness. Such weapons could triumph over the darkest of evil. When they gave Prince Phillip the Shield of Virtue and the Sword of Truth for final fight with Maleficent the sword (boosted by the fairies' combined magic and Flora's incantation) was so empowered it could destroy Maleficent and her evil with one well-aimed blow. Physical appearance The three fairies dress very much alike in long medieval style dresses and pointy hats reminiscent of the traditional witches' hat. Flora's signature color is red, but her favorite color is pink. Fauna and Merryweather's favorite and signature colors are green and blue, respectively. Both Flora and Fauna's eyes are brown while Merryweather's eyes are blue. Flora's hair is gray and F", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1504999	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which Radio 2 programme was presented for many years by Alan Keith ?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "BBC NEWS \| Entertainment \| Obituary: Alan Keith Obituary: Alan Keith Alan Keith: Veteran broadcaster Alan Keith was a familiar voice for three generations of BBC radio listeners, and he presented the BBC Radio 2 music programme, Your Hundred Best Tunes, for 44 years. For more than 43 years, Alan Keith delighted his many listeners with his selection of popular and light classical music, his clipped tones instantly recognisable to all who heard them. He was born Alec Kossoff, in October 1908, when King Edward VII was still on the throne. The brother of the actor and broadcaster, David Kossoff and the uncle of the late rock guitarist, Paul Kossoff, he changed his name to Alan Keith in the 1920s. He studied at the prestigious Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (Rada), where he won a silver medal in 1928. Soon afterwards, he was appearing in George Bernard Shaw's own production of Major Barbara in London's West End. By 1935, Alan Keith was already an established voice on BBC radio. His career also featured a spell as a stand-up comic at London's Windmill Theatre and he worked, for three years, as an interviewer for BBC radio's In Town Tonight. Alan Keith came up with the idea for Your Hundred Best Tunes, and the programme's first edition broadcast on the Light Programme, later to become BBC Radio 2, on 15 November 1959. Little did anyone know at the time that it would keep him employed well into his 90s. Alan Keith graced the airwaves since 1935 The show was originally commissioned for a 13-week run, but its huge success, and positive feedback from listeners, led to an open-ended run which has continued right up to today. Alan Keith selected his own music, regularly visiting the listening room at the BBC's gramophone library to choose his favourite tracks. Interviewed by the Radio Times, Alan Keith spoke frankly about his programme. \"It was a very tentative choice and likely to arouse listeners as much as the planners,\" he said. \"I hope people write and tell me their favourites in case I've missed anything. They must, however, bear in mind the standard I used in choosing. \"A tune must be popular, and it must be good of its kind - even if it's only a Cockney ballad it must have class.\" Of all the tunes which Alan Keith played over the years, perhaps the most popular was the duet from Bizet's opera, the Pearl Fishers. But he featured everything from Smoke Gets In Your Eyes, through O Sole Mio and Albinoni's Adagio. The programme's playlist, which changed very little over the years, inspired a number of albums - which sold three million copies between them - and a loyal audience of listeners with whom Alan Keith built his own personal rapport.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505000	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What was the name of the unsuccessful ‘war plan’ developed by the Germans in 1905?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "First World War.com - Feature Articles - The Planning of the War What's New Feature Articles - The Planning of the War Ever since Germany had inflicted defeat upon France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the major nations of Europe had busied themselves with plans for the next war, seen by many as inevitable given the conflicting ambitions of the major powers; which, in the case of France, included the repossession of Alsace and Lorraine, both lost to Germany as a consequence of the Franco-Prussian War. Sponsored Links Much is made of the German Schlieffen Plan and, to a lesser extent, the French Plan XVII. But what of Austria-Hungary's Plan B and Russia's Plan 19? This article details the primary aims of each of these plans, and discusses the rationale behind them. France: Plan XVII The chief aim of Plan XVII, devised by Ferdinand Foch in the wake of the humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War, and taken up by French Commander-in-Chief Joseph Joffre in 1913, was the recapture of the territory of Alsace and Lorraine. Entirely offensive in nature, Plan XVII made extensive use of the belief in the mystical ï¿½lan vital assumed to be instilled within every Frenchman - a fighting spirit capable of turning back any enemy by its sheer power. It assumed the average French soldier to be more than a match for its German counterpart. Indeed, numerous French officers were dismissed from the army during the early stage of the war for a want of fighting spirit, including General Lanrezac following the French army's failure at Charleroi . More technically, Plan XVII called for an advance by four French Armies into Alsace-Lorraine on either side of the Metz-Thionville fortresses, occupied by the Germans since 1871. The southern wing of the invasion forces would first capture Alsace and Lorraine (in that order), whilst the northern wing would - depending upon German movements - advance into Germany via the southern Ardennes forests, or else move north-east into Luxembourg and Belgium. The architects of Plan XVII, which included Joseph Joffre, took little account of a possible German invasion of France through Belgium until just before war was declared; and in modifying the plan to deploy troops to meet such an eventuality, actual French activity to meet an invasion via Belgium was lacklustre at best in August 1914. Before war broke out Joffre and his advisers were convinced that the threat of British involvement would keep Germany from invading through Belgium (with whom Britain had a treaty guaranteeing its neutrality ; Germany regarded this as a mere \"scrap of paper\"). Whilst the French had accurately estimated the strength of the German army at the opening of the war, they did not place much emphasis on Germany's extensive use of reserve troops, having little faith in their own. This proved a serious miscalculation which, in conjunction with an underestimation of the Schlieffen Plan, almost led to France's undoing within a month of the outbreak of war. Within weeks of the war's start, the French attack into Alsace and Lorraine had proved a debacle, effectively repelled by the German defences. With the inevitable advance of the Schlieffen Plan meanwhile, the French were thrown very much on the defensive. Germany: Schlieffen Plan Germany's Schlieffen Plan, named after its chief architect, Count Alfred von Schlieffen , was both offensive and defensive in nature. Schlieffen - and the men who subsequently enhanced and modified his strategy, including Helmuth von Moltke , German Chief of Staff in 1914 - took as his starting assumption a war on two fronts, against France in the west and Russia in the east. The nature of the alliance system ensured that Russia was allied with France (", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505001	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who took Bonnie Prince Charlie disguised as a woman from Benbecula to Skye", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Woman Who Saved Bonnie Prince Charlie – Lady Budd Bonnie Prince Charlie , Flora MacDonald 29 Comments Bonnie Prince Charlie Flora MacDonald The Woman Who Saved Bonnie Prince Charlie “…a name that will be mentioned in history, and if courage and fidelity be virtues, mentioned with honour.” Engraved on Flora MacDonald’s memorial at Kilmuir Bonnie Prince Charlie Monument, Glenfinnan, Scotland Fionnghal NicDhòmhnaill was her Gaelic name, but most will know her as Flora MacDonald. She lost her father, Ranald MacDonald, at a young age and saw her mother abducted by and married to Hugh MacDonald of Armadale, Skye. From that moment on she was under the care of the chief of her clan, The MacDonalds of Clanranald. June 1746, Flora was 24 years old and living on the island of Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides. As fate would decree, she was in the right place, at the right time for the right reason. Bonnie Prince Charlie took refuge on that very island after the disastrous Battle of Culloden. The Hanoverian government had a firm control of the local militia, but the MacDonalds were secret supporters of the Jacobite cause. Captain O’Neill, the prince’s companion, asked for Flora’s assistance. The escape was simple, yet brilliant. Flora’s stepfather, Hugh MacDonald provided a pass to the mainland for Flora, a manservant, an Irish maid, Betty Burke, and six men to crew a boat. Bonnie Prince Charlie was Betty Burke. They managed to reach Kilbride, on the Isle of Skye where Flora arranged for help in the neighbourhood. The prince escaped, but Flora was arrested and imprisoned for a short time in the Tower of London. Flora MacDonald lived to see many adventure on both sides of the Atlantic. Yet, she will always be known, first and foremost, as the woman who saved Bonnie Prince Charlie. The Skye Boat Song recounts the daring escape of Bonnie Prince Charlie, disguised as an Irish women. Speed, bonnie boat, like a bird on the wing Onward, the sailors cry!", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505002	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What part of the turkey is saved, dried, and ceremoniously snapped as part of a good luck custom?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "17 November 2011 by muse - issuu issuu 9 vol. 2 no. 11  17 november 2011 @the university of west alabama 7 a small thanks Read about the history of Turkey Day and take our quiz on page 3. The Scarlet Band from Tiger Land played “Marches of the Armed Forces” during last Saturday’s half-time show. how much do you really know about this holiday? 3 Thanksgiving safety recipes crafts quiz funny kids turkey talk uwa band pays tribute to the armed forces 4 Bank of York 716 N Washington, Livingston, AL 35470 • 205-652-1391 301 N Broad Street, York, AL 36925 • 205-392-5205 Calliope 14 17 17 03 13 14 2 muse: to ponder; to be absorbed in deep thought 17 november 2011 puff daddy had it figured out a slice of health it’s all about the benjamins! Want to win $100? all you have to do is find Calliope in an ad and text or e-mail your name and where you found her to Vegetab les p o u n e half c up 1c NEW se@ NUMBER! u 205 w O -92 R a.ed u 4-5 343 mu One winner will be selected at random, monthly. UWA Student Activities FALSE: Burmese pythons cannot detach their jaws. In fact, the snake’s jaws stay connected during the entire meal. Unlike the jaws of most mammals and reptiles, however, the two sides of the snake’s lower jaw are attached in the center by an elastic tendon, which enables it to open its mouth vertically. As a rule, a python coats its victim with saliva before grabbing it with its upper jaw and shoving it down its throat. On October 27, 2011, residents of Florida were shocked to learn that a fifteen-foot Burmese python living in the Florida Everglades had swallowed a 76-pound doe. Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission workers shot the snake when they noticed its 44-inch midsection. When they cut open the snake, the deer was already dead. On the cover: This turkey was killed by Livingston local David Hawley in the beautiful hardwoods of Sumter County. The turkey is unusual because he has three beards and one-inch spurs. In life the turkey weighed approximately 22 pounds. @the university of west alabama UWA Station 22, Livingston, AL 35470 Wallace Hall 108A • (205) 652-5511 muse@uwa.edu http://www.uwa.edu/muse ~help wanted~ Whether you’ve had experience on a newspaper or yearbook staff or you simply have an interest in journalism and related technology-based fields, our growing and friendly staff has a position for you! Contribute as a part-time stringer or earn credit for your work in JN219. For more information about scholarships and staff positions, contact Greg Jones at 205-652-3752. faculty advisor Greg Jones faculty media rep Tracie Henson ghost writer Alan Brown hamlet’s ghost Stephen Slimp editor-in-chief Mary Schellhammer copy editor Nelson Sims muse staff production manager Elise Keller sports editor josh taylor distribution agents: Evan Lemons Camden Holmes staff writers: Brent Lee Briana Tinney Brianna Davis Chelsea Harcrow Chelsea Malia Tucker Connie James Cory Sly D’Anthony Jackson Dannielle Harvey Herbert Brooks KaDarrius James Karyn Louritt Lakedra Rodgers Liz Stainton Mckenna Watts Morgan Presley Nicholas J. Finch Quincey White Shelby Beech Shelby Watwood muse is published weekly during the fall and spring semesters by the students of The University of West Alabama. The opinions are those of the individual writers and not necessarily those of the school administration, the student body, or the Board of Trustees. The staff and advisor of muse are committed to journalistic principles of fair and objective representation of the pros and cons of all issues. submissions policy Announcements, stories, pictures, letters to the editors, or ads may be submitted by 3:00 pm each Monday for the weekly edition of muse. The editors reserve the right to edit for libel, news style, and space limitations. All letters to the editor must be signed. Submissions may be dropped by WH 108A, mailed to Station 22, phoned to 5511, or e-mailed to muse@uwa.edu. carving into thanksgiving www.uwa.edu/muse muse: to ponder; to be absorbed in deep thought elise keller Imagine a long mahogany table, candles flickering in the cente", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505003	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What were the first names of Abbot and Costello", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Abbott and Costello \| Universal Monsters Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Bud Abbott (1897—1974) was a veteran burlesque entertainer from a show business family. He had worked at Coney Island and ran his own burlesque touring companies. At first he worked as a straight man to his wife Betty, then with veteran burlesque comedians like Harry Steppe and Harry Evanson. When he met his future partner in comedy, Abbott was performing in Minsky's Burlesque shows. Lou Costello (1906—1959) had been a burlesque comic since 1930, after failing to break into movie acting and working as a stunt double and film extra . He appears briefly in the 1927 Laurel and Hardy silent two-reeler , The Battle of the Century , seated at ringside during Stan's ill-fated boxing match. As a teenager, Costello had been an amateur boxer in his hometown of Paterson, New Jersey . The two first worked together in 1935 at the Eltinge Burlesque Theater on 42nd Street [1] --now the lobby of the AMC Empire movie complex in New York City . When AMC moved the old theater 168 ft (51 m) west on 42nd Street to its current location, giant balloons of Abbott and Costello were rigged to appear to pull it. [2] Other performers in the show, including Abbott's wife Betty, advised a permanent pairing. The duo built an act by refining and reworking numerous burlesque sketches into the long-familiar presence of Abbott as the devious straight man and Costello as the stumbling, dimwitted laugh-getter. Movies and fame Edit The team's first known radio appearance was on The Kate Smith Hour in February 1938. Initially, the similarities between their voices made it difficult for listeners (as opposed to stage audiences) to tell them apart due to their rapid-fire repartee. The problem was solved by having Costello affect a high-pitched childish voice. \"Who's on First?\" was first performed for a national radio audience the following month. [1] They stayed on the program as regulars for two years, while landing roles in a Broadway revue, \" The Streets of Paris \", in 1939. In 1940 they were signed by Universal Studios for the film One Night in the Tropics . Cast in supporting roles, they stole the show with several classic routines, including \"Who's on First?\" The same year they were a summer replacement on radio for Fred Allen . Two years later, they had their own NBC show. Universal signed them to a long-term contract, and their second film, Buck Privates , (1941) made them box-office stars. In most of their films, the plot was a framework for the two comics to reintroduce comedy routines they first performed on stage. Universal also added glitzy, gratuitous production numbers featuring The Andrews Sisters , Ted Lewis and his Orchestra, Ella Fitzgerald , and other musical acts. They made 36 films together between 1940 and 1956. Abbott and Costello were among the most popular and highest-paid entertainers in the world during World War II . Other film successes included Hold That Ghost , Who Done It? , Pardon My Sarong , The Time of Their Lives , Buck Privates Come Home , Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein , and Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man . In 1942, Abbott and Costello were the top box office draw with four films earning a total of $10 million. They remained a top ten box office attraction until 1952. Radio Edit After working as Allen's summer replacement, Abbott and Costello joined Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy on The Chase and Sanborn Hour in 1941, while two of their films (Buck Privates and Hold That Ghost) were adapted for Lux Radio Theater . They launched their own weekly show October 8, 1942, sponsored by Camel cigarettes. The Abbott and Costello Show mixed comedy with musical interludes (by vocalists such as Connie Haines , Ashley Eustis , the Delta Rhythm Boys , Skinnay Ennis , and the Les Baxter Singers). Regulars and semi-regulars on the show included Artie Auerbach (\"Mr. Kitzel\"), Elvia Allman , Iris Adrian , Mel Blanc , Wally Brown , Sharon Douglas , Verna Felton , Sidney Fields , Frank Nelson , Martha Wentworth , and Benay Venuta . Ken Niles was", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505004	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Members of the 1966 World Cup winning English football team, Bobby Moore, Martin Peters and Geoff Hurst played for which league team?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "England in the World Cup - 1966 Final Squad 66 Finals Squad The squad was the product of a rather protracted winnowing process. FIFA required that each national side provide a list of forty players before the end of May 1966 and a final squad of 22 players by July 3, eight days before the tournament began. Alf Ramsey named his provisional list of forty players on April 7, almost two months earlier than required to give as much notice as possible to the affected clubs. The forty included the 22 who eventually were named to the final squad, plus another eighteen: Gordon West, Everton; Tony Waiters, Blackpool; Keith Newton, Blackburn Rovers; Chris Lawler, Liverpool; Paul Reaney, Leeds United; Gordon Milne, Liverpool; Marvin Hinton, Chelsea; John Hollins, Chelsea; Tommy Smith, Liverpool; Terry Venables, Chelsea; Barry Bridges, Chelsea; Peter Thompson (who was also in the 40-man squad in 1962), Liverpool; Peter Osgood, Chelsea; Derek Temple, Everton; John Kaye, West Bromwich Albion; Fred Pickering, Everton; Joe Baker, Nottingham Forest; and Gordon Harris, Burnley. Ramsey made another squad announcement on 6 May 1966, naming the 28 players who would report for pre-tournament training at the Lilleshall national recreation centre in Shropshire on June 6. In addition to the 22 who did survive the final cut, the list of 28 included Peter Thompson, Gordon Milne and Keith Newton from the original list of 40 and three replacements - Bobby Tambling, Chelsea, for Barry Bridges; John Byrne, West Ham United, for Fred Pickering; and Brian Labone, Everton, for Marvin Hinton. The remaining 12 players from the initial list of 40 - West, Waiters, Lawler, Reaney, Hollins, Smith, Venables, Osgood, Temple, Kaye, Baker and Harris - were given stand-by status. Labone withdrew from the squad because of injury, and so only 27 players reported for training at Lilleshall on June 6. At the close of the training session on June 18, Ramsey cut five players - Tambling, John Byrne, Thompson, Milne and Newton - although asking them to remain in training at their club facilities in the event of an emergency. Following a break for a short last visit home, the 22-man squad embarked on a four-match pre-tournament tour of Europe. On July 3, the day of the third match of the tour, in Copenhagen, Ramsey formally announced the England squad to FIFA and the press. The numbers Ramsey assigned to the squad generally reflected his preferences, Nos. 1-11 constituting his first team and Nos. 12-22 the second string players. The squad as named remained intact; no replacements were needed.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505005	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the fiery liquid that flows from a volcano?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "What comes out of a volcano? \| Volcano World \| Oregon State University What comes out of a volcano? lava flow can develop. If the amount of lava feeding the flow is high, then the flow will move rapidly downhill away from the vent. Rapid-moving flows continually disrupt their surfaces and are constantly exposing more red-hot lava to the atmosphere. This means that the flow is losing a lot of heat and consequently its a'a flow develops. In some eruptions there is almost no fountaining and the lava just flows slowly away from the vent. In these cases the surface of the lava is not disrupted and can solidify even while the inside is still molten. This is how pahoehoe flow move. If these pahoehoe flows go on long enough then lava tubes can develop within the flow. These lava tubes allow lava to reach the flow front from the vent without losing much heat so it is still pretty fluid even 10's of kilometers from the vent. At more explosive volcanoes eruptions are very different. The main difference is that the viscosity of the plug on the vent and allows gas pressures to build to very high. Eventually the gas pressure is higher than even the viscous lava can stand, and an explosive eruption occurs. These explosions remove the cap of viscous lava that was plugging the vent so that the pressure is now lower. With the new low pressure, more gas bubbles can expand and push more lava out of the vent, and on and on and on. Once one of these explosive eruptions starts it pretty much continues until the available magma is used up. These big explosions reach 10's of km into the atmosphere sometimes, and spread fine ash over huge areas. Sometimes instead of going up, the hot mixture of gas and ash flows out of the vent and hugs the ground. These fast-moving hot mixtures are called pyroclastic flows and they are very dangerous. Because they are mostly gas, they can move quickly, up to 200 km/hour. They are sometimes up to 600 degrees centigrade. With this combination of speed and heat they are the most dangerous phenomenon that a volcano can produce. They may leave only a thin layer of ash after they pass through, but for those few moments while the", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505006	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Of which country was President Sukarno the first president? He became president on 18 August 1945?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "First Indonesian President Sukarno Biography By Kallie Szczepanski Updated October 08, 2016. In the early morning hours of October 1, 1965, a handful of presidential guards and junior military officers roused six army generals from their beds, hustled them away, and murdered them. It was the beginning of a coup called the September 30th Movement, a coup that would bring down Indonesia's first president, Sukarno. Early Life of Sukarno Sukarno was born on June 6, 1901, in Surabaya, and was given the name Kusno Sosrodihardjo. His parents renamed him Sukarno later, after he survived a serious illness. Sukarno's father was Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, a Muslim aristocrat and school teacher from Java . His mother, Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai, was a Hindu of the Brahmin caste from Bali. Young Sukarno went to a local elementary school until 1912. He then attended a Dutch middle school in Mojokerto, followed in 1916 by a Dutch high school in Surabaya. The young man was gifted with a photographic memory and a talent for languages, including Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese, Dutch, English, French, Arabic, Bahasa Indonesia, German, and Japanese. continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World Marriages and Divorces While in Surabaya for high school, Sukarno lived with the Indonesian nationalist leader Tjokroaminoto. He fell in love with his landlord's daughter, Siti Oetari, and they married in 1920. The following year, however, Sukarno went to study civil engineering at the Technical Institute in Bandung, and fell in love again. This time, his partner was the boarding-house owner's wife, Inggit, who was 13 years older than Sukarno. They each divorced their spouses, and the two married in 1923. Inggit and Sukarno remained married for twenty years, but never had children. Sukarno divorced her in 1943 and married a teenager named Fatmawati. Fatmawati would bear Sukarno five children, including Indonesia's first female president , Megawati Sukarnoputri. In 1953, President Sukarno decided to become polygamous in accordance with Muslim law. When he married a Javanese lady named Hartini in 1954, First Lady Fatmawati was so angry that she moved out of the presidential palace. Over the next 16 years, Sukarno would take five additional wives: a Japanese teen named Naoko Nemoto (Indonesian name, Ratna Dewi Sukarno), Kartini Manoppo, Yurike Sanger, Heldy Djafar, and Amelia do la Rama. Indonesian Independence Movement Sukarno began to think about independence for the Dutch East Indies while he was in high school. During college, he read deeply on different political philosophies, including communism , capitalist democracy, and Islamism, developing his own syncretic ideology of Indonesian socialist self-sufficiency. He also established the Algameene Studieclub for like-minded Indonesian students. In 1927, Sukarno and the other members of the Algameene Studieclub reorganized themselves as the Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI), an anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist independence party. Sukarno became the first leader of the PNI. Sukarno hoped to enlist Japanese help in overcoming Dutch colonialism, and also to unite the different peoples of the Dutch East Indies into a single nation. The Dutch colonial secret police soon learned of the PNI, and in late December of 1929, arrested Sukarno and the other members. At his trial, which lasted for the last five months of 1930, Sukarno made a series of impassioned political speeches against imperialism that attracted wide-spread attention. He was sentenced to four years in prison and went to the Sukamiskin Prison in Bandung to begin serving his sentence. However, press coverage of his speeches so impressed liberal factions in the Netherlands and in the Dutch East Indies that Sukarno was released from prison after just one year. He had become very popular with the Indonesian people, naturally, as well. While he was in prison, the PNI split into two opposing factions. One party, the Partai Indonesia, favored a militant approach to revolution, while the Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia (PNI Baroe) advoc", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505007	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which is the highest mountain in the Alps?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Alps - Highest Mountain Range in Europe The Alps The Alps are the youngest and highest mountain system in Europe. They stretch across the western and southern part of the continent in a broad arc. The mountain range starts near the Mediterranean Sea on the border between France and Italy. Then it curves north- and eastward through northern Italy, Switzerland Liechtenstein, southern Germany, Austria and Slovenia. The Alps are about 1,000 km long, the broadest section over 260 km wide. The highest peak, Mont Blanc, situated on the border between France, Italy and Switzerland, rises 4807 meters above sea level . Other famous peaks are the Monte Rosa, the Matterhorn, the Großglockner and the Zugspitze. The whole mountain range is divided into three sections: The western Alps lie west of the Great St. Bernard Pass and include the highest mountains. The central Alps lie between the Great St. Bernard and Lake Constance. The eastern Alps stretch east of Lake Constance into Austria, northern Italy, southern Germany and Slovenia. They are the lowest section of the mountain range . How the Alps were formed Millions of years ago the area of today’s Alps was covered by a large sea that separated Europe and Africa. The southern land mass started moving northwards. This movement folded rock layers at the bottom of the sea. Heat and pressure transformed the rock and pushed the material upwards . Today these regions are the highest parts of the Alps. Most of the newly formed rock is granite and gneiss, but many ranges consist of limestone which also formed on the seabed. During the Ice Age, which started about a million years ago, the Alps were covered with a thick blanket of snow. Glaciers moved down valleys and made them wider and deeper. As they moved they took rock and other material with them, creating moraines. When glaciers started to melt water filled up behind these natural dams and created the alpine lakes we know today. The largest of these glaciers is the Aletsch in Switzerland which reaches a length of about 25 km. The longest glacier of the eastern Alps is the 8 km long Pasterze, at the foot of the Großglockner. The ice and snow of the alpine regions helped create the large rivers of today : the Rhine, Rhone, Danube and the Po. The Aletsch Glacier in Switzerland - Jo Simon on Flickr Climate In general, the Alps have a highlands climate . Higher areas are colder than the valleys and they get more rainfall and snow because cold air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air. Sometimes warm dry foehn winds, blow downward along the mountain sides. The air originates in the Mediterranean area, climbs over the southern Alps where it loses almost all of its moisture and on the back side becomes so dry and warm that its melts the snow and ice . This often leads to a rise in temperature of up to 20 °C in the colder valleys . Plants and vegetation Many kinds of plants grow in the various areas of the Alps. The valleys have rich, green pastures with beech and oak trees growing in the lower regions. These trees are deciduous, which means they lose their leaves each year. The higher areas are dominated by evergreens mainly spruce, pine and fir trees. Above the tree line, which is located between 1700 and 2000 meters above sea level you can find alpine meadows, mosses, shrubs and unique flowers like the Edelweiss. The highest parts of the Alps (regions above 2 800 metres) are covered with snow, ice and barren rock. Animals Animals living in alpine regions must become used to living in higher mountain locations. The ibex is a sturdy wild goat that lives above the tree line. alpine marmots are thick-bodied squirrels that hibernate in burrows. The chamois is a graceful animal that looks like an antelope. Alpine marmot - Dev Anubis Economy Farming is an important economic activity in valleys and on the sunny sides of the lower slopes. Small family farms are very common in alpine areas. The main crops are barley, oats and rye, as well as corn and wheat. Farmers also raise cattle, goats", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505008	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which song was a top 40 hit for both the Bee Gees in 1979 and Steps in 1998?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "4032 Bee Gees and Bee Gees related songs part 1 Lifes goin' nowhere. Somebody help me, yeah. Im stayin' alive. # 2. Ghetto Supastar - That Is What You Are ( Samples Islands In The Stream ) Michel Pras, Ol' Dirty Bastard & Mya Ghetto Superstar ( BRM ) Interscope 06-06-1998 NL # 1 ( 16 weeks ), US # 15 and UK # 2. The catchy beat and chorus by a then unknown Mya was irresistable, and the addition of Ol' Dirty delivering his famous weird rap flow was a good plus. # 3. Saved By The Bell Robin Gibb Robin's Reign & Salvato Dal Campanello ( R ) - Polydor 19-07-1969( NL # 1 ( 16 weeks ) and UK # 2. Robin Hugh Gibb CBE was born December 22, 1949, in Douglas, Isle of Man, the twin of Maurice Gibb. - Thank you Robin Gibb, RJ Gibb, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, 45 RSVP Voices, Cliff Masterson, Giuseppe Raffa, Aled Jones, Isabel Suckling and many others for this fantastic concert. # 4. Only One Woman The Marbles Marble-ized ( BRM ) - Polydor 21-09-1968( NL # 3 ( 17 weeks ) and UK # 5. Their debut release was titled \"Only One Woman\" and came out during August. Continental Europe and Japan had the pleasure of seeing what the duo looked like as the record was accompanied in a picture sleeve. The song was hit in various countries around the world. In the UK it peaked at No. 5. But it's highest position was in South Africa where it reached the No. 1 spot. YouTube # 5. Massachusetts Bee Gees Massachusetts ( BRM ) - Polydor 07-10-1967 NL # 1 ( 15 weeks ), UK # 1 and US # 11. A big single was \"Massachusetts,\" which launched the trio into superstardom. # 6. Spicks And Specks Bee Gees Startrack vol. 13 & Brilliant From Birth ( B ) - Polydor 01-04-1967 NL # 2 ( 15 weeks ). In September the Bee Gees single \"Spicks and Specks\" made its first appearance in Sydneys Top 40. It eventually climbed to number 3, spent nearly 5 months on the chart and was named Go-Sets Record of the Year and 2UEs (commercial radio station in Sydney) Best Australian group recording for 1966. It was issued in Britain on 24 February 1967, and became their first European chart entry. # 7. Woman In Love Barbra Streisand Guilty ( BR ) - CBS 27-09-1980 NL # 1 ( 14 weeks ), US Billboard # 1 and UK # 1. She had her biggest selling album in 1980 with Guilty, which was written and produced by Barry Gibb and contained the number one hit \"Woman in Love.\" YouTube # 8. Grease Frankie Valli Grease ( B ) - RSO 26-08-1978 NL #1 ( 14 weeks), US # 1 and UK # 3. In 1978, Frankie Valli scored again with the title track, \"Grease\", from the best selling soundtrack of the popular movie starring Olivia Newton-John and John Travolta. # 9. World I've Gotta Get A Message To You ( BRM ) - Pickwick 23-12-1967 NL # 1 ( 13 weeks ) and UK # 9. 1968 saw two major hits, \"World\" and \"I Gotta Get a Message to You\". These are the band's golden years before any of their unforgettable disco hits. # 10. Don't Forget To Remember Bee Gees Cucumber Castle ( BM ) - Polydor 30-08-1969 NL # 1 ( 13 weeks ) and UK # 2 1969: The Bee Gees hit the US charts with \"I Started A Joke,\" \"First Of May,\" \"Tomorrow Tomorrow\" and \"Don't Forget To Remember.\" 11. I've Gotta Get A Message To You Bee Gees I've Gotta Get A Message To You ( BRM ) Pickwick 24-8-", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505009	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the name of the area immediately surrounding a golf hole?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Parts of the golf course: Different shots and different rules About Us Parts of the Golf Course Playing it rough? Lost in a hazard? Different parts of the golf course ask for a different kind of game. The aim of the game – getting from tee to green as fast as possible - is pretty straight forward. Unfortunately, the ball often chooses a more roundabout way to get there. So on occasion, you may find yourself in “uncharted territory”. Some parts of the course have their own rules, like hazards. Parts of the Golf Course An overview: Tee box or teeing ground A closely mown flat area, often on a mount, from which you play your first shot. Each hole has more than one tee box. The color of the markers on the tee box indicate which one you’re playing from. You can tee up your ball anywhere between the 2 markers and up to 2 club lengths behind them (you can be standing outside this area). Fairway Short grass between tee and green that shows the actual lay-out of the hole. Hitting your ball from the fairway is easier, because there’s no long grass to interfere with your shot. A curve in the fairway is called a dog leg left or right. Colored markers indicate the distance you have left to get to the green. Quite often, only key distances like 200, 150 and 100 yards are marked. In other cases, exact yardages will be engraved on the sprinkler heads throughout the fairways. Green Putting surface with ultra short grass that surrounds the hole. Greens vary greatly in size and undulation. “Reading the green” means figuring out which way the ball will turn on the slopes, breaking away from of towards the cup. The type of grass used, the time of day and the presence of water around the green will all have an influence on your line of putting. Once your ball is on the green, remove the flag stick before playing your next shot. Otherwise letting your ball hit the pin will cost you a 2-stroke penalty. Some courses will use different colored flags to indicate whether the hole is in the front, middle or back of the green. Rough The parts of the golf course that are surrounding the fairways, with longer grass and even different kinds of vegetation. The rough is harder to play from, because the longer grass gets caught between the club face and the ball. In “deep” rough, it is recommended to use a higher lofted club to get out of it, even if that means giving up some distance. Hazards The hazards are the most feared parts of the golf course because they add strokes to your score. There are 2 types of hazards on the golf course: water hazards and bunkers. Water hazard: marked by yellow stakes. It is a body of water situated between you and the green. In other words, your ball has to cross the water to get to the green. If your ball end up in a water hazard, you can either replay the shot from its last position or drop the ball as far back as you like on the line that extends from the pin through the point where your ball crossed in to the water. In both cases, a penalty stroke is added. Lateral water hazard: marked by red stakes. This is a body of water that borders the hole you are playing. In other words, your ball does not cross the water to get to the hole. If your ball ends up in a lateral water hazard, you can either Replay the shot from its last position or drop the ball within 2 club-lengths (but not nearer the hole) of the point where the ball last crossed the hazard or drop the ball within 2 club-lengths of a point on the opposite side of the hazard at an equal distance from the hole. Again a penalty stroke is added in all cases. Fairway bunker: is not marked by stakes. It is an indentation or pit in the fairway, filled with sand. No penalty strokes are added to the score. Greenside bunker: sand trap in the immediate surrounding of the green. Playing from this hazard requires a sand wedge and a different set up. The same rule applies for shots from all hazards: you can not set down your club behind the ball before taking the shot. Grounding the club in a hazard would be considered “testing the conditions” and therefore incur a 2-stroke", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505010	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What are Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg collectively known as?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Why are Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg known as the Low Countries? - Quora Quora Written Jun 15, 2016 I wasn’t aware that Belgium and Luxembourg are still referred to as the lower countries but I will give you my best guess. Luxembourg and big parts of Belgium have been part of the Netherlands in the past (the Dutch King was head of state of Luxembourg till 1890 and set up his brother there to keep an eye on things). So why Low Country(ies), the western part of the Netherlands (Holland) is well below sea level, hence the name Nether (low in position) lands (countries). 612 Views · View Upvotes · Answer requested by Written May 3, 2016 The Benelux is often also referred to as the Low Countries for geographical reasons. If you open a map of the three countries, you'll see that there are no mountains, and hardly any hills. the highest point in the Low Countries is Signal de Botrange at 694 metres. Most parts are much lower, with significant portions laying below sea level (mainly in the Netherlands) The name historically originated to describe roughly the area comprising the mouths and estuaries of the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt. These were the low laying areas compared to the higher laying areas more inland in Europe. The Low Countries area usually includes present day Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, but sometimes gets extended to include parts of Northern France or contracted to only include Belgium and the Netherlands, depending on which source you ask.", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505011	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"In what city did Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier have a \"\"thrilling\"\" fight?\"", "role": "user" }, { "content": "ESPN Classic - Frazier battled Ali in timeless trilogy Frazier battled Ali in timeless trilogy By Mike Sielski Special to ESPN.com \"Joe Frazier would come out smoking. If you hit him, he liked it. If you knocked him down, you only made him mad,\" says George Foreman on ESPN Classic's SportsCentury series. In the ring, Joe Frazier was a bull who didn't need a red cape. Provocation or prodding wasn't necessary for him to come charging after the man in front of him, his head down, his fists acting as sharp horns and inflicting similar damage. Joe Frazier won the first of his three epic battles with Muhammad Ali. It was that relentlessness -- the near-total abandonment of duck-and-cover, the philosophy that one must absorb punishment before one can properly distribute it -- that defined Frazier's boxing career and has defined his life. It carried him to an Olympic gold medal and to the heavyweight championship of the world. And it was that relentlessness that made him the perfect foil for his nemesis, Muhammad Ali. Discussing Frazier's boxing career without bringing up Ali is like talking about Neil Armstrong without mentioning the moon. The two are forever linked, thanks to their three timeless bouts -- Frazier won only the first, and the third was a near-death experience for both of them -- the contrasting styles with which they fought, and the vitriol they hurled at each other for so long. For years, Frazier has voiced his bitterness over the way Ali had insulted him, over how Ali had called him \"ugly,\" \"a gorilla,\" and an \"Uncle Tom.\" His anger was never in fuller view than when Ali, stricken with Parkinson's disease, lit the Olympic flame at the 1996 Games in Atlanta, and Frazier said he would have liked to have \"pushed him in.\" \"Technically the loser of two of the three fights, [Frazier] seems not to understand that they ennobled him as much as they did Ali,\" wrote Pulitzer Prize-winning author David Halberstam, \"that the only way we know of Ali's greatness is because of Frazier's equivalent greatness, that in the end there was no real difference between the two of them as fighters, and when sports fans and historians think back, they will think of the fights as classics, with no identifiable winner or loser. These are men who, like it or not, have become prisoners of each other and those three nights.\" Born on Jan. 12, 1944, in Beaufort County, S.C., Joe was the 11th child of Rubin and Dolly Frazier. The Fraziers had a 12th child, David, who died of diphtheria at nine months old. Rubin was a sharecropper, who, according to Frazier's 1996 autobiography, \"Smokin' Joe,\" ran a moonshine still and grew \"this musk, which I figure now must've been tobacco or marijuana.\" By 1959, Joe was on his own, and that year, at 15, he moved to New York to live with an older brother, Tommy, and Tommy's wife, Ollie. He had a difficult time finding work, so difficult that he began stealing cars and selling them to a Brooklyn junkyard for $50 apiece. \"It got to a point, finally, where I was just too embarrassed to keep leaning on my brother,\" Frazier wrote. \"I decided to head to Philadelphia, where I had relatives that would put me up, and see if my luck would change.\" Did it ever. While working at a slaughterhouse, he punched sides of beef in a refrigerated room (giving Sylvester Stallone some inspiration for \"Rocky\") and took up bona-fide boxing in December 1961 when, 30 pounds overweight at 220, he entered a Police Athletic League gym in the city. Joe Frazier lands one of his trademark left hooks. A few months later, he met Yank Durham, a trainer at the gym. Durham turned Frazier into a champion, shortening his punches, improving his leverage, adding speed and power to what would become Frazier's signature weapon -- his famous left hook. Frazier began traveling around the country, boxing regularly. He was the Middle Atlantic Golden Gloves heavyweight champ for three straight years but lost to Buster Mathis in the finals of the 1964 U.S. Olympic Trials. However, during a subsequent exhibition bout between the two, Mathis injured his hand,", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505012	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The law of the sea divides it into three zones, internal Waters, territorial Waters and which other?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "NOAA Office of General Counsel International Section - Ballast Water - Maritime Zones and Boundaries Maritime Zones and Boundaries (NOAA Coastal Services Center) The maritime zones recognized under international law include internal waters , the territorial sea , the contiguous zone , the exclusive economic zone , the continental shelf , the high seas and the Area . With the exception of the high seas and the Area, each of these maritime zones is measured from the baseline determined in accordance with customary international law as reflected in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. The limits of these zones are officially depicted on NOAA nautical charts. The limits shown on the most recent chart edition takes precedence. For a description of the various U.S. maritime zones, as well as the Three Nautical Mile Line and Natural Resource Boundary , see the NOAA Coast Pilot (Chapter 1 in each volume) or review the information available on NOAA's link to download limits of the U.S. Digital Maritime Zones/Boundaries (source information for the NOAA nautical charts. ) The boundaries of these maritime zones between coastal nations are established through international agreements entered into by those nations. For the official description of the U.S. maritime boundaries with other nations contact the U.S. Department of State. Additional reference information: NOAA (Office of Coast Survey), U.S. Maritime Limits & Boundaries FAQ U.S. Department of Defense , Maritime Claims Reference Manual (information on maritime claims of coastal States) State Practice in Delimiting Maritime Zones (a database of the UN Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea) Baseline Generally speaking, the normal baseline is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State. Special rules for determining the baseline apply in a variety of circumstances, such as with bays, ports, mouths of rivers, deeply indented coastlines, fringing reefs, and roadsteads . Consistent with these rules, the U.S. baselines are the mean of the lower low tides as depicted on the largest scale NOAA nautical charts. The U.S. normal baselines are ambulatory and subject to changes as the coastline accretes and erodes. Internal Waters Internal waters are the waters on the landward side of the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Each coastal State has full sovereignty over its internal waters as if they were part of its land territory. The right of innocent passage does not apply in internal waters. Examples of internal waters include bays, rivers and even lakes that are connected to the sea, e.g., the Great Lakes . Territorial Sea Each coastal State may claim a territorial sea that extends seaward up to 12 nautical miles (nm) from its baselines. The coastal State exercises sovereignty over its territorial sea, the air space above it, and the seabed and subsoil beneath it. Foreign flag ships enjoy the right of innocent passage while transiting the territorial sea subject to laws and regulations adopted by the coastal State that are in conformity with the Law of the Sea Convention and other rules of international law relating to such passage. The U.S. claimed a 12 nm territorial sea in 1988 ( Presidential Proclamation No. 5928 , December 27, 1988). Additional reference information: Congressional Research Service, Legal Sidebar, Freedom of Navigation and Territorial Seas (May 18, 2015) Contiguous Zone Each coastal State may claim a contiguous zone adjacent to and beyond its territorial sea that extends seaward up to 24 nm from its baselines. In its contiguous zone, a coastal State may exercise the control necessary to prevent the infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea, and punish infringement of those laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea. Additionally, in order to control trafficking in archaeological and historical objects found at sea, a coastal State may", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505013	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which island group was once called the Somers Islands?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Bermuda - Bermuda > Bermuda takes its name from the Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez, who sighted the uninhabited islands either in 1503 or 1515. The Spanish did not claim the islands, but they soon became an important navigational landmark for galleons crossing the Atlantic between Spain and the New World. Since Bermuda is surrounded by dangerous reefs , nautical misadventures cast the Spanish ashore on several occasions and littered the sea bed with enough booty for some people to consider scuba diving in Bermuda more than a recreational sport. In 1609 Admiral Sir George Somers was en route from England with supplies for the recent British settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, when his ship, Sea Venture, was wrecked off Bermuda. Finding it a rather pleasant place to be washed up, the admiral built replacement ships of fine Bermuda cedar , sailed off and left a couple of men behind to establish a British claim to the islands. The experience of these temporary British castaways is thought to have inspired Shakespeare to write The Tempest. Somers returned to Bermuda later that same year but died soon after arrival. The British renamed Bermuda the Somers Islands in honor of the admiral, but the name failed to stick. The Virginia Company took a keen interest in the islands after hearing of their suitability for colonisation, particularly in light of Jamestown's hostile relations with the local Indians. Only three years after Somers' misadventure, the company organized 60 settlers to establish a permanent colony on the islands. Unfortunately the islands were not as abundant as was first thought. The shallow topsoil limited agriculture and the lack of water prevented commercial crops like sugar cane from being introduced. The settlers soon became reliant on food imports from the American colonies, which they paid for by supplying sea salt secured from the Turks Islands. For many years the Virginia Company, and then the Bermuda Company, ran the islands like a fiefdom. This wearied the settlers so much they sued to have the company's charter rescinded, and in 1684 Bermuda became a British crown colony. Slaves were first introduced in 1616, most of them brought forcibly from Africa though some were American Indians. They lived in degrading conditions but were generally employed as domestic servants or tradespeople rather than agricultural laborers. The skills they learnt were to stand them in good stead when slavery was abolished in 1834. At the time of emancipation 5000 of the 9000 people residing in Bermuda were registered on the census as black or 'coloured.' Despite Bermuda's reliance on trade with the American colonies, political bonds with Britain proved stronger during the American War of Independence when Bermuda remained loyal to the crown . During the War of 1812, the British Navy used Bermuda as a base from which to ransack Washington, DC. The Americans responded by confiscating the unprotected cargo of Bermuda's merchant fleet, devastating the local economy . The US Civil War proved more lucrative for the island. When the north blockaded southern ports, cotton traders employed small, fast vessels to outrun northern naval gunboats. These vessels were not capable of an Atlantic crossing, and Bermuda blossomed as a trans-shipment center on the blockade runners' route to England. Good at picking losers, the island's shortlived prosperity collapsed with the defeat of the South. Princess Louise, daughter of Queen Victoria, is credited with putting Bermuda on the tourist map after paying an extended visit to the islands in 1883. The princess was the wife of the Governor General of Canada and was keen to escape the long Canadian winter. By the turn of the century, Bermuda was well on the way to becoming a fashionable winter destination for 'snow birds,' who flocked aboard steamers crossing regularly from New York to Hamilton . Bermuda's strategic location in the Atlantic secured it a r", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505014	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In a standard game of chess, how many pawns does each player start with?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "How to Play Chess: Rules and Basics - Chess.com Chess.com Forums Learn to Play Chess It's never too late to learn how to play chess - the most popular game in the world! If you are totally new to the game or even want to learn all of the rules and strategies, read on! Getting Better at Chess History of Chess The origins of chess are not exactly clear, though most believe it evolved from earlier chess-like games played in India almost two thousand years ago.The game of chess we know today has been around since the 15th century where it became popular in Europe. The Goal of Chess Chess is a game played between two opponents on opposite sides of a board containing 64 squares of alternating colors. Each player has 16 pieces: 1 king, 1 queen, 2 rooks, 2 bishops, 2 knights, and 8 pawns. The goal of the game is to checkmate the other king. Checkmate happens when the king is in a position to be captured (in check) and cannot escape from capture. Starting a Game At the beginning of the game the chessboard is laid out so that each player has the white (or light) color square in the bottom right-hand side. The chess pieces are then arranged the same way each time. The second row (or rank) is filled with pawns. The rooks go in the corners, then the knights next to them, followed by the bishops, and finally the queen, who always goes on her own matching color (white queen on white, black queen on black), and the king on the remaining square. The player with the white pieces always moves first. Therefore, players generally decide who will get to be white by chance or luck such as flipping a coin or having one player guess the color of the hidden pawn in the other player's hand. White then makes a move, followed by black, then white again, then black and so on until the end of the game. How the Pieces Move Each of the 6 different kinds of pieces moves differently. Pieces cannot move through other pieces (though the knight can jump over other pieces), and can never move onto a square with one of their own pieces. However, they can be moved to take the place of an opponent's piece which is then captured. Pieces are generally moved into positions where they can capture other pieces (by landing on their square and then replacing them), defend their own pieces in case of capture, or control important squares in the game. The King The king is the most important piece, but is one of the weakest. The king can only move one square in any direction - up, down, to the sides, and diagonally. Click on the '>' button in the diagram below to see how the king can move around the board. The king may never move himself into check (where he could be captured). The Queen The queen is the most powerful piece. She can move in any one straight direction - forward, backward, sideways, or diagonally - as far as possible as long as she does not move through any of her own pieces. And, like with all pieces, if the queen captures an opponent's piece her move is over. Click through the diagram below to see how the queens move. Notice how the white queen captures the black queen and then the black king is forced to move. The Rook The rook may move as far as it wants, but only forward, backward, and to the sides. The rooks are particularly powerful pieces when they are protecting each other and working together! The Bishop The bishop may move as far as it wants, but only diagonally. Each bishop starts on one color (light or dark) and must always stay on that color. Bishops work well together because they cover up each other’s weaknesses. The Knight Knights move in a very different way from the other pieces – going two squares in one direction, and then one more move at a 90 degree angle, just like the shape of an “L”. Knights are also the only pieces that can move over other pieces. The Pawn Pawns are unusual because they move and capture in different ways: they move forward, but capture diagonally. Pawns can only move forward one square at a time, except for their very first move where they can move forward two squares. Pawns can only capture one square diagonally", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505015	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Columbia University is in which US city?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Columbia University in the City of New York Columbia University in the City of New York Search for people, departments & websites Submit", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505016	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"Which 18th-century dictionary compiler defined himself as a \"\"harmless drudge\"\"?\"", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Depatment Meeting Jeopardy Jeopardy Template What is the number of days of summer? 93 What is the year the school was establishe? 1926 What is an alternate Acronym? Shhh,Texas, Ain't, Assessing, Rigor Which 18th century dictionary compiler defined himself as a \"harmless drudge\"? Samuel Johnson What is the number of days in a row we will be away from Lanier for Winter Break? 16 What is the hottest month of summer? July What are jobs held by Sidney Lanier? Lawyer, Soldier, Poet, Musician What are the 2 types of writing? Personal and Expository What pen name was used by the Spanish orator Dolores Ibarruri, who said \"It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees\"? La Pasionaria What is your favorite place you have been on Winter Break? ? What is the most popular vacation spot according to The Travel Channel? Paris What is the 3rd floor? Common place for the ghost What is the number of questions on the 6th grade reading test? 48 Which author had the real name Charles Dodgson? Lewis Carroll What is the duration between the Winter Olympics? 4 years What is the number of school days until summer? 104 What was the location of the cafeteria? Previously located in the library What is meeting the growth measure? Number of questions a student must get correct Elvis Presley, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mary Tyler Moore, Ernest Hemingway, Jackie Gleason and Jerry Garcia all suffered from this medical condition? Diabetes Who was the author of the quintessential winter song, Jingle Bells? James Lord Pierpont", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505017	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The Virginia Native American, Matoaka, aka Amonute, captured by the English 1613, becoming Rebecca Rolfe (c1595-1617), is better known by what name (also a 1995 Disney film)?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "1000+ images about story of me on Pinterest \| Statue of, The father and Portrait Forward Pocahontas (1595?- 1617) - The daughter of a powerful Powhatan Indian Chief in Virginia, she was born in the Tidewater region of Virginia around 1595 and was called Matoaka. However, at an early age she took on the nickname of Pocahontas, meaning \"Little-wanton,\" for her playful and frolicsome nature, and was considered an \"Indian Princess\" in pop culture. See More", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505018	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which is the third largest of the Channel Islands?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Alderney, The Third Largest of the Channel Islands \| Goista.com Alderney, The Third Largest of the Channel Islands On May 1, 2015 image source: en.wikipedia.org Alderney is one of the Channel Islands, officially some piece of the Balliwick of Guernsey. Alderney is the third biggest of the Channel Islands, and the most northerly. It is frequently said that Alderney is the main Channel Island since it is the stand out that is really in the English Channel/La Manche. (Guernsey, Jersey and the littler islands are really in the Bay of St Malo). There are no urban areas on Alderney. The island itself is just 3 miles in length by 1.5 wide. The primary amassing of houses and shops is in the focal point of the Island in the town of St Anne – regularly alluded to just as ‘Town’. The Parish of St Anne’s incorporates the entire of the Island. image source: commons.wikimedia.org Because of its area in the English Channel and its vicinity to the French port of Cherbourg, it has frequently been seen to be deliberately imperative, regardless of the tricky waters that encompass it. In the 19th century, an extensive jetty – the longest in the British Isles – was manufactured at Braye keeping in mind the end goal to frame a harbor shielded from the Swinge tidal race. Despite the fact that it was never finished, its staggering remains frame the advanced harbor. Amid World War II the island was involved by German powers, including the SS, and four constrained work camps were fabricated. Albeit not an elimination camp in the same sense as e.g. Dachau and Buchenwald, a lot of constrained workers, especially from Eastern Europe, were attempted to death, and there is a dedication to them close to Saye which is an absolute necessity see. The uninhabited islet of Burhou, off the northwest end of the island, is an imperative settling range for seabirds. The previous rancher’s bungalow on Burhou can be leased from the Government, and is utilized for ‘make tracks in an opposite direction from it all’ occasions by various Alderney occupants. Toward the south of the islands, differentiating Alderney from the Cherbourg landmass, is the Alderney Race (Raz), infamous for is greatly solid streams and unpleasant oceans. In spite of the dangers introduced by Alderney’s rough coastline and the risks of the Swinge and Race, Braye harbor is a prevalent destination for yachtsmen and in summer the harbor is loaded with pontoons of different sorts, from little RIBs to multimillion pound extravagance yachts. image source: www.globeimages.net Despite the fact that the Auregniais (Alderney Norman-French) dialect in the long run vanished in the early piece of the 20th century, the signs prompting Town are bilingual, perusing ‘Town/La Ville’, apparently to support going to French yachtsmen and day-trippers. The ward of St Anne is served by a sublime, very nearly church building like area church in the inside of Town. Alderney is a little island , and in great climate, there’s truly no place that isn’t inside strolling separation. Bikes can likewise be enlisted. Alderney is likely one of the most secure destinations you can visit. Wrongdoing is uncommon and the little wrongdoing is genuinely minor. Individuals for the most part leave entryways opened and frequently leave vehicles unsecured with the keys in the ignition. Amid the mid year, there is a general bus service round the island and even a route service in the middle of Braye and the north of the island. image source: commons.wikimedia.org Here are the highlights: 1. Fort Clonque. A 19th-century seaside fort, worked via Landmark Trust. 2. Alderney observes Alderney Week toward the start of August consistently. From one viewpoint, this gives a far reaching project of occasions and merriments, yet in the meantime can make it hard to book settlement and practically difficult to make evening eatery reservations unless done well ahead of time. 3. There is a pleasant scope of eateries, from bistros to keen choice sustenance. There are no “chains” of fast food, no McDonalds, no Burger King, Pizza Hut and so forth. Every", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505019	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Pied is French for which part of the body?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Le corps - body parts in French labelling activity and flashcard activity by Rushtini - Teaching Resources - TES 4.6 36 ratings (1) Labelling parts of the body activity: could be used in conjunction with singing \"heads, shoulders, knees and toes\" (in French - Tête, épaules, genoux, et pieds, genoux et pieds (feet instead of toes in French version). See: http://www.songsforteaching.com/french/teteepaulesgenouxpieds.htm (2) Flashcard activity: Put the powerpoint presentation in slideshow view and hit \"S\" to stop randomly on a part of the skeleton's body (hit \"s\" again to return to random slides). Revise vocab, practice singular and plural versions of body vocab. (Just makes flashcards more appealing to ch). Could be adapted for any language. Categories", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505020	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; According to the Bible, how many pieces of silver did each of the Philistines offer Delilah to find out where Samson’s strength lay?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "15. Samson Brings Down the House (Judges 16) \| Bible.org 15. Samson Brings Down the House (Judges 16) Related Media Introduction The Bible does not read like a fairy tale and most certainly the Book of Judges does not. The way our author tells the story chapter 16 does not end with a “happily ever after” for Samson. 1 So lest we hesitate to even begin this message, let me start with the good news: 32 And what more shall I say? For time will fail me if I tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, of David and Samuel and the prophets. 33 Through faith they conquered kingdoms, administered justice, gained what was promised, shut the mouths of lions, 34 quenched raging fire, escaped the edge of the sword, gained strength in weakness, became mighty in battle, put foreign armies to flight (Hebrews 11:32-34, emphasis mine). 2 Let’s face it, from what we have read in Judges, we might not expect to see Gideon, Samson, or Jephthah in heaven, but the writer to the Hebrews tells us that they will be there. These men are listed among those who are included in the hall of faith, and faith pleases God. 3 I am inclined to read Hebrews 11 in such a way as to conclude that it was Samson who, by faith, “gained strength in weakness.” I am also inclined to read Judges in such a way that Samson does not come to faith until the final moments of his life, which would mean that he came to faith during the events described in our text! Never was Samson weaker than he was as he stood between the two supporting columns of that Philistine “temple of doom” in Gaza. His eyes had been gouged out, and he was undoubtedly shackled in chains. Here is the time when Samson really “gained strength in [his] weakness.” 4 I start with this because we can read Judges 16 knowing that Samson came to faith in the end and that in spite of his many flaws, he is one of those chosen to eternal life. Whatever else Samson was and did, he ended up in the hall of faith. And here is where our text should encourage us as well. I’ll speak to this at the end of this message. A Brief Review We were introduced to Samson’s parents in chapter 13. There, the Angel of the Lord appeared first to Manoah’s wife, and eventually Manoah was able to speak with the Angel as well. The Angel promised Manoah that although his wife was barren, she would give birth to a very special child. This child was to be a Nazirite from the time of his conception. Samson’s parents appear to be godly people who sincerely desired to raise their son in the fear of the Lord. The Spirit of the Lord began working in Samson’s life sometime in his youth, but the exact nature of the Spirit’s “stirring” (or “control”) is not stated. While the reader’s hopes are high after such an impressive beginning, our author quickly dispels any illusions about Samson’s piety. When Samson saw a Philistine woman in Timnath, he decided that this was the woman he wanted for his wife. In spite of his parents’ objections, Samson insisted on them getting this woman for him. The whole wedding attempt was a miserable failure when viewed from Samson’s fleshly point of view. The week-long wedding celebration ended on a sour note when the groom’s guests forced his wife to persuade Samson to reveal the answer to his riddle. Samson met his obligation by killing 30 Philistines and giving his guests their clothing. Samson then went home in anger. When his anger subsided (and his passion revived), he took a young goat and set off to visit his bride (to consummate their union). Samson was shocked and enraged to learn that his wife had been given to his best man. This prompted Samson to set the Philistines’ farmlands ablaze by the use of 300 foxes (or jackals). In retaliation, the Philistines burned Samson’s “wife” and father-in-law to death. Now Samson felt justified to attack an unspecified number of Philistines and kill them. The Philistines formed a posse to pursue Samson into Israelite territory. The men of Judah did not want to engage the Philistines in battle, and so they agreed to hand Samson over to them. When the men of Judah came upon Sams", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505021	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"Which city would you go to to see \"\"Grant's Tomb\"\", a memorial to Ulysses S Grant, once President of the USA?\"", "role": "user" }, { "content": "General Grant National Memorial, New York City 26 Insider Tips, Photos and Reviews Brooklyn Bridge Guided Bike Tour \"This 2-hour tour takes you up in the air above New York City! The entire New York Harbor will be visible including the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Staten Island the port of Brooklyn and several miles of the New Jersey coastline. Descend into Brooklyn seeing NYC’s Financial District from across the river followed by historic houses of Brooklyn Heights. You will return over the bridge New York City Luxury Bus Tour and Harbor Cruise \"Your experience will begin by boarding a state-of-the-art luxury vehicle. You will be greeted by a licensed professional NYC tour guide and start your adventure to get to know the city of New York.During the tour you will find out information abo the Metropolitan Museum of Art Grand Central Terminal Madison Square Park Wall Street the 9/11 Memorial and more. Continue your experience on a 1-hour guided sightseeing cruise of New York Harbor. Take in the city's most amazing views as you admire the famous Manhattan skyline passing iconic New York attractions including the Statue of Liberty Viator VIP: NYC Night Helicopter Flight and Statue of Liberty Cruise \"Your adventure begins at the Downtown Heliport at Pier 6 when you board a luxury helicopter for a 15-minute helicopter flight. Your helicopter flight takes place after dark offering you views of the magnificent New York skyline lit up at night. Listen to your friendly pilot share fascinating facts and anecdotes as you spot some of the city's most famous sights. Marvel at sensational views of the Brooklyn Bridge and World Financial Center Chelsea Piers Time Warner Center and Ground Zero as well as New Jersey attractions such as the Goldman Sachs Tower Colgate Clock and Liberty State Park. After your helicopter ride", "role": "assistant" } ]
trivia_qa_1505022	[ { "content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the title of the play by Arthur Miller set around the Salem Witch trials of 1692?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Crucible by Arthur Miller THE CRUCIBLE by Arthur Miller (1952) Top picture: E.G Marshall, Arthur Kennedy, and Beatrice Straight in the 1953 Broadway production. Bottom picture: Arthur Miller. In 1953, Arthur Miller's play \"The Crucible\" ran on Broadway at the Martin Beck. Despite being a box office success and acclaimed by critics and audiences alike, it was considered second-best to his prior \"Death of a Salesman.\" As Brook Atkinson for the New York Times reported the day after the opening, \"[T]he theme does not develop with the simple eloquence of 'Death of a Salesman.'\" Although the events of the play are based on the events that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, Miller was liberal in his fictionalization of those events. For example, many of the accusations of witchcraft in the play are driven by the affair between farmer, husband, and father John Proctor (Arthur Kennedy), and the Minister's teenage niece Abigail Williams (Madeleine Sherwood); however, in real life Williams was probably about eleven at the time of the accusations and Proctor was over sixty, which makes it most unlikely that there was ever any such relationship. Miller himself said, \"The play is not reportage of any kind .... [n]obody can start to write a tragedy and hope to make it reportage .... what I was doing was writing a fictional story about an important theme.\" The \"important theme\" that Miller was writing about was clear to many observers in 1953 at the play's opening. It was written in response to Senator McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee's crusade against supposed communist sympathizers. Despite the obvious political criticisms contained within the play, most critics felt that \"The Crucible\" was \"a self contained play about a terrible period in American history.\" The Crucible (The Movie) Over twenty years after the opening of the play, the eighty-one-year-old Miller wrote the screenplay for the production of a movie version of \"The Crucible.\" As was the play, the movie is a fictionalized version of the events of Salem in 1692. Additionally, the movie was been changed from the play in some minor respects. For example, the movie opens with a scene of the town girls sneaking into the woods and participating is a ritualistic dance with the slave woman Tituba--until they are all caught by the minister. In the play this scene was referred to, but not performed. Another change is that the Slave woman Tituba is portrayed as black, when she was actually an Indian. Although hailed by some, the movie was not as well received as was the play. One critic stated, \"This filmic redux of Miller's theatrical parable is somewhat out of place on the modern landscape. What was no doubt a powerful and emotive effort in the 1950s, when it was written as a scathing critique of Senator McCarthy's crusade against supposed communist sympathizers, falls flat in the '90s.\" Even the star-studded cast was not enough to save the film for some. \"Winona Ryder and Daniel Day-Lewis star in this two-hour yelling match between good and evil. Not recommended for those with a low tolerance for '50s-style misogyny and moralistic posturing.\" Not all were so harsh. Another reviewer stated, \"With a head on its shoulders and the rawest emotions in its craw, Miller's stage hit \"The Crucible\" has become a cinematic grabber for grown-ups (**** out of four).\" For a complete list of the cast and clips from the 1996 film, see", "role": "assistant" } ]

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