paper_id
uint32
0
5.29k
title
stringlengths
14
183
authors
listlengths
1
36
abstract
large_stringlengths
246
3.59k
type
stringclasses
3 values
arxiv_id
stringlengths
10
10
github
stringclasses
641 values
project_page
stringclasses
244 values
space_ids
listlengths
0
3
model_ids
listlengths
0
12
dataset_ids
listlengths
0
6
embedding
listlengths
768
768
5,100
Self-Adapting Language Models
[ "Adam Zweiger", "Jyothish Pari", "Han Guo", "Yoon Kim", "Pulkit Agrawal" ]
Large language models (LLMs) are powerful but static; they lack mechanisms to adapt their weights in response to new tasks, knowledge, or examples. We introduce **Se**lf-**A**dapting **L**LMs (SEAL), a framework that enables LLMs to self-adapt by restructuring, filtering, and selectively generating training data for themselves. Given a new input, the model produces a *self-edit*, which may rewrite or restructure content directly, or invoke tools for data augmentation and finetuning. These self-edits drive targeted gradient updates, and a reinforcement-learning meta-optimization loop refines the policy that generates them, where the reward comes from the post-update model performance. SEAL leverages the model's autoregressive generation to take information and create weight-update directives that steer its own adaptation. Evaluations on knowledge incorporation and few-shot task learning indicate that SEAL is a promising step toward LLMs capable of autonomous adaptation.
poster
2506.10943
null
https://jyopari.github.io/posts/seal
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.02779715694487095, -0.013199182227253914, -0.012185491621494293, 0.027611518278717995, 0.056415025144815445, 0.04714585468173027, 0.03288134187459946, 0.004847950767725706, -0.04072527214884758, -0.008112382143735886, -0.03621542826294899, 0.05080833658576012, -0.05527809262275696, -0.04185301810503006, 0.0019557399209588766, 0.04753037169575691, 0.02344055101275444, 0.016168639063835144, 0.02520548366010189, 0.004214204847812653, -0.01410403847694397, 0.011480998247861862, 0.04108557105064392, 0.02316424995660782, 0.025382978841662407, 0.021380215883255005, 0.035587459802627563, 0.018969204276800156, -0.028429465368390083, 0.0011241909814998507, 0.04055190831422806, -0.026051802560687065, 0.013661153614521027, 0.01207404863089323, -0.00017416583432350308, -0.004717578645795584, -0.032384395599365234, -0.017106464132666588, 0.012263135053217411, 0.004718943033367395, -0.04283682256937027, 0.02419181913137436, -0.026890745386481285, 0.002619484905153513, -0.05691366642713547, -0.009198359213769436, -0.11568732559680939, -0.004812091588973999, 0.006059005856513977, -0.06763061881065369, -0.11314171552658081, 0.017829252406954765, 0.0035174009390175343, -0.04623493552207947, 0.010487006045877934, 0.02749032899737358, 0.05097392946481705, -0.10666917264461517, 0.0029561547562479973, -0.025808941572904587, -0.06296774744987488, 0.021956728771328926, -0.02457822859287262, 0.0029526834841817617, -0.009745716117322445, -0.013925844803452492, 0.015049205161631107, 0.01908673346042633, -0.06505396217107773, -0.04730048403143883, -0.0499928742647171, 0.001720165484584868, -0.010269522666931152, 0.007165960501879454, 0.009241527877748013, -0.058696962893009186, 0.01255332212895155, 0.0355198048055172, 0.04955333471298218, -0.00967738963663578, -0.00021474661480169743, 0.0520230270922184, 0.01855216547846794, 0.0525241382420063, 0.013397734612226486, 0.0005874609341844916, -0.016063449904322624, -0.03569173067808151, -0.06805495917797089, 0.023769162595272064, -0.0030234844889491796, -0.05833912640810013, 0.026367921382188797, 0.020621895790100098, 0.030815795063972473, -0.005944308824837208, 0.01806005649268627, 0.04754436016082764, -0.01677999272942543, -0.0005969204939901829, -0.046019040048122406, -0.04165004938840866, 0.035878077149391174, -0.0005364192766137421, -0.10598138719797134, 0.001070787780918181, -0.005642404314130545, 0.0064322613179683685, -0.011685159988701344, -0.011031742207705975, -0.00916531402617693, -0.036556676030159, 0.019892392680048943, -0.027893343940377235, -0.06610123813152313, 0.006196115165948868, 0.013857193291187286, 0.0451362282037735, 0.008717997930943966, -0.0003584129153750837, 0.014995496720075607, 0.011482327245175838, -0.0021393108181655407, 0.07259800285100937, -0.021836815401911736, 0.00014188997738528997, 0.013878905214369297, 0.035956282168626785, -0.03293812647461891, -0.02825724147260189, 0.0046296087093651295, 0.06226717680692673, -0.011899800039827824, 0.034046515822410583, -0.01182907447218895, 0.02565842494368553, 0.02632587030529976, 0.017621157690882683, 0.04542765021324158, 0.015355484560132027, -0.00442781625315547, 0.021025199443101883, 0.07841693609952927, 0.019129307940602303, 0.07692565768957138, 0.0036996612325310707, -0.03813920170068741, -0.009452193044126034, -0.0500771589577198, -0.0141531340777874, 0.030632250010967255, 0.0006325490539893508, -0.00649982551112771, -0.05239671468734741, 0.043422237038612366, 0.059620000422000885, 0.009819800965487957, 0.016398398205637932, -0.0025812676176428795, 0.024106182157993317, 0.0015174677828326821, 0.010946037247776985, -0.059062786400318146, 0.0011657364666461945, 0.0025610625743865967, -0.07603540271520615, 0.005308911204338074, -0.00859621912240982, -0.007298035081475973, -0.020755792036652565, -0.024115776643157005, -0.02483491040766239, 0.06223452836275101, -0.027514025568962097, -0.04385348781943321, -0.012014215812087059, 0.06852096319198608, 0.021503904834389687, 0.04676305502653122, 0.04929446056485176, -0.07924072444438934, 0.01563417911529541, 0.00816935021430254, -0.0037036340218037367, 0.026923274621367455, -0.04060908406972885, 0.07371781766414642, -0.02958238683640957, 0.013482557609677315, 0.012877781875431538, -0.09138321131467819, 0.005142585840076208, 0.021849965676665306, -0.010277590714395046, 0.05999034270644188, -0.015113919042050838, -0.006630899850279093, 0.06089788302779198, 0.0221626628190279, 0.07377224415540695, 0.04564068838953972, -0.01810462586581707, 0.05310643091797829, -0.010241773910820484, -0.004654015880078077, 0.01894065923988819, 0.01044600922614336, -0.056340541690588, -0.03482627868652344, 0.013423016294836998, -0.03914530575275421, 0.024345312267541885, 0.025138158351182938, 0.005255245137959719, -0.0113285593688488, 0.004058086778968573, -0.022656867280602455, -0.0063853077590465546, 0.004042918793857098, -0.05108087137341499, 0.034045759588479996, 0.024198342114686966, -0.03243618085980415, -0.005059452727437019, -0.03555196523666382, 0.0805077776312828, 0.05280543863773346, -0.03792743384838104, -0.026903990656137466, 0.011691732332110405, 0.005569531582295895, -0.018030880019068718, 0.009420612826943398, -0.011959877796471119, 0.033279355615377426, -0.012801505625247955, 0.018622534349560738, -0.03286309167742729, 0.026004839688539505, -0.03252246230840683, -0.002467482117936015, 0.06642894446849823, -0.037963733077049255, 0.07479047030210495, -0.021718718111515045, 0.04018693044781685, 0.054675351828336716, -0.003697330830618739, -0.008494052104651928, -0.03805388882756233, -0.014967759139835835, -0.005050670821219683, -0.0003513999399729073, -0.01766994409263134, 0.003383064176887274, -0.04957060515880585, -0.04162831977009773, -0.025252673774957657, 0.05680181831121445, 0.04777294769883156, 0.012049657292664051, 0.005298133939504623, -0.000004953585630573798, -0.03258032351732254, 0.02682645618915558, -0.09084980189800262, -0.009177297353744507, 0.004270663484930992, 0.0045556072145700455, -0.00021744935656897724, 0.005529356189072132, 0.004319675732403994, 0.02278408221900463, -0.03604641184210777, -0.000036454795917961746, 0.023861760273575783, 0.0387665219604969, -0.014417407102882862, -0.04672453552484512, -0.006816889625042677, -0.005049767903983593, 0.03971713036298752, -0.039028335362672806, -0.02682548388838768, -0.021133815869688988, -0.06508529186248779, -0.011573433876037598, -0.05021391808986664, -0.023854775354266167, 0.002312097931280732, 0.03415386378765106, 0.020103570073843002, -0.020313845947384834, 0.015207186341285706, 0.029959285631775856, 0.049648724496364594, 0.04581848904490471, 0.0028599798679351807, -0.0029966027941554785, 0.05439568683505058, -0.017348889261484146, -0.0010648573515936732, -0.0007339048315770924, 0.07034171372652054, -0.009596675634384155, -0.0004013889410998672, 0.019403524696826935, -0.003056527813896537, -0.2522979974746704, -0.005201165098696947, 0.03154342249035835, -0.025510933250188828, 0.018702875822782516, 0.0002090831840177998, 0.06122007220983505, -0.017391370609402657, -0.05418151617050171, 0.007281328551471233, 0.00513107143342495, 0.0511670857667923, 0.02022738754749298, 0.0394524410367012, 0.05081712827086449, 0.039156224578619, -0.004411058966070414, -0.015512309968471527, 0.004835571628063917, 0.03125358000397682, -0.004921274725347757, -0.058010295033454895, -0.010286937467753887, 0.05041709914803505, -0.005438216030597687, 0.07352961599826813, -0.08630505949258804, -0.0013839368475601077, -0.03407374396920204, 0.020730258896946907, -0.0446966290473938, -0.014453680254518986, 0.002285867929458618, 0.011686163023114204, -0.008655915036797523, 0.006640436127781868, 0.04394974932074547, -0.0005908725433982909, 0.06842754781246185, -0.007096043787896633, 0.0013494950253516436, -0.021146215498447418, -0.028526615351438522, 0.007030781824141741, 0.062106531113386154, 0.019978977739810944, -0.0699802041053772, -0.01036134734749794, 0.005569165572524071, 0.04971662536263466, 0.0008895397186279297, -0.03673933818936348, -0.010902902111411095, 0.018724029883742332, 0.05011524632573128, -0.016045592725276947, 0.024336183443665504, -0.040183477103710175, -0.017321528866887093, 0.005273403134196997, 0.022294994443655014, -0.032008904963731766, -0.03614246845245361, -0.031805526465177536, -0.004285862203687429, -0.034935254603624344, -0.043799273669719696, -0.040485359728336334, 0.054197438061237335, 0.052179984748363495, -0.039864588528871536, 0.016450783237814903, -0.013332182541489601, -0.0818224623799324, 0.00023286935174837708, -0.022849837318062782, -0.030821872875094414, -0.018240243196487427, -0.005844258237630129, 0.037576038390398026, -0.048100266605615616, -0.04356887936592102, -0.01940174214541912, 0.012058931402862072, 0.04698164761066437, -0.0417635515332222, 0.02379518561065197, -0.06078117713332176, -0.03665459528565407, -0.058551110327243805, 0.02703191712498665, 0.010031708516180515, -0.003677582135424018, 0.02162434533238411, 0.07191357761621475, 0.039165277034044266, 0.013589241541922092, 0.05322994664311409, 0.05400880426168442, -0.005494371056556702, 0.021078160032629967, -0.07619744539260864, 0.00854460895061493, -0.00010028022370534018, -0.01913660392165184, 0.03293289616703987, -0.05512835830450058, -0.034382425248622894, 0.030256764963269234, 0.014136748388409615, -0.03355875238776207, -0.02306295931339264, 0.005919693969190121, -0.0021794072818011045, -0.03145013749599457, -0.01674315705895424, -0.014758449047803879, 0.02912009507417679, 0.023202773183584213, -0.022085975855588913, -0.02566179446876049, 0.05340090021491051, -0.017629604786634445, 0.007200723979622126, 0.010281789116561413, -0.0325663760304451, 0.012923382222652435, -0.02301304042339325, -0.0021611202973872423, -0.011481714434921741, 0.03594144061207771, 0.010742025449872017, -0.004443444311618805, -0.00037896959111094475, 0.05562538653612137, 0.011028051376342773, 0.009659248404204845, -0.014248108491301537, 0.005631641484797001, 0.0052539994940161705, -0.02113930694758892, -0.001386443735100329, 0.046128176152706146, 0.0038721305318176746, 0.01629791222512722, 0.0007161017856560647, 0.028804494068026543, 0.0008241563336923718, 0.008084814064204693, 0.0213316697627306, 0.036503154784440994, -0.037789978086948395, -0.006293192971497774, -0.036328841000795364, 0.05517440289258957, -0.018498091027140617, 0.015426515601575375, -0.037384990602731705, 0.04741832613945007, -0.05762559920549393, 0.01904143951833248, -0.026219544932246208, -0.024101199582219124, 0.022307662293314934, 0.04443797469139099, 0.02453206293284893, -0.06248805671930313, -0.003912781365215778, 0.04471376910805702, 0.03871683403849602, 0.0008441813406534493, -0.012128278613090515, -0.02244284190237522, -0.01760099269449711, -0.043652698397636414, -0.026545140892267227, 0.007664286531507969, -0.03188895806670189, -0.031052475795149803, 0.05112909898161888, 0.03065679967403412, -0.04363999888300896, -0.0004000362241640687, 0.0005008770967833698, 0.08309455960988998, 0.0034738562535494566, 0.003365716664120555, 0.0012880621943622828, -0.060518279671669006, 0.024253496900200844, 0.01699221320450306, -0.010387914255261421, -0.039733923971652985, -0.052744533866643906, -0.036162953823804855, -0.023514846339821815, 0.019042812287807465, 0.015843527391552925, -0.0092075290158391, 0.000030178780434653163, -0.021200265735387802, -0.007025693077594042, -0.05109924450516701, -0.019419025629758835, 0.03787526115775108, -0.07613447308540344, 0.0009046522900462151, 0.01087619736790657, 0.023463638499379158, 0.057633768767118454, -0.04121697321534157, -0.011162996292114258, -0.04953237995505333, -0.01623748429119587, 0.04471376910805702, -0.028140190988779068, -0.031023595482110977, -0.02088041976094246, -0.014664946123957634, -0.0023886305280029774, 0.03308650851249695, 0.0032907777931541204, 0.0053344601765275, -0.021332422271370888, 0.01658579707145691, 0.04062994569540024, -0.05608600005507469, -0.009620271623134613, 0.016962474212050438, -0.03920741379261017, 0.029646141454577446, -0.057045429944992065, 0.023312488570809364, 0.03745059669017792, 0.015044831670820713, 0.0034663050901144743, -0.047562457621097565, 0.04588105157017708, -0.002296596998348832, -0.028065521270036697, 0.0173333827406168, -0.004134695511311293, -0.01775207184255123, 0.013265393674373627, 0.01051932293921709, 0.03553039953112602, -0.0053777992725372314, 0.02036777324974537, 0.011182928457856178, 0.0014959073159843683, 0.033089205622673035, 0.011835710145533085, -0.03856280818581581, 0.007033053785562515, 0.07058734446763992, -0.031007712706923485, -0.044672995805740356, -0.07526227086782455, -0.044279348105192184, 0.0219318438321352, 0.001829345477744937, 0.02074981853365898, -0.05066294968128204, 0.046299371868371964, 0.03126959502696991, 0.03144273906946182, 0.013737625442445278, -0.009775578044354916, 0.020491784438490868, -0.03865460306406021, -0.01241967361420393, -0.054488468915224075, -0.02953760139644146, 0.07568038254976273, -0.027188792824745178, 0.008993856608867645, -0.0026424950920045376, -0.04656325280666351, 0.031260229647159576, 0.008291256614029408, -0.04398851469159126, 0.009334530681371689, -0.008873811922967434, -0.005402020178735256, 0.04907391592860222, -0.06324009597301483, -0.008390512317419052, -0.01753791980445385, -0.04566727578639984, -0.008395516313612461, 0.0007385028293356299, 0.056658610701560974, -0.012220649980008602, 0.01371596846729517, -0.044183943420648575, 0.0052444059401750565, -0.00165550468955189, 0.0558604821562767, 0.03422625735402107, 0.03670975938439369, -0.01692730002105236, 0.06682749837636948, 0.02137039415538311, 0.04564858227968216, 0.006040260195732117, -0.004695059731602669, -0.034632857888936996, -0.05850117653608322, 0.07147999107837677, -0.02739868126809597, -0.0016854399582371116, -0.027839690446853638, 0.07200058549642563, 0.048004478216171265, -0.0504097118973732, -0.006227680016309023, 0.023911692202091217, -0.05431390181183815, -0.02417754754424095, -0.0014374770689755678, 0.012309059500694275, -0.039308082312345505, 0.060564540326595306, 0.05904780328273773, 0.04811073839664459, 0.05405771732330322, 0.00030899624107405543, -0.00530671700835228, -0.017169471830129623, 0.06605479121208191, 0.057083528488874435, 0.05876842886209488, -0.010760254226624966, 0.05944748967885971, -0.04513825848698616, -0.044639378786087036, 0.05475786700844765, 0.05385082587599754, 0.002081625396385789, -0.07200956344604492, 0.013175318017601967, 0.06595435738563538, -0.018152017146348953, 0.0494682751595974, -0.06985010206699371, -0.053050242364406586, 0.03746457397937775, -0.01809849590063095, 0.022443776950240135, 0.036955926567316055, 0.041460245847702026, 0.006926027126610279, -0.024422230198979378, -0.03088185004889965, 0.01775764487683773, -0.038492850959300995, 0.008442455902695656, -0.013422180898487568, 0.0057127224281430244, -0.007371747400611639, -0.01662350818514824, 0.049207694828510284, 0.12794280052185059, -0.03995461016893387, -0.004185793921351433, -0.002309835283085704, -0.011765834875404835, -0.005591536406427622, 0.06567856669425964, -0.011193645186722279, -0.021936507895588875, -0.003524256870150566, -0.03830225020647049, -0.009834534488618374, 0.03091375157237053, 0.021387984976172447, 0.03144621104001999, -0.010957673192024231, -0.04064342752099037, 0.006353059783577919, 0.03572229668498039, -0.0766616016626358, -0.028550615534186363, -0.03942850977182388, -0.02543308027088642, -0.020908262580633163, -0.02679285779595375, 0.01885419338941574, 0.015539634972810745, -0.024825919419527054, 0.023583436384797096, -0.04691261425614357, -0.013902593404054642, 0.012595911510288715, -0.05261649936437607, 0.02070303075015545, -0.0024415142834186554, -0.0072582559660077095, -0.03022516705095768, 0.030600709840655327, 0.015566552057862282, -0.001798388664610684, 0.007984968833625317, 0.02350335381925106, 0.05196006968617439, 0.006563488859683275, -0.006824228912591934, -0.008547293022274971, -0.08370135724544525, -0.007387922611087561, 0.030912121757864952, -0.06731608510017395, -0.08954010903835297, 0.01678006537258625, -0.0242930855602026, 0.035429697483778, 0.08908835053443909, 0.04642926901578903, 0.017360718920826912, -0.01748209074139595, 0.007453909143805504, 0.022606026381254196, -0.004374389536678791, 0.04118813946843147, -0.019974971190094948, 0.06200280040502548, 0.026872338727116585, -0.031200390309095383, -0.05405018851161003, 0.0036702773068100214, 0.00843164511024952, -0.04593097046017647, 0.005035453476011753, -0.038041770458221436, 0.00005907901140744798, -0.07558897882699966, -0.031100396066904068, 0.028777360916137695, -0.023849939927458763, -0.04385216906666756, -0.012521794997155666, -0.049469806253910065, -0.015355320647358894, -0.007609786000102758, -0.023053588345646858, -0.01587914116680622, -0.019215412437915802, -0.03286182880401611, -0.06084611266851425, -0.000691922614350915, -0.01107128243893385, 0.013232642784714699, -0.03970959782600403, -0.024694090709090233, 0.020411012694239616, 0.013618829660117626, 0.0326780267059803, 0.00046806849422864616, 0.010544153861701488, -0.014103978872299194 ]
5,101
Unsupervised Learning for Optimal Transport plan prediction between unbalanced graphs
[ "Sonia Mazelet", "Rémi Flamary", "Bertrand Thirion" ]
Optimal transport between graphs, based on Gromov-Wasserstein and other extensions, is a powerful tool for comparing and aligning graph structures. However, solving the associated non-convex optimization problems is computationally expensive, which limits the scalability of these methods to large graphs. In this work, we present Unbalanced Learning of Optimal Transport (ULOT), a deep learning method that predicts optimal transport plans between two graphs. Our method is trained by minimizing the fused unbalanced Gromov-Wasserstein (FUGW) loss. We propose a novel neural architecture with cross-attention that is conditioned on the FUGW tradeoff hyperparameters. We evaluate ULOT on synthetic stochastic block model (SBM) graphs and on real cortical surface data obtained from fMRI. ULOT predicts transport plans with competitive loss up to two orders of magnitude faster than classical solvers. Furthermore, the predicted plan can be used as a warm start for classical solvers to accelerate their convergence. Finally, the predicted transport plan is fully differentiable with respect to the graph inputs and FUGW hyperparameters, enabling the optimization of functionals of the ULOT plan.
poster
2506.12025
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.032243140041828156, -0.03994126617908478, 0.03183451294898987, 0.03176514059305191, 0.01539679616689682, -0.007529575377702713, 0.023677341639995575, 0.033094052225351334, -0.0020638611167669296, -0.08437682688236237, 0.017829200252890587, -0.013373776338994503, -0.08087722957134247, -0.0072059789672493935, 0.027356620877981186, 0.05006088316440582, 0.05086623504757881, -0.01231312844902277, -0.0077753528021276, -0.0042461855337023735, 0.015110967680811882, -0.04607027396559715, 0.01745009422302246, 0.011052481830120087, 0.03797764331102371, -0.021527037024497986, -0.0038489862345159054, 0.0028428235091269016, -0.008617504499852657, 0.010078941471874714, 0.022676125168800354, 0.018956191837787628, 0.009398316033184528, -0.03235023468732834, 0.011914694681763649, -0.003278822638094425, -0.049164313822984695, -0.023427339270710945, 0.020340466871857643, 0.0244278684258461, -0.05810067802667618, 0.002466364996507764, -0.04102833941578865, 0.018741393461823463, -0.05051941052079201, 0.036819811910390854, -0.07944267243146896, 0.030676668509840965, 0.018494123592972755, -0.06188231334090233, -0.07932718843221664, 0.027811745181679726, 0.021007884293794632, -0.009664841927587986, -0.0009367599850520492, 0.0038838759064674377, 0.014113231562077999, -0.05432191491127014, -0.001806819811463356, -0.06404820084571838, -0.008434920571744442, 0.045191992074251175, -0.011281674727797508, 0.020557571202516556, -0.025936691090464592, -0.01706254854798317, 0.014840394258499146, 0.04280521720647812, -0.05423691123723984, -0.05246676132082939, -0.0005148451309651136, -0.012952500022947788, -0.002182070165872574, 0.009001278318464756, 0.010029512457549572, -0.03539793938398361, -0.007648899685591459, -0.016185246407985687, 0.0703175812959671, 0.011817557737231255, 0.0029901277739554644, 0.04005889222025871, 0.018061045557260513, 0.04310762137174606, 0.0394098237156868, 0.024680403992533684, -0.06706172972917557, 0.006135256495326757, -0.1073063313961029, 0.04506547376513481, -0.05180716514587402, -0.02467263489961624, 0.03034069947898388, 0.016429003328084946, 0.021426143124699593, -0.045074187219142914, 0.02108139730989933, 0.021513892337679863, 0.014989609830081463, 0.007656370755285025, -0.005906790494918823, -0.022768152877688408, -0.0014694315614178777, 0.014471982605755329, -0.0814359039068222, -0.015743207186460495, -0.02744140475988388, -0.011440660804510117, 0.012457546778023243, -0.04193704202771187, -0.08094388991594315, -0.014747265726327896, 0.00954616442322731, 0.006452052388340235, -0.06538482755422592, 0.018927903845906258, 0.008472287096083164, -0.03153490647673607, 0.0012004738673567772, -0.014464079402387142, 0.034193456172943115, 0.04650956392288208, 0.012647722847759724, 0.055365193635225296, -0.008255116641521454, 0.00106511649210006, 0.037840910255908966, 0.043537043035030365, -0.029170479625463486, -0.01779075525701046, 0.0037528437096625566, 0.059333574026823044, 0.009978404268622398, 0.012941376306116581, 0.013464878313243389, -0.027743913233280182, 0.003834775183349848, 0.026319602504372597, 0.0025522832293063402, -0.01903332956135273, -0.029746634885668755, -0.01175986509770155, 0.05688611418008804, -0.004458081908524036, 0.07489962130784988, -0.062079597264528275, -0.013864642940461636, -0.03375023230910301, -0.03430122137069702, 0.0030307939741760492, -0.02156940847635269, 0.004546815529465675, -0.016590144485235214, -0.04234999045729637, 0.009420525282621384, 0.06775408238172531, 0.05031467601656914, 0.012746135704219341, 0.004179969429969788, 0.012433638796210289, 0.01760426163673401, 0.02628158964216709, -0.01518139336258173, -0.003383775008842349, -0.03804826736450195, -0.05245302617549896, 0.040533460676670074, 0.04280253127217293, -0.028529254719614983, 0.0001809304376365617, -0.027703315019607544, -0.050084494054317474, 0.08148856461048126, 0.004493585787713528, -0.015928247943520546, -0.0264124758541584, 0.06996751576662064, -0.010648847557604313, 0.013207207433879375, 0.0287519171833992, -0.08929851651191711, 0.05280352756381035, 0.038398683071136475, 0.011363462544977665, -0.00003462210952420719, -0.024428468197584152, 0.05053400248289108, -0.027124671265482903, -0.0069555798545479774, 0.020151235163211823, -0.04940294846892357, -0.04562271758913994, 0.005491614807397127, -0.044293273240327835, 0.06759931892156601, 0.0337376669049263, -0.010593107901513577, 0.03443460166454315, -0.00006631738506257534, 0.07597263902425766, 0.04991823434829712, -0.02523140422999859, 0.03420432284474373, -0.02675006352365017, -0.02190299704670906, 0.02675589732825756, 0.04368342086672783, -0.05579514801502228, -0.03992428630590439, 0.041438426822423935, 0.016109446063637733, -0.02849583514034748, 0.00814176257699728, -0.000055710890592308715, 0.028050612658262253, 0.0038542314432561398, -0.0010997613426297903, 0.012834329158067703, 0.033534057438373566, -0.032142866402864456, 0.03215925768017769, 0.027529869228601456, -0.0247392226010561, 0.016426604241132736, -0.03462463989853859, 0.0796416774392128, 0.06863004714250565, -0.036265648901462555, -0.00046387608745135367, -0.0013273163931444287, 0.02672024816274643, 0.020012639462947845, 0.01465804036706686, -0.007899981923401356, 0.01810111477971077, -0.032002042979002, 0.009689869359135628, -0.04146306961774826, 0.07337528467178345, -0.046348609030246735, -0.015519176609814167, 0.07837457954883575, -0.013044915162026882, 0.0511661060154438, 0.0027585169300436974, -0.0014490809990093112, 0.08325401693582535, -0.021504588425159454, -0.0015863609733060002, -0.03279181942343712, -0.019720477983355522, 0.02226177789270878, 0.002350598806515336, 0.011282863095402718, 0.007187781389802694, -0.0789269357919693, 0.014501460827887058, -0.031417664140462875, 0.07700828462839127, 0.05515967309474945, 0.028035728260874748, 0.02843567170202732, -0.031268514692783356, -0.039178516715765, -0.04214734956622124, -0.1343432366847992, -0.029942018911242485, 0.022411832585930824, 0.05174548923969269, 0.026999061927199364, 0.0628371387720108, -0.03850169479846954, 0.0331629253923893, -0.012552054598927498, -0.01460626907646656, 0.03852017968893051, -0.004651654977351427, 0.02697894349694252, -0.048311274498701096, -0.010567526333034039, 0.010899128392338753, 0.06776370108127594, -0.005291314795613289, -0.006912865675985813, -0.03646479547023773, -0.0641181617975235, -0.020266003906726837, -0.013540225103497505, 0.02968120388686657, -0.005312969908118248, 0.04322278872132301, 0.005696669686585665, -0.010345879010856152, 0.0017104391008615494, 0.010512660257518291, 0.07899367064237595, 0.042953528463840485, 0.010896271094679832, -0.03404856100678444, 0.020272834226489067, 0.014667312614619732, 0.021892599761486053, 0.001401399145834148, 0.013553865253925323, -0.007799722254276276, -0.006900165230035782, 0.003075395245105028, 0.010006031952798367, -0.28223711252212524, -0.009525451809167862, 0.018996842205524445, 0.006384117994457483, 0.010355218313634396, -0.007930183783173561, 0.013794995844364166, -0.014095837250351906, -0.03565005585551262, -0.02747160568833351, 0.0020319761242717505, 0.05126306414604187, 0.0019746595062315464, 0.03475328907370567, 0.06746777892112732, 0.00888581108301878, -0.0016224437858909369, -0.030540183186531067, 0.008282977156341076, 0.040952473878860474, -0.019935693591833115, -0.08823683112859726, -0.027714809402823448, 0.03404216095805168, -0.003980728797614574, 0.030457599088549614, -0.09050299972295761, -0.028570974245667458, -0.03916478902101517, -0.01797369122505188, -0.016848819330334663, -0.039562296122312546, 0.013567960821092129, 0.02610674314200878, 0.005972908344119787, -0.01763029769062996, 0.03064269945025444, -0.024344878271222115, 0.02288389950990677, 0.027359629049897194, -0.008421421982347965, -0.006495899520814419, -0.053616102784872055, 0.016280191019177437, 0.08544095605611801, 0.0011941723059862852, -0.05399508401751518, 0.003037809394299984, 0.03161242604255676, 0.02982933074235916, 0.01247328706085682, -0.015387838706374168, -0.04489589110016823, 0.0024470952339470387, -0.029877841472625732, -0.02904835157096386, 0.002095079282298684, -0.008965392597019672, 0.00011165750038344413, 0.013463594019412994, 0.00031901971669867635, -0.0241785179823637, 0.0039259823970496655, -0.02746042236685753, -0.027905380353331566, -0.019638674333691597, -0.04608016088604927, -0.058986831456422806, 0.02129540406167507, 0.006962174084037542, 0.023806540295481682, 0.014425807632505894, -0.013364408165216446, -0.08728301525115967, 0.02860908955335617, 0.005820780992507935, -0.05003195255994797, -0.015745049342513084, 0.015124307945370674, 0.022485965862870216, -0.01796131022274494, -0.06384764611721039, -0.015846652910113335, 0.04430811479687691, 0.031801268458366394, -0.04927360266447067, 0.03152510151267052, -0.03146304562687874, -0.01616932637989521, -0.029098372906446457, 0.04148001968860626, 0.0009498235885985196, 0.049595411866903305, 0.017742158845067024, 0.024349363520741463, 0.02480914071202278, 0.01750791259109974, 0.03880152478814125, 0.030132727697491646, 0.010871611535549164, 0.03367779403924942, -0.06964660435914993, -0.04056693613529205, 0.004107998684048653, -0.0350818894803524, 0.027552254498004913, -0.04768923670053482, 0.01596565917134285, 0.05789920315146446, 0.03838932141661644, -0.01593039184808731, -0.02892964333295822, 0.018430128693580627, -0.0330217219889164, -0.011603178456425667, 0.0013495974708348513, 0.0013589045265689492, 0.01479125116020441, 0.05314331501722336, 0.008820571936666965, -0.01717664673924446, 0.011026070453226566, -0.025837885215878487, 0.0342218317091465, -0.006936340592801571, 0.019458472728729248, 0.004979737102985382, -0.04621955752372742, -0.023762306198477745, 0.041664790362119675, 0.043291110545396805, 0.07539858669042587, 0.015597916208207607, 0.01607230119407177, 0.025040019303560257, -0.032633595168590546, -0.03422597795724869, -0.012942985631525517, 0.04270964115858078, -0.042137376964092255, 0.0348355732858181, 0.013843503780663013, 0.017073987051844597, -0.027058372274041176, 0.019944308325648308, 0.020339082926511765, -0.003405772615224123, 0.012146306224167347, -0.01392654050141573, 0.013860874809324741, 0.05238203704357147, -0.04237716645002365, -0.023910293355584145, -0.01343622338026762, 0.05261988192796707, -0.0007894128211773932, 0.013312201015651226, -0.010807481594383717, 0.03359127789735794, -0.048384323716163635, 0.04281539469957352, -0.016648761928081512, -0.004546634387224913, -0.005323669873178005, 0.024262303486466408, 0.021087925881147385, -0.014025863260030746, -0.03607909008860588, -0.004918653517961502, -0.007024315185844898, 0.020644426345825195, -0.039075158536434174, -0.022513998672366142, -0.050759103149175644, -0.017871441319584846, -0.0021385191939771175, -0.024791520088911057, -0.03497566282749176, -0.015805155038833618, 0.05662226304411888, -0.005934194196015596, -0.009873514994978905, -0.022477269172668457, 0.00425715371966362, 0.07918781787157059, 0.0227035079151392, -0.006112463306635618, 0.009763742797076702, 0.009658177383244038, 0.06268176436424255, 0.021150782704353333, 0.03875558450818062, -0.04332961142063141, -0.04134934023022652, -0.03173592686653137, -0.03502693772315979, -0.005623700562864542, 0.002614146564155817, -0.0054665543138980865, -0.011979896575212479, -0.025219162926077843, 0.019677769392728806, -0.027860907837748528, -0.01040720660239458, 0.04334348812699318, -0.06761588901281357, 0.0015227618860080838, 0.05238794535398483, 0.0034475531429052353, 0.05791223794221878, -0.0288678091019392, 0.0021279598586261272, -0.057680729776620865, -0.024622472003102303, 0.05156648904085159, 0.002286887029185891, 0.0020755508448928595, -0.03649716079235077, -0.02347126230597496, 0.005779101047664881, -0.012901172041893005, 0.006800761912018061, -0.020144470036029816, -0.0297059565782547, -0.018309704959392548, 0.055537812411785126, -0.009827319532632828, -0.027882585301995277, -0.028916779905557632, -0.03241150081157684, -0.0006321909022517502, -0.0468645840883255, 0.001961622852832079, 0.04613790661096573, -0.022933922708034515, 0.0007191209588199854, -0.04432519152760506, 0.0036905778106302023, -0.007195803802460432, -0.0006765830330550671, 0.025874102488160133, -0.013774813152849674, -0.03763383999466896, -0.016783958300948143, 0.001084557268768549, 0.03030060976743698, 0.017759697511792183, 0.005782046355307102, 0.021197983995079994, 0.008643053472042084, 0.012111092917621136, 0.0018686909461393952, -0.06375225633382797, -0.002462147269397974, 0.055510230362415314, -0.016972806304693222, -0.0321943536400795, -0.07434917986392975, -0.007576073054224253, 0.0013368423096835613, -0.045481566339731216, -0.0003181549545843154, -0.01059009786695242, 0.049296051263809204, 0.00419191736727953, 0.01889144256711006, 0.003102916060015559, -0.04396239295601845, -0.0048993430100381374, -0.08071620762348175, 0.028591739013791084, -0.052300386130809784, -0.02150329388678074, 0.012806029990315437, -0.04104461148381233, -0.016423489898443222, 0.03354256600141525, -0.018450547009706497, 0.05410447344183922, -0.0193694606423378, -0.043270476162433624, 0.01799692027270794, 0.016015099361538887, 0.023336127400398254, 0.010858583264052868, -0.030726201832294464, -0.007285478990525007, -0.022364914417266846, -0.050172239542007446, 0.007481404114514589, 0.01994386315345764, 0.03243228793144226, -0.03873497620224953, 0.002050520619377494, -0.020511750131845474, 0.005469275172799826, 0.043475907295942307, 0.05866653472185135, 0.028156619518995285, 0.03630813583731651, -0.056666504591703415, 0.06499327719211578, 0.0395510233938694, 0.0008696690783835948, 0.009585168212652206, 0.04331936314702034, 0.007869428023695946, -0.047216299921274185, 0.05992904305458069, -0.01889796555042267, 0.0063722883351147175, -0.06146902218461037, 0.05678796023130417, 0.02289394848048687, -0.04916547238826752, -0.021209685131907463, 0.024852389469742775, -0.055976662784814835, 0.027456393465399742, -0.002074245596304536, 0.02319667860865593, 0.02270469069480896, 0.07825098186731339, 0.021778983995318413, 0.021140094846487045, 0.06517213582992554, 0.03450530394911766, -0.03954946994781494, 0.007287789136171341, 0.08711260557174683, 0.04100169241428375, 0.04509267583489418, -0.02388065494596958, 0.07336609065532684, -0.021136915311217308, -0.036379240453243256, 0.015003208070993423, 0.0025952456053346395, -0.0028891984838992357, -0.03390428423881531, 0.014342645183205605, 0.07567591220140457, -0.02114088274538517, 0.06950950622558594, -0.039441585540771484, 0.030777577310800552, 0.0570661835372448, -0.01888132467865944, -0.00329947704449296, 0.053108833730220795, 0.04984404891729355, 0.021892784163355827, -0.016965795308351517, -0.004561815410852432, -0.01746418885886669, 0.018071582540869713, 0.038838941603899, 0.016187766566872597, -0.01988491788506508, -0.009754830040037632, -0.0046720136888325214, 0.016792284324765205, 0.07829304784536362, -0.030005082488059998, -0.031260304152965546, -0.003996691200882196, 0.017185546457767487, -0.01567445509135723, 0.04186379909515381, -0.0014831648441031575, -0.03193744271993637, 0.009324250742793083, -0.04856840521097183, 0.053646791726350784, 0.004422345198690891, 0.05787093937397003, 0.03473161533474922, -0.03811962530016899, -0.016112307086586952, 0.022915484383702278, 0.002215140499174595, -0.004076263401657343, -0.04169708490371704, -0.012898854911327362, -0.03896668553352356, -0.08383752405643463, -0.08264794945716858, -0.0019304081797599792, -0.019317200407385826, -0.03388800099492073, -0.014275607652962208, -0.016157513484358788, 0.008561322465538979, 0.04804706573486328, -0.07399766892194748, -0.013015948235988617, 0.027072720229625702, 0.0007946366677060723, 0.002672852948307991, 0.017189230769872665, 0.02799512818455696, -0.013100750744342804, -0.015516579151153564, 0.030502889305353165, -0.01093247253447771, 0.024809185415506363, -0.05469910800457001, -0.008435772731900215, -0.0924796462059021, 0.016000499948859215, 0.006037968676537275, -0.047415442764759064, -0.105785071849823, 0.028794681653380394, -0.0003878616844303906, 0.03645988553762436, 0.04063539206981659, 0.017419729381799698, -0.0019827040378004313, -0.02987547591328621, 0.019808491691946983, 0.0030781482346355915, -0.024266432970762253, 0.03266935795545578, -0.051348164677619934, 0.04007364436984062, 0.040908124297857285, -0.006113514769822359, 0.011072644963860512, 0.015213522128760815, 0.00644852826371789, -0.011641450226306915, -0.03484513238072395, -0.022464608773589134, -0.005849645473062992, -0.11719739437103271, -0.01710539683699608, 0.005696059204638004, -0.0016350316582247615, -0.020807163789868355, -0.009873036295175552, -0.02179555967450142, -0.006529280450195074, 0.018106916919350624, -0.04837602376937866, -0.03273938223719597, -0.016734415665268898, -0.02920648828148842, -0.07622446864843369, 0.053719859570264816, -0.013516230508685112, 0.01493954099714756, -0.012504960410296917, -0.023484596982598305, -0.0046662259846925735, -0.01688494347035885, -0.009213513694703579, 0.0019221785478293896, 0.015363617800176144, -0.002876265672966838 ]
5,102
Stab-SGD: Noise-Adaptivity in Smooth Optimization with Stability Ratios
[ "David A. R. Robin", "Killian Bakong", "Kevin Scaman" ]
In the context of smooth stochastic optimization with first order methods, we introduce the stability ratio of gradient estimates, as a measure of local relative noise level, from zero for pure noise to one for negligible noise. We show that a schedule-free variant (Stab-SGD) of stochastic gradient descent obtained by just shrinking the learning rate by the stability ratio achieves real adaptivity to noise levels (i.e. without tuning hyperparameters to the gradient's variance), with all key properties of a good schedule-free algorithm: neither plateau nor explosion at intialization, and no saturation of the loss.We believe this theoretical development reveals the importance of estimating the local stability ratio in the construction of well-behaved (last-iterate) schedule-free algorithms, particularly when hyperparameter-tuning budgets are a small fraction of the total budget since noise-adaptivity and cheaper horizon-free tuning are most crucial in this regime.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.02923002280294895, 0.003770241281017661, -0.008208493702113628, 0.024906806647777557, 0.04660457372665405, 0.046983882784843445, 0.04834195226430893, -0.00836067833006382, -0.00830615870654583, -0.05907699093222618, -0.0019106032559648156, 0.0032029130961745977, -0.07684194296598434, -0.016753289848566055, 0.021657750010490417, 0.047488391399383545, 0.04739438369870186, -0.016413075849413872, -0.006665201857686043, 0.021012604236602783, -0.028041543439030647, -0.007222814951092005, 0.058274514973163605, 0.0050430200062692165, 0.028555963188409805, 0.0059271701611578465, -0.007043301593512297, 0.019470540806651115, -0.014447267167270184, -0.012653087265789509, 0.04599308222532272, 0.0038953565526753664, -0.006868865340948105, -0.024617034941911697, 0.026028545573353767, 0.034110553562641144, -0.02793802320957184, -0.012448102235794067, 0.022453397512435913, 0.03984484821557999, -0.05812172219157219, 0.006838021334260702, -0.0006187987164594233, 0.03638181462883949, -0.0383109413087368, -0.000961011101026088, -0.05959952250123024, 0.016437364742159843, 0.015612877905368805, -0.06263979524374008, -0.09434930980205536, 0.049929577857255936, 0.057276174426078796, -0.015394026413559914, -0.03867650777101517, 0.05486767366528511, 0.022295568138360977, -0.05412663146853447, -0.01167761068791151, -0.06617988646030426, -0.041408929973840714, 0.011195860803127289, 0.02967887930572033, 0.028923816978931427, 0.015771541744470596, 0.02459784410893917, 0.022702565416693687, 0.03355134278535843, -0.01780105009675026, -0.021675892174243927, -0.03409436345100403, -0.01607375219464302, 0.04272659122943878, 0.03169551119208336, 0.009678605012595654, -0.029352163895964622, 0.029709670692682266, 0.05358777567744255, 0.0470363087952137, 0.010039838962256908, 0.04054904356598854, 0.017473284155130386, 0.0014721552142873406, 0.04763956367969513, -0.024594014510512352, 0.0004173561464995146, -0.06931053847074509, -0.01809692196547985, -0.07611849159002304, 0.07011272013187408, -0.048988185822963715, -0.07509224861860275, 0.023728787899017334, 0.035741109400987625, 0.01742163486778736, -0.01806754060089588, 0.027950666844844818, 0.005867974366992712, 0.01735386811196804, -0.008781085722148418, -0.03664620965719223, -0.03251796215772629, -0.005889870226383209, -0.010632241144776344, -0.11258675158023834, -0.020914290100336075, -0.03919953480362892, -0.012088106013834476, -0.022859111428260803, 0.02861270122230053, -0.03578841686248779, 0.030010955408215523, 0.019446760416030884, -0.031650789082050323, -0.08240233361721039, 0.036241643130779266, -0.010667851194739342, 0.022292260080575943, -0.014143829233944416, -0.03562294319272041, 0.035180915147066116, 0.05281941965222359, -0.004119349643588066, 0.06954836845397949, -0.017923882231116295, 0.02204555831849575, 0.04264453053474426, 0.04111619293689728, -0.058523114770650864, -0.028290193527936935, -0.001965681090950966, 0.03237167000770569, 0.0002824270923156291, -0.007924259640276432, -0.028459561988711357, -0.02106531336903572, -0.03204074874520302, 0.036875687539577484, 0.034916143864393234, 0.0449824258685112, -0.02231256105005741, -0.0247760359197855, 0.036898549646139145, -0.019916821271181107, 0.039887961000204086, -0.03876841068267822, 0.04512464255094528, -0.06310860067605972, -0.07198944687843323, -0.001962166279554367, 0.01676497608423233, -0.010255391709506512, -0.017261764034628868, -0.05695164576172829, 0.012199321761727333, 0.04205562174320221, 0.011801164597272873, 0.01908852718770504, -0.002019630977883935, 0.011454401537775993, 0.03204336389899254, -0.0017460474045947194, -0.023138409480452538, -0.010426393710076809, -0.0086599700152874, -0.05304626747965813, 0.04476463049650192, 0.05262770131230354, -0.015032635070383549, 0.003548885928466916, -0.04789434373378754, -0.023541392758488655, 0.03526466712355614, 0.019256139174103737, -0.012427720241248608, 0.012059567496180534, 0.0648859441280365, 0.0030684068333357573, 0.056365080177783966, 0.013677779585123062, -0.08497721701860428, 0.009694507345557213, 0.03612791374325752, 0.01884891465306282, -0.003790459828451276, -0.02055363357067108, 0.08686339110136032, -0.01844201236963272, 0.05642574653029442, 0.004720170050859451, -0.10713814944028854, -0.026349592953920364, 0.006690237671136856, 0.00017960458353627473, 0.05777211859822273, 0.04011552035808563, -0.012574262917041779, 0.0010604261187836528, 0.020745987072587013, 0.04304958134889603, 0.06053871661424637, -0.05564454570412636, 0.017677800729870796, 0.03522780165076256, -0.04759746417403221, 0.015152547508478165, 0.023012515157461166, -0.059217702597379684, -0.031056314706802368, 0.006822505034506321, -0.0009987861849367619, -0.003694649552926421, -0.0017796942265704274, 0.008162865415215492, 0.02477867342531681, -0.003515888936817646, -0.020415913313627243, -0.006286592688411474, 0.03717106953263283, -0.04444572702050209, 0.052015312016010284, 0.009302149526774883, -0.010624540969729424, 0.02691938728094101, -0.018146956339478493, 0.06618809700012207, 0.08954411000013351, -0.02575293742120266, -0.014273702166974545, 0.024796489626169205, -0.0022421451285481453, -0.027989033609628677, -0.0026435023173689842, -0.025138799101114273, 0.006472307723015547, 0.03041360154747963, 0.006477233488112688, 0.004922822117805481, 0.0486193411052227, -0.03242018073797226, 0.008068669587373734, 0.04746921360492706, -0.0007511608419008553, 0.062148261815309525, 0.008768057450652122, -0.007069428451359272, 0.016835570335388184, 0.015464084222912788, -0.016196006909012794, -0.015312358736991882, -0.02550661936402321, 0.0016937515465542674, 0.019631769508123398, -0.028529314324259758, -0.00950732920318842, -0.05942491814494133, 0.013381745666265488, -0.015570043586194515, 0.09565859287977219, 0.06961006671190262, 0.0036128417123109102, 0.004423604812473059, 0.025631360709667206, -0.011649041436612606, -0.034839943051338196, -0.10701000690460205, -0.03750146925449371, 0.01409480907022953, 0.058039527386426926, 0.008772903122007847, 0.02681969664990902, -0.02130872756242752, 0.03169186785817146, -0.0018749806331470609, -0.04460439831018448, -0.005422147922217846, 0.03726284205913544, 0.018794065341353416, -0.056684739887714386, -0.01841168850660324, 0.056368060410022736, 0.08577998727560043, -0.0346531942486763, -0.015501013025641441, -0.06917010247707367, -0.04166113957762718, -0.018106387928128242, -0.04486306384205818, -0.007284476887434721, 0.025649672374129295, 0.021068330854177475, 0.012334048748016357, -0.037058185786008835, 0.03100382164120674, 0.020985206589102745, 0.0497996024787426, 0.02474922500550747, 0.020285459235310555, 0.00438369857147336, 0.00507008982822299, 0.020164506509900093, 0.012231959961354733, -0.02359631657600403, 0.00585299264639616, -0.04478168115019798, 0.0033137102145701647, 0.008906354196369648, -0.028099628165364265, -0.2692290246486664, -0.002553205471485853, 0.027582703158259392, -0.002068027388304472, 0.046075910329818726, 0.030864940956234932, 0.01974712871015072, -0.030636731535196304, -0.026785334572196007, -0.0016154777258634567, -0.003717877436429262, 0.04385479539632797, -0.005546603351831436, 0.07294680178165436, 0.037886928766965866, -0.01163478847593069, -0.012058151885867119, 0.003981353249400854, 0.012666848488152027, 0.005733957514166832, -0.011202755384147167, -0.08968324214220047, 0.011822382919490337, 0.006692286115139723, 0.0005179484141990542, 0.02716754376888275, -0.039587486535310745, -0.015846943482756615, -0.03811619430780411, -0.024502795189619064, -0.04334568977355957, -0.031754449009895325, -0.02657109498977661, 0.05205932632088661, 0.01350448839366436, -0.014341481029987335, 0.017702938988804817, 0.010742112062871456, 0.037052713334560394, 0.019371550530195236, -0.01367818284779787, -0.0024452710058540106, -0.00987356435507536, 0.019345933571457863, 0.0455227866768837, 0.0414552316069603, -0.011178972199559212, 0.004116044845432043, -0.011489925906062126, 0.033643972128629684, 0.028385566547513008, -0.03373772278428078, -0.024582605808973312, 0.0048429458402097225, -0.005159031134098768, -0.014790689572691917, 0.02231796830892563, 0.006942440755665302, -0.0034350138157606125, 0.033563267439603806, 0.013366875238716602, -0.0662514716386795, -0.00676076952368021, -0.06723058223724365, -0.010651400312781334, -0.03390974551439285, -0.08356301486492157, -0.00862964242696762, 0.03022843599319458, 0.04250471293926239, 0.02475236915051937, 0.005945355165749788, -0.005106578581035137, -0.09141721576452255, -0.004811927210539579, -0.014507375657558441, -0.025738418102264404, 0.007351755164563656, -0.015863316133618355, 0.054368726909160614, -0.02299807406961918, -0.03009231947362423, 0.0240300502628088, 0.02013838291168213, 0.04174705594778061, -0.02544517256319523, 0.032559994608163834, -0.024136750027537346, -0.013472473248839378, -0.04182327911257744, 0.021561479195952415, 0.002753373933956027, 0.05109395459294319, 0.007434640545397997, 0.08211629837751389, 0.03147096186876297, 0.03792858496308327, 0.010849447920918465, 0.043095868080854416, -0.015527798794209957, 0.02732296846807003, -0.07530893385410309, -0.005116611253470182, -0.02851889841258526, -0.012184449471533298, 0.007448189426213503, -0.033644918352365494, -0.03614278882741928, 0.0428888238966465, 0.002859586849808693, -0.0043199812062084675, -0.06139576435089111, -0.011622849851846695, -0.03213607147336006, -0.015714971348643303, -0.03003823757171631, -0.023467345163226128, 0.022707723081111908, 0.01335969753563404, -0.0019993979949504137, -0.0347055047750473, 0.03844284638762474, -0.023567425087094307, -0.003973780665546656, 0.005071667488664389, 0.03838120028376579, -0.00571698322892189, 0.008125966414809227, 0.012968209572136402, -0.023024650290608406, 0.023757321760058403, 0.05981094390153885, 0.037448298186063766, 0.00010973670578096062, 0.050217486917972565, -0.00013021755148656666, -0.011269500479102135, -0.009670183062553406, 0.05916250869631767, -0.015981391072273254, 0.011486061848700047, 0.03256542980670929, 0.04009661823511124, 0.020070135593414307, 0.036207154393196106, 0.05461059883236885, 0.02226400561630726, -0.02407163381576538, 0.04896669089794159, -0.020572440698742867, 0.01188140269368887, -0.048259008675813675, -0.026326144114136696, -0.04346853867173195, 0.0340847410261631, -0.003007605904713273, 0.037965916097164154, -0.007898825220763683, -0.014381688088178635, -0.057903073728084564, 0.03236575424671173, -0.0038378452882170677, -0.08447910845279694, 0.008485076017677784, 0.03298771008849144, 0.06411487609148026, -0.02786937728524208, -0.006663009990006685, -0.016534019261598587, -0.0013173649786040187, 0.00009884033352136612, -0.0064674555324018, -0.030124468728899956, -0.03220777586102486, -0.010045995935797691, -0.05629522725939751, 0.009176318533718586, -0.016060080379247665, -0.026113184168934822, 0.010315691120922565, 0.03787153959274292, 0.015178709290921688, -0.0315982960164547, 0.0018751503666862845, 0.07160120457410812, -0.03155752271413803, 0.006166251376271248, -0.0382751002907753, -0.022053582593798637, 0.031509675085544586, -0.0026555091608315706, 0.0027156665455549955, -0.03874744474887848, -0.03710636869072914, 0.008031326346099377, -0.0396089032292366, 0.02629517763853073, 0.018529238179326057, -0.01728980615735054, -0.021105557680130005, -0.01298655103892088, -0.0030849152244627476, -0.0503879152238369, -0.00662502646446228, 0.027995195239782333, -0.07941246032714844, -0.0032318064477294683, 0.039050158113241196, 0.0003485329507384449, 0.011322667822241783, -0.03574646636843681, -0.060790155082941055, -0.04777085408568382, -0.0018961242167279124, 0.039321210235357285, -0.03200522065162659, -0.04233579337596893, 0.004983631893992424, -0.00473776226863265, -0.01510320883244276, 0.0329420231282711, 0.008105059154331684, -0.013864434324204922, -0.017802897840738297, 0.009090383537113667, 0.04840363934636116, -0.0071920729242265224, -0.01364730205386877, 0.008799437433481216, -0.011961865238845348, -0.0011585024185478687, -0.04203486442565918, -0.0100568737834692, 0.03634005784988403, 0.011174295097589493, 0.029887733981013298, -0.051602333784103394, 0.033291012048721313, -0.04652194306254387, -0.030513297766447067, -0.009580106474459171, 0.00938398391008377, -0.026478949934244156, -0.023218048736453056, -0.03625781834125519, 0.03352294862270355, 0.010249807499349117, 0.003697657724842429, 0.017646417021751404, 0.0023998264223337173, 0.019947249442338943, 0.045231714844703674, -0.02814396657049656, -0.00585771631449461, 0.054760172963142395, -0.020933356136083603, -0.027603495866060257, -0.07219471782445908, 0.016992399469017982, 0.012223576195538044, -0.04327559098601341, 0.02346944250166416, -0.016582874581217766, 0.041678883135318756, 0.023991921916604042, 0.04675870016217232, 0.02038636989891529, -0.028255129233002663, 0.04735025390982628, -0.060158830136060715, -0.012913775630295277, -0.07513637095689774, -0.019258985295891762, 0.053044743835926056, -0.023725243285298347, 0.044070303440093994, 0.017037659883499146, 0.0036726314574480057, -0.014038030058145523, -0.031666699796915054, -0.06721256673336029, -0.014804822392761707, -0.03927656263113022, -0.010854991152882576, 0.0014231933746486902, -0.030326049774885178, -0.03779168054461479, -0.00929235015064478, -0.060589153319597244, 0.054077036678791046, 0.027679989114403725, 0.03427737578749657, -0.004787903744727373, -0.004119125194847584, -0.0723927766084671, 0.021876391023397446, 0.032647427171468735, 0.03827972337603569, 0.004191199317574501, -0.008210662752389908, -0.050729889422655106, 0.040443457663059235, 0.04229099303483963, 0.048925794661045074, 0.02245815470814705, 0.008912047371268272, -0.02599223330616951, -0.04541740193963051, 0.04208826273679733, -0.012766693718731403, -0.025002703070640564, -0.05385253205895424, 0.03269501030445099, 0.05345432087779045, -0.055714331567287445, -0.024969158694148064, 0.0003658047062344849, -0.048305705189704895, 0.008442019112408161, -0.0016906384844332933, 0.0006035358528606594, 0.024283424019813538, 0.06310594826936722, 0.02853272669017315, 0.009979365393519402, 0.0516074113547802, 0.021008353680372238, 0.007059388794004917, -0.032429348677396774, 0.060878682881593704, 0.048886507749557495, 0.05407765135169029, -0.05496532842516899, 0.08553776890039444, -0.061104338616132736, -0.021487105637788773, 0.02161427214741707, -0.007946977391839027, -0.05990913510322571, -0.04407036677002907, 0.024655044078826904, 0.059495918452739716, -0.008415501564741135, 0.08253532648086548, -0.05517642945051193, -0.031641148030757904, 0.03571600466966629, -0.006835398729890585, -0.005448493175208569, 0.050177209079265594, 0.003746205708011985, 0.029264330863952637, 0.007650685962289572, -0.019103199243545532, -0.011807797476649284, 0.004919718019664288, 0.02055216021835804, -0.006030273158103228, -0.022910356521606445, 0.012001466937363148, 0.0384376123547554, 0.003559771692380309, 0.07645843923091888, -0.04446195811033249, -0.026094837114214897, 0.005671498365700245, 0.01374766044318676, -0.025539914146065712, 0.05674530565738678, 0.01575792394578457, -0.033379945904016495, 0.027518687769770622, -0.01765742152929306, -0.00019433640409260988, 0.03528057411313057, 0.013328786939382553, 0.008458016440272331, -0.010391216725111008, -0.010928925126791, 0.00645115552470088, 0.015864498913288116, -0.018962904810905457, -0.057418763637542725, -0.016432324424386024, -0.07044149190187454, -0.04133380949497223, -0.060732483863830566, 0.03572759032249451, -0.029056841507554054, -0.023557839915156364, 0.026520611718297005, -0.04839985445141792, 0.021692095324397087, 0.007666099350899458, -0.05585624277591705, -0.029361650347709656, 0.022552531212568283, -0.0026881082449108362, 0.02290095016360283, 0.021034888923168182, 0.03291398659348488, 0.0041055381298065186, -0.04103429988026619, 0.05328525975346565, -0.009378049522638321, 0.026971837505698204, -0.015880756080150604, 0.018300306051969528, -0.07705406844615936, 0.00685410900041461, 0.030367664992809296, -0.0008355304598808289, -0.08755646646022797, 0.04791141673922539, -0.03107290528714657, 0.018672198057174683, 0.05087924376130104, 0.01688779704272747, 0.01445646770298481, -0.04446778818964958, -0.020779432728886604, -0.00421503372490406, 0.018489094451069832, 0.01707136631011963, -0.020350363105535507, 0.047365933656692505, 0.005501707084476948, 0.004413762129843235, -0.0661257803440094, 0.06777479499578476, -0.017748575657606125, 0.016930054873228073, -0.013487896881997585, -0.025677911937236786, -0.031135009601712227, -0.10740756243467331, 0.003540362697094679, 0.01842922531068325, -0.024281436577439308, -0.031061330810189247, 0.01733699068427086, -0.005837864242494106, -0.01190152857452631, -0.0011016852222383022, -0.026096589863300323, -0.0346500463783741, -0.05568164214491844, -0.025173943489789963, -0.06696200370788574, 0.033383890986442566, 0.00044780198368243873, -0.017963681370019913, -0.028383933007717133, -0.05980602651834488, -0.03056011162698269, -0.009977033361792564, 0.02746613323688507, 0.019316721707582474, 0.024038754403591156, 0.024849865585565567 ]
5,103
Transstratal Adversarial Attack: Compromising Multi-Layered Defenses in Text-to-Image Models
[ "Chunlong Xie", "Kangjie Chen", "Shangwei Guo", "Shudong Zhang", "Tianwei Zhang", "Tao Xiang" ]
Modern Text-to-Image (T2I) models deploy multi-layered defenses to block Not-Safe-For-Work (NSFW) content generation. These defenses typically include sequential layers such as prompt filters, concept erasers and image filters. While existing adversarial attacks have demonstrated vulnerabilities in isolated defense layers, they prove largely ineffective against multi-layered defenses deployed in real-world T2I systems. In this paper, we demonstrate that exploiting overlapping vulnerabilities across these distinct defense layers enables adversaries to systematically bypass the entire safeguard of T2I systems. We propose Transstratal Adversarial Attack (TAA, a novel black-box framework to compromise T2I models with multi-layered protection. It generates transstratal adversarial prompts to evade all defense layers simultaneously. This is accomplished through transstratal adversarial candidate generation using LLMs to fulfill implicit and subjective adversarial requirements against different defense layers, combined with adversarial genetic optimization for efficient black-box search to maximize the bypass rates and generated image harmfulness. Evaluated across 14 T2I models (e.g., Stable Diffusion, DALL·E, and Midjourney) and 17 safety modules, our attack achieves an average attack success rate of 85.6\%, surpassing state-of-the-art methods by 73.5\%. Our findings challenge the isolated design of safety mechanisms and establish the first benchmark for holistic robustness evaluation in multi-layered safeguarded T2I models. The code can be found in https://anonymous.4open.science/r/TAA-T2I-E572.
spotlight
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.0019188885344192386, -0.022828208282589912, -0.013808286748826504, 0.040734633803367615, 0.02106737159192562, -0.014570215716958046, 0.05415700376033783, -0.026391856372356415, -0.014379619620740414, -0.032272547483444214, -0.02159736678004265, -0.024211164563894272, -0.04281642287969589, -0.0029937312938272953, 0.010358070023357868, 0.05636284127831459, 0.03160591796040535, -0.025991611182689667, 0.010014944709837437, 0.01286680530756712, -0.0013709560735151172, -0.0338883101940155, 0.00912163034081459, -0.02016615681350231, 0.03918618708848953, -0.003499664133414626, 0.002656844211742282, 0.03370347246527672, -0.027827704325318336, 0.03329646587371826, 0.02809208631515503, -0.016933850944042206, -0.0007981046219356358, -0.041003067046403885, 0.03240571171045303, 0.007644136901944876, -0.06272668391466141, 0.0025014805141836405, 0.008175787515938282, -0.0047866883687675, -0.054175253957509995, 0.02048811875283718, -0.021823987364768982, 0.006956106051802635, -0.06707251816987991, 0.021868614479899406, -0.07692655175924301, 0.02578364685177803, 0.0006902589811943471, 0.01658911444246769, -0.08761043846607208, 0.027561618015170097, -0.00900572445243597, -0.014204798266291618, 0.03247523307800293, 0.04193979129195213, 0.03042776510119438, -0.05996217951178551, 0.01092700194567442, -0.0588146336376667, -0.005199951119720936, -0.003842799924314022, 0.007200435735285282, -0.013529982417821884, -0.01868676207959652, -0.013745993375778198, -0.0007506050751544535, 0.03790042921900749, -0.04821384698152542, -0.030701197683811188, 0.007974289357662201, -0.006170523818582296, 0.0023888670839369297, -0.03321655094623566, -0.02714109793305397, -0.019495181739330292, -0.015642033889889717, 0.013637891970574856, 0.06269767135381699, -0.014865455217659473, 0.02483520656824112, 0.0008787863771431148, 0.019702710211277008, 0.03255467116832733, 0.00995816569775343, 0.008366364054381847, -0.03392266109585762, -0.0011999558191746473, -0.058750078082084656, 0.02883737161755562, -0.039399970322847366, -0.02463715523481369, 0.019623329862952232, 0.029978731647133827, 0.021785615012049675, 0.005931018851697445, -0.004722014535218477, -0.0004017310857307166, 0.009449349716305733, -0.002491776831448078, 0.033509496599435806, -0.0029192217625677586, 0.0021632355637848377, -0.0027969670481979847, -0.10134303569793701, -0.005051959306001663, -0.029309673234820366, -0.026061436161398888, 0.0057160877622663975, 0.00044910330325365067, -0.04093797504901886, -0.01666204258799553, -0.005405030678957701, -0.043405305594205856, -0.0965784341096878, 0.025741510093212128, -0.002594021847471595, 0.02780362032353878, -0.011954129673540592, 0.0037863715551793575, 0.04990924522280693, 0.04035574942827225, -0.020923614501953125, 0.06331387162208557, 0.05333249643445015, 0.017335405573248863, 0.0038132104091346264, 0.0020534400828182697, -0.027169344946742058, -0.010885032825171947, -0.01915167085826397, 0.029707759618759155, 0.017902351915836334, 0.023424765095114708, 0.0047966609708964825, -0.0011440619127824903, -0.03986436128616333, 0.027886755764484406, 0.05012555420398712, -0.037070877850055695, 0.007408728823065758, -0.04204785078763962, 0.023367876186966896, -0.07966922968626022, 0.0490897037088871, -0.00044598410022445023, -0.003870670683681965, -0.006793444510549307, -0.017726141959428787, 0.010008202865719795, 0.022102074697613716, 0.0008817958296276629, 0.0100474264472723, -0.08951935172080994, 0.007554097566753626, 0.06416404992341995, 0.0627741888165474, 0.0003968505479861051, -0.002134943613782525, 0.005984477698802948, 0.03489232435822487, -0.02640419825911522, -0.07829046249389648, 0.02837592363357544, 0.023892315104603767, -0.04492054507136345, 0.020700279623270035, 0.008388652466237545, -0.01833115704357624, 0.024274839088320732, -0.05470748990774155, -0.032116618007421494, 0.04029371589422226, 0.00956004112958908, -0.017371218651533127, 0.03343192860484123, 0.04119427502155304, -0.009419862180948257, 0.04106917604804039, 0.01657193899154663, -0.088692806661129, 0.039207443594932556, 0.03101423569023609, 0.04074488580226898, 0.0049584093503654, -0.01861112006008625, 0.09123357385396957, -0.03982719033956528, 0.04185207188129425, 0.05106509476900101, -0.08423072844743729, -0.016124404966831207, 0.053440921008586884, -0.0075113000348210335, 0.0793212279677391, 0.019901076331734657, 0.0022660228423774242, 0.034097228199243546, 0.01832154020667076, 0.04536033049225807, 0.044940706342458725, -0.024606242775917053, 0.04631640762090683, -0.03550446406006813, -0.021759990602731705, 0.0003261080419179052, 0.032651387155056, -0.05713927000761032, -0.02484806999564171, 0.027937326580286026, -0.002337453421205282, 0.01807416044175625, -0.02683509886264801, 0.02727479860186577, 0.015595167875289917, 0.0010161075042560697, -0.02380727045238018, 0.03234570473432541, 0.030316337943077087, -0.07044102996587753, 0.05913912504911423, 0.0003211922012269497, 0.020560117438435555, 0.019642557948827744, -0.044277291744947433, 0.13464419543743134, 0.02559088170528412, -0.059902504086494446, 0.024138713255524635, 0.01785641349852085, -0.02364705502986908, 0.012951315380632877, -0.0037441817112267017, -0.016814693808555603, 0.021037572994828224, -0.009310929104685783, 0.017429957166314125, -0.016933202743530273, 0.0671432688832283, -0.05617638677358627, -0.015451200306415558, 0.07132017612457275, -0.030633041635155678, 0.07569007575511932, -0.03696059808135033, 0.0031359067652374506, 0.047139979898929596, 0.0015845636371523142, -0.013664990663528442, -0.0452791191637516, -0.018890632316470146, 0.014438617043197155, -0.006439953111112118, -0.008693937212228775, 0.0009956469293683767, -0.06682998687028885, -0.03725465387105942, -0.003307580016553402, 0.04769578576087952, 0.022685827687382698, -0.03041699342429638, 0.015743760392069817, -0.00830793846398592, -0.004727902822196484, -0.022323092445731163, -0.10169217735528946, -0.0018481183797121048, -0.01470660325139761, 0.027820827439427376, -0.01160065084695816, 0.09387712925672531, 0.0015305523993447423, -0.01767948642373085, -0.02957501821219921, -0.05985049903392792, 0.012360135093331337, 0.008993270806968212, 0.018455147743225098, -0.05248573049902916, 0.0063920640386641026, 0.0017954986542463303, 0.07463522255420685, 0.013279938139021397, -0.03582613542675972, -0.03415597230195999, -0.044320058077573776, 0.01681377924978733, -0.08271664381027222, -0.05537288635969162, 0.014958196319639683, -0.006149061489850283, 0.01980501599609852, -0.014310423284769058, 0.01790107600390911, 0.012743650004267693, 0.07377937436103821, 0.011339765973389149, 0.005193067714571953, 0.0063659315928816795, 0.04198753833770752, 0.0004667517787311226, -0.0014469127636402845, -0.029923005029559135, 0.01186327449977398, -0.03382652997970581, -0.021012235432863235, 0.006334845907986164, -0.003938362468034029, -0.2823063135147095, -0.02166672982275486, -0.0015893595991656184, -0.023980015888810158, 0.03491619601845741, -0.007481112610548735, 0.030708545818924904, -0.03164477273821831, -0.023149672895669937, -0.03086054138839245, 0.026542192324995995, 0.029071614146232605, 0.03701663389801979, 0.03474646434187889, 0.01569155603647232, 0.02858622744679451, -0.0011611587833613157, -0.026905380189418793, 0.037010855972766876, 0.027603233233094215, -0.02664792723953724, -0.041276685893535614, 0.0024111634120345116, 0.031752366572618484, 0.0006253629690036178, 0.030964320525527, -0.06983894854784012, 0.006876836065202951, 0.02513757348060608, -0.007011694367974997, -0.00855065044015646, -0.027575954794883728, 0.005113897379487753, 0.038617976009845734, -0.006545132491737604, -0.02627355419099331, 0.05934864282608032, -0.001903656404465437, 0.02790403738617897, 0.005319505464285612, 0.013750583864748478, -0.007829505950212479, 0.02160736359655857, -0.011591963469982147, 0.0813392698764801, -0.002328418893739581, -0.016378281638026237, 0.02998298406600952, -0.005250770598649979, 0.03988746926188469, -0.0012834666995331645, -0.02889106422662735, -0.041897933930158615, 0.031782764941453934, -0.028650924563407898, -0.026504425331950188, -0.009320823475718498, -0.01026381365954876, 0.016067059710621834, 0.009085278026759624, -0.011229980736970901, -0.03242240846157074, -0.018052296712994576, -0.00028090772684663534, -0.020077485591173172, -0.022325752303004265, -0.05898680537939072, -0.07583998143672943, 0.037440236657857895, 0.028720099478960037, -0.018808910623192787, 0.021819615736603737, 0.010262406431138515, -0.09798324853181839, 0.0188274122774601, -0.0076998015865683556, -0.038876235485076904, -0.021016644313931465, 0.01611296832561493, 0.01178075559437275, -0.03521248698234558, -0.06176569685339928, -0.006070523522794247, -0.0048234728164970875, 0.018933333456516266, -0.03941187635064125, 0.03558798506855965, -0.02003910392522812, 0.001001784228719771, -0.016669059172272682, 0.08781265467405319, 0.016071537509560585, 0.01963527873158455, -0.016363201662898064, 0.045137789100408554, 0.019774548709392548, 0.06018257141113281, 0.05131879448890686, 0.028445182368159294, 0.016881050541996956, 0.03652393817901611, -0.0576055645942688, -0.010531994514167309, -0.04844862222671509, -0.02802407555282116, -0.00733919208869338, -0.01072552427649498, 0.0018275477923452854, 0.02465732768177986, -0.036518871784210205, -0.045589614659547806, -0.05075572058558464, -0.00010313965321984142, 0.008346021175384521, -0.0030223242938518524, 0.004096417687833309, 0.005456511862576008, 0.023657262325286865, 0.04827127233147621, -0.0850413367152214, -0.04082921892404556, 0.05935773253440857, -0.00982743687927723, 0.006709395442157984, -0.005770321004092693, -0.015725797042250633, -0.011479679495096207, 0.001045322511345148, 0.025449581444263458, -0.006348669063299894, 0.012728872708976269, 0.01465537678450346, 0.007514899130910635, 0.009472953155636787, 0.04465063288807869, 0.01623985916376114, 0.011524512432515621, -0.01859346032142639, 0.016087697818875313, -0.019359147176146507, 0.042865730822086334, 0.007567597087472677, 0.04326283186674118, -0.0074682775884866714, 0.024205507710576057, -0.015463409014046192, 0.020026003941893578, 0.0019684615544974804, -0.01318697351962328, 0.019516579806804657, 0.027448972687125206, -0.034746766090393066, 0.020548159256577492, -0.012686159461736679, 0.0015655109891667962, -0.015878872945904732, 0.03974587470293045, 0.0068994858302176, 0.022134670987725258, -0.06672448664903641, 0.057397086173295975, -0.007190896198153496, -0.022982755675911903, 0.013309323228895664, 0.02386694960296154, 0.047644685953855515, -0.020574817433953285, -0.04991033300757408, 0.009625065140426159, -0.00923397671431303, 0.012876665219664574, -0.03469106927514076, -0.008100179955363274, -0.0006479049334302545, -0.0391545370221138, 0.021654289215803146, -0.0025740053970366716, -0.012835006229579449, -0.03335480019450188, 0.04518744349479675, -0.015287556685507298, 0.008003353141248226, 0.02358209900557995, 0.0041318610310554504, 0.10900210589170456, -0.022012893110513687, -0.006909078452736139, 0.004733729641884565, -0.0299469456076622, 0.0482310950756073, -0.031841546297073364, 0.012595097534358501, -0.03330506756901741, -0.010718095116317272, 0.0006096910801716149, -0.05386333540081978, -0.01523125171661377, 0.021210620179772377, 0.022817211225628853, -0.014628592878580093, 0.012250778265297413, 0.010188154876232147, -0.01773916743695736, 0.009373992681503296, 0.013353503309190273, -0.07403477281332016, 0.054531265050172806, 0.04092852398753166, -0.023684702813625336, 0.030750276520848274, 0.012459923513233662, -0.032621320337057114, -0.0724172368645668, -0.04887598380446434, 0.009608462452888489, -0.012850196100771427, -0.049029260873794556, -0.017050011083483696, 0.009370687417685986, -0.02638075314462185, 0.017345329746603966, -0.011734940111637115, 0.006139255594462156, -0.004000002983957529, -0.031066445633769035, 0.022431977093219757, -0.004082813393324614, -0.015313336625695229, 0.03770814836025238, -0.030539153143763542, 0.02375299483537674, -0.026458343490958214, 0.03560979291796684, 0.027802327647805214, -0.0032263409812003374, 0.004299579653888941, -0.03788972645998001, 0.0002665287465788424, -0.009953933767974377, 0.01271109189838171, -0.02909679338335991, -0.0035891772713512182, -0.031030135229229927, 0.01803797297179699, 0.010132960975170135, 0.02785496972501278, 0.018479259684681892, 0.0035313793923705816, -0.011488866060972214, 0.009160300716757774, 0.05837534740567207, 0.04168735817074776, -0.07500457763671875, 0.005526378285139799, 0.05253475159406662, -0.06828929483890533, -0.01705017127096653, -0.06102197617292404, -0.03680874779820442, 0.021827438846230507, -0.030340932309627533, 0.0231257863342762, -0.02395494282245636, 0.026092642918229103, 0.028220785781741142, 0.025272568687796593, 0.011934079229831696, -0.01756003499031067, 0.03751452639698982, -0.054196372628211975, -0.02262166328728199, -0.07010598480701447, 0.02990950085222721, 0.004713668487966061, -0.0648207813501358, -0.013286609202623367, 0.017192896455526352, -0.024382198229432106, -0.005999833811074495, -0.03802196681499481, -0.05783715844154358, 0.016654955223202705, -0.025035446509718895, -0.030663007870316505, 0.028550470247864723, -0.03017418086528778, 0.0015220731729641557, -0.022930746898055077, -0.05167875066399574, -0.02135295793414116, 0.007650102023035288, 0.02015412598848343, 0.003296994138509035, -0.048882145434617996, -0.013913515023887157, -0.025793086737394333, 0.011678687296807766, 0.032090187072753906, 0.011746394447982311, 0.024926453828811646, -0.009761475957930088, 0.060416486114263535, 0.029610909521579742, 0.032711245119571686, 0.02970053069293499, 0.014325723052024841, -0.03291277587413788, -0.07257632166147232, 0.04270143061876297, 0.016084719449281693, -0.01419904176145792, -0.04910373315215111, 0.05681128427386284, 0.012508675456047058, -0.05251334235072136, -0.009471475146710873, 0.05062033236026764, -0.052210092544555664, -0.016312863677740097, -0.05996740236878395, -0.0006369825568981469, 0.022448470816016197, 0.08082643151283264, 0.004307596944272518, 0.043982990086078644, 0.06834060698747635, -0.0039433678612113, -0.019248614087700844, -0.019727928563952446, 0.05478226765990257, 0.06629814952611923, 0.05740681663155556, -0.03545159846544266, 0.05781572684645653, -0.0477658212184906, -0.055986013263463974, 0.0468907505273819, 0.027808424085378647, -0.007967871613800526, -0.011162173934280872, 0.029586760327219963, 0.0750458836555481, 0.020070811733603477, 0.07886207848787308, -0.07771798968315125, 0.016783611848950386, 0.0385892391204834, 0.020807210355997086, -0.02038358338177204, 0.015912828966975212, 0.037977416068315506, 0.0063378410413861275, -0.020931823179125786, -0.034081533551216125, 0.016730286180973053, -0.023957503959536552, 0.010313807055354118, -0.008291765116155148, -0.0411907359957695, 0.01325609628111124, -0.01580376736819744, 0.04539864510297775, 0.08884973078966141, -0.030354803428053856, -0.030003221705555916, 0.009604097343981266, 0.02021346054971218, 0.01215570978820324, 0.040637366473674774, 0.02516292780637741, 0.01176584605127573, -0.028165612369775772, -0.04531716927886009, 0.003304094774648547, 0.016078846529126167, 0.005091393366456032, 0.06478072702884674, -0.02856864593923092, 0.0007931324071250856, 0.02885924093425274, -0.025502918288111687, -0.01330963708460331, -0.050508029758930206, -0.03384184092283249, -0.054414138197898865, -0.04308316111564636, -0.06230741739273071, -0.001727479975670576, 0.04297685995697975, -0.05965573713183403, -0.013750349171459675, -0.016082491725683212, 0.009724519215524197, 0.06132969260215759, -0.027820898219943047, 0.000765195582062006, 0.03886118158698082, 0.006070464383810759, -0.02349432371556759, 0.06856891512870789, 0.022918472066521645, 0.0016451898263767362, -0.038197435438632965, 0.006098030135035515, 0.020271098241209984, 0.03437718749046326, 0.0003315990907140076, -0.001456894795410335, -0.11193769425153732, -0.032352935522794724, 0.008500713855028152, -0.02911134622991085, -0.08372437208890915, 0.023775145411491394, -0.022210370749235153, 0.018205551430583, 0.07228733599185944, -0.012273713946342468, 0.010324995033442974, -0.03863481804728508, -0.007707150653004646, 0.019141778349876404, -0.0011929695028811693, 0.05875211954116821, -0.01812659204006195, 0.09461913257837296, 0.05760488659143448, -0.006967735476791859, -0.003276008414104581, 0.031010892242193222, 0.008350872434675694, 0.0034714965149760246, -0.03633664548397064, -0.019313713535666466, -0.046049922704696655, -0.09236328303813934, 0.01726064644753933, 0.02321922406554222, 0.025506654754281044, -0.03926931321620941, 0.02303827740252018, -0.004471232183277607, 0.00300443172454834, -0.021685834974050522, -0.02563594840466976, -0.038548752665519714, -0.036000240594148636, -0.039772819727659225, -0.0419919416308403, 0.03157093748450279, 0.0032656455878168344, 0.020160846412181854, 0.003863921156153083, -0.0708576887845993, 0.0010296808322891593, 0.012700866907835007, 0.06649141013622284, -0.0033263061195611954, 0.0034490558318793774, 0.02002737857401371 ]
5,104
Decreasing Entropic Regularization Averaged Gradient for Semi-Discrete Optimal Transport
[ "Ferdinand Genans", "Antoine Godichon-Baggioni", "Francois-Xavier Vialard", "Olivier Wintenberger" ]
Adding entropic regularization to Optimal Transport (OT) problems has become a standard approach for designing efficient and scalable solvers. However, regularization introduces a bias from the true solution. To mitigate this bias while still benefiting from the acceleration provided by regularization, a natural solver would adaptively decrease the regularization as it approaches the solution. Although some algorithms heuristically implement this idea, their theoretical guarantees and the extent of their acceleration compared to using a fixed regularization remain largely open. In the setting of semi-discrete OT, where the source measure is continuous and the target is discrete, we prove that decreasing the regularization can indeed accelerate convergence. To this end, we introduce DRAG: Decreasing (entropic) Regularization Averaged Gradient, a stochastic gradient descent algorithm where the regularization decreases with the number of optimization steps. We provide a theoretical analysis showing that DRAG benefits from decreasing regularization compared to a fixed scheme, achieving an unbiased $\mathcal{O}(1/t)$ sample and iteration complexity for both the OT cost and the potential estimation, and a $\mathcal{O}(1/\sqrt{t})$ rate for the OT map. Our theoretical findings are supported by numerical experiments that validate the effectiveness of DRAG and highlight its practical advantages.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.03286519646644592, -0.03870830312371254, 0.01445495244115591, 0.04686341434717178, 0.03573131561279297, 0.014136685989797115, 0.023743046447634697, -0.021415071561932564, -0.03780338540673256, -0.09737252444028854, -0.017620544880628586, -0.02587532438337803, -0.0360482856631279, 0.005788375623524189, 0.04472797363996506, 0.07416480034589767, 0.026370787993073463, -0.025568142533302307, 0.02547615021467209, 0.008188134990632534, 0.008995706215500832, -0.015804052352905273, 0.0151706887409091, 0.0320739708840847, 0.04332828149199486, -0.030682776123285294, -0.020862914621829987, 0.012149467132985592, -0.025947000831365585, -0.003183251479640603, 0.01521191094070673, -0.0021749581210315228, -0.003660801565274596, -0.020084768533706665, 0.013006198219954967, 0.018429510295391083, -0.04821961745619774, -0.020738843828439713, 0.0010626123985275626, 0.020990751683712006, -0.03835734724998474, 0.014965657144784927, -0.02548251487314701, 0.017026759684085846, -0.021155642345547676, 0.031891658902168274, -0.05663692206144333, 0.004054405726492405, -0.02456342615187168, -0.06058604642748833, -0.05887528881430626, 0.012903669849038124, 0.015270533040165901, -0.02275250293314457, -0.010285194031894207, 0.037871405482292175, 0.01770789362490177, -0.02454414963722229, -0.012975183315575123, -0.047993093729019165, -0.009071428328752518, 0.02157514914870262, -0.023158326745033264, 0.00022562702361028641, 0.007114958483725786, 0.010454358533024788, -0.008097406476736069, 0.039140086621046066, -0.031074009835720062, -0.0294825229793787, -0.018575206398963928, -0.004156031180173159, 0.024991795420646667, -0.011459700763225555, -0.020510997623205185, -0.028014661744236946, 0.01828775741159916, 0.015957210212945938, 0.01246169488877058, 0.026637427508831024, -0.01181230042129755, 0.012142590247094631, 0.013774733990430832, 0.03691887855529785, 0.04054651036858559, -0.012324398383498192, -0.055051106959581375, 0.009813761338591576, -0.07465514540672302, 0.04884520545601845, -0.030677897855639458, -0.05007091537117958, 0.022189704701304436, 0.011045673862099648, 0.042151279747486115, -0.03716932609677315, 0.048350751399993896, 0.011721240356564522, 0.02327643893659115, 0.012078125029802322, -0.012507306411862373, -0.021742839366197586, 0.01582798920571804, -0.0014205931220203638, -0.09167438745498657, -0.02503274939954281, -0.04543614760041237, 0.013302513398230076, 0.0004888716503046453, -0.004883394576609135, -0.030367722734808922, -0.007476859260350466, -0.021645398810505867, -0.05883539468050003, -0.08054675906896591, 0.006425641011446714, -0.01091452781111002, 0.015514419414103031, 0.01725715585052967, -0.015957506373524666, 0.05129757151007652, 0.0659482479095459, 0.014579296112060547, 0.05392547696828842, 0.0033231163397431374, 0.01762324385344982, 0.03997642174363136, 0.04765811562538147, -0.03622899577021599, -0.0298478901386261, -0.011985748074948788, 0.05096346139907837, 0.029889792203903198, -0.021756161004304886, -0.03030935674905777, -0.011898518539965153, 0.002647711429744959, 0.0471925213932991, 0.04211568087339401, -0.031859904527664185, -0.03912042826414108, -0.039576999843120575, 0.03794189915060997, -0.000007608481155330082, 0.031997229903936386, -0.06517293304204941, 0.030094873160123825, -0.05721509829163551, -0.060940638184547424, 0.021545270457863808, -0.007116138935089111, 0.006869880482554436, 0.0128303999081254, -0.05476883053779602, -0.00376709527336061, 0.031400807201862335, -0.016111616045236588, 0.019272159785032272, 0.00435976916924119, -0.017310351133346558, 0.03113703243434429, 0.002181811723858118, 0.017311155796051025, -0.002722715260460973, -0.036261897534132004, -0.045054227113723755, 0.06740313768386841, 0.04223883897066116, -0.02095980755984783, 0.005965985357761383, -0.033075734972953796, -0.0182892307639122, 0.0629153698682785, 0.017066752538084984, 0.013282988220453262, -0.008755641989409924, 0.07079505175352097, 0.027110110968351364, 0.043211374431848526, 0.03707658126950264, -0.0949665978550911, 0.030043315142393112, 0.008461610414087772, 0.008245432749390602, 0.016253357753157616, -0.002493496285751462, 0.06325720995664597, -0.03757692500948906, 0.019395211711525917, 0.034964438527822495, -0.07257191091775894, -0.018163282424211502, 0.013808952644467354, -0.037998512387275696, 0.05177555978298187, 0.008274559862911701, 0.012024087831377983, 0.047589417546987534, 0.018168922513723373, 0.04467198997735977, 0.05593825876712799, -0.04374153912067413, 0.020557710900902748, -0.030550319701433182, -0.04293542355298996, 0.002513657324016094, 0.06548929214477539, -0.033376544713974, -0.042942922562360764, 0.03612387552857399, -0.013200649060308933, 0.007081777323037386, -0.024445822462439537, 0.005085327196866274, 0.023574212566018105, -0.0018340935930609703, 0.021771693602204323, 0.020502755418419838, 0.0392131544649601, -0.04542927071452141, 0.02091396600008011, 0.02301742509007454, -0.025281401351094246, 0.015135427936911583, -0.016575098037719727, 0.09436211735010147, 0.08709904551506042, -0.025741389021277428, -0.002213401021435857, -0.007461347617208958, 0.017016565427184105, -0.02991539053618908, 0.014179506339132786, 0.009503858163952827, -0.0019942906219512224, -0.013503155671060085, -0.012238464318215847, -0.024116937071084976, 0.07971017062664032, -0.035945598036050797, -0.03414268419146538, 0.052721407264471054, -0.0006664773682132363, 0.08174639195203781, 0.009495094418525696, 0.0033978894352912903, 0.04466550052165985, -0.014833297580480576, -0.02513565495610237, -0.035725727677345276, -0.01901540532708168, 0.015730762854218483, 0.009694255888462067, 0.002688605571165681, 0.0034130727872252464, -0.06972737610340118, -0.023591963574290276, 0.027151159942150116, 0.07959263771772385, 0.06391584873199463, 0.028418080881237984, 0.004155356902629137, 0.010745792649686337, -0.053320497274398804, -0.05089033767580986, -0.13032138347625732, -0.04290773719549179, 0.01612786203622818, 0.019811900332570076, 0.03082587756216526, 0.042146436870098114, -0.015743903815746307, 0.026836831122636795, -0.027640096843242645, -0.026550637558102608, 0.0003820082638412714, 0.044284068048000336, 0.014587798155844212, -0.014819473959505558, -0.01910821720957756, 0.031281061470508575, 0.09033390134572983, -0.0062677888199687, -0.011846424080431461, -0.01467075664550066, -0.056180164217948914, -0.020759519189596176, -0.050664544105529785, -0.0024566464126110077, 0.01481667347252369, 0.011577285826206207, -0.017519736662507057, -0.06514634937047958, 0.028114112094044685, 0.02464381232857704, 0.03986983001232147, 0.03853137418627739, 0.017321228981018066, 0.018288424238562584, 0.0058281603269279, 0.027337366715073586, -0.016855264082551003, -0.029915321618318558, 0.04299730062484741, -0.020798204466700554, -0.028980126604437828, -0.00604903744533658, 0.027938013896346092, -0.2682189345359802, 0.025498313829302788, 0.01210740115493536, 0.004501659888774157, 0.031708329916000366, 0.012057372368872166, 0.019768010824918747, -0.015087287873029709, -0.022857455536723137, 0.023995228111743927, -0.02327454276382923, 0.051329776644706726, -0.0014380277134478092, 0.07702752202749252, 0.05258893966674805, 0.034052446484565735, -0.005226591136306524, -0.005854743532836437, -0.0004163621924817562, 0.023618074133992195, -0.005615453235805035, -0.07189382612705231, -0.006369790993630886, -0.006210823077708483, -0.007079390808939934, -0.0035140179097652435, -0.05150133743882179, 0.023819316178560257, -0.06209782510995865, -0.010337992571294308, -0.027936646714806557, -0.04218313470482826, 0.010286982171237469, -0.003666191129013896, -0.009146188385784626, -0.026321396231651306, 0.04153094440698624, -0.029843878000974655, 0.03675015643239021, 0.012514994479715824, -0.02804051712155342, 0.008111025206744671, -0.06981079280376434, -0.037235334515571594, 0.0390588715672493, -0.0021534962579607964, 0.011300281621515751, 0.005992870312184095, 0.030968954786658287, 0.03138631209731102, -0.0013435487635433674, -0.027817266061902046, -0.027666060253977776, 0.012172195129096508, 0.003571574343368411, -0.022972725331783295, 0.004452049732208252, -0.027435077354311943, 0.017078714445233345, 0.0391138419508934, 0.01174541749060154, -0.05174758657813072, -0.0040811714716255665, -0.007459723390638828, 0.018499774858355522, -0.04865826293826103, -0.06164056435227394, -0.061504099518060684, 0.030496641993522644, 0.023710748180747032, 0.010917523875832558, -0.0011344143422320485, 0.00007665246812393889, -0.08359456062316895, 0.018815435469150543, -0.02445509470999241, -0.004055854398757219, 0.017123503610491753, -0.003030004445463419, 0.02381465770304203, -0.04419557377696037, -0.034134235233068466, 0.01781492307782173, 0.044687870889902115, -0.021332601085305214, -0.023458803072571754, 0.020916912704706192, -0.04897771775722504, -0.04505882412195206, -0.04635801166296005, 0.02818179875612259, 0.012733341194689274, 0.03334709629416466, -0.007551863323897123, 0.03929704427719116, 0.025712832808494568, 0.004448129329830408, 0.04706011712551117, 0.03479193150997162, -0.013893594965338707, 0.015143705531954765, -0.0859508365392685, -0.036244042217731476, -0.008773515932261944, -0.0018572311382740736, 0.03097199834883213, -0.01320691779255867, -0.005364038981497288, 0.05308719351887703, 0.03394710272550583, -0.014162229374051094, 0.016853727400302887, 0.009442824870347977, -0.025238333269953728, -0.004225114826112986, 0.033623382449150085, 0.0012645571259781718, 0.0416802279651165, 0.039206426590681076, 0.009095701389014721, 0.006881531793624163, 0.04439811781048775, -0.0217172559350729, -0.014120746403932571, -0.017361290752887726, 0.012208144180476665, 0.006815078668296337, -0.010936793871223927, -0.013807917945086956, -0.008591889403760433, 0.03586376830935478, 0.053116463124752045, 0.048231929540634155, 0.02819616161286831, 0.04895106703042984, -0.03480669856071472, -0.025058388710021973, -0.010264263488352299, 0.05230734869837761, -0.000854156562127173, 0.03966623172163963, 0.022911351174116135, 0.021943164989352226, -0.016000939533114433, 0.031635306775569916, 0.0456462986767292, 0.015823697671294212, 0.009941115975379944, 0.003861124161630869, -0.024057047441601753, 0.009714546613395214, -0.040406182408332825, -0.0034743393771350384, -0.027279354631900787, 0.010638452135026455, 0.009368312545120716, 0.05427997186779976, 0.0012934464029967785, 0.04037027433514595, -0.07528038322925568, 0.046946559101343155, 0.02890288457274437, -0.0323067381978035, -0.018784688785672188, 0.016263961791992188, 0.05206401273608208, -0.021993234753608704, -0.021526901051402092, 0.005761833395808935, -0.01031351089477539, 0.0002781017392408103, -0.02207481861114502, -0.051008548587560654, -0.01815848983824253, -0.021046828478574753, -0.007541676051914692, 0.013464251533150673, -0.06897580623626709, -0.030966592952609062, 0.020800624042749405, 0.010969961993396282, -0.022137979045510292, -0.025962872430682182, 0.0017007013084366918, 0.08752986043691635, -0.014743438921868801, 0.005953312385827303, -0.00797426886856556, -0.008671816438436508, 0.048435963690280914, 0.009067139588296413, 0.01106343511492014, -0.06348817050457001, -0.025992490351200104, 0.011855821125209332, -0.04097944498062134, 0.032214246690273285, 0.02085273526608944, -0.04344945400953293, 0.025176338851451874, -0.002882711822167039, -0.017477571964263916, -0.01930784061551094, -0.006710901856422424, -0.0034885418135672808, -0.08088043332099915, 0.020416297018527985, 0.0005758065381087363, -0.011984443292021751, 0.03765092045068741, -0.01301395520567894, -0.016862617805600166, -0.07705504447221756, 0.043873079121112823, 0.01625967212021351, -0.005229230970144272, -0.00848446786403656, 0.015995152294635773, 0.009510299190878868, -0.016330404207110405, -0.01134549267590046, 0.014664706774055958, -0.01314270868897438, -0.01847759634256363, 0.007053626701235771, 0.07728957384824753, -0.032026488333940506, -0.03571895882487297, -0.03177065774798393, -0.015155878849327564, -0.010288765653967857, -0.06785284727811813, -0.014655039645731449, 0.07154829055070877, 0.0025425287894904613, 0.048613302409648895, -0.0629391148686409, 0.016974808648228645, -0.052901893854141235, -0.0038298775907605886, -0.0047376519069075584, -0.016725845634937286, -0.010523083619773388, -0.00893540307879448, 0.01071636751294136, 0.0651639848947525, -0.009096657857298851, -0.031206347048282623, -0.007479693740606308, 0.031228234991431236, 0.04153988137841225, -0.002775998553261161, -0.08066139370203018, -0.007755154278129339, 0.06358712166547775, -0.029770100489258766, -0.029411466792225838, -0.07977250963449478, 0.006172223947942257, 0.01700996793806553, -0.03365948796272278, 0.020714057609438896, -0.011895202100276947, 0.025617020204663277, 0.006116823293268681, 0.037524864077568054, 0.00744646554812789, -0.018910318613052368, 0.03702651709318161, -0.07314702868461609, -0.026172306388616562, -0.06788456439971924, 0.0030052214860916138, 0.02517450973391533, -0.03455805405974388, 0.026860253885388374, 0.02404094487428665, -0.041168563067913055, 0.04351451247930527, -0.03944128751754761, -0.05185987427830696, -0.002744625322520733, -0.015594683587551117, 0.0184898991137743, 0.022965313866734505, -0.045479413121938705, -0.04247720539569855, 0.009648274630308151, -0.04040718451142311, -0.00631691562011838, 0.03122960776090622, 0.03274308890104294, -0.01897428184747696, -0.01791238598525524, -0.02458302304148674, 0.006851966958492994, 0.01915360987186432, 0.0641157478094101, 0.01261875219643116, 0.003115238156169653, -0.08934888988733292, 0.06517242640256882, 0.04577713459730148, 0.004818417131900787, -0.007407445460557938, 0.008710208348929882, 0.01830565556883812, -0.0344403050839901, 0.045841339975595474, -0.008274144493043423, 0.003134329803287983, -0.08003527671098709, 0.022715868428349495, 0.040679894387722015, -0.035919804126024246, -0.04123960807919502, 0.04495431110262871, -0.04741748049855232, 0.014013897627592087, -0.0107316505163908, 0.003686522599309683, 0.03104807250201702, 0.055105116218328476, -0.002790439175441861, 0.015837974846363068, 0.07012158632278442, 0.00830816850066185, -0.007378193084150553, -0.02288071997463703, 0.0862477496266365, 0.08605677634477615, 0.01960558444261551, 0.006166850682348013, 0.051415931433439255, -0.014886291697621346, -0.035716619342565536, 0.033627837896347046, 0.01707918383181095, -0.005228374619036913, -0.031145712360739708, -0.007880470715463161, 0.08198098093271255, 0.011115094646811485, 0.09005259722471237, -0.06693112850189209, -0.0030423991847783327, 0.054081209003925323, -0.01765481010079384, -0.016732441261410713, 0.008187660947442055, 0.007773088291287422, 0.0008883692207746208, -0.03968407213687897, -0.04168396815657616, -0.029234016314148903, 0.05109217390418053, 0.03525588661432266, -0.008204813115298748, -0.01859194226562977, 0.010271820239722729, 0.008056079037487507, -0.009708546102046967, 0.08656469732522964, -0.056659601628780365, -0.02152949571609497, -0.03099592588841915, 0.01405887771397829, -0.04845794662833214, 0.025684157386422157, 0.02914813533425331, -0.033623989671468735, 0.020633118227124214, -0.045740026980638504, 0.022689521312713623, 0.05766672641038895, 0.03007250465452671, 0.03459315374493599, 0.009692113846540451, 0.008724084123969078, 0.025494946166872978, 0.032520588487386703, -0.05318443104624748, -0.049714770168066025, -0.06888425350189209, -0.018296608701348305, -0.07020032405853271, -0.0321853905916214, 0.011840414255857468, 0.0020355547312647104, -0.033900052309036255, 0.01776939444243908, -0.03141393885016441, 0.020554710179567337, 0.03030417300760746, -0.06013539806008339, -0.029511120170354843, 0.05149185657501221, -0.016874244436621666, 0.03109557554125786, 0.025872817263007164, 0.05390211194753647, -0.006623051594942808, 0.005440156906843185, 0.02067647874355316, -0.0005288260872475803, 0.0450233556330204, -0.03246096894145012, 0.008663483895361423, -0.0822644904255867, -0.002483638236299157, 0.05483238026499748, -0.04805507883429527, -0.0829535648226738, 0.023559460416436195, -0.01913444511592388, -0.01336647942662239, 0.06923841685056686, -0.03427913039922714, 0.006385345943272114, -0.0671568512916565, -0.03257826715707779, -0.030933210626244545, 0.01600385271012783, 0.030059348791837692, -0.02338118851184845, 0.038491930812597275, 0.02749999240040779, -0.03928510472178459, -0.02016342803835869, 0.03198804333806038, 0.0039606401696801186, 0.011380285024642944, -0.06119795888662338, 0.03351540118455887, -0.04438961297273636, -0.09692969173192978, -0.022311825305223465, 0.05633543059229851, -0.012232770211994648, -0.014730680733919144, -0.0007741305744275451, -0.002768847858533263, 0.005903434474021196, 0.009027963504195213, -0.009618398733437061, 0.0030517936684191227, -0.0416208878159523, -0.023360665887594223, -0.06875584274530411, 0.048716507852077484, 0.0054908860474824905, -0.03001420572400093, -0.015471110120415688, -0.04211987182497978, 0.01645546406507492, -0.027589647099375725, 0.010891987942159176, 0.015528545714914799, 0.015618477016687393, -0.015819355845451355 ]
5,105
Noise Consistency Training: A Native Approach for One-step Generator in Learning Additional Controls
[ "Yihong Luo", "Shuchen Xue", "Tianyang Hu", "Jing Tang" ]
The pursuit of efficient and controllable high-quality content generation stands as a pivotal challenge in artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC).While one-step generators, refined through diffusion distillation techniques, offer excellent generation quality and computational efficiency, adapting them to new control conditions—such as structural constraints, semantic guidelines, or external inputs—poses a significant challenge. Conventional approaches often necessitate computationally expensive modifications to the base model and subsequent diffusion distillation. This paper introduces Noise Consistency Training (NCT), a novel and lightweight approach to directly integrate new control signals into pre-trained one-step generators without requiring access to original training images or retraining the base diffusion model. NCT operates by introducing an adapter module and employs a noise consistency loss in the noise space of the generator. This loss aligns the adapted model's generation behavior across noises that are conditionally dependent to varying degrees, implicitly guiding it to adhere to the new control. This training objective can be interpreted as aligning the adapted generator with the intractable conditional distribution defined by a discriminative model and the one-step generator from moment-matching perspectives. NCT is modular, data-efficient, and easily deployable, relying only on the pre-trained one-step generator and a control signal model. Extensive experiments demonstrate that NCT achieves state-of-the-art controllable generation in a single forward pass, surpassing existing multi-step and distillation-based methods in both generation quality and computational efficiency.
poster
2506.19741
https://github.com/Luo-Yihong/NCT
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.009678669273853302, -0.010716265067458153, -0.032520413398742676, 0.06922854483127594, 0.05377573519945145, 0.013431833125650883, 0.03219810128211975, -0.008123135194182396, -0.02138207107782364, -0.05615154281258583, -0.014418131671845913, 0.006104051135480404, -0.055550940334796906, 0.006617079023271799, 0.027744118124246597, 0.05129313841462135, 0.040253229439258575, -0.011291530914604664, -0.012823395431041718, 0.01909807324409485, -0.0456654317677021, -0.03078939951956272, 0.05965403839945793, 0.003339191898703575, 0.035456277430057526, 0.006905707996338606, 0.023682421073317528, -0.005716440733522177, -0.029567111283540726, -0.0005074004293419421, 0.019643640145659447, -0.0028822878375649452, 0.02466600015759468, -0.006870865356177092, 0.016833433881402016, 0.010595763102173805, -0.04785788059234619, -0.0014834172325208783, 0.023258620873093605, 0.019551381468772888, -0.03961269184947014, -0.010090550407767296, -0.006900899112224579, 0.0030064783059060574, -0.03487544506788254, -0.010363638401031494, -0.09791107475757599, 0.026340188458561897, -0.00013925874372944236, -0.03705393522977829, -0.11110451072454453, 0.009700851514935493, -0.0018536041025072336, -0.020900631323456764, 0.008494044654071331, 0.051068224012851715, 0.049415916204452515, -0.0633062794804573, -0.011738236993551254, -0.05179771035909653, -0.027553055435419083, 0.032255370169878006, 0.000593251665122807, 0.012610028497874737, 0.015595857985317707, -0.02091599628329277, 0.014887216500937939, 0.030547460541129112, -0.03962884470820427, -0.036590199917554855, -0.022662058472633362, 0.014058833941817284, 0.02063564769923687, 0.00781959854066372, 0.0005456797662191093, -0.03808010742068291, 0.022810393944382668, -0.008726831525564194, 0.06145470589399338, -0.00893902312964201, 0.022811444476246834, 0.001827461994253099, 0.01359676755964756, 0.038136404007673264, -0.018736785277724266, 0.005565468687564135, -0.0389607697725296, -0.005154235754162073, -0.07958906888961792, 0.010956577956676483, -0.043453119695186615, -0.0504370778799057, 0.028402315452694893, 0.04591366648674011, 0.03980343043804169, -0.002803624840453267, 0.026108520105481148, -0.008688274770975113, 0.03702056035399437, -0.005881314165890217, -0.014283894561231136, -0.01375969685614109, 0.003680542344227433, 0.02047501876950264, -0.11311900615692139, -0.019560029730200768, -0.027447257190942764, -0.05101263150572777, -0.03299123793840408, 0.007942802272737026, -0.02491488680243492, 0.00896988995373249, 0.02708231657743454, -0.02188657969236374, -0.08636361360549927, 0.01004247646778822, 0.016477292403578758, 0.015565278008580208, 0.0325152613222599, 0.0025064509827643633, 0.05583559721708298, 0.020902598276734352, -0.008041486144065857, 0.05567367747426033, -0.03241497650742531, 0.017110828310251236, 0.012600387446582317, 0.05581551045179367, -0.05420985817909241, -0.014029396697878838, -0.00958551000803709, 0.02740585058927536, 0.024739552289247513, 0.0013981779338791966, 0.010166184045374393, 0.006030073389410973, 0.017971938475966454, -0.0035540254320949316, 0.05597754940390587, 0.010853501036763191, -0.0028948523104190826, -0.019917963072657585, 0.05597743019461632, -0.013198954053223133, 0.0547272153198719, -0.013911019079387188, -0.025248771533370018, -0.050533097237348557, -0.021513529121875763, 0.029672052711248398, 0.02421870082616806, -0.021490419283509254, 0.019693724811077118, -0.07326821982860565, -0.0037172166630625725, 0.040633197873830795, 0.01955990120768547, 0.012357279658317566, -0.007392986677587032, -0.02343793772161007, 0.010905052535235882, 0.011564505286514759, -0.040496256202459335, -0.016853749752044678, 0.0006266318960115314, -0.07017094641923904, 0.016404446214437485, 0.03631637617945671, -0.04548362269997597, -0.02918144129216671, -0.0443548746407032, -0.024751760065555573, 0.02128489315509796, 0.011774308048188686, -0.007559674791991711, -0.023724613711237907, 0.02062697522342205, 0.00591854564845562, 0.038703400641679764, 0.040429383516311646, -0.07512982189655304, 0.038581885397434235, 0.009102449752390385, -0.024366963654756546, 0.004723546095192432, -0.03064585290849209, 0.0778610110282898, -0.02913171797990799, 0.02651101164519787, 0.018050413578748703, -0.07315192371606827, -0.01620551198720932, 0.025815706700086594, -0.006701945792883635, 0.053812261670827866, 0.030143601819872856, -0.006168894004076719, 0.04070557653903961, 0.03984830528497696, 0.0608336441218853, 0.07310935109853745, -0.03124845400452614, 0.0577043779194355, -0.021944770589470863, -0.027859387919306755, -0.004676613956689835, 0.03226635605096817, -0.06451626867055893, -0.021555984392762184, -0.011558890342712402, -0.03430411219596863, -0.0023075223434716463, 0.03216138482093811, -0.009980464354157448, 0.021723249927163124, 0.005960412323474884, -0.018909921869635582, 0.026406148448586464, 0.025738155469298363, -0.04738471284508705, 0.042203888297080994, 0.03258238732814789, -0.019853880628943443, 0.02258467674255371, -0.036455653607845306, 0.10034780204296112, 0.06116993725299835, -0.047102779150009155, -0.017120081931352615, 0.049585770815610886, -0.01796124503016472, 0.005942374002188444, 0.006518038921058178, -0.004347528330981731, -0.0022932686842978, -0.004761730786412954, 0.027228202670812607, 0.0049713351763784885, 0.0488189198076725, -0.048000920563936234, 0.0023778853937983513, 0.07179440557956696, -0.05279332026839256, 0.051424819976091385, 0.0010013312567025423, 0.04086070507764816, 0.03553633764386177, -0.0005773999146185815, -0.04567636176943779, -0.031662944704294205, -0.014205274172127247, 0.023860350251197815, 0.021687336266040802, -0.015642855316400528, 0.009440555237233639, -0.05759450048208237, -0.030572418123483658, -0.026248205453157425, 0.04883793741464615, 0.06285444647073746, -0.013500643894076347, 0.007125657517462969, 0.022324899211525917, -0.04017556458711624, -0.02414472959935665, -0.10517676174640656, -0.031579017639160156, 0.009032183326780796, 0.03284766152501106, -0.030178632587194443, 0.04489899054169655, 0.009931784123182297, 0.02577061951160431, -0.02580619603395462, -0.02466583624482155, 0.019884224981069565, -0.0016787619097158313, 0.01808992400765419, -0.031044157221913338, -0.023340752348303795, -0.0066151185892522335, 0.08706492185592651, -0.017999976873397827, 0.016056761145591736, -0.01067223772406578, -0.054875247180461884, -0.03283315151929855, -0.027153072878718376, 0.005656244233250618, 0.04831055924296379, -0.0007097655907273293, 0.012812590226531029, -0.007715633139014244, 0.023776408284902573, 0.042436059564352036, 0.052660759538412094, 0.021323196589946747, 0.018211768940091133, -0.005218940787017345, 0.011527939699590206, 0.000205928401555866, 0.024080613628029823, -0.018784895539283752, 0.042733628302812576, -0.02847604639828205, -0.004397476091980934, 0.02765657566487789, -0.02613462321460247, -0.2704043686389923, 0.009831387549638748, 0.01771744154393673, -0.006019819062203169, 0.044410016387701035, -0.03571416810154915, 0.05890442058444023, -0.06621057540178299, -0.019724419340491295, 0.031028803437948227, -0.0071634696796536446, 0.05727992206811905, -0.0039207166992127895, 0.05575260519981384, 0.04299502447247505, -0.0035991771146655083, -0.0037683499976992607, -0.04335654899477959, 0.04533861577510834, 0.04044761136174202, -0.01487828604876995, -0.0475088506937027, -0.000016543170204386115, 0.031964290887117386, 0.0025395378470420837, 0.01441043708473444, -0.0870930477976799, 0.012013429775834084, -0.031349066644907, -0.00039886365993879735, -0.01643281988799572, -0.03372987359762192, 0.007976192981004715, 0.05136508122086525, -0.007078162394464016, 0.003467550966888666, 0.032049551606178284, 0.03731997683644295, 0.037398409098386765, 0.00386583199724555, 0.025830410420894623, 0.0017622862942516804, 0.0013662126148119569, 0.053963836282491684, 0.04928816482424736, 0.012976077385246754, -0.06886833161115646, -0.0286775603890419, -0.014517000876367092, 0.03574251011013985, 0.011850696988403797, -0.012270700186491013, -0.048706818372011185, 0.017826389521360397, -0.012378465384244919, -0.011791452765464783, 0.013486194424331188, -0.023068267852067947, 0.005555964540690184, 0.010489637963473797, -0.01025292556732893, -0.030216148123145103, -0.030378451570868492, -0.023048890754580498, 0.013048109598457813, -0.056522298604249954, -0.07190240174531937, -0.05768870562314987, 0.027203286066651344, 0.05410681664943695, -0.024466782808303833, 0.0006728952866978943, -0.014673595316708088, -0.10288812220096588, -0.013612654991447926, 0.0004189536557532847, -0.008729266002774239, -0.019107414409518242, -0.023046614602208138, 0.0599854551255703, -0.0450325682759285, -0.016754573211073875, 0.025496438145637512, 0.0364864245057106, 0.005231486167758703, -0.006719596218317747, 0.04863622784614563, -0.007569561246782541, -0.017935585230588913, -0.03754062578082085, 0.04539770632982254, 0.009703126735985279, 0.019390711560845375, -0.02216213196516037, 0.05503324791789055, 0.0493708997964859, 0.03872667998075485, 0.04105803370475769, 0.03186775743961334, -0.023967450484633446, 0.055827490985393524, -0.07186034321784973, -0.01687770150601864, -0.05844051018357277, -0.022360969334840775, 0.01948012039065361, -0.053949352353811264, -0.033579327166080475, 0.0323629230260849, 0.013441628776490688, -0.042545583099126816, -0.020474642515182495, 0.03339380770921707, -0.01886715367436409, -0.0063655441626906395, -0.010775724425911903, -0.028485074639320374, 0.02085893228650093, 0.022333836182951927, -0.04728717729449272, 0.003918931353837252, 0.028377477079629898, -0.027094267308712006, 0.01178679522126913, 0.04239619895815849, -0.04060841724276543, -0.010821581818163395, 0.011579477228224277, -0.012535295449197292, -0.022874994203448296, 0.03287886828184128, 0.022203022614121437, -0.0035760209430009127, 0.033758603036403656, 0.029704418033361435, -0.021605433896183968, -0.006893552839756012, -0.008316813968122005, 0.039385899901390076, -0.022179970517754555, 0.005397182423621416, -0.0012671091826632619, 0.022269094362854958, 0.020606588572263718, 0.049752142280340195, 0.020709455013275146, 0.017505807802081108, 0.023523157462477684, 0.012611710466444492, -0.04831194877624512, 0.048401277512311935, -0.0492822602391243, -0.031881000846624374, -0.02628018707036972, -0.0046519567258656025, -0.025834957137703896, 0.006564469076693058, -0.008172946982085705, 0.026951998472213745, -0.0603904128074646, 0.06764843314886093, 0.013635206036269665, -0.0335821770131588, -0.03547272831201553, 0.012462080456316471, 0.031207742169499397, 0.01688411645591259, -0.011848630383610725, 0.028958233073353767, -0.0018380910623818636, 0.036251187324523926, -0.046001043170690536, -0.028822101652622223, -0.03476335480809212, 0.0079580033197999, 0.023074163123965263, 0.003623234573751688, -0.04279780760407448, -0.04376378655433655, 0.05689695477485657, 0.01006559282541275, -0.011868422850966454, 0.022771047428250313, 0.011008750647306442, 0.0762719064950943, 0.00675239646807313, 0.007400976028293371, 0.007147178053855896, -0.011522365733981133, 0.03373722359538078, -0.0425584614276886, -0.015487538650631905, -0.05012649670243263, -0.04393208026885986, -0.03635025769472122, -0.031157175078988075, 0.01498015969991684, 0.02761872671544552, -0.026061000302433968, -0.009652119129896164, -0.0047218515537679195, -0.013453738763928413, -0.030858740210533142, -0.007888272404670715, 0.029652560129761696, -0.07066434621810913, -0.010982494801282883, 0.019012007862329483, -0.017212050035595894, 0.008456687442958355, -0.013720800168812275, -0.05095986649394035, -0.09255822002887726, -0.0582660511136055, 0.020535200834274292, -0.03048595041036606, -0.04793889820575714, -0.035202376544475555, 0.03407043591141701, -0.014860828407108784, 0.03087538667023182, -0.006833324208855629, -0.01708509959280491, 0.015964150428771973, -0.010687773115932941, 0.024235684424638748, -0.02932051196694374, -0.015330779366195202, -0.0015578289749100804, -0.02726946584880352, 0.006677647586911917, -0.006954617332667112, 0.01829725131392479, 0.04281475767493248, 0.014025917276740074, -0.024900782853364944, -0.02596241980791092, 0.06370069831609726, -0.011942463926970959, -0.006101650185883045, -0.016060225665569305, -0.0024704572279006243, -0.029053594917058945, -0.012261944822967052, 0.03199239447712898, 0.023593692108988762, -0.01574823260307312, -0.006130108144134283, -0.013208246789872646, 0.01230232696980238, 0.035880427807569504, 0.021044807508587837, -0.052532121539115906, 0.005674638319760561, 0.05351551994681358, -0.07284978777170181, 0.015683472156524658, -0.06027922406792641, -0.033605366945266724, 0.05769798159599304, -0.0033953837119042873, 0.04795387387275696, -0.036120373755693436, 0.02505546808242798, 0.045757707208395004, -0.001356818131171167, -0.030033625662326813, -0.018978387117385864, 0.02338993549346924, -0.048073261976242065, 0.01150641217827797, -0.059678059071302414, -0.02919498085975647, 0.09214483201503754, -0.03345763310790062, -0.00939180888235569, 0.0016291984356939793, -0.003954163286834955, 0.050582852214574814, -0.018804628401994705, -0.06287281215190887, 0.004230849910527468, -0.02716788649559021, -0.016576964408159256, 0.022114219143986702, -0.04301423579454422, -0.01278916746377945, -0.015478777699172497, -0.04009208828210831, 0.02387089841067791, 0.015006965026259422, 0.05680512264370918, -0.0005785580724477768, -0.011971822939813137, -0.041354190558195114, -0.018931087106466293, 0.024467339739203453, 0.06404254585504532, 0.01751844771206379, 0.04073186591267586, -0.036934398114681244, 0.09407371282577515, 0.03578495234251022, 0.019264336675405502, 0.0330844521522522, -0.0059106978587806225, -0.0011115691158920527, -0.05597861111164093, 0.04722413420677185, 0.0010400951141491532, -0.03168215602636337, -0.059281885623931885, 0.04933661222457886, 0.006230135448276997, -0.04925255477428436, -0.04102956876158714, 0.029395150020718575, -0.02272975817322731, 0.013760032132267952, 0.0014295700239017606, 0.012419404461979866, 0.005945887882262468, 0.0484149344265461, 0.006358898710459471, 0.03693997114896774, 0.059843096882104874, 0.0026446967385709286, 0.0032126924488693476, 0.02472989819943905, 0.035987772047519684, 0.05188804119825363, 0.03405248746275902, 0.00709449453279376, 0.09470636397600174, -0.03853541612625122, -0.03871801495552063, 0.037059374153614044, 0.06301099061965942, -0.040761131793260574, -0.05990352854132652, 0.001696078572422266, 0.08535752445459366, -0.006198848132044077, 0.0764138251543045, -0.013330562971532345, -0.014344285242259502, 0.040064483880996704, 0.024477500468492508, -0.027479177340865135, 0.01762428693473339, 0.020552080124616623, 0.008670791052281857, -0.020797953009605408, -0.007623450830578804, 0.00034159974893555045, -0.013467391021549702, 0.012412207201123238, -0.03344019129872322, -0.012348078191280365, 0.028668781742453575, 0.012504599057137966, 0.06609611213207245, 0.09093590825796127, -0.044360581785440445, -0.02399262972176075, 0.024445071816444397, 0.02632969059050083, 0.002182241529226303, 0.02528568170964718, 0.011728907003998756, -0.004431806970387697, -0.010618183761835098, -0.03316105902194977, -0.004133129958063364, 0.020907504484057426, 0.0421847403049469, 0.005574198439717293, -0.01709316112101078, -0.03790691867470741, 0.029445143416523933, 0.001134185353294015, -0.0397835448384285, -0.05874437093734741, -0.03975608944892883, -0.06316693127155304, -0.06502321362495422, -0.05945802479982376, 0.0376955084502697, -0.0025030658580362797, -0.02696003019809723, -0.009022245183587074, -0.01487745065242052, 0.018347933888435364, 0.019840562716126442, -0.07583024352788925, 0.020132875069975853, 0.04666097089648247, -0.009641093201935291, -0.026172995567321777, 0.013095993548631668, 0.016460685059428215, 0.018174640834331512, -0.019388217478990555, 0.03198343142867088, 0.03152022883296013, 0.008302006870508194, -0.02244267612695694, 0.004388428293168545, -0.08303793519735336, 0.015378957614302635, 0.006532576866447926, -0.04182982072234154, -0.07605823129415512, 0.07756254822015762, -0.015473584644496441, 0.015207192860543728, 0.0748051330447197, 0.003814048832282424, -0.026092493906617165, -0.042024485766887665, -0.027647066861391068, -0.010251892730593681, 0.021468227729201317, 0.07164662331342697, -0.04537041112780571, 0.05760958790779114, 0.045387715101242065, -0.0027000801637768745, -0.04783254489302635, 0.059524957090616226, -0.020445605739951134, 0.01070315670222044, -0.037178486585617065, -0.027692019939422607, -0.03629053384065628, -0.10726340115070343, -0.02616983838379383, 0.03558260202407837, -0.010045468807220459, -0.017324788495898247, 0.02353484556078911, -0.0012340284883975983, 0.011618919670581818, -0.030525125563144684, -0.012826737947762012, -0.028680860996246338, -0.033160462975502014, -0.034388016909360886, -0.03252869099378586, 0.007062479853630066, 0.002610831754282117, 0.015818381682038307, -0.013121604919433594, -0.05238444358110428, 0.003867832012474537, -0.034225404262542725, 0.03552611172199249, -0.010890443809330463, 0.0016968961572274566, -0.03038584068417549 ]
5,106
Dynamical Decoupling of Generalization and Overfitting in Large Two-Layer Networks
[ "Andrea Montanari", "Pierfrancesco Urbani" ]
Understanding the inductive bias and generalization properties of large overparametrized machine learning models requires to characterize the dynamics of the training algorithm. We study the learning dynamics of large two-layer neural networks via dynamical mean field theory, a well established technique of non-equilibrium statistical physics.We show that, for large network width, the training dynamics exhibits a separation of timescales which implies:$(i)$ The emergence of a slow time scale associated with the growth in Gaussian/Rademacher complexity of the network;$(ii)$ Inductive bias towards small complexity if the initialization has small enough complexity;$(iii)$ A dynamical decoupling between feature learning and overfitting regimes;$(iv)$ A non-monotone behavior of the test error, associated `feature unlearning' regime at large times.
oral
2502.21269
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.052600495517253876, -0.017875920981168747, -0.0011268466478213668, 0.027361640706658363, 0.04420565441250801, 0.006015042774379253, 0.02156536467373371, 0.010485956445336342, -0.037673670798540115, -0.015185530297458172, 0.020026283338665962, 0.006261770613491535, -0.068634994328022, 0.016761235892772675, 0.013095362111926079, 0.06687547266483307, 0.05960141494870186, -0.020604928955435753, -0.00044175528455525637, 0.0038693163078278303, -0.007039458956569433, -0.011814726516604424, 0.040500447154045105, 0.0018253526650369167, 0.016624175012111664, -0.03393489122390747, 0.010168611072003841, -0.004956831689924002, -0.0030362128745764494, 0.007749216631054878, 0.020390857011079788, -0.0047072190791368484, 0.006659222301095724, -0.02067459374666214, -0.0025622372049838305, 0.013545560650527477, -0.03969770669937134, -0.020007863640785217, -0.003379560075700283, 0.03256669640541077, -0.07000298798084259, 0.027634019032120705, -0.0021454025991261005, 0.021281041204929352, -0.06094922870397568, 0.03596468269824982, -0.10800707340240479, 0.021500321105122566, 0.0054710800759494305, -0.04563645273447037, -0.09127119928598404, 0.030331965535879135, 0.020780986174941063, 0.005325365345925093, -0.0032931766472756863, 0.029643410816788673, 0.016273656859993935, -0.02794462814927101, -0.01869683340191841, -0.05440099909901619, -0.02465015836060047, 0.016203921288251877, 0.014219745062291622, 0.007540618069469929, 0.006975003518164158, -0.003027796745300293, 0.0172555074095726, 0.06282636523246765, -0.06447935849428177, -0.03228561952710152, -0.01818881370127201, 0.021862255409359932, -0.002095990814268589, 0.007257189601659775, -0.0009722232352942228, -0.06241049990057945, 0.027845384553074837, 0.00016345022595487535, 0.041237395256757736, 0.019545281305909157, 0.002114810049533844, 0.03161834180355072, 0.030442044138908386, 0.04052364453673363, 0.015085251070559025, -0.01204491313546896, -0.056737951934337616, -0.01623988337814808, -0.07985032349824905, 0.051987744867801666, -0.021672425791621208, -0.028386982157826424, 0.006594582926481962, 0.03889608755707741, 0.018674535676836967, -0.031838931143283844, 0.021776851266622543, -0.006125741172581911, -0.010368227027356625, 0.015672484412789345, -0.03427784517407417, -0.01435640174895525, -0.010436036624014378, -0.021602844819426537, -0.0859355628490448, -0.02038068138062954, -0.012348801828920841, -0.004661056213080883, -0.008222684264183044, 0.007014636881649494, -0.05599996820092201, 0.002966187661513686, 0.01839846558868885, -0.010392115451395512, -0.09859781712293625, 0.003887806786224246, -0.017253240570425987, 0.010770673863589764, 0.00903901644051075, -0.0010957210324704647, 0.07371103763580322, 0.06703951954841614, -0.019016817212104797, 0.06016385927796364, 0.00043888200889341533, 0.001565289217978716, 0.01656928099691868, 0.031962744891643524, -0.026970041915774345, -0.009830526076257229, 0.014572232030332088, 0.01904383860528469, 0.028307989239692688, 0.012679776176810265, 0.018621275201439857, -0.02265763282775879, 0.024961363524198532, 0.03387083485722542, 0.00664004310965538, 0.02053900994360447, 0.0071289497427642345, -0.034689489752054214, 0.04608264937996864, -0.013644448481500149, 0.025105515494942665, -0.030208313837647438, -0.018593603745102882, -0.03802671283483505, -0.012423455715179443, -0.00577320484444499, -0.003325296565890312, 0.004166020080447197, -0.028354402631521225, -0.04342057928442955, 0.03644629940390587, 0.06321056932210922, -0.016140112653374672, 0.008458098396658897, 0.02931850403547287, 0.009353925473988056, 0.008991523645818233, -0.01615876518189907, 0.01954001933336258, 0.026215778663754463, -0.004472794011235237, -0.06650227308273315, 0.009613724425435066, 0.04476535692811012, -0.02971433661878109, 0.0020946285221725702, -0.03287279233336449, -0.03658265992999077, 0.0493500716984272, -0.011702229268848896, -0.004563568159937859, 0.01126700546592474, 0.059584181755781174, 0.016619428992271423, 0.011646236293017864, 0.0036807795986533165, -0.09441458433866501, 0.03850247710943222, 0.031763914972543716, -0.0031122409272938967, 0.01640821434557438, -0.040143467485904694, 0.08949047327041626, -0.0258196871727705, 0.035001251846551895, -0.004049185197800398, -0.03457602486014366, -0.0021989052183926105, 0.007672235369682312, -0.027504000812768936, 0.08290775865316391, 0.004901579115539789, -0.013107429258525372, 0.017127806320786476, 0.018352055922150612, 0.04195191711187363, 0.0577259436249733, -0.03893781453371048, 0.05601942166686058, 0.013565950095653534, -0.031867142766714096, -0.008590711280703545, 0.05768584832549095, -0.08996811509132385, 0.0005138462292961776, 0.026526212692260742, -0.024802129715681076, -0.03396688029170036, -0.018605878576636314, -0.022466976195573807, 0.02735045924782753, 0.003114144317805767, 0.016070110723376274, 0.02350158803164959, 0.0017530677141621709, -0.026831217110157013, 0.0335254929959774, 0.005281227640807629, -0.009805581532418728, 0.014559118077158928, -0.010385711677372456, 0.12724091112613678, 0.09215476363897324, -0.024382131174206734, -0.0069856951013207436, 0.004974515177309513, 0.024852486327290535, 0.009304690174758434, 0.012635084800422192, 0.01731623336672783, 0.008837404660880566, -0.006840726360678673, -0.04765700921416283, -0.020364876836538315, 0.037404440343379974, -0.0612984299659729, 0.02097608521580696, 0.0676775649189949, -0.03961016610264778, 0.09072121977806091, -0.030265236273407936, -0.005129510071128607, 0.0539032407104969, -0.011026871390640736, -0.051702141761779785, -0.012750311754643917, -0.03180354833602905, 0.0000058579084907250945, 0.02042541280388832, -0.023723898455500603, 0.0049814931116998196, -0.06460154801607132, -0.03244443237781525, -0.010176337324082851, 0.08836600929498672, 0.048930201679468155, 0.01740279607474804, 0.02618197351694107, -0.003372532082721591, -0.034400574862957, -0.026687640696763992, -0.10570143163204193, -0.048874158412218094, 0.015004240907728672, 0.033704280853271484, -0.01811687834560871, 0.03309021517634392, -0.015637582167983055, 0.0430280975997448, -0.036466583609580994, -0.039343297481536865, -0.008151554502546787, 0.044518619775772095, -0.01645863987505436, -0.043536227196455, -0.02576238103210926, 0.01289511937648058, 0.09103269129991531, 0.014482884667813778, -0.039674099534749985, -0.029384450986981392, -0.08631037175655365, -0.030490601435303688, -0.025459805503487587, -0.024338969960808754, 0.0033399907406419516, -0.0044672852382063866, 0.004057090729475021, -0.013153072446584702, 0.03726008161902428, -0.00896195787936449, 0.06147577613592148, 0.050531841814517975, 0.006594936829060316, -0.009941627271473408, 0.012811715714633465, -0.003061415161937475, 0.019235387444496155, -0.02183365263044834, 0.004855957813560963, -0.020712843164801598, -0.006838103756308556, 0.009657418355345726, 0.005538593046367168, -0.2621484696865082, 0.0003415800165385008, 0.028678782284259796, 0.013679216615855694, 0.04063951596617699, 0.0074183582328259945, 0.03505075350403786, 0.002554135862737894, -0.041964516043663025, 0.0028870950918644667, -0.011033649556338787, 0.009516819380223751, -0.014656251296401024, 0.04560055211186409, 0.026823125779628754, -0.00008984443411463872, 0.006094405893236399, -0.014801198616623878, 0.016578970476984978, 0.05416000634431839, -0.028141586109995842, -0.06033068895339966, -0.05011453852057457, 0.036043815314769745, -0.020129987969994545, 0.05192192643880844, -0.05514022707939148, -0.02049262821674347, -0.05386214703321457, -0.0004028840339742601, -0.04664686694741249, -0.030803309753537178, -0.0030810816679149866, 0.03926074504852295, 0.03594539314508438, 0.01589975506067276, -0.002380097284913063, -0.024407483637332916, -0.015613896772265434, 0.01872110553085804, 0.0013550643343478441, 0.010878688655793667, -0.021737489849328995, 0.018391182646155357, 0.06515702605247498, 0.02589724212884903, -0.011371374130249023, 0.0008354635210707784, -0.014819007366895676, 0.03567885980010033, -0.0011082363780587912, -0.030629433691501617, 0.0023540088441222906, -0.021666938439011574, -0.011753394268453121, 0.01851867511868477, -0.01126257237046957, -0.009997371584177017, 0.021058909595012665, 0.02954384870827198, 0.0056437160819768906, -0.04303096979856491, 0.01768498681485653, -0.03112627938389778, 0.00020184025925118476, -0.046093232929706573, -0.07090876996517181, -0.05726374313235283, 0.07389868050813675, 0.03506099432706833, -0.00019135637558065355, -0.0027630599215626717, -0.02933979593217373, -0.07450321316719055, 0.024749496951699257, -0.023231569677591324, -0.01794157363474369, -0.03539052605628967, 0.0393633209168911, 0.05546854808926582, -0.041096873581409454, -0.011718768626451492, -0.002149752574041486, 0.025730835273861885, 0.03436225280165672, -0.025385791435837746, 0.00697155948728323, -0.013913040049374104, -0.0367441363632679, -0.014431999996304512, 0.0037499023601412773, 0.01305693481117487, 0.060523953288793564, -0.01800745353102684, 0.03866729140281677, 0.024903465062379837, 0.034830447286367416, 0.02652949094772339, 0.04817955568432808, -0.009675324894487858, 0.023813093081116676, -0.07395511120557785, -0.018897149711847305, -0.03536560386419296, -0.02180260419845581, 0.003733008401468396, -0.03414532542228699, 0.0010606669820845127, 0.022482767701148987, 0.0016668025637045503, -0.012133927084505558, -0.06447763741016388, -0.004529677331447601, -0.013958838768303394, -0.03164481744170189, -0.012900267727673054, -0.02683028019964695, 0.03249109536409378, 0.03390400856733322, 0.0005001714453101158, -0.03154226765036583, 0.053054410964250565, -0.020145216956734657, 0.028445150703191757, -0.011877994984388351, -0.024957818910479546, 0.0034361681900918484, -0.04558248445391655, 0.011729549616575241, -0.01708264835178852, 0.038398101925849915, 0.03508484736084938, 0.016342241317033768, 0.027499429881572723, 0.053145430982112885, -0.008162735030055046, -0.0023683584295213223, -0.002109820954501629, 0.020542073994874954, -0.006786182057112455, 0.028922652825713158, 0.01677975431084633, 0.04611460119485855, -0.0136270085349679, 0.017542295157909393, 0.04538145661354065, 0.0012878266861662269, -0.011284708976745605, 0.006153392139822245, -0.04152220860123634, 0.0639769434928894, -0.05370005592703819, -0.047725263983011246, -0.04413393884897232, -0.006924835499376059, 0.013253447599709034, 0.04816781356930733, -0.00574481999501586, 0.010374625213444233, -0.03390297666192055, 0.033709559589624405, -0.024799061939120293, -0.06536135077476501, -0.014334030449390411, 0.004326488822698593, 0.049741920083761215, -0.031041689217090607, 0.02105143293738365, 0.031530946493148804, -0.018609995022416115, 0.004689749330282211, 0.0036272164434194565, -0.04666341096162796, -0.038826264441013336, 0.0013807634823024273, 0.0043585593812167645, 0.020001720637083054, -0.04016748070716858, -0.014793754555284977, 0.013665257953107357, 0.03425321355462074, 0.003130828496068716, -0.032422393560409546, 0.039753030985593796, 0.0863703042268753, -0.0008469580207020044, 0.0061098262667655945, -0.014323280192911625, -0.04553698003292084, 0.06243889406323433, 0.014007553458213806, 0.02072284370660782, -0.03526636213064194, -0.021323617547750473, -0.013116332702338696, -0.02289336360991001, -0.00500691682100296, 0.05970042943954468, -0.022058837115764618, 0.0012721330858767033, 0.017812855541706085, 0.026199106127023697, -0.05989282205700874, 0.024275677278637886, 0.03423866257071495, -0.08725764602422714, 0.013349693268537521, 0.007103877607733011, -0.04521167650818825, 0.011882755905389786, -0.03730301931500435, -0.02355741523206234, -0.06413096934556961, -0.026102986186742783, 0.029768088832497597, 0.011829784139990807, -0.019362343475222588, -0.019410548731684685, 0.018181852996349335, -0.010041915811598301, 0.008042780682444572, 0.025743559002876282, -0.014563329517841339, -0.02457413636147976, 0.0064072031527757645, 0.049926333129405975, 0.003870607353746891, 0.00205201911740005, -0.008221760392189026, -0.03818441554903984, 0.023534497246146202, -0.044874031096696854, -0.012257320806384087, 0.03950992971658707, -0.027887269854545593, -0.007072324398905039, -0.015411905944347382, 0.015511274337768555, -0.007762276567518711, -0.014018164947628975, 0.015153263695538044, -0.007439862471073866, -0.045816630125045776, 0.004115432966500521, -0.0038978811353445053, 0.038491617888212204, 0.016634933650493622, -0.010650497861206532, 0.0027851187624037266, -0.0028124977834522724, 0.015832193195819855, -0.015369302593171597, -0.08130916953086853, 0.011577559635043144, 0.0638047307729721, 0.0014950757613405585, -0.036104798316955566, -0.07332693040370941, -0.009217402897775173, -0.021070996299386024, -0.0479043647646904, 0.024344956502318382, -0.03247047960758209, 0.03886188194155693, 0.0293699000030756, 0.03052070178091526, -0.004825065843760967, -0.018956748768687248, 0.040492165833711624, -0.050641052424907684, -0.011396875604987144, -0.06763996183872223, -0.03812606632709503, 0.05499911680817604, 0.0009585572988726199, 0.05089076980948448, -0.010005398653447628, -0.01369456946849823, 0.056281790137290955, -0.016822900623083115, -0.05092202126979828, 0.02540713921189308, -0.018752966076135635, 0.004819189663976431, 0.035359784960746765, -0.061877887696027756, -0.009835266508162022, -0.0064138141460716724, -0.06697500497102737, -0.005033383145928383, 0.003964201081544161, 0.032693684101104736, 0.0005676342989318073, -0.02222682163119316, -0.002884784247726202, -0.002107126172631979, 0.020518053323030472, 0.040852151811122894, 0.0364360436797142, 0.01784399151802063, -0.06787728518247604, 0.07717975229024887, 0.022156869992613792, -0.0009625522652640939, 0.009923539124429226, 0.05570847541093826, -0.005382484290748835, -0.07091528922319412, 0.03924964740872383, 0.00392647460103035, 0.016549592837691307, -0.05050446838140488, 0.025752993300557137, 0.03199373185634613, -0.041628286242485046, -0.019913921132683754, 0.046690236777067184, -0.04314468428492546, 0.0238792784512043, 0.015146018005907536, -0.0041016628965735435, -0.0012062586611136794, 0.0688391774892807, 0.024091465398669243, 0.04507400095462799, 0.0683600902557373, 0.0036349131260067225, -0.006942750420421362, -0.023614270612597466, 0.058705106377601624, 0.07288198173046112, 0.0210000891238451, 0.010092985816299915, 0.07257726043462753, -0.0469273217022419, -0.060270410031080246, 0.02070421352982521, 0.001684343907982111, -0.02336416020989418, -0.012390951626002789, 0.010391509160399437, 0.10763338953256607, 0.020925581455230713, 0.07501349598169327, -0.026988819241523743, -0.0069252485409379005, 0.044769540429115295, -0.0036808529403060675, -0.00006913809920661151, 0.04274262487888336, 0.02579280361533165, 0.02061842754483223, -0.023508936166763306, -0.053646501153707504, -0.0032693042885512114, -0.004068931099027395, 0.03358442336320877, 0.033972688019275665, 0.006629645824432373, -0.00020456151105463505, 0.04414359852671623, 0.05403413251042366, 0.09844840317964554, -0.028466660529375076, -0.03394868224859238, -0.00798172876238823, 0.013779191300272942, -0.004395227879285812, 0.03760644793510437, -0.016786320134997368, -0.007898756302893162, 0.016187001019716263, -0.016645831987261772, 0.03583046793937683, -0.005346356891095638, -0.01962698996067047, 0.011826930567622185, -0.04254649952054024, -0.03818348050117493, 0.026516200974583626, 0.04988487437367439, 0.010572629980742931, -0.03703167289495468, -0.03116493485867977, -0.06585165113210678, -0.07629252970218658, -0.05753537267446518, 0.04049622267484665, -0.010277025401592255, -0.0044357613660395145, 0.014832655899226665, -0.02670196443796158, -0.017987264320254326, 0.017935574054718018, -0.04211495816707611, -0.032506730407476425, 0.03839551657438278, 0.00243179383687675, 0.025468913838267326, 0.05207322537899017, 0.04058901593089104, -0.01672646589577198, -0.030888322740793228, 0.06355785578489304, -0.014832972548902035, 0.03395232558250427, -0.037722740322351456, 0.0044170282781124115, -0.10692894458770752, 0.008344907313585281, 0.0050820112228393555, -0.07106692343950272, -0.09602287411689758, 0.07045046985149384, -0.02150394767522812, 0.006025708746165037, 0.04114653170108795, -0.014755506068468094, -0.005780193489044905, -0.04771615192294121, -0.02089598774909973, -0.051147062331438065, 0.007352858316153288, 0.07347337156534195, -0.023381201550364494, 0.06248859688639641, 0.030316315591335297, -0.020359672605991364, -0.02394634298980236, 0.01506297942250967, -0.021985715255141258, 0.002900447929278016, -0.03268773853778839, -0.007482533808797598, -0.010796677321195602, -0.10326270759105682, -0.017838381230831146, 0.02483724243938923, 0.013352029025554657, -0.044469162821769714, -0.015385186299681664, -0.006729427259415388, 0.014548773877322674, -0.026853544637560844, -0.011846629902720451, -0.026878949254751205, -0.019572902470827103, -0.04942367598414421, -0.06674610078334808, 0.03164802864193916, 0.0020601446740329266, -0.004097640980035067, -0.0529983751475811, -0.03369741141796112, 0.013223943300545216, -0.03976023197174072, 0.00418002950027585, 0.00787099078297615, 0.031044261530041695, -0.00016400979075115174 ]
5,107
MSTAR: Box-free Multi-query Scene Text Retrieval with Attention Recycling
[ "Liang Yin", "Xudong Xie", "Zhang Li", "Xiang Bai", "Yuliang Liu" ]
Scene text retrieval has made significant progress with the assistance of accurate text localization.However, existing approaches typically require costly bounding box annotations for training. Besides, they mostly adopt a customized retrieval strategy but struggle to unify various types of queries to meet diverse retrieval needs.To address these issues, we introduce Muti-query Scene Text retrieval with Attention Recycling (MSTAR), a box-free approach for scene text retrieval. It incorporates progressive vision embedding to dynamically capture the multi-grained representation of texts and harmonizes free-style text queries with style-aware instructions. Additionally, a multi-instance matching module is integrated to enhance vision-language alignment.Furthermore, we build the Multi-Query Text Retrieval (MQTR) dataset, the first benchmark designed to evaluate the multi-query scene text retrieval capability of models, comprising four query types and $16k$ images. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method across seven public datasets and the MQTR dataset. Notably, MSTAR marginally surpasses the previous state-of-the-art model by 6.4\% in MAP on Total-Text while eliminating box annotation costs. Moreover, on the MQTR benchmark, MSTAR significantly outperforms the previous models by an average of 8.5\%. The code and data will be public.
poster
2506.10609
https://github.com/yingift/MSTAR
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.009708598256111145, -0.027615845203399658, 0.02519315294921398, 0.06321823596954346, 0.02267085574567318, 0.012474074959754944, 0.010626047849655151, 0.03272524103522301, -0.03605780750513077, -0.027010928839445114, -0.05418999120593071, 0.019566286355257034, -0.08568713068962097, -0.020469823852181435, 0.015676910057663918, 0.055667150765657425, 0.01950596272945404, -0.0001254465023521334, 0.031958214938640594, 0.020751433447003365, 0.00034973383299075067, 0.002823486225679517, 0.03298911824822426, 0.02796156331896782, 0.023506803438067436, -0.009426040574908257, 0.017718719318509102, 0.03830483928322792, -0.05496747046709061, -0.0004394609131850302, 0.023188522085547447, -0.022644270211458206, 0.012701435945928097, -0.03137870877981186, 0.025005627423524857, -0.05331047624349594, -0.036864735186100006, 0.03833461552858353, 0.034251999109983444, 0.01936439797282219, -0.03528903052210808, 0.004395708441734314, 0.004383013118058443, -0.014472022652626038, -0.0461772121489048, 0.013989461585879326, -0.10943986475467682, 0.02582671120762825, -0.0022106547839939594, -0.022027350962162018, -0.058022640645504, 0.060790207237005234, -0.01519761048257351, 0.011047826148569584, -0.019374199211597443, 0.045087944716215134, 0.02753864973783493, -0.08118607848882675, -0.002811613492667675, -0.039763156324625015, -0.01553642749786377, 0.002889145165681839, 0.013430837541818619, 0.04315558448433876, 0.013864554464817047, -0.013943503610789776, -0.0025359964929521084, 0.03658490255475044, -0.028542472049593925, -0.006167921703308821, 0.024184854701161385, -0.0006378430407494307, -0.0016577542992308736, 0.02535497024655342, 0.0006456254632212222, -0.009222477674484253, 0.012700908817350864, 0.014144526794552803, 0.052964866161346436, -0.0026690871454775333, 0.010400551371276379, 0.011427056044340134, -0.010823119431734085, 0.039870958775281906, -0.011280406266450882, 0.011285531334578991, -0.04288573935627937, -0.0384431816637516, -0.07118610292673111, 0.034070082008838654, -0.028083955869078636, -0.024979565292596817, 0.01631324179470539, 0.019933251664042473, 0.006543777883052826, 0.00851290300488472, 0.023096712306141853, 0.013047885149717331, 0.03602205961942673, -0.0002129343629349023, -0.022455718368291855, -0.052997853606939316, 0.04323164373636246, 0.0021119480952620506, -0.09020795673131943, -0.021759916096925735, 0.0025096351746469736, 0.0034607623238116503, 0.02631605975329876, 0.005634850822389126, -0.0342307947576046, -0.028882335871458054, 0.013981331139802933, -0.023739133030176163, -0.06604810059070587, 0.020720304921269417, 0.013311429880559444, 0.01764124631881714, -0.027963319793343544, 0.03846216946840286, 0.013568555936217308, 0.0446467250585556, 0.004646976478397846, 0.07712827622890472, -0.024451905861496925, 0.007121977861970663, 0.02684962749481201, 0.005758337210863829, -0.05010027438402176, -0.02417042851448059, 0.04260009154677391, 0.015143612399697304, 0.0111996466293931, 0.015684684738516808, -0.007831335999071598, -0.00988832302391529, 0.02008279599249363, -0.02018950879573822, 0.07543796300888062, -0.021620577201247215, 0.013688814826309681, -0.033733222633600235, 0.025976169854402542, 0.002315720310434699, 0.07811293751001358, -0.002185023156926036, -0.0006863272865302861, -0.013341601006686687, -0.03529820591211319, 0.007013095077127218, 0.03597329184412956, -0.0282425656914711, 0.012186886742711067, -0.06459597498178482, 0.00435368437319994, 0.0812857449054718, -0.006452552042901516, 0.03679747134447098, 0.004562417510896921, 0.020919466391205788, -0.008478796109557152, 0.00500841997563839, -0.06352328509092331, 0.02880861982703209, -0.04083169251680374, -0.0661657378077507, 0.013860326260328293, 0.025315456092357635, -0.021044563502073288, -0.013786711730062962, -0.03882395476102829, -0.07620907574892044, 0.03567895665764809, -0.05451885238289833, -0.016561834141612053, -0.011215584352612495, 0.07645299285650253, 0.02378283068537712, 0.02768070437014103, 0.015329204499721527, -0.07603804767131805, -0.0027806763537228107, -0.04099137336015701, -0.028137272223830223, 0.023159125819802284, 0.0006011634832248092, 0.0939478799700737, 0.01952448859810829, -0.018809227272868156, -0.020757095888257027, -0.10222858935594559, -0.0319482795894146, -0.015930943191051483, 0.006968590430915356, 0.043788790702819824, 0.011142120696604252, -0.008538625203073025, 0.024853330105543137, 0.03515855595469475, 0.04403316602110863, 0.037030503153800964, -0.012851808220148087, 0.05723874643445015, -0.03664156422019005, -0.06157105788588524, -0.04047783464193344, 0.01461587194353342, -0.04087551683187485, -0.025035496801137924, 0.011721858754754066, 0.01761256530880928, 0.023469239473342896, -0.005410877522081137, 0.015060040168464184, -0.006490236613899469, 0.0478937141597271, -0.010832436382770538, 0.013656518422067165, 0.01396747212857008, -0.08645790815353394, 0.04305039346218109, 0.03317907080054283, -0.022612517699599266, -0.002862310502678156, -0.0459139421582222, 0.09767858684062958, 0.02754097990691662, -0.04684068262577057, 0.0023804688826203346, -0.006034248508512974, 0.003910636063665152, -0.023508727550506592, -0.009887821972370148, -0.046830397099256516, -0.017268292605876923, -0.0023244398180395365, 0.03386068716645241, 0.006892077624797821, 0.04569271579384804, -0.014622080139815807, -0.02504056692123413, 0.04078567400574684, -0.003686569631099701, 0.025736309587955475, 0.032804109156131744, -0.03531894460320473, 0.017302624881267548, -0.007432303391396999, 0.005442929919809103, -0.06520875543355942, -0.012224224396049976, 0.017776748165488243, -0.0388699509203434, -0.033458225429058075, 0.04840587079524994, -0.02638249844312668, -0.009923537261784077, -0.032338935881853104, 0.07664620876312256, 0.048013050109148026, 0.028002489358186722, 0.04097544401884079, 0.015271011739969254, -0.018074974417686462, -0.028253192082047462, -0.07738107442855835, -0.034942228347063065, -0.03502578288316727, 0.04627714678645134, 0.02021210826933384, 0.045378174632787704, 0.04874234274029732, 0.010569932870566845, -0.000655012670904398, -0.04224619269371033, 0.01520382147282362, 0.03399006277322769, 0.05408838763833046, -0.005430111661553383, -0.02580997720360756, -0.0027418923564255238, 0.04506782814860344, 0.005594754125922918, -0.017270583659410477, -0.01594618521630764, -0.00881173275411129, 0.012211266905069351, -0.02311130054295063, -0.001592803979292512, -0.004159965086728334, 0.009802734479308128, 0.020586645230650902, -0.006168033927679062, -0.009231933392584324, 0.040688496083021164, 0.055247511714696884, 0.05187608301639557, 0.011133283376693726, -0.043635495007038116, 0.03038628026843071, -0.01285510789602995, 0.008161759003996849, 0.0052284132689237595, -0.007009655702859163, 0.012024475261569023, -0.004999849479645491, 0.0002494364161975682, -0.010380377992987633, -0.2746368646621704, -0.015409077517688274, -0.004584169015288353, 0.009734457358717918, 0.0349268764257431, -0.017748521640896797, 0.0432998463511467, -0.04218803346157074, 0.008608316071331501, 0.01747051440179348, 0.019517704844474792, 0.022952094674110413, 0.01679930090904236, 0.06979873776435852, 0.03249687701463699, 0.054472073912620544, 0.01646951586008072, -0.014679689891636372, 0.012815989553928375, 0.04609803855419159, -0.007906763814389706, -0.09662224352359772, -0.0136039350181818, 0.042609382420778275, -0.02046269178390503, 0.053761932998895645, -0.1079728901386261, -0.003199899336323142, 0.010462809354066849, -0.014858831651508808, -0.002298704581335187, -0.014330532401800156, -0.024811217561364174, 0.03198010474443436, 0.005223140586167574, 0.00920519046485424, 0.07582803815603256, -0.01528166513890028, 0.028525635600090027, -0.0019921360071748495, 0.0022366351913660765, -0.015268830582499504, -0.027904558926820755, 0.000661428552120924, 0.07688706368207932, -0.03204784169793129, -0.08706142008304596, -0.01469773706048727, -0.0206894651055336, 0.01654258370399475, 0.006908046547323465, -0.0435522124171257, -0.022893579676747322, 0.02387208677828312, 0.02190946228802204, -0.06796175241470337, 0.004926578141748905, -0.023560963571071625, -0.032822053879499435, -0.020086970180273056, -0.015023992396891117, -0.04070074111223221, -0.040631987154483795, -0.031452737748622894, 0.0025160051882267, -0.04575412720441818, -0.05407705157995224, -0.041250962764024734, 0.0019127955893054605, 0.04021241143345833, -0.03702591359615326, 0.031062060967087746, -0.028937140479683876, -0.09438344836235046, 0.006146211177110672, 0.022716203704476357, -0.014351150020956993, -0.023128284141421318, -0.004751406144350767, 0.0326143242418766, -0.027916662395000458, -0.07111340761184692, 0.019745662808418274, 0.008087805472314358, -0.009943563491106033, -0.036481473594903946, -0.001170899486169219, -0.03961779549717903, 0.005602327175438404, -0.03577300161123276, 0.06258922070264816, -0.021258221939206123, 0.013240794651210308, 0.0020572207868099213, 0.049205075949430466, 0.03429819270968437, 0.04078567773103714, 0.01589365489780903, 0.03515902906656265, 0.03189169988036156, 0.012091344222426414, -0.05906401202082634, -0.012408381327986717, -0.009577392600476742, -0.021752124652266502, 0.017411798238754272, -0.060076579451560974, -0.019619593396782875, 0.04157725349068642, -0.01322958618402481, -0.059936799108982086, -0.015505499206483364, -0.00346582755446434, -0.006199548952281475, 0.005546994507312775, -0.0072687165811657906, 0.03678412362933159, 0.0013653100468218327, -0.0019950177520513535, -0.0025852834805846214, -0.021110346540808678, 0.03508424758911133, -0.02512897364795208, 0.005098449531942606, -0.013340980745851994, -0.02138320915400982, 0.004432522691786289, 0.023327400907874107, 0.0024800822138786316, -0.008797310292720795, 0.031668346375226974, 0.029981855303049088, -0.004077977035194635, 0.0054635778069496155, 0.05070444196462631, -0.027819737792015076, 0.00480832252651453, -0.004627623595297337, 0.05736919865012169, -0.007537240162491798, 0.03494179993867874, -0.03908257558941841, -0.028097569942474365, 0.09292099624872208, 0.0465955026447773, -0.012344134971499443, -0.012937009334564209, 0.031230062246322632, -0.00329199293628335, 0.0001838147290982306, -0.027133559808135033, -0.06003018468618393, -0.023186692968010902, -0.0312877893447876, 0.002518143504858017, -0.014760933816432953, 0.005585784092545509, -0.010243689641356468, -0.009220336563885212, -0.05667174607515335, 0.07085730880498886, 0.022625500336289406, 0.0176407303661108, -0.009263350628316402, 0.014485652558505535, 0.006870387587696314, 0.05632298067212105, -0.007119761314243078, 0.018077928572893143, 0.01704644411802292, -0.011624929495155811, -0.011511231772601604, -0.012270473875105381, 0.0003895724075846374, -0.02535080723464489, 0.014566413126885891, 0.01451924443244934, 0.028239484876394272, -0.011715580709278584, 0.051200054585933685, 0.024593638256192207, -0.00661008246243, -0.014687328599393368, 0.019151872023940086, 0.06145552918314934, 0.020905397832393646, -0.005713270045816898, -0.006335704121738672, -0.022374138236045837, 0.009724505245685577, 0.010600268840789795, -0.0011617079144343734, -0.048176005482673645, -0.040157075971364975, -0.027818821370601654, -0.057378511875867844, -0.025310292840003967, -0.018464595079421997, 0.024309271946549416, 0.01333807222545147, -0.029992522671818733, 0.04907681420445442, -0.06806505471467972, -0.008363857865333557, 0.0021557279396802187, -0.06087114289402962, 0.029904542490839958, 0.040669143199920654, -0.040180012583732605, 0.010838987305760384, -0.011084359139204025, -0.03480739891529083, -0.018677599728107452, -0.02777552232146263, 0.0010668315226212144, -0.00356524670496583, -0.01844804733991623, -0.013152924366295338, 0.014240826480090618, -0.03388717398047447, 0.039076633751392365, 0.007177503313869238, 0.004846207331866026, -0.006137968506664038, 0.021259082481265068, 0.06282950192689896, 0.004334688186645508, -0.021872567012906075, -0.017443252727389336, -0.034313272684812546, 0.0275492575019598, -0.008763063699007034, 0.02299552783370018, 0.05338595435023308, -0.004340405110269785, -0.0005668640369549394, -0.073092520236969, 0.014849274419248104, 0.022911524400115013, 0.020161231979727745, 0.012474960647523403, -0.0010233396897092462, -0.019098635762929916, 0.026440633460879326, 0.0007786746136844158, 0.011385650373995304, 0.014716006815433502, 0.0109854182228446, 0.010992239229381084, 0.00999120157212019, 0.0075658648274838924, -0.006941378582268953, -0.03686727210879326, -0.021655535325407982, 0.05409811809659004, -0.04477445036172867, -0.02511308342218399, -0.05318572372198105, -0.045951034873723984, 0.04712290316820145, -0.020223848521709442, 0.02887987345457077, -0.0293012373149395, 0.04400104656815529, 0.02164420671761036, 0.05211736634373665, -0.006292445585131645, -0.04070546478033066, 0.040256887674331665, -0.03912964463233948, -0.010996193625032902, -0.049855101853609085, -0.04346087574958801, 0.07973741739988327, -0.029142852872610092, 0.000435477530118078, -0.0166336577385664, -0.04461989179253578, 0.004681290592998266, -0.015111187472939491, -0.05759327486157417, 0.035262078046798706, -0.02978510409593582, 0.008570277132093906, -0.007592928595840931, -0.016372352838516235, -0.02093108557164669, -0.029783211648464203, -0.03598284721374512, -0.026763131842017174, -0.021222926676273346, 0.045471999794244766, -0.059167392551898956, 0.038138046860694885, -0.034182824194431305, -0.0025578567292541265, 0.025092031806707382, 0.046913616359233856, -0.013051089830696583, 0.052822045981884, -0.025203077122569084, 0.06451334804296494, 0.04026205465197563, -0.030487261712551117, 0.03578807786107063, -0.0003301547549199313, -0.010143388994038105, -0.030877767130732536, 0.0416642427444458, -0.01175184827297926, -0.029561975970864296, -0.08499117940664291, 0.07953718304634094, 0.024464258924126625, -0.03744092583656311, -0.014534019865095615, 0.027928976342082024, -0.042076870799064636, 0.013509714975953102, -0.041973941028118134, -0.012220487929880619, 0.0007489346317015588, 0.05385836213827133, 0.02164430543780327, 0.027645302936434746, 0.07810419052839279, -0.012470284476876259, -0.004905177745968103, 0.02511760964989662, 0.09045480191707611, 0.06427160650491714, 0.04955354705452919, -0.04888605326414108, 0.0522942990064621, -0.030749058350920677, -0.03622552752494812, 0.018308669328689575, 0.006365451030433178, 0.007809631060808897, -0.05953410640358925, -0.016545796766877174, 0.08094847947359085, 0.00835510902106762, 0.04737710580229759, -0.039802175015211105, -0.024487068876624107, 0.053500305861234665, 0.0010688280453905463, -0.009039552882313728, 0.010049466975033283, 0.028537597507238388, 0.02457094006240368, -0.03233272209763527, -0.010362658649682999, 0.018563494086265564, 0.0015641598729416728, 0.001761671737767756, -0.0071569085121154785, -0.0063320547342300415, -0.004893550183624029, -0.03900614008307457, 0.05387638881802559, 0.11572512984275818, -0.006332287564873695, -0.053654078394174576, 0.0038569653406739235, 0.015068086795508862, 0.05192612111568451, 0.07133564352989197, -0.00885119941085577, -0.013134777545928955, 0.012419061735272408, -0.05573544278740883, 0.013687617145478725, 0.045712459832429886, -0.013520696200430393, 0.03189381957054138, -0.04857587441802025, -0.028747227042913437, 0.014673537574708462, 0.018613945692777634, -0.039009444415569305, -0.04264422133564949, -0.05219564586877823, -0.027907997369766235, -0.04169193655252457, -0.03553203120827675, 0.040657613426446915, 0.025043435394763947, -0.043298929929733276, -0.03196315839886665, -0.05656933784484863, 0.006552765145897865, 0.020866841077804565, -0.050667449831962585, 0.018106337636709213, 0.026665396988391876, 0.02716730535030365, -0.032403040677309036, 0.04345184564590454, 0.04387151077389717, -0.03097435273230076, 0.0026474539190530777, 0.03954288735985756, 0.040202073752880096, 0.029371514916419983, 0.03702250495553017, -0.03878404200077057, -0.09548550844192505, 0.0060419561341404915, 0.04421577602624893, -0.007375049404799938, -0.0689641460776329, 0.0035710884258151054, -0.045348409563302994, 0.047439418733119965, 0.02811294235289097, 0.0070359837263822556, 0.05458761379122734, -0.026879888027906418, 0.010664981789886951, 0.0032190743368119, 0.017854077741503716, 0.03660766780376434, -0.014019256457686424, 0.05769874155521393, 0.027913043275475502, 0.014721374958753586, -0.025619395077228546, 0.02603033557534218, 0.017228025943040848, 0.027141164988279343, -0.048160698264837265, -0.029491210356354713, -0.05595327168703079, -0.1114908903837204, -0.047626644372940063, 0.06163353845477104, 0.020295238122344017, -0.044870853424072266, 0.01042992528527975, 0.018721530213952065, -0.032076358795166016, -0.010037709958851337, 0.015072000212967396, -0.026573864743113518, -0.02642389014363289, -0.052653126418590546, -0.0647801086306572, 0.005959384609013796, -0.061288557946681976, 0.0039525823667645454, -0.023266013711690903, -0.020651692524552345, -0.009919189848005772, -0.004232382867485285, 0.03992895781993866, 0.021334679797291756, 0.029342127963900566, -0.035678643733263016 ]
5,108
Memory Mosaics at scale
[ "Jianyu Zhang", "Leon Bottou" ]
Memory Mosaics, networks of associative memories, have demonstrated appealing compositional and in-context learning capabilities on medium-scale networks (GPT-2 scale) and synthetic small datasets. This work shows that these favorable properties remain when we scale memory mosaics to large language model sizes (llama-8B scale) and real-world datasets. To this end, we scale memory mosaics to 10B size, we train them on one trillion tokens, we introduce a couple architectural modifications (*memory mosaics v2*), we assess their capabilities across three evaluation dimensions: training-knowledge storage, new-knowledge storage, and in-context learning. Throughout the evaluation, memory mosaics v2 match transformers on the learning of training knowledge (first dimension) and significantly outperforms transformers on carrying out new tasks at inference time (second and third dimensions). These improvements cannot be easily replicated by simply increasing the training data for transformers. A memory mosaics v2 trained on one trillion tokens still perform better on these tasks than a transformer trained on eight trillion tokens.
oral
2507.03285
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.0249696746468544, 0.00601167231798172, -0.005054025445133448, 0.034069910645484924, 0.027137326076626778, 0.012237641960382462, 0.033374350517988205, 0.04438677057623863, -0.05039696767926216, 0.0011579121928662062, -0.0032558604143559933, 0.0033935699611902237, -0.0510215200483799, 0.0018998495070263743, -0.0133441761136055, 0.03867233544588089, 0.029637176543474197, -0.018549621105194092, 0.03204123303294182, 0.02539553865790367, 0.006277898792177439, -0.02033310756087303, 0.03230373561382294, 0.019169820472598076, -0.0008374587632715702, 0.009505338966846466, 0.02988756075501442, 0.0037185251712799072, -0.015133184380829334, 0.021916812285780907, 0.0222338754683733, -0.0003452510281931609, 0.03189653158187866, 0.005041312891989946, 0.043160658329725266, -0.01931975968182087, -0.05270807072520256, 0.008967028930783272, 0.00432274304330349, 0.001328486017882824, -0.03154217451810837, -0.005950511898845434, 0.0002092867944156751, 0.0019894950091838837, -0.06782960146665573, 0.016594070941209793, -0.13701196014881134, 0.05048350244760513, 0.009764562360942364, -0.01814858615398407, -0.10840916633605957, 0.03232177719473839, 0.025090228766202927, 0.0013277778634801507, -0.001372120575979352, 0.014852401800453663, 0.051421888172626495, -0.056093692779541016, 0.021614331752061844, -0.018372103571891785, -0.04703640565276146, 0.03157966211438179, 0.013198954984545708, 0.013924752362072468, -0.03236902132630348, -0.023486211895942688, 0.02246546372771263, 0.018285563215613365, -0.06041902303695679, -0.028157982975244522, -0.017181161791086197, -0.008238723501563072, 0.0006496371352113783, 0.0264296755194664, -0.016578309237957, -0.0615144819021225, 0.016171853989362717, 0.021623743698000908, 0.05750637501478195, -0.009871616959571838, -0.0040219370275735855, 0.01808103173971176, 0.018677011132240295, 0.05075850337743759, 0.015014647506177425, 0.007072782143950462, -0.04976312071084976, -0.030169306322932243, -0.10412618517875671, 0.022338738664984703, -0.0300128273665905, -0.042476192116737366, 0.0061069331131875515, 0.02122102491557598, 0.009559240192174911, -0.003754986450076103, 0.005169276613742113, 0.034866444766521454, 0.03192247822880745, -0.004104084335267544, -0.02809310518205166, -0.023136025294661522, 0.01094310637563467, 0.0016720275161787868, -0.1039448156952858, -0.02429686114192009, -0.03761579096317291, -0.00862827617675066, 0.006996351759880781, -0.01473759114742279, -0.03855748474597931, -0.018979618325829506, 0.030807262286543846, 0.00852119829505682, -0.08248545229434967, 0.018499484285712242, 0.0030547580681741238, 0.031031329184770584, -0.01012877095490694, 0.001149004208855331, 0.051929377019405365, 0.05669156461954117, 0.014916134998202324, 0.0670752227306366, -0.0300880316644907, -0.009892599657177925, 0.024675443768501282, 0.018512940034270287, -0.049012769013643265, -0.040939707309007645, -0.012209643609821796, 0.028039708733558655, 0.005071842577308416, 0.014358936809003353, 0.014136805199086666, -0.02465139515697956, 0.0030451433267444372, 0.004156281240284443, 0.04562777280807495, -0.008166942745447159, 0.027740754187107086, -0.027767065912485123, 0.05057167634367943, -0.03310425579547882, 0.07766027003526688, -0.014262440614402294, -0.035555291920900345, -0.023888513445854187, -0.016248401254415512, -0.020220525562763214, 0.002570569049566984, 0.0019702159333974123, -0.0010163026163354516, -0.08055802434682846, 0.03278747946023941, 0.06499575823545456, -0.006205463316291571, 0.03223517909646034, 0.004533787257969379, 0.0144498310983181, 0.003740518819540739, -0.009527146816253662, -0.032055776566267014, 0.025852330029010773, -0.011829789727926254, -0.04929457977414131, 0.014855366200208664, 0.02140810340642929, -0.03677977994084358, 0.006641275715082884, -0.04535356163978577, -0.055109307169914246, 0.05904470011591911, -0.019596030935645103, -0.043520454317331314, -0.006296147592365742, 0.05653060972690582, -0.01770583726465702, 0.0127054238691926, 0.014568748883903027, -0.08121010661125183, 0.030383573845028877, 0.003056218149140477, 0.0035162896383553743, 0.006287400610744953, -0.015245180577039719, 0.06710709631443024, -0.03151731565594673, 0.0037330875638872385, 0.024128975346684456, -0.06335713714361191, -0.004661356098949909, 0.01608332246541977, -0.0018474699463695288, 0.06593985110521317, 0.0033941802103072405, 0.004330230876803398, 0.01300192903727293, 0.05055832862854004, 0.05699850246310234, 0.03611551225185394, -0.017238283529877663, 0.05335478112101555, -0.011023902334272861, -0.00008460845856461674, 0.011545664630830288, 0.028934665024280548, -0.06829387694597244, -0.02460388094186783, 0.018400926142930984, -0.014805381186306477, -0.0019304798915982246, 0.018172306939959526, 0.018969327211380005, 0.00004730567161459476, -0.0040435404516756535, -0.01991358771920204, -0.019260117784142494, 0.012188917957246304, -0.05884561315178871, 0.015935687348246574, -0.013687689788639545, -0.03971632197499275, -0.0033328633289784193, -0.020119087770581245, 0.0912555605173111, 0.06474785506725311, -0.041705355048179626, 0.019909067079424858, 0.023153189569711685, 0.0013590609887614846, 0.008308500051498413, -0.006038228515535593, -0.01149621419608593, 0.027956180274486542, -0.0016636758809909225, 0.0135586466640234, -0.027958780527114868, 0.04367543384432793, -0.049404338002204895, -0.051875390112400055, 0.06529001146554947, 0.01272405032068491, 0.037609875202178955, 0.010151988826692104, 0.013465139083564281, 0.045268408954143524, -0.018759680911898613, -0.0005183247267268598, -0.02421330288052559, -0.018286267295479774, -0.013348884880542755, 0.0028265435248613358, -0.016533253714442253, -0.016934093087911606, -0.06413283199071884, -0.008561083115637302, -0.02448149025440216, 0.046533599495887756, 0.05252990499138832, -0.01677078753709793, 0.04449886083602905, 0.0009967338992282748, -0.04604355990886688, 0.007256504148244858, -0.10165248811244965, -0.03504113852977753, -0.017269490286707878, 0.05126189813017845, 0.0025854355189949274, 0.012647679075598717, -0.006983026396483183, 0.07566409558057785, -0.006582676898688078, -0.012485641986131668, -0.002112852642312646, 0.018600154668092728, -0.007596055045723915, -0.030896412208676338, -0.022151559591293335, -0.03120262548327446, 0.05808466300368309, -0.03551638498902321, -0.01912580616772175, -0.021948331966996193, -0.05187484622001648, -0.011851457878947258, -0.0465545617043972, -0.025285273790359497, 0.017387954518198967, 0.048931315541267395, 0.05498472973704338, -0.02689322642982006, 0.0190654918551445, 0.023199187591671944, 0.09599625319242477, 0.0639580562710762, -0.015991568565368652, -0.02318289689719677, 0.02219262346625328, -0.04235116019845009, 0.008700743317604065, -0.030752459540963173, 0.03236326575279236, -0.002692972542718053, 0.0013439416652545333, 0.010974652133882046, -0.01684151031076908, -0.27085086703300476, -0.008714557625353336, 0.004300417844206095, -0.032376620918512344, 0.03456328809261322, -0.012773970142006874, 0.03198280930519104, -0.036444056779146194, -0.02374943718314171, -0.010142109356820583, 0.00931206252425909, 0.025155475363135338, -0.002796048764139414, 0.06890492141246796, 0.027510540559887886, 0.048257797956466675, -0.011184164322912693, -0.03340709209442139, -0.00023812636209186167, 0.025422396138310432, 0.0018610561965033412, -0.08535557985305786, -0.049482084810733795, 0.06371891498565674, -0.024224624037742615, 0.03945469856262207, -0.09858938306570053, -0.007620344404131174, -0.03586054593324661, 0.017370879650115967, -0.015719711780548096, 0.004253717605024576, 0.008167478255927563, 0.06172690913081169, -0.014687301591038704, 0.027422204613685608, 0.03461771458387375, -0.046717315912246704, 0.004125115927308798, -0.02433105744421482, 0.043904244899749756, -0.018119964748620987, -0.011427592486143112, 0.02665366604924202, 0.06988009810447693, 0.008624802343547344, -0.07448643445968628, -0.038302890956401825, -0.009952708147466183, 0.02463872916996479, -0.02597644366323948, -0.02259979024529457, -0.0004254292289260775, 0.011577749624848366, -0.01756114885210991, -0.02500402182340622, 0.010834644548594952, -0.00854676216840744, -0.014056030660867691, -0.001975642517209053, 0.011747858487069607, -0.04565931856632233, -0.018107453361153603, -0.0377323180437088, 0.01101043913513422, -0.039308104664087296, -0.06579868495464325, -0.03904183208942413, 0.036686915904283524, 0.026027701795101166, -0.036959387362003326, 0.027914024889469147, -0.04208533093333244, -0.08992747217416763, -0.002779958536848426, -0.01508630346506834, -0.029614843428134918, -0.0061738090589642525, 0.008492639288306236, 0.03782360255718231, -0.034567445516586304, -0.05079101026058197, -0.019682737067341805, 0.007465406786650419, 0.028844362124800682, -0.01095600239932537, 0.026669668033719063, -0.034584324806928635, -0.01154999528080225, -0.012911848723888397, 0.03761571645736694, 0.01782848685979843, 0.013085251674056053, -0.010902277193963528, 0.0691966637969017, 0.026160193607211113, 0.046773672103881836, 0.08539489656686783, 0.06499356031417847, 0.006903786677867174, 0.023471560329198837, -0.08056548237800598, -0.017807774245738983, -0.00655391113832593, -0.06392542272806168, 0.041575442999601364, -0.05661925673484802, -0.029015984386205673, 0.030713962391018867, 0.029627839103341103, -0.02451191656291485, -0.027905834838747978, 0.013760821893811226, -0.039270635694265366, -0.012348526157438755, 0.014191306196153164, 0.03775739297270775, 0.025679277256131172, 0.0365934818983078, -0.029454106464982033, -0.02230019122362137, 0.052801650017499924, -0.021257435902953148, 0.0434882789850235, 0.01531935017555952, -0.02647361531853676, 0.001162425265647471, -0.0021221968345344067, -0.008022923022508621, 0.004242362454533577, 0.029785703867673874, 0.014693844132125378, 0.008963339030742645, 0.03143823519349098, 0.05852675065398216, 0.005689884070307016, -0.0031231201719492674, -0.00696541415527463, 0.019740760326385498, -0.0036947920452803373, 0.026107847690582275, -0.013014922849833965, 0.05560533329844475, 0.02631359174847603, -0.029494458809494972, 0.018544862046837807, 0.0001302519958699122, -0.012478653341531754, -0.014796444214880466, 0.0006918355356901884, 0.05570167303085327, -0.06215214356780052, -0.01960502378642559, -0.004535894375294447, 0.0015727401478216052, 0.005479317158460617, 0.01963704824447632, -0.02755291573703289, 0.03358227387070656, -0.053853590041399, 0.033928193151950836, 0.014914575032889843, -0.02000054530799389, -0.008964423090219498, -0.0016599110094830394, 0.03842286020517349, -0.03410617262125015, -0.008188482373952866, 0.0277439896017313, 0.029629675671458244, 0.01972022093832493, -0.02085866965353489, -0.03914958983659744, -0.011237828060984612, -0.020560752600431442, 0.03384735807776451, 0.009855126962065697, 0.014031799510121346, -0.006934121251106262, 0.02996143139898777, 0.031359173357486725, -0.005627452861517668, 0.00012273977336008102, -0.005333558190613985, 0.06964230537414551, 0.04904594272375107, 0.0022285382729023695, 0.012713885866105556, -0.07061707228422165, 0.02063077688217163, -0.001621111179701984, 0.018416481092572212, -0.030159123241901398, -0.06418151408433914, -0.03180137276649475, -0.028621042147278786, 0.030508199706673622, 0.011449983343482018, -0.005375921726226807, -0.01632191240787506, 0.023468734696507454, 0.019233640283346176, -0.04694681614637375, 0.018535306677222252, 0.021089907735586166, -0.08033143728971481, 0.018304206430912018, 0.031046979129314423, -0.005057838745415211, 0.014885315671563148, -0.03366659954190254, -0.013249642215669155, -0.05697142705321312, -0.020963942632079124, 0.014216999523341656, -0.014211189933121204, -0.0037560821510851383, -0.02078542858362198, 0.0016632891492918134, -0.011780519969761372, 0.005846736021339893, -0.0042013805359601974, 0.011950291693210602, -0.033364806324243546, -0.010402096435427666, 0.06800714135169983, -0.01649375446140766, 0.006038153078407049, -0.017476320266723633, -0.039040397852659225, 0.030424868687987328, -0.039964333176612854, 0.02065790258347988, 0.054809849709272385, -0.027399783954024315, -0.03284577652812004, -0.022902430966496468, 0.0334458202123642, 0.04684172570705414, -0.005140870343893766, 0.015584691427648067, -0.015764247626066208, -0.058805469423532486, 0.034816838800907135, 0.024531645700335503, 0.02220485731959343, 0.010689573362469673, 0.020243952050805092, 0.0009638798073865473, 0.0013434875290840864, 0.01855948567390442, 0.02070203423500061, -0.023664813488721848, -0.012630356475710869, 0.07891210168600082, -0.017401322722434998, -0.032251935452222824, -0.0857619047164917, -0.04915659874677658, -0.0024816226214170456, -0.022160185500979424, 0.02319045178592205, -0.0506138876080513, 0.024780912324786186, 0.011666499078273773, 0.03127022460103035, 0.022595157846808434, -0.02592618204653263, 0.04350889474153519, -0.02917180024087429, 0.026555560529232025, -0.04455066844820976, -0.05026533827185631, 0.0639018714427948, -0.026728641241788864, -0.013625449500977993, 0.004072103183716536, -0.06373746693134308, 0.053397804498672485, -0.010946705006062984, -0.04521043598651886, 0.03955795243382454, -0.015114999376237392, 0.021759461611509323, 0.023545270785689354, -0.03240954875946045, -0.009845582768321037, -0.04387231543660164, -0.04035002738237381, -0.0011575069511309266, -0.012041845358908176, 0.046389687806367874, -0.02348557487130165, 0.04091807082295418, -0.015104828402400017, -0.003563221078366041, 0.030032021924853325, 0.059208452701568604, 0.03836433216929436, 0.04570520669221878, -0.027167517691850662, 0.08070516586303711, 0.009510853327810764, 0.00883023627102375, 0.00006343035056488588, 0.0198358204215765, -0.017259813845157623, -0.07568909227848053, 0.035353515297174454, -0.03052910976111889, -0.009554928168654442, -0.04341859370470047, 0.07198554277420044, 0.027509117498993874, -0.03487760201096535, -0.024752669036388397, 0.03818704932928085, -0.05899117887020111, -0.022517582401633263, -0.013834502547979355, 0.016972023993730545, -0.02227068692445755, 0.06183899939060211, 0.01918027736246586, 0.05925864726305008, 0.08357181400060654, 0.01239663828164339, -0.042166318744421005, -0.015162043273448944, 0.0518956296145916, 0.04463090002536774, 0.05342311039566994, 0.014300849288702011, 0.07357902824878693, -0.02441597357392311, -0.04553117975592613, 0.027122844010591507, 0.028801435604691505, -0.007133460137993097, -0.04208391532301903, 0.03832545503973961, 0.06058642268180847, -0.01497679390013218, 0.0812736451625824, -0.07714705169200897, -0.020109141245484352, 0.04750118404626846, 0.007291568908840418, 0.017117582261562347, 0.045787565410137177, 0.026059914380311966, 0.02826734073460102, -0.019508013501763344, -0.02969156950712204, 0.014928353950381279, -0.020299190655350685, 0.01340966485440731, 0.046462755650281906, -0.009239575825631618, 0.014993826858699322, -0.0042692129500210285, 0.06791950762271881, 0.09235099703073502, -0.03922426328063011, -0.059989798814058304, -0.002905589062720537, 0.0033554225228726864, 0.005144757218658924, 0.058599989861249924, -0.009381227195262909, -0.025330357253551483, 0.01880023255944252, -0.05509725585579872, 0.04066131263971329, 0.007616360206156969, -0.0007895684102550149, 0.012991569004952908, -0.01243586465716362, -0.03079024702310562, -0.009933306835591793, 0.019059540703892708, -0.06019731983542442, -0.03595472127199173, -0.03067954070866108, -0.04162091761827469, -0.020981676876544952, -0.0037428061477839947, 0.010875840671360493, -0.0058426326140761375, -0.03877738490700722, -0.021228481084108353, -0.014678276143968105, 0.025876887142658234, 0.027464747428894043, -0.04669273644685745, 0.0035130823962390423, 0.027625979855656624, 0.00030140799935907125, -0.013993803411722183, 0.04715568199753761, 0.03485258296132088, -0.036832019686698914, -0.010551240295171738, 0.050863999873399734, -0.007191017735749483, 0.011868339963257313, -0.015870004892349243, -0.03642573952674866, -0.13739840686321259, 0.001770854345522821, 0.008730413392186165, -0.04627125710248947, -0.07978765666484833, -0.001169385388493538, -0.04454848915338516, 0.024021068587899208, 0.04212794825434685, 0.0037642752286046743, 0.01743617095053196, -0.009735670872032642, 0.01083311066031456, -0.016101738438010216, 0.01935899630188942, 0.05308285355567932, -0.003729071468114853, 0.05227592587471008, 0.07199603319168091, 0.001531787682324648, -0.008159545250236988, 0.018044589087367058, -0.01196527574211359, 0.02051771618425846, 0.0014530891785398126, -0.03336644172668457, -0.02957635186612606, -0.0898701548576355, -0.03464190289378166, 0.007819424383342266, 0.004476679489016533, -0.03203081712126732, -0.011254498735070229, -0.027976958081126213, -0.024420037865638733, -0.021194076165556908, -0.016766058281064034, -0.009494568221271038, -0.03264138475060463, -0.048649806529283524, -0.06507401168346405, 0.01061867643147707, -0.0339868888258934, 0.01670982502400875, -0.0344664640724659, -0.025184236466884613, 0.011348285712301731, 0.001352769904769957, 0.05326060205698013, 0.016092734411358833, 0.02730734646320343, -0.023317523300647736 ]
5,109
How many measurements are enough? Bayesian recovery in inverse problems with general distributions
[ "Ben Adcock", "Zi Yuan (Nick) Huang" ]
We study the sample complexity of Bayesian recovery for solving inverse problems with general prior, forward operator and noise distributions. We consider posterior sampling according to an approximate prior $\mathcal{P}$, and establish sufficient conditions for stable and accurate recovery with high probability. Our main result is a non-asymptotic bound that shows that the sample complexity depends on (i) the intrinsic complexity of $\mathcal{P}$, quantified by its *approximate covering number*, and (ii) concentration bounds for the forward operator and noise distributions. As a key application, we specialize to generative priors, where $\mathcal{P}$ is the pushforward of a latent distribution via a Deep Neural Network (DNN). We show that the sample complexity scales log-linearly with the latent dimension $k$, thus establishing the efficacy of DNN-based priors. Generalizing existing results on deterministic (i.e., non-Bayesian) recovery for the important problem of random sampling with an orthogonal matrix $U$, we show how the sample complexity is determined by the *coherence* of $U$ with respect to the support of $\mathcal{P}$. Hence, we establish that coherence plays a fundamental role in Bayesian recovery as well. Overall, our framework unifies and extends prior work, providing rigorous guarantees for the sample complexity of solving Bayesian inverse problems with arbitrary distributions.
spotlight
2505.10630
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.03662083297967911, 0.002258711028844118, 0.009818589314818382, 0.028891699388623238, 0.05746912583708763, 0.028138812631368637, 0.03743249550461769, -0.02151879481971264, -0.025060566142201424, -0.06321690231561661, -0.008562975563108921, 0.009808434173464775, -0.042561136186122894, -0.009739966131746769, -0.005863972939550877, 0.06679777055978775, 0.033160705119371414, -0.036086250096559525, -0.004888853989541531, 0.03869388997554779, 0.005458643659949303, -0.025603460147976875, 0.014031912200152874, 0.006888991221785545, 0.02081448771059513, -0.0017130612395703793, 0.019562438130378723, 0.0267647672444582, -0.027641156688332558, -0.028213543817400932, 0.01651863008737564, -0.009271121583878994, 0.011829906143248081, -0.07680433243513107, -0.0006431948277167976, 0.02755865640938282, -0.03454137593507767, 0.017929917201399803, -0.026615986600518227, 0.04160347208380699, -0.03710544854402542, -0.026602908968925476, -0.027492953464388847, 0.03302726894617081, -0.0604262538254261, 0.02882610261440277, -0.05968001112341881, 0.03920825943350792, 0.00765278609469533, -0.01392684318125248, -0.06465718150138855, 0.02916066162288189, -0.002390203531831503, 0.004197867587208748, -0.014287297613918781, 0.04500892758369446, 0.04278397932648659, -0.04672687500715256, -0.021628355607390404, -0.04761892929673195, -0.009801775217056274, -0.0077668530866503716, 0.012445679865777493, -0.001886958722025156, 0.01948651485145092, 0.00011010602611349896, 0.015281181782484055, 0.08530142158269882, -0.010448571294546127, -0.00548402639105916, -0.036321789026260376, -0.037356700748205185, 0.00225062551908195, -0.0036090966314077377, 0.017365189269185066, -0.030686980113387108, 0.06370756030082703, 0.0005087580648250878, 0.05786343663930893, -0.0027287546545267105, 0.01751852221786976, -0.012532366439700127, 0.011935267597436905, -0.0018621900817379355, -0.00782051496207714, -0.006480704993009567, -0.03030995838344097, -0.016240032389760017, -0.07250935584306717, 0.06747133284807205, -0.003541861893609166, -0.07459620386362076, 0.017179561778903008, 0.015103448182344437, 0.022727100178599358, -0.023955218493938446, 0.02533837966620922, 0.014379068277776241, 0.015972698107361794, -0.011346192099153996, -0.02112836018204689, -0.021831996738910675, 0.02839936688542366, 0.0036964132450520992, -0.10942202061414719, -0.027503494173288345, -0.02761123888194561, 0.0016624617855995893, -0.025160150602459908, 0.023948226124048233, -0.04266788065433502, 0.004341294523328543, -0.029168320819735527, -0.014382517896592617, -0.10673072934150696, 0.012363440357148647, 0.027931291610002518, 0.0013348256470635533, 0.006671164650470018, -0.010523717850446701, 0.024688785895705223, 0.07792992889881134, 0.015496873296797276, 0.05934210494160652, -0.003629749407991767, 0.007349367253482342, 0.026864349842071533, 0.051388442516326904, -0.05792386829853058, -0.0265657939016819, -0.0029439690988510847, 0.04169238731265068, 0.039504844695329666, 0.009021228179335594, 0.010244987905025482, -0.028248794376850128, -0.019596414640545845, 0.022785449400544167, 0.0022143993992358446, 0.0001933834864757955, -0.013345206156373024, -0.04674981161952019, 0.030386993661522865, 0.013614701107144356, 0.05457008257508278, -0.006444402039051056, -0.010150096379220486, -0.029025258496403694, -0.032509300857782364, 0.012019081972539425, -0.006038476247340441, -0.010103458538651466, 0.030212879180908203, -0.08403561264276505, -0.0009695228654891253, 0.0039854203350842, -0.041667889803647995, 0.041054584085941315, -0.024175619706511497, -0.007841140031814575, 0.04023496061563492, -0.021997623145580292, 0.001335232867859304, -0.008652230724692345, -0.018973233178257942, -0.07038485258817673, 0.07913757860660553, 0.04776129499077797, -0.025434931740164757, -0.011872452683746815, -0.040879689157009125, -0.03915802016854286, 0.027843022719025612, 0.008104126900434494, -0.03361361101269722, -0.001472987700253725, 0.05179823562502861, 0.023970626294612885, 0.03034728579223156, 0.0035326466895639896, -0.0896969735622406, 0.01564648374915123, 0.0074586872942745686, -0.019551370292901993, 0.016728894785046577, -0.029841680079698563, 0.06230761483311653, -0.032415471971035004, 0.0065986597910523415, 0.0034908982925117016, -0.06577403098344803, 0.01669871062040329, 0.004171307198703289, -0.023020921275019646, 0.047544438391923904, 0.019746234640479088, -0.022474251687526703, 0.03564278781414032, 0.023694254457950592, -0.02101024053990841, 0.01710463874042034, -0.015512218698859215, 0.03380289673805237, 0.002308849710971117, -0.03262002766132355, 0.009380265139043331, 0.07357471436262131, -0.06808779388666153, -0.010383900254964828, 0.031135689467191696, 0.026059191673994064, -0.0074089886620640755, -0.01738242618739605, 0.004156211856752634, 0.016595883294939995, 0.005403558257967234, -0.008345479145646095, -0.01768438145518303, 0.022966859862208366, -0.03839679807424545, 0.031593091785907745, 0.05562108755111694, -0.010757849551737309, 0.0359932966530323, 0.013938111253082752, 0.10682598501443863, 0.10237497091293335, -0.019979624077677727, -0.0070257713086903095, 0.011105689220130444, 0.025159746408462524, 0.007282013539224863, 0.02181638963520527, 0.013109579682350159, 0.02379894256591797, 0.024859251454472542, 0.0015814434736967087, -0.03529365360736847, 0.08008483052253723, -0.03807861730456352, -0.02056865021586418, 0.06467278301715851, 0.00678482698276639, 0.07048282027244568, -0.005507452879101038, -0.016762375831604004, 0.05468348413705826, 0.0036365969572216272, -0.0349576435983181, -0.027466552332043648, -0.02564111165702343, -0.008541836403310299, 0.0030006403103470802, -0.0005975203239358962, 0.022570595145225525, -0.06293328106403351, 0.01660972274839878, 0.00018123615882359445, 0.07498449087142944, 0.07369974255561829, 0.009180116467177868, 0.02676449902355671, 0.04602310061454773, -0.0664086565375328, -0.04655122384428978, -0.10883627831935883, -0.05690719932317734, -0.019195126369595528, 0.045859839767217636, 0.009816312231123447, 0.030836069956421852, 0.002324719913303852, 0.03115585632622242, 0.007222120650112629, -0.011141744442284107, -0.0056290156207978725, 0.028754105791449547, 0.0011447927681729198, -0.017380284145474434, -0.01964520290493965, 0.018954264000058174, 0.08785098046064377, -0.025412291288375854, -0.0196531992405653, -0.03808464854955673, -0.07035111635923386, -0.03535923361778259, -0.01002736110240221, -0.015836132690310478, 0.02418973110616207, -0.012623170390725136, 0.004474436864256859, -0.0012888977071270347, -0.005708582233637571, 0.045198120176792145, 0.03499019145965576, 0.07785933464765549, 0.003796130418777466, -0.004328012932091951, 0.012362364679574966, -0.0403185673058033, -0.0003558006719686091, -0.024300934746861458, -0.022076979279518127, -0.044189099222421646, -0.01064351201057434, 0.04737197980284691, 0.006476947572082281, -0.24888876080513, 0.015987981110811234, 0.0026846302207559347, -0.015591391362249851, 0.025784991681575775, -0.015126479789614677, 0.030712179839611053, -0.027292706072330475, -0.034615658223629, 0.04448489844799042, 0.022782206535339355, 0.017422378063201904, 0.026386823505163193, 0.08400863409042358, 0.03843482956290245, 0.006837270222604275, 0.009966792538762093, 0.03441937640309334, 0.027043642476201057, 0.028353242203593254, 0.0001590566389495507, -0.05763222649693489, -0.013068352825939655, 0.0055042956955730915, 0.0033263065852224827, 0.03664780408143997, -0.043670300394296646, 0.01896761730313301, -0.05000527575612068, 0.01005435548722744, -0.03789474070072174, -0.03605705872178078, -0.0033158420119434595, 0.050552960485219955, -0.03276227042078972, -0.0005603887839242816, 0.033992089331150055, -0.011252099648118019, -0.0068523818626999855, 0.009759069420397282, -0.012162183411419392, 0.01948465406894684, -0.03825090080499649, 0.0034252714831382036, 0.04915664717555046, -0.0004251356585882604, -0.0007871500565670431, -0.007961967960000038, 0.004537193104624748, 0.015211492776870728, 0.005053830333054066, -0.029337188228964806, -0.032116468995809555, -0.022075610235333443, -0.006918455008417368, -0.02467174641788006, 0.001965475035831332, -0.006169104017317295, -0.011287144385278225, 0.026893457397818565, 0.027622943744063377, -0.05453062057495117, 0.015439113602042198, -0.03052539937198162, -0.013193510472774506, -0.0416056290268898, -0.05292050540447235, -0.06584606319665909, 0.042480286210775375, 0.004449611529707909, -0.003540156641975045, 0.0026794110890477896, -0.029788609594106674, -0.08300648629665375, 0.027363276109099388, 0.00909911934286356, -0.018649473786354065, -0.025590891018509865, -0.002116159303113818, 0.02739320881664753, -0.07552886754274368, -0.030359312891960144, 0.000380959827452898, 0.05820237472653389, 0.023329300805926323, -0.009771759621798992, -0.005536467768251896, -0.04062078893184662, -0.029436783865094185, -0.026829643175005913, 0.03938288986682892, 0.009390915744006634, 0.051813047379255295, 0.01913946494460106, 0.03506533056497574, 0.056525345891714096, 0.03982911258935928, 0.05472937226295471, 0.040257301181554794, -0.006380715873092413, 0.033397216349840164, -0.050821006298065186, -0.045838259160518646, -0.04812762513756752, -0.031351979821920395, 0.021192586049437523, -0.04207826778292656, -0.0010550770675763488, 0.018939681351184845, -0.017272550612688065, -0.03678593784570694, -0.01623532734811306, 0.007447915151715279, -0.0040418244898319244, 0.04853928089141846, -0.024010131135582924, -0.007764589041471481, 0.05427475646138191, 0.052036434412002563, -0.025798974558711052, -0.013054597191512585, 0.033605657517910004, -0.011580735445022583, 0.022385893389582634, 0.009135431610047817, -0.027890650555491447, 0.005979698617011309, -0.00341894687153399, 0.0007065730169415474, -0.008384454995393753, 0.029603546485304832, 0.024877995252609253, 0.0179089717566967, 0.02677503600716591, 0.07210449129343033, 0.01420559175312519, -0.004736355040222406, -0.005266621708869934, 0.03873276710510254, -0.012740292586386204, 0.030550001189112663, -0.007849984802305698, 0.01170519832521677, 0.027015753090381622, 0.011268780566751957, 0.017035963013768196, -0.0016872793203219771, 0.0008805820834822953, -0.02967030368745327, -0.02996671013534069, 0.01807856746017933, -0.05869282782077789, 0.004442987032234669, -0.018147015944123268, 0.01350083015859127, 0.0018838283140212297, 0.03682661056518555, -0.011333724483847618, 0.029674895107746124, -0.08878099918365479, 0.042386122047901154, 0.03780844807624817, -0.05033395439386368, -0.03608580678701401, 0.017785700038075447, 0.028191767632961273, -0.028592810034751892, 0.027637096121907234, 0.024650143459439278, 0.013494601473212242, 0.028317473828792572, -0.03539678454399109, -0.020813612267374992, -0.026404302567243576, 0.0010674556251615286, -0.027273735031485558, -0.008863040246069431, -0.015375949442386627, -0.05531322583556175, 0.018859010189771652, 0.06041266769170761, -0.006666365545243025, -0.024916019290685654, 0.032367054373025894, 0.06466469913721085, 0.00524253211915493, -0.0029060461092740297, -0.0254442747682333, -0.025131946429610252, 0.048855260014534, -0.01022200658917427, 0.01023539062589407, -0.03467249125242233, -0.033698152750730515, -0.004858754575252533, -0.03628463298082352, 0.014307304285466671, 0.048348840326070786, 0.00015542653272859752, 0.014095375314354897, 0.032662104815244675, -0.015611739829182625, -0.029231218621134758, -0.01935448683798313, 0.017107930034399033, -0.06244276836514473, 0.01755504682660103, 0.043641347438097, -0.04870069772005081, 0.024901743978261948, -0.050825443118810654, -0.03544052317738533, -0.025557443499565125, -0.0017965428996831179, -0.003905140794813633, 0.008381033316254616, -0.0280354842543602, 0.031263843178749084, 0.02990848757326603, -0.015720173716545105, 0.025749068707227707, 0.007035277783870697, 0.015302995219826698, -0.016590025275945663, 0.02800578810274601, 0.05403304100036621, -0.044111933559179306, -0.002760128118097782, 0.01347709447145462, -0.02468561753630638, 0.01457864511758089, -0.05449492856860161, -0.012545816600322723, 0.05844474956393242, -0.022186268121004105, 0.016313785687088966, -0.05105733498930931, 0.04216402769088745, -0.06448005139827728, -0.016535822302103043, -0.006519895512610674, 0.005623210687190294, -0.019969016313552856, 0.017713570967316628, 0.016917387023568153, 0.018496422097086906, -0.008600435219705105, 0.02756461873650551, 0.01747497357428074, 0.02309647761285305, 0.004663451574742794, 0.021790236234664917, -0.08729469776153564, -0.023439640179276466, 0.06525743752717972, 0.013731150887906551, -0.030338026583194733, -0.08667254447937012, -0.011205100454390049, 0.019617943093180656, -0.012823748402297497, 0.005301727447658777, -0.020465601235628128, 0.023717781528830528, 0.044249482452869415, 0.02240818738937378, -0.021364400163292885, -0.007216220255941153, 0.037280820310115814, -0.056429434567689896, -0.0058743939734995365, -0.05870755389332771, -0.003390055848285556, 0.06143549084663391, -0.06125594675540924, 0.06871772557497025, 0.022926613688468933, 0.001617784146219492, 0.04057469591498375, -0.02107877843081951, -0.06375635415315628, 0.012526192702353, -0.034907784312963486, -0.04589201882481575, 0.01405241247266531, -0.05549196898937225, -0.0010843349155038595, -0.007427981123328209, -0.06916988641023636, -0.012259014882147312, 0.027378227561712265, 0.05184962600469589, -0.008592949248850346, -0.011351223103702068, -0.004985722713172436, 0.009644745849072933, 0.005866501480340958, 0.08482768386602402, 0.037802428007125854, 0.0142281549051404, -0.07308416068553925, 0.0646359995007515, 0.011919270269572735, 0.010637456551194191, 0.023863477632403374, 0.00011397967318771407, -0.012877085246145725, -0.05892111733555794, 0.007379109971225262, -0.005821723025292158, -0.03831847757101059, -0.06437123566865921, 0.053338680416345596, 0.03229410946369171, -0.028191691264510155, -0.04955638572573662, 0.06201145797967911, -0.05140887200832367, 0.004416110925376415, 0.0016633454943075776, -0.02246304228901863, -0.03853687644004822, 0.06749947369098663, 0.023689202964305878, 0.017861826345324516, 0.06654348969459534, -0.015560607425868511, 0.009446540847420692, -0.015997495502233505, 0.05873928219079971, 0.07466289401054382, 0.028296001255512238, 0.010895319283008575, 0.06476722657680511, -0.048830121755599976, -0.04482662305235863, -0.014144150540232658, -0.0018128870287910104, -0.0006638807244598866, -0.026852697134017944, -0.009339718148112297, 0.08151452243328094, 0.016507279127836227, 0.0851874053478241, -0.03231680765748024, -0.003977783024311066, 0.033057693392038345, -0.007036871742457151, 0.022575177252292633, 0.03932422399520874, 0.005787366069853306, 0.004694097209721804, -0.008245328441262245, -0.03376908600330353, -0.0379607155919075, -0.004939036909490824, 0.03921366482973099, 0.02995268814265728, -0.022624358534812927, 0.004144496284425259, 0.008182376623153687, -0.006110586225986481, 0.09723031520843506, -0.05141359567642212, -0.0685729905962944, -0.04066188633441925, 0.0064115822315216064, 0.015397933311760426, 0.025289643555879593, 0.032677099108695984, -0.03486890718340874, 0.007149989251047373, -0.023035814985632896, 0.012001492083072662, 0.023611117154359818, -0.030605046078562737, -0.013309303671121597, -0.007005987223237753, -0.009282879531383514, 0.012006359174847603, 0.01149141788482666, -0.03137829899787903, -0.04874259606003761, -0.0354057177901268, -0.037631552666425705, -0.05220433697104454, -0.045418743044137955, 0.07102253288030624, 0.0051728421822190285, -0.022218497470021248, 0.023418013006448746, -0.033341363072395325, 0.03132970258593559, 0.04417022690176964, -0.07116639614105225, -0.02231193520128727, 0.07131128758192062, -0.024128831923007965, 0.015074595808982849, 0.014512634836137295, 0.059125881642103195, -0.006216011941432953, -0.01614801213145256, 0.047010961920022964, -0.010794646106660366, 0.03406783193349838, -0.04202564060688019, 0.010421490296721458, -0.08934380859136581, -0.016143565997481346, 0.01899777725338936, -0.03556561842560768, -0.08432196825742722, -0.006490672472864389, -0.02858918532729149, 0.0012740058591589332, 0.06772120296955109, 0.010342479683458805, 0.052599284797906876, -0.05711367353796959, -0.03225897625088692, -0.017795683816075325, 0.0040838588029146194, 0.05152275040745735, -0.02009323239326477, 0.03531520441174507, 0.02751682884991169, -0.02272086776793003, -0.03521478921175003, 0.02144959755241871, -0.018668711185455322, 0.023366769775748253, -0.053448185324668884, -0.010394485667347908, -0.032421477138996124, -0.10927519202232361, -0.037921320647001266, -0.008666167967021465, -0.008109886199235916, -0.04523672163486481, 0.0025392607785761356, 0.008020139299333096, 0.010192235931754112, 0.011638833209872246, -0.037786658853292465, -0.012566829100251198, -0.050611235201358795, -0.04107867181301117, -0.05989038571715355, 0.02774517610669136, -0.004313143435865641, -0.004612889606505632, -0.00925307534635067, -0.04670891910791397, -0.04747816547751427, -0.016648080199956894, 0.03790795058012009, 0.02788219042122364, 0.03527718409895897, -0.02747693657875061 ]
5,110
SiriuS: Self-improving Multi-agent Systems via Bootstrapped Reasoning
[ "Wanjia Zhao", "Mert Yuksekgonul", "Shirley Wu", "James Zou" ]
Multi-agent AI systems powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to solve complex tasks. However, these systems often rely on fragile, manually designed prompts and heuristics, making optimization difficult. A key challenge in optimizing multi-agent systems is acquiring suitable training data for specialized agents. We introduce SiriuS, a self-improving, reasoning-driven optimization framework for multi-agent systems. Central to our approach is the construction of an experience library: a repository of high-quality reasoning trajectories. The library is built by retaining reasoning steps that lead to successful outcomes, providing a robust training set for optimizing multi-agent system. Additionally, we introduce a library augmentation procedure that refines unsuccessful trajectories, further enriching the library. SiriuS boosts performance by 2.86% to 21.88% on reasoning and biomedical QA and enhances agent negotiation in competitive settings. Our results show that SiriuS enhances multi-agent performance while generating reusable data for self-correction and self-play enhancement in the future.
poster
2502.04780
https://github.com/zou-group/sirius
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.03942093998193741, -0.03854827210307121, 0.011078582145273685, 0.030037112534046173, 0.06192350015044212, 0.004413217771798372, 0.019101031124591827, 0.015171056613326073, -0.021288642659783363, -0.039087988436222076, -0.026778075844049454, 0.0648045688867569, -0.07373896986246109, -0.01593455858528614, -0.013409136794507504, 0.054459504783153534, 0.004229780286550522, 0.009681050665676594, -0.004475490190088749, -0.01583004556596279, -0.01635035313665867, -0.010638234205543995, 0.026126276701688766, 0.014056290499866009, 0.03194385766983032, 0.03436817601323128, 0.027085470035672188, 0.009129919111728668, -0.013818126171827316, 0.001137749059125781, 0.030059814453125, -0.039943307638168335, -0.003560156561434269, -0.024624815210700035, -0.027566954493522644, 0.012840528972446918, -0.030537467449903488, 0.030216826125979424, -0.029861100018024445, -0.027915557846426964, -0.03496066480875015, 0.06089966744184494, 0.020416218787431717, 0.0070157768204808235, -0.03599729761481285, -0.006120083853602409, -0.10348324477672577, 0.032301608473062515, 0.03995421156287193, -0.024737009778618813, -0.10661384463310242, -0.0011931665940210223, -0.006083805579692125, -0.011905260384082794, 0.01639615371823311, 0.0360129177570343, 0.047475483268499374, -0.07966282218694687, -0.021280262619256973, -0.04133780673146248, -0.020568929612636566, 0.03377394378185272, -0.00007292295777006075, -0.0010492581641301513, -0.01021296251565218, -0.009312190115451813, 0.03193282335996628, 0.026795176789164543, -0.044015899300575256, 0.015478670597076416, -0.037169910967350006, 0.008711742237210274, -0.03805962949991226, -0.030295252799987793, -0.006080057006329298, -0.07431579381227493, 0.04266170412302017, 0.039976928383111954, 0.049276866018772125, -0.0007713322411291301, 0.023593099787831306, 0.03886391595005989, 0.01723559759557247, 0.007240494713187218, 0.025807993486523628, 0.01384157594293356, -0.016756316646933556, -0.015056428499519825, -0.06635266542434692, 0.01049058511853218, 0.021582355722784996, -0.07616207748651505, 0.016292771324515343, 0.053228575736284256, 0.033561840653419495, 0.024983789771795273, 0.023322902619838715, 0.0070976680144667625, 0.003189424518495798, -0.0038619718980044127, -0.02052168920636177, -0.007736566010862589, 0.010266082361340523, -0.02059795893728733, -0.10041705518960953, 0.01739981397986412, -0.01950407400727272, -0.051627516746520996, 0.007652338594198227, 0.010497424751520157, -0.01566249318420887, -0.007073240354657173, 0.0245804525911808, -0.025932930409908295, -0.09261268377304077, 0.05445898696780205, 0.026653194800019264, 0.0570802241563797, 0.008610839024186134, 0.04615470767021179, 0.08086100965738297, 0.06385879218578339, 0.004960434045642614, 0.06352108716964722, -0.020400794222950935, -0.0083636324852705, -0.0010323600145056844, 0.014533782377839088, -0.026320600882172585, -0.024027816951274872, 0.002486231504008174, 0.04316174238920212, -0.029022542759776115, -0.013011845760047436, 0.004066287539899349, 0.019539611414074898, 0.004029253497719765, 0.02281954512000084, 0.029893837869167328, 0.02432986907660961, 0.002709980122745037, -0.005044508725404739, 0.0864408016204834, 0.0062072970904409885, 0.08207754045724869, -0.008155042305588722, -0.01837926171720028, -0.0314413458108902, -0.056900881230831146, -0.004090204834938049, -0.026931123808026314, -0.013548403047025204, -0.014180328696966171, -0.054654426872730255, 0.01796935498714447, 0.06417335569858551, 0.022350093349814415, -0.0027026720345020294, -0.01281540747731924, 0.015803782269358635, -0.0025500573683530092, 0.03160832077264786, -0.027537856251001358, 0.004953324794769287, -0.040113694965839386, -0.0686517059803009, 0.00978160835802555, 0.006247363053262234, -0.015546111389994621, 0.017148107290267944, -0.020280759781599045, -0.03713792935013771, 0.0431847870349884, -0.03440496325492859, 0.015868624672293663, -0.021725710481405258, 0.09204333275556564, -0.022943951189517975, 0.07214288413524628, 0.021487409248948097, -0.07246068865060806, 0.022779421880841255, -0.01877702586352825, -0.008175323717296124, 0.03930775076150894, -0.003280606120824814, 0.08537784963846207, -0.022577596828341484, 0.0018884119344875216, -0.0028418840374797583, -0.08629197627305984, -0.03789138048887253, 0.03914128988981247, -0.0070322249084711075, 0.059162408113479614, -0.03828290477395058, -0.016886578872799873, 0.03672495856881142, -0.025690371170639992, 0.06311604380607605, 0.042686376720666885, -0.015750925987958908, 0.04792598634958267, -0.006247929763048887, -0.02069954387843609, 0.002356532495468855, 0.0315530002117157, -0.06091753765940666, -0.016839802265167236, 0.04932835325598717, -0.05012798681855202, -0.0009918109280988574, -0.007148321717977524, -0.02228020690381527, 0.027134457603096962, -0.0015877438709139824, -0.02177959680557251, -0.004740376956760883, 0.0025280623231083155, -0.042066868394613266, 0.04268607869744301, 0.010404346510767937, -0.030125079676508904, 0.010825046338140965, -0.008054983802139759, 0.09375116974115372, 0.07733402401208878, -0.05920185148715973, 0.007218766491860151, 0.019824514165520668, 0.01704067923128605, 0.016857219859957695, 0.007508209440857172, -0.029210807755589485, -0.007714029401540756, -0.020307382568717003, 0.01048105675727129, -0.013903724029660225, 0.040900006890296936, -0.038556698709726334, -0.036407340317964554, 0.04389291629195213, -0.015231928788125515, 0.0934888944029808, 0.024625467136502266, 0.004276213236153126, 0.03413032740354538, 0.0017679849406704307, -0.007721577771008015, -0.03103378787636757, -0.018729882314801216, -0.01156618818640709, 0.013750406913459301, -0.0261786337941885, -0.0034823452588170767, -0.061141643673181534, 0.004822215531021357, -0.014439289458096027, 0.07110875099897385, 0.03897310420870781, -0.006098110228776932, -0.010855957865715027, 0.009777390398085117, -0.04703183472156525, 0.022790726274251938, -0.12155035883188248, -0.04333178699016571, -0.00022577661729883403, 0.009138586930930614, 0.018930111080408096, 0.020934922620654106, -0.032753340899944305, 0.04923168569803238, -0.03163529559969902, -0.03765108063817024, 0.03410056605935097, 0.02906426601111889, 0.010257724672555923, -0.004447741899639368, -0.014432402327656746, 0.046970758587121964, 0.06781928241252899, -0.01968529261648655, 0.005087323021143675, -0.012671446427702904, -0.014418454840779305, -0.007919452153146267, -0.0584702342748642, -0.00772569514811039, 0.005713845603168011, -0.00961091835051775, 0.023167017847299576, -0.035492945462465286, 0.019014092162251472, 0.014649909920990467, 0.043056681752204895, 0.026274044066667557, -0.014951792545616627, -0.025159787386655807, 0.03022140823304653, -0.017143307253718376, -0.0046037426218390465, -0.032798413187265396, 0.025352517142891884, 0.0033320095390081406, -0.008730056695640087, 0.01461830921471119, 0.011617776937782764, -0.254926860332489, -0.018793709576129913, 0.013850058428943157, -0.019435813650488853, 0.05197996273636818, -0.049620144069194794, 0.08324483782052994, -0.024567749351263046, -0.0627782791852951, 0.0374896377325058, 0.03237372264266014, 0.02766953408718109, 0.03635273873806, 0.06651419401168823, 0.06358158588409424, 0.02477017603814602, -0.030922912061214447, -0.0032556625083088875, 0.01839592307806015, 0.026567725464701653, 0.0017418834613636136, -0.06216643750667572, -0.03013802506029606, 0.029353871941566467, 0.02100660838186741, 0.0718047171831131, -0.07569319009780884, -0.006964658387005329, -0.014727200381457806, -0.030325880274176598, -0.00259798183105886, -0.015738720074295998, -0.020374489948153496, -0.008886531926691532, 0.019821107387542725, 0.02173936367034912, 0.051445093005895615, -0.007109262514859438, 0.04626251384615898, 0.0030442001298069954, 0.00684595899656415, -0.03081384487450123, -0.017762010917067528, -0.0022203978151082993, 0.06393811106681824, 0.025285033509135246, -0.07524608820676804, 0.0035559581592679024, -0.0034320170525461435, 0.018805500119924545, 0.01944074220955372, -0.0015864401357248425, -0.02704841084778309, -0.015938207507133484, 0.009801928885281086, -0.04711786285042763, -0.004048401955515146, -0.012901907786726952, -0.0026722517795860767, 0.020633777603507042, 0.007320593576878309, -0.021414224058389664, -0.05393063649535179, -0.019180476665496826, 0.006754447240382433, -0.040683213621377945, -0.05054312199354172, -0.06510355323553085, 0.03335695341229439, 0.014391752891242504, -0.002415161347016692, 0.002206444973126054, -0.024331355467438698, -0.09194862097501755, 0.019767073914408684, 0.014933514408767223, -0.025053245946764946, -0.03255787864327431, -0.006096056662499905, 0.04507831111550331, -0.04062909260392189, -0.04489115625619888, -0.018984317779541016, -0.013169510290026665, 0.030547501519322395, -0.011965117417275906, 0.02238772250711918, -0.029926570132374763, -0.025378961116075516, -0.03670467436313629, 0.04261050745844841, 0.004326559137552977, 0.021777184680104256, 0.018473729491233826, 0.10251771658658981, 0.04157184809446335, 0.02260853722691536, 0.01856115832924843, 0.04426325485110283, 0.015221172012388706, 0.005336119327694178, -0.04393111169338226, 0.03920191526412964, -0.01004122570157051, -0.026812201365828514, -0.00011383669334463775, -0.031066136434674263, -0.03917202353477478, 0.047219451516866684, -0.005522658582776785, -0.00040453122346661985, -0.008610165677964687, 0.00914126168936491, -0.029170574620366096, -0.015800729393959045, 0.0038954569026827812, -0.00010557653149589896, 0.04124979302287102, 0.00948033295571804, 0.02589384652674198, -0.04753226414322853, 0.04070539027452469, -0.0335930697619915, 0.002303480403497815, -0.02095375955104828, 0.015697024762630463, -0.014943595044314861, -0.006357500329613686, 0.025162506848573685, -0.0403292179107666, 0.03903423994779587, -0.003026913618668914, -0.005645496305078268, 0.02295307070016861, 0.030207594856619835, -0.05308946594595909, -0.044585101306438446, -0.001059141824953258, 0.02135680802166462, 0.009847143664956093, 0.0038098471704870462, 0.0049879965372383595, 0.04125397652387619, 0.01942840963602066, -0.03364361822605133, 0.012185375206172466, 0.019592221826314926, 0.008896572515368462, 0.04829748347401619, 0.01841145195066929, 0.04302869364619255, -0.029284590855240822, -0.00785256177186966, -0.03234308585524559, 0.019684916362166405, -0.03465082868933678, 0.03750118613243103, -0.02590564638376236, 0.025073332712054253, -0.070614293217659, -0.00821355264633894, -0.013625266961753368, -0.006897455081343651, -0.02147819660604, 0.01740684174001217, 0.08833964169025421, -0.03533880040049553, -0.0181411262601614, 0.00813923217356205, -0.0005120203131809831, -0.006936958990991116, -0.02669427916407585, -0.022499866783618927, -0.018726684153079987, -0.023615550249814987, 0.01889391429722309, 0.01292157918214798, -0.016592616215348244, -0.04454345256090164, 0.021107520908117294, 0.00021931984520051628, -0.026939556002616882, -0.013395698741078377, -0.018970955163240433, 0.06754276156425476, -0.004661243874579668, 0.04713171347975731, -0.03424406796693802, -0.034502096474170685, -0.011451030150055885, 0.0026161959394812584, 0.032376572489738464, -0.005557366646826267, -0.026300327852368355, -0.030930060893297195, -0.05650300905108452, 0.04461763799190521, 0.012300069443881512, -0.008416573517024517, 0.0246562622487545, -0.000032578103855485097, -0.022133709862828255, -0.060361865907907486, -0.007923428900539875, 0.02762729302048683, -0.10267707705497742, -0.013824078254401684, -0.0010296484688296914, 0.03721226006746292, 0.01874532736837864, -0.06017516180872917, -0.026041897013783455, -0.044220782816410065, -0.01845843531191349, 0.022189535200595856, -0.02541137859225273, -0.025500215590000153, -0.04231835529208183, -0.02923591621220112, -0.0049943155609071255, -0.0006479840958490968, -0.02648528665304184, 0.0014783835504204035, -0.04301866143941879, 0.0009033812675625086, 0.048744846135377884, -0.007803992833942175, -0.018148621544241905, -0.011911050416529179, -0.0461796335875988, 0.02704291045665741, -0.024292418733239174, 0.0035216184332966805, 0.015070720575749874, 0.016482535749673843, 0.00890275277197361, -0.028741983696818352, 0.0018789577297866344, 0.0031790994107723236, -0.02923528477549553, -0.004487060941755772, 0.007090706378221512, -0.0052591594867408276, -0.029863573610782623, -0.0019999404903501272, 0.02765659987926483, 0.0023755969014018774, -0.0037992894649505615, 0.012428350746631622, 0.002712331712245941, -0.005300604272633791, -0.01787068136036396, -0.025199836120009422, -0.006453961133956909, 0.05630909651517868, -0.01890878565609455, -0.027669042348861694, -0.01793512888252735, -0.045190632343292236, -0.0019869133830070496, -0.03149678185582161, 0.04601713642477989, -0.06038312613964081, 0.03345866501331329, -0.0017401207005605102, 0.028440911322832108, 0.011423539370298386, -0.009421944618225098, 0.047606609761714935, -0.05029870942234993, 0.02327798306941986, -0.07612525671720505, -0.0036208073142915964, 0.06265001744031906, -0.022237582132220268, -0.01639854907989502, 0.020489558577537537, -0.04730221629142761, 0.014830143190920353, -0.03081531636416912, -0.029416348785161972, 0.03963293507695198, -0.024063652381300926, -0.018837204203009605, 0.06052206829190254, -0.04518172889947891, -0.032995227724313736, -0.04326554760336876, -0.03517176955938339, 0.03548426926136017, -0.000893988530151546, 0.06338100880384445, -0.013651319779455662, 0.0511213019490242, -0.029630381613969803, 0.012727584689855576, 0.010303997434675694, 0.044521231204271317, 0.027445131912827492, 0.05114264786243439, -0.02240139991044998, 0.07471002638339996, 0.052164435386657715, 0.05430767312645912, 0.002728778636083007, -0.007296761963516474, -0.03958946838974953, -0.02359052561223507, 0.057602763175964355, 0.0017751550767570734, -0.0019098930060863495, -0.05529893562197685, 0.06493460386991501, 0.01832454465329647, -0.049063753336668015, -0.0062658824026584625, 0.0012742702383548021, -0.08948954939842224, 0.013254867866635323, -0.012135199271142483, -0.007739183958619833, 0.004424372687935829, 0.041991226375103, -0.004795748274773359, 0.05184733122587204, 0.0448608361184597, 0.015090362168848515, -0.005795525386929512, -0.010448024608194828, 0.06169850379228592, 0.0548008531332016, 0.03718368336558342, -0.0026389840058982372, 0.05976774916052818, -0.062051285058259964, -0.043414801359176636, 0.05564289912581444, 0.041981592774391174, -0.02679348550736904, -0.00967810396105051, 0.028603561222553253, 0.05394234508275986, -0.009756967425346375, 0.04229922965168953, -0.04890148341655731, -0.019038351252675056, 0.061050593852996826, 0.025359123945236206, 0.00175037223380059, 0.049424465745687485, 0.04484476149082184, 0.0346432588994503, -0.045357827097177505, -0.04301304742693901, -0.004294136073440313, -0.049075160175561905, -0.019032707437872887, 0.0070003545843064785, -0.017787765711545944, 0.004301493521779776, -0.02240299992263317, 0.0380852147936821, 0.1183713749051094, -0.023852933198213577, -0.01008171122521162, 0.03628047928214073, 0.013693674467504025, -0.01815372332930565, 0.04054385423660278, 0.02235039696097374, -0.012293729931116104, 0.01746746338903904, -0.027126843109726906, 0.002532840706408024, 0.015393988229334354, 0.017485421150922775, 0.057218801230192184, -0.0033473509829491377, -0.03416452929377556, -0.0035575993824750185, 0.02002909407019615, -0.048347923904657364, -0.039904285222291946, -0.0173227246850729, -0.033152949064970016, -0.019039439037442207, -0.004951115697622299, 0.016609536483883858, 0.015475273132324219, -0.03665419667959213, 0.031667087227106094, -0.012869160622358322, 0.025183960795402527, -0.010435362346470356, -0.06420815736055374, 0.008188589476048946, 0.05156693980097771, 0.008089187555015087, -0.008279330097138882, 0.035063788294792175, 0.033217620104551315, 0.019090449437499046, 0.0006356688099913299, -0.0054939971305429935, 0.0035372611600905657, 0.010756291449069977, 0.018448635935783386, -0.03480985388159752, -0.07482444494962692, -0.013517089188098907, 0.03459745645523071, -0.0425088033080101, -0.07507217675447464, 0.023138536140322685, -0.023305663838982582, 0.027421768754720688, 0.07631436735391617, 0.02032157965004444, 0.006946262903511524, -0.0019343559397384524, 0.027965862303972244, 0.047129515558481216, -0.007129318546503782, 0.024231553077697754, -0.05499987676739693, 0.0413951650261879, 0.05032065883278847, -0.055135175585746765, -0.058407023549079895, 0.04616110399365425, 0.00211319955997169, -0.028224969282746315, -0.008912855759263039, -0.047507669776678085, 0.007080903276801109, -0.1233426108956337, -0.034234486520290375, 0.023566411808133125, -0.002353018382564187, -0.051413971930742264, 0.002723138313740492, 0.018413178622722626, -0.023903124034404755, -0.016585271805524826, -0.03525279462337494, 0.010487259365618229, -0.02259153313934803, -0.045927681028842926, -0.05896257981657982, 0.022774426266551018, -0.01562468707561493, -0.0024413771461695433, -0.04237625002861023, -0.046108178794384, -0.019420599564909935, -0.013022582046687603, 0.0472554937005043, 0.03964134678244591, 0.02085980400443077, -0.024808654561638832 ]
5,111
JAFAR: Jack up Any Feature at Any Resolution
[ "Paul Couairon", "Loïck Chambon", "Louis Serrano", "Jean-Emmanuel HAUGEARD", "Matthieu Cord", "Nicolas THOME" ]
Foundation Vision Encoders have become indispensable across a wide range of dense vision tasks. However, their operation at low spatial feature resolutions necessitates subsequent feature decompression to enable full-resolution processing. To address this limitation, we introduce JAFAR, a lightweight and flexible feature upsampler designed to enhance the spatial resolution of visual features from any Foundation Vision Encoder to any target resolution. JAFAR features an attention-based upsampling module that aligns the spatial representations of high-resolution queries with semantically enriched low-resolution keys via Spatial Feature Transform modulation. Despite the absence of high-resolution feature ground truth; we find that learning at low upsampling ratios and resolutions generalizes surprisingly well to much higher scales. Extensive experiments demonstrate that JAFAR recovers intricate pixel-level details and consistently outperforms existing feature upsampling techniques across a diverse set of dense downstream applications.
poster
2506.11136
https://github.com/PaulCouairon/JAFAR
https://jafar-upsampler.github.io/
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.017780572175979614, -0.011948641389608383, 0.03442882373929024, 0.03900726139545441, 0.045383844524621964, 0.032555270940065384, 0.02883051708340645, 0.006509261671453714, -0.04148382321000099, -0.047623734921216965, -0.03568089008331299, -0.017104674130678177, -0.07005809247493744, 0.011363272555172443, -0.025586837902665138, 0.03991991654038429, 0.01961234211921692, 0.013371559791266918, 0.02031194232404232, 0.047399405390024185, -0.006735260598361492, -0.015535296872258186, 0.023668797686696053, 0.019036684185266495, 0.015551098622381687, -0.019732974469661713, -0.0050774128176271915, 0.035642340779304504, -0.04680684208869934, -0.01896510273218155, 0.035481005907058716, -0.029039552435278893, 0.012619927525520325, -0.0559203177690506, 0.010382886044681072, -0.01854332722723484, -0.03145211562514305, 0.01165001094341278, 0.01749301701784134, 0.031535107642412186, -0.030736513435840607, -0.01279093511402607, 0.005306173115968704, 0.007693869527429342, -0.06098920479416847, -0.011837249621748924, -0.10588201880455017, 0.016940802335739136, -0.0010431500850245357, 0.014461313374340534, -0.059949398040771484, 0.023359544575214386, 0.02368670143187046, -0.022048361599445343, 0.02866467833518982, 0.06846360117197037, 0.02140779048204422, -0.07300218194723129, -0.002967957640066743, -0.0448206290602684, -0.02510986477136612, -0.012505535036325455, 0.053539033979177475, 0.02212245762348175, 0.005900186486542225, 0.001503033796325326, -0.009654123336076736, 0.05807410180568695, -0.011623171158134937, -0.027919381856918335, 0.013848690316081047, -0.0023551497142761946, 0.019616810604929924, -0.000364432402420789, 0.023767467588186264, -0.026925303041934967, 0.060240644961595535, -0.006840675603598356, 0.07435145229101181, -0.019290314987301826, 0.04127958416938782, 0.008135490119457245, 0.029904553666710854, 0.054279375821352005, 0.0027862449642270803, 0.01801535114645958, -0.01844046078622341, -0.01641165278851986, -0.04512792453169823, 0.050696004182100296, -0.026430442929267883, -0.041514430195093155, 0.01554531417787075, 0.029861267656087875, 0.0022355776745826006, 0.0019292290089651942, 0.0052759405225515366, 0.0014929481549188495, 0.025553595274686813, 0.027228301391005516, -0.01543048769235611, -0.032639242708683014, -0.007031012326478958, 0.020542891696095467, -0.07841938734054565, 0.022092226892709732, -0.020317034795880318, -0.026560155674815178, -0.02549782581627369, 0.03962215781211853, 0.00423155352473259, -0.027480866760015488, 0.01782197318971157, -0.03401981666684151, -0.07873618602752686, 0.018902432173490524, 0.03299929201602936, 0.03668636083602905, -0.042309101670980453, -0.002426534192636609, 0.0854446217417717, 0.07097580283880234, 0.006701083853840828, 0.0767458900809288, -0.03591381385922432, -0.024001331999897957, -0.016788188368082047, 0.028314361348748207, -0.05236796289682388, 0.006701840553432703, 0.033446166664361954, -0.007470321375876665, -0.00203546229749918, 0.018039781600236893, -0.0032653859816491604, -0.02774965949356556, 0.012945344671607018, -0.007046943064779043, 0.0302024744451046, -0.03862308710813522, 0.0016710592899471521, -0.024336673319339752, 0.04577786475419998, -0.03897664323449135, 0.07810395210981369, -0.018082821741700172, -0.001461178995668888, 0.01455092616379261, -0.02869739755988121, 0.003359986701980233, 0.013892492279410362, 0.0037647325079888105, 0.028897831216454506, -0.0436214916408062, 0.020539416000247, 0.08956503868103027, -0.009676780551671982, -0.0014515802031382918, 0.05217474699020386, -0.005675700958818197, -0.009624109603464603, -0.03028574399650097, -0.023464571684598923, 0.002796364715322852, -0.047990940511226654, -0.044290557503700256, 0.04880228266119957, 0.018410371616482735, -0.029330311343073845, 0.017992034554481506, -0.014510951936244965, -0.03704921901226044, 0.037328459322452545, 0.006303855217993259, -0.03244466334581375, 0.0017445978010073304, 0.07730012387037277, 0.043765872716903687, 0.011451749131083488, 0.02129947394132614, -0.09190424531698227, -0.001142702647484839, 0.029111823067069054, -0.036820489913225174, 0.006763913668692112, -0.029658842831850052, 0.06553225219249725, -0.009350718930363655, -0.011059338226914406, 0.0036710393615067005, -0.05708194151520729, 0.016127629205584526, 0.007991816848516464, -0.025860853493213654, 0.06574477255344391, -0.003961341455578804, -0.038089312613010406, 0.007088069338351488, 0.02940988913178444, 0.030774202197790146, 0.020692067220807076, -0.05650591105222702, 0.0733075812458992, -0.024331774562597275, -0.04207131639122963, -0.015562064945697784, 0.04158885031938553, -0.02453981153666973, -0.029848737642169, -0.005537283606827259, 0.02600094862282276, 0.0011742443311959505, -0.009759034961462021, 0.03494839742779732, 0.0061273942701518536, 0.03439722955226898, -0.010269819758832455, -0.012999167665839195, 0.0054524862207472324, -0.042039886116981506, 0.010364161804318428, -0.0037850996013730764, -0.047504521906375885, -0.0035634778905659914, -0.02125806361436844, 0.08538586646318436, 0.04932146519422531, -0.06214193254709244, -0.0277593694627285, 0.000035069737350568175, -0.0034061656333506107, -0.0017547705210745335, 0.015908971428871155, -0.035768501460552216, -0.010993313044309616, -0.012064328417181969, 0.024747177958488464, -0.03214425966143608, 0.07416816055774689, -0.029042845591902733, -0.01903938502073288, 0.08504444360733032, 0.009599552489817142, 0.020866159349679947, 0.03316161036491394, -0.02344430796802044, 0.09456033259630203, 0.0070393080823123455, 0.021073555573821068, -0.0036706668324768543, -0.006169851869344711, -0.003556845709681511, 0.005287826526910067, -0.037723004817962646, 0.02765125036239624, -0.03972500562667847, 0.0023755638394504786, -0.04282176494598389, 0.07592322677373886, 0.05726507678627968, 0.01970679871737957, 0.0411750003695488, -0.0072454544715583324, -0.04244716465473175, -0.03569576144218445, -0.0923345759510994, 0.008228348568081856, -0.0238615944981575, 0.03494337946176529, 0.01954067312180996, 0.015063541941344738, 0.020515162497758865, 0.03901560977101326, -0.02210971713066101, -0.027046266943216324, -0.002451997948810458, 0.03265293687582016, 0.021629296243190765, -0.022889286279678345, -0.006714953109622002, 0.019490104168653488, 0.06169562041759491, 0.006663393694907427, 0.0038439228665083647, -0.04877043142914772, -0.012129215523600578, -0.005787496920675039, -0.01040172390639782, -0.007192129734903574, -0.008594689890742302, 0.044689007103443146, 0.025549335405230522, -0.014152909629046917, 0.025359949097037315, 0.026166152209043503, 0.0487147681415081, 0.04903953894972801, -0.0015791963087394834, -0.04820449650287628, 0.0024065212346613407, 0.03366702049970627, 0.026479491963982582, 0.008378498256206512, -0.012879970483481884, -0.025976410135626793, 0.018042368814349174, -0.00025492190616205335, -0.027303675189614296, -0.26665616035461426, 0.012126999907195568, 0.02229786291718483, 0.004769648890942335, 0.031959760934114456, -0.047512173652648926, 0.014898378401994705, -0.027905311435461044, -0.012687498703598976, 0.008283141069114208, -0.014153484255075455, 0.017247596755623817, -0.02961479127407074, 0.05591779947280884, 0.03133060038089752, -0.0023716208525002003, 0.0023513061460107565, 0.013160547241568565, 0.03981567174196243, 0.009577983058989048, -0.01910056360065937, -0.0760641023516655, -0.006289225537329912, 0.017418812960386276, -0.04420309141278267, 0.041506554931402206, -0.06979836523532867, -0.01803470216691494, -0.023037895560264587, -0.023977678269147873, -0.027361027896404266, 0.007637561298906803, 0.0009016905096359551, 0.03842959180474281, -0.022503575310111046, 0.0011019556550309062, 0.056603822857141495, -0.0431518629193306, 0.009113150648772717, -0.0067498888820409775, 0.008356227539479733, -0.0049455841071903706, -0.028412213549017906, 0.02836501970887184, 0.06183003634214401, -0.03407994657754898, -0.03164751082658768, 0.0047972546890378, -0.030277911573648453, 0.0027860107365995646, -0.013310341164469719, -0.017975347116589546, -0.006194699089974165, 0.014986712485551834, -0.04521908238530159, -0.04696434736251831, 0.01059496495872736, 0.0028756416868418455, -0.012986288405954838, -0.00558785255998373, 0.031218810006976128, -0.06755109131336212, -0.014231821522116661, -0.03131193295121193, -0.007518199738115072, -0.0363876074552536, -0.03959288075566292, -0.07088036835193634, 0.04008572921156883, 0.015446865931153297, -0.0091991713270545, 0.032267846167087555, -0.00006657686026301235, -0.10003085434436798, 0.02889419160783291, 0.024068523198366165, -0.041349463164806366, -0.017105232924222946, -0.03943713754415512, 0.04657326266169548, -0.04344775155186653, -0.05297326296567917, 0.04775640740990639, -0.0008503834833391011, -0.004747540224343538, -0.026592440903186798, 0.00906822644174099, -0.041731394827365875, 0.006614736746996641, 0.007455481681972742, 0.0773022398352623, -0.05993147939443588, 0.03976946324110031, 0.008508452214300632, 0.05025304853916168, 0.047295890748500824, 0.06681527942419052, 0.05739950016140938, 0.02761714719235897, 0.005237718112766743, 0.002106971573084593, -0.06818900257349014, -0.016952577978372574, -0.029449183493852615, -0.009165427647531033, 0.020051823928952217, -0.04149722307920456, 0.007483420427888632, 0.04728434234857559, 0.029513897374272346, -0.03811421990394592, -0.01702715829014778, 0.011140670627355576, 0.01677803508937359, -0.012956329621374607, -0.03840283304452896, 0.01433619111776352, 0.0254921093583107, 0.03133416175842285, 0.012349692173302174, -0.028066333383321762, 0.03183634206652641, -0.01865840144455433, 0.03261799365282059, -0.0039008709136396646, -0.008961495943367481, -0.03729093819856644, 0.010266898199915886, -0.024619432166218758, -0.021405966952443123, 0.03710489720106125, 0.05769968032836914, -0.0012205856619402766, 0.047341689467430115, 0.0760130062699318, -0.019257690757513046, -0.006529483012855053, -0.017847565934062004, 0.07895218580961227, 0.015622281469404697, 0.025087280198931694, 0.010284127667546272, 0.028965048491954803, 0.050431184470653534, 0.021369080990552902, -0.0011441085953265429, 0.02202535793185234, 0.043003883212804794, -0.0106283500790596, 0.010153871960937977, -0.002163649071007967, -0.04467124864459038, -0.06507263332605362, -0.022327860817313194, -0.03294690325856209, -0.02520654909312725, 0.006543941795825958, -0.038957301527261734, 0.013838189654052258, -0.07267944514751434, 0.06655560433864594, 0.030393091961741447, -0.08083363622426987, -0.02579345740377903, 0.0037713313940912485, 0.02118418738245964, 0.03309003263711929, -0.014361300505697727, 0.015229037962853909, 0.012763584032654762, -0.012596012093126774, -0.03322013467550278, -0.015321829356253147, -0.054022375494241714, -0.005186829715967178, 0.014889847487211227, -0.006966301705688238, -0.0011850296286866069, -0.017537308856844902, 0.07271995395421982, 0.039692483842372894, 0.004172193352133036, 0.028109779581427574, 0.009753528982400894, 0.04973722994327545, 0.018708456307649612, -0.03218641132116318, -0.0387110598385334, -0.02140793763101101, 0.01920757256448269, 0.006799005437642336, 0.03659292683005333, -0.03996126353740692, -0.031072141602635384, -0.03433770313858986, -0.04988819733262062, -0.009412760846316814, 0.03454934433102608, 0.0035564906429499388, -0.016017640009522438, -0.03663502261042595, 0.02908474951982498, -0.026385867968201637, -0.006611514836549759, 0.025180164724588394, -0.054615944623947144, 0.02968445047736168, 0.04777374863624573, -0.07055708765983582, -0.002005196176469326, -0.049595270305871964, -0.04475148394703865, -0.02507176250219345, -0.01122063398361206, -0.0002487816382199526, 0.010260913521051407, -0.03574463725090027, -0.00905543938279152, 0.0019109012791886926, -0.033716317266225815, 0.02615937776863575, -0.008340382017195225, 0.00724589079618454, -0.006666743662208319, 0.02131868340075016, 0.06510016322135925, -0.018269149586558342, 0.012808320112526417, 0.04291227087378502, -0.029093792662024498, 0.028647711500525475, -0.034129153937101364, 0.0078557338565588, 0.07853395491838455, -0.0022604006808251143, 0.011925875209271908, -0.04225568473339081, 0.015934547409415245, 0.004009483382105827, 0.017036717385053635, 0.04480588436126709, 0.007534833624958992, -0.042514439672231674, 0.02821551449596882, -0.0053191338665783405, 0.06379873305559158, -0.026669127866625786, 0.0031196782365441322, 0.004201421048492193, 0.005296889692544937, 0.00507354224100709, -0.016279708594083786, -0.010399906896054745, -0.02109319530427456, 0.041476059705019, -0.03418945148587227, -0.019726499915122986, -0.06941340863704681, -0.042663395404815674, 0.019782105460762978, 0.006577733904123306, 0.03730826824903488, -0.04150452837347984, 0.031319886445999146, 0.02828102745115757, 0.019087515771389008, -0.033125825226306915, -0.06423761695623398, 0.060360707342624664, -0.0026354175060987473, 0.019429389387369156, -0.04096870496869087, -0.05075656622648239, 0.0494694709777832, -0.03315015509724617, 0.024971336126327515, 0.00046496864524669945, -0.039834678173065186, 0.0028987436089664698, -0.041281115263700485, -0.03343002498149872, 0.04359614476561546, -0.022288689389824867, 0.014156716875731945, 0.0181004349142313, -0.026079712435603142, 0.0020514742936939, -0.027184443548321724, -0.029340479522943497, -0.005320897791534662, -0.014696728438138962, 0.051402803510427475, -0.025227591395378113, -0.011655212379992008, -0.036014411598443985, 0.012303164228796959, 0.031627900898456573, 0.06470464915037155, -0.00036304816603660583, 0.0030578651931136847, -0.027949249371886253, 0.08518453687429428, 0.022099165245890617, -0.03363833203911781, 0.04876929521560669, -0.005463034380227327, 0.0010231190826743841, -0.044748418033123016, 0.03820203244686127, 0.01535648014396429, -0.060974977910518646, -0.08381791412830353, 0.039182599633932114, 0.026574542745947838, -0.04673376306891441, 0.019155239686369896, 0.03171148523688316, -0.051894646137952805, 0.007903056219220161, -0.037222400307655334, -0.025257781147956848, 0.005396365653723478, 0.03418583422899246, -0.00893188826739788, 0.031218556687235832, 0.06176719069480896, 0.05245569348335266, 0.023842787370085716, 0.011827089823782444, 0.0704970583319664, 0.05277683958411217, 0.0027148008812218904, -0.04826396703720093, 0.06286297738552094, -0.009894478134810925, -0.03985496982932091, 0.0266278013586998, -0.027245648205280304, -0.008930074982345104, -0.049657631665468216, 0.026227008551359177, 0.10095752775669098, 0.01798608899116516, 0.04525737464427948, -0.046289294958114624, -0.010052862577140331, 0.0354582741856575, 0.005431047175079584, 0.004520879127085209, 0.02717345952987671, 0.06231549754738808, -0.02393903024494648, -0.03064657375216484, -0.004149134736508131, 0.030561726540327072, -0.030624648556113243, 0.0058933827094733715, -0.010070936754345894, 0.021800175309181213, 0.03272220864892006, -0.019868841394782066, 0.01672404073178768, 0.07752643525600433, -0.0008132135262712836, -0.06991083174943924, 0.009480733424425125, 0.026027023792266846, -0.0040721711702644825, 0.06003464758396149, 0.001947851269505918, -0.02803140878677368, 0.011981170624494553, -0.019167186692357063, 0.013315849006175995, 0.039383310824632645, -0.005042599514126778, 0.006899788044393063, -0.021197453141212463, -0.03310760483145714, -0.005624119192361832, 0.0016652930062264204, -0.07114102691411972, -0.042538370937108994, -0.033916227519512177, -0.046650681644678116, -0.06357355415821075, -0.04175766184926033, -0.005009377375245094, -0.029594000428915024, -0.05864446237683296, -0.04994557425379753, -0.05003127083182335, 0.009983113966882229, 0.03420022502541542, -0.049851465970277786, -0.01113036647439003, 0.038549624383449554, 0.0098947174847126, -0.03470252826809883, 0.01584872044622898, 0.045570868998765945, -0.015057816170156002, -0.006577212829142809, 0.018127312883734703, 0.033121734857559204, 0.03200667351484299, 0.010206349194049835, -0.03635868430137634, -0.11132841557264328, 0.0054138726554811, 0.021029360592365265, -0.025817925110459328, -0.07622741162776947, -0.0127970976755023, -0.06301730126142502, 0.0031523779034614563, 0.06268611550331116, 0.004444825928658247, 0.05262794345617294, -0.03325849026441574, 0.009890030138194561, -0.011998917907476425, -0.012165479362010956, 0.04307791218161583, -0.01724996417760849, 0.06537437438964844, 0.03223403915762901, -0.0007467360119335353, -0.016856389120221138, 0.03705163672566414, -0.015732726082205772, 0.02923908457159996, -0.049940817058086395, -0.045274775475263596, -0.013808835297822952, -0.10274700075387955, -0.019744791090488434, -0.005058343522250652, -0.014852822758257389, -0.05033685266971588, -0.02645534835755825, 0.008465087041258812, 0.0009406948229297996, -0.08006589114665985, 0.012489787302911282, -0.01222988124936819, -0.03819069266319275, -0.03363239765167236, -0.06316167861223221, 0.021656690165400505, -0.0039060949347913265, 0.013058256357908249, -0.04420897737145424, -0.031244125217199326, -0.0034389817155897617, 0.011130821891129017, 0.01898018643260002, 0.005823768675327301, 0.025574974715709686, -0.02828032523393631 ]
5,112
Single-pass Adaptive Image Tokenization for Minimum Program Search
[ "Shivam Duggal", "Sanghyun Byun", "Bill Freeman", "Antonio Torralba", "Phillip Isola" ]
According to Algorithmic Information Theory (AIT), intelligent representations compress data into the shortest possible program while remaining predictive of its content—exhibiting low Kolmogorov Complexity (KC). In contrast, most visual representation learning systems assign fixed-length representations to all inputs, ignoring variations in complexity or familiarity. Recent adaptive tokenization methods address this by allocating variable-length representations but typically require test-time search over multiple hypotheses to identify the most predictive one. Inspired by KC principles, we propose a one-shot adaptive tokenizer, KARL, that predicts the appropriate number of tokens for an image in a single forward pass, halting once its approximate KC is reached. The token count serves as a proxy for the minimum description length. KARL performs comparably to recent adaptive tokenizers while operating in a one-pass manner. Additionally, we present a conceptual study showing a correlation between adaptive tokenization and core ideas from AIT. We demonstrate that adaptive tokenization not only aligns with KC but also reveals empirical signals approximating AIT concepts such as sophistication and logical depth. Finally, we analyze predicted image complexity and interestingness across axes such as structure vs. noise and in-distribution vs. out-of-distribution familiarity, highlighting alignment with human annotations.
poster
2507.07995
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.00966100487858057, -0.018985744565725327, -0.00011998856643913314, 0.03416468948125839, 0.01387826632708311, 0.04546448215842247, 0.031646210700273514, 0.025204375386238098, -0.06012865900993347, -0.02012522704899311, -0.05646148696541786, -0.006048958748579025, -0.048910461366176605, -0.006584406830370426, 0.012852035462856293, 0.05325689539313316, 0.01886453479528427, 0.006938551086932421, 0.015264932066202164, 0.0045440602116286755, 0.004730731248855591, -0.02947065234184265, 0.03835519030690193, -0.010776674374938011, 0.01625310257077217, 0.0027376606594771147, 0.003155437530949712, -0.010280929505825043, -0.04219411686062813, 0.009364083409309387, 0.03760841116309166, -0.016432655975222588, 0.012744653038680553, -0.01345490850508213, 0.031724654138088226, -0.020769929513335228, -0.04490376263856888, 0.022419098764657974, 0.039046335965394974, 0.04888990893959999, -0.04191213473677635, 0.00765253184363246, 0.007046061102300882, 0.012861010618507862, -0.0502777062356472, 0.0014629574725404382, -0.12940894067287445, 0.032027602195739746, 0.008429987356066704, -0.01938268542289734, -0.07879965752363205, 0.024326330050826073, 0.012722102925181389, -0.016995996236801147, 0.017019713297486305, 0.035449858754873276, 0.04691629484295845, -0.06499932706356049, -0.01945258118212223, -0.05751744657754898, -0.014068610034883022, 0.00943817850202322, 0.019078504294157028, 0.003850025124847889, -0.004617651924490929, -0.028463758528232574, -0.0021376435179263353, 0.06125703081488609, -0.043994612991809845, -0.058391522616147995, -0.008660571649670601, 0.003504872554913163, -0.0063786860555410385, 0.01470024324953556, 0.012625930830836296, -0.031954728066921234, 0.01927417516708374, 0.013932693749666214, 0.07240258902311325, -0.013555740006268024, 0.0004158451047260314, 0.06024967133998871, 0.020667677745223045, 0.04599374160170555, -0.019335299730300903, 0.00882002990692854, -0.053168971091508865, -0.026750260964035988, -0.06273142248392105, 0.02840098924934864, -0.03102012537419796, -0.07169458270072937, 0.013746407814323902, 0.037699948996305466, 0.015171860344707966, 0.004403376951813698, 0.015941085293889046, 0.018831826746463776, -0.002282641129568219, -0.0072615607641637325, -0.0212167389690876, -0.04030437394976616, 0.02369128167629242, 0.0007805571076460183, -0.10065674036741257, 0.011633401736617088, -0.004065350163727999, 0.001347208395600319, 0.009863531216979027, 0.008614903315901756, -0.026222990825772285, -0.02114492654800415, -0.0067218090407550335, -0.04486715421080589, -0.0963006541132927, 0.0011387753766030073, 0.001738924067467451, 0.026524631306529045, -0.025337224826216698, 0.031835608184337616, 0.02297113835811615, 0.07296741753816605, 0.014284290373325348, 0.07124388217926025, -0.02635881118476391, -0.005920873489230871, 0.021717701107263565, 0.055020689964294434, -0.06462933123111725, -0.04894986376166344, -0.04603848233819008, 0.042703185230493546, 0.01927635632455349, 0.022880898788571358, 0.008438215591013432, 0.007246438413858414, 0.005766051821410656, -0.01414688304066658, 0.02615591324865818, -0.02021544985473156, 0.012823598459362984, -0.019277894869446754, 0.036671530455350876, -0.02577780745923519, 0.05359627306461334, -0.05280923843383789, 0.03204664587974548, -0.011353489011526108, -0.019358478486537933, -0.002999224467203021, -0.004470754414796829, -0.04157467931509018, 0.013910258188843727, -0.07552938908338547, 0.013295581564307213, 0.07498537003993988, 0.003601760370656848, 0.019470397382974625, 0.0033471512142568827, 0.0026212758384644985, 0.02861943282186985, -0.02123064547777176, -0.012882249429821968, 0.017238304018974304, 0.0012971264077350497, -0.05242493003606796, 0.036324020475149155, 0.0420052744448185, -0.03070124052464962, 0.015536006540060043, -0.029237894341349602, -0.02167791873216629, 0.04350125417113304, 0.02932443469762802, -0.009365151636302471, -0.015917353332042694, 0.08160672336816788, 0.02643713913857937, 0.056578248739242554, 0.019161121919751167, -0.0797974094748497, 0.03174832463264465, -0.008640056475996971, 0.006418051663786173, 0.022848786786198616, -0.04748222976922989, 0.07286634296178818, -0.04116855189204216, 0.004483229946345091, -0.024865657091140747, -0.06939689069986343, -0.02229275554418564, -0.004559365101158619, -0.03231833130121231, 0.055078208446502686, 0.0176700446754694, -0.04304869472980499, 0.012049968354403973, 0.04963650926947594, 0.029416726902127266, 0.0678706020116806, -0.014051110483705997, 0.04709159582853317, -0.02077735774219036, -0.04609901085495949, 0.029858125373721123, 0.05618532374501228, -0.050845008343458176, -0.06403681635856628, 0.01801258698105812, -0.02170935831964016, 0.010857938788831234, 0.010664789006114006, 0.027676653116941452, -0.0011633133981376886, 0.02494102530181408, -0.0051536643877625465, 0.019802836701273918, 0.008382773026823997, -0.0955776646733284, 0.005039586219936609, 0.0364835262298584, -0.007342751137912273, 0.022359095513820648, -0.03032582625746727, 0.08720459043979645, 0.058566365391016006, -0.06921213865280151, 0.006655203178524971, 0.013565749861299992, 0.0014495193026959896, -0.00035257634590379894, -0.003517230274155736, -0.021828392520546913, -0.03643964231014252, -0.01623786799609661, 0.003655089996755123, -0.026741137728095055, 0.08934874087572098, -0.02616560086607933, -0.030411317944526672, 0.05880652740597725, -0.016101673245429993, 0.03981967270374298, -0.008405966684222221, 0.02185319922864437, 0.040522102266550064, -0.027182338759303093, -0.014786762185394764, -0.001350104808807373, -0.023806478828191757, 0.002947784261777997, -0.030987611040472984, -0.02555721066892147, -0.028432760387659073, -0.03303099423646927, -0.023144686594605446, -0.04544895514845848, 0.06920958310365677, 0.05002555996179581, 0.032867006957530975, 0.010319529101252556, -0.0009608991094864905, -0.020614158362150192, -0.017683111131191254, -0.11164430528879166, -0.010919098742306232, -0.0093443738296628, 0.054514408111572266, 0.002430459950119257, 0.02247733063995838, 0.04447385296225548, 0.01447895634919405, -0.016332292929291725, -0.020333290100097656, -0.003724384121596813, 0.04707976058125496, 0.006639325525611639, -0.05795246362686157, 0.005692529492080212, 0.0021162782795727253, 0.06401452422142029, -0.01778133399784565, -0.006891346070915461, -0.01958267204463482, -0.017127584666013718, -0.006552944891154766, -0.0443846620619297, -0.023328548297286034, 0.020979952067136765, 0.036539476364851, 0.03906363248825073, -0.030432485044002533, -0.01525033824145794, 0.06179003790020943, 0.043660059571266174, 0.06485536694526672, 0.002139872871339321, -0.03716777265071869, -0.0030433256179094315, 0.006036450620740652, 0.03963445872068405, 0.024726537987589836, 0.010915704071521759, -0.0162521880120039, 0.011088931933045387, 0.0011087011080235243, -0.007100770715624094, -0.2711806297302246, -0.0015914012910798192, 0.01392873004078865, 0.0053893281146883965, 0.01654743403196335, -0.031972404569387436, 0.0476154126226902, -0.00752268498763442, 0.00786927342414856, 0.022288242354989052, -0.004469452425837517, 0.034042369574308395, -0.0021147471852600574, 0.06688135862350464, 0.0189064871519804, 0.00979362428188324, 0.0026491598691791296, -0.0038684895262122154, -0.01324265357106924, 0.04860328510403633, -0.0011793563608080149, -0.07121987640857697, 0.005169195123016834, 0.06554756313562393, -0.017158491536974907, 0.035369422286748886, -0.09096779674291611, 0.012322209775447845, -0.03484806418418884, -0.020024985074996948, -0.0216060858219862, -0.020003624260425568, 0.0026539089158177376, 0.03515409678220749, -0.010835125111043453, 0.011752885766327381, 0.05242761969566345, -0.010102540254592896, -0.027276363223791122, 0.02970845438539982, 0.022213518619537354, -0.03112407959997654, -0.015804380178451538, 0.010450616478919983, 0.06801468133926392, -0.020811256021261215, -0.05509287491440773, -0.042790524661540985, -0.007894081994891167, 0.013814035803079605, -0.022278988733887672, -0.026534758508205414, -0.017621181905269623, 0.026608839631080627, -0.009698146022856236, -0.042188290506601334, 0.024292411282658577, -0.011459063738584518, -0.02972347103059292, -0.023020407184958458, 0.01681085303425789, -0.0773860514163971, 0.008299126289784908, -0.0315522737801075, -0.01694350130856037, -0.05021442845463753, -0.04584335535764694, -0.033854756504297256, 0.048185043036937714, 0.024711711332201958, -0.017470918595790863, 0.02709313854575157, -0.009040851145982742, -0.08947134763002396, 0.018923474475741386, 0.005035744979977608, -0.010753492824733257, 0.027745448052883148, -0.015277407132089138, 0.049848102033138275, -0.010597983375191689, -0.05536739528179169, 0.019771205261349678, 0.0057407827116549015, 0.011885044164955616, -0.03778284043073654, 0.012493478134274483, -0.03051159530878067, 0.005475207697600126, -0.024681726470589638, 0.03685493767261505, 0.01637563854455948, 0.011721065267920494, -0.0022932582069188356, 0.03902879357337952, 0.016497105360031128, 0.07026132941246033, 0.05882779136300087, 0.03545495867729187, 0.005423766560852528, 0.04429157078266144, -0.06875327974557877, -0.0370558425784111, -0.00679734256118536, -0.07487708330154419, 0.03719983994960785, -0.03741990402340889, -0.0071222917176783085, 0.06372908502817154, -0.007132967934012413, -0.04714211821556091, -0.05480015650391579, -0.007760306820273399, -0.01661570742726326, -0.027206767350435257, -0.030066071078181267, 0.00953845027834177, -0.022138487547636032, 0.0273215901106596, -0.030916202813386917, -0.010306949727237225, 0.04845943674445152, -0.025675566866993904, 0.014584867283701897, -0.010054245591163635, -0.03768044710159302, -0.01954405941069126, 0.003083291929215193, -0.010967081412672997, 0.009658962488174438, 0.055329516530036926, 0.05450986698269844, -0.00023280322784557939, 0.007316253148019314, 0.05634457990527153, -0.024525612592697144, 0.02031339891254902, -0.008075926452875137, 0.033440541476011276, -0.05704199895262718, 0.011640635319054127, 0.010550620034337044, 0.028771910816431046, 0.022451456636190414, 0.029871782287955284, 0.015344793908298016, -0.0029716426506638527, 0.016765911132097244, -0.013903284445405006, -0.027711305767297745, 0.01824433170258999, -0.05065137520432472, -0.02445087768137455, -0.0050791529938578606, 0.01579814963042736, -0.024255288764834404, -0.016966670751571655, -0.03337951749563217, 0.014871529303491116, -0.04793679341673851, 0.05546407029032707, 0.030496973544359207, -0.008939370512962341, -0.043412670493125916, 0.021571634337306023, 0.026521245017647743, 0.019320150837302208, 0.01170590054243803, 0.004392609465867281, 0.0075584715232253075, -0.006446345709264278, -0.026980221271514893, -0.017534533515572548, -0.021456725895404816, -0.01810246706008911, -0.007749245967715979, 0.0013733131345361471, -0.015329979360103607, -0.01995268650352955, 0.0542299821972847, 0.014691082760691643, -0.01592247560620308, -0.001506561879068613, 0.029657259583473206, 0.09274718910455704, 0.01982533372938633, -0.0028493988793343306, -0.015568777918815613, -0.056417107582092285, 0.04662123695015907, -0.0001607360172783956, -0.013339958153665066, -0.020653868094086647, -0.03716886043548584, -0.02964685671031475, -0.027183057740330696, -0.01827024482190609, 0.02285355143249035, 0.013769391924142838, 0.010919291526079178, -0.007077183108776808, 0.05133167281746864, -0.013089138083159924, -0.02395695261657238, 0.024240000173449516, -0.05453028157353401, 0.03216451779007912, 0.038814958184957504, -0.022642960771918297, 0.00630574207752943, -0.019702361896634102, -0.034516431391239166, -0.04501921683549881, -0.025757646188139915, -0.0006492422544397414, -0.006388355512171984, -0.017888197675347328, -0.024336669594049454, 0.031142180785536766, -0.03419629856944084, -0.008716992102563381, 0.007925368845462799, -0.005086176097393036, -0.00992304366081953, 0.017640525475144386, 0.03426289185881615, -0.02003318816423416, -0.01303077582269907, -0.014154994860291481, -0.008620339445769787, -0.0030665360391139984, -0.030363386496901512, 0.014207073487341404, 0.0681052953004837, -0.012494044378399849, -0.014706957153975964, -0.023000240325927734, 0.025326354429125786, -0.007547399494796991, -0.007958920672535896, 0.024343227967619896, 0.0104129733517766, -0.03910526633262634, 0.018633529543876648, 0.02109491266310215, 0.050176288932561874, -0.014755084179341793, -0.006999751552939415, -0.008727777749300003, 0.01833331398665905, -0.013297347351908684, -0.007749892771244049, -0.05194712430238724, -0.043876729905605316, 0.06710851192474365, -0.02330046147108078, -0.010413598269224167, -0.08240389823913574, -0.016220083460211754, 0.05966971442103386, -0.02175387367606163, 0.02658523991703987, -0.0012755909701809287, 0.04627293348312378, 0.024617716670036316, 0.05136529728770256, -0.005234451498836279, -0.01791844516992569, 0.03086872026324272, -0.025594737380743027, 0.007385106757283211, -0.08111562579870224, -0.03412212058901787, 0.04908835142850876, -0.038916051387786865, 0.003636123612523079, -0.00993267260491848, -0.041018109768629074, 0.009522242471575737, -0.017657628282904625, -0.05458962917327881, 0.005332827102392912, -0.025679610669612885, 0.03343769162893295, 0.02779729850590229, -0.04961421340703964, -0.0012455623364076018, -0.019975537434220314, -0.06579511612653732, -0.010487806051969528, -0.015862369909882545, 0.06391001492738724, -0.009736385196447372, 0.007705983705818653, -0.012508000247180462, 0.006980700884014368, 0.020846130326390266, 0.08220390230417252, 0.0188252255320549, 0.01582086645066738, -0.03793835639953613, 0.05532274395227432, 0.014665456488728523, 0.005228453315794468, -0.009682520292699337, 0.022134412080049515, -0.03351278603076935, -0.04091809317469597, 0.056118838489055634, -0.006841595750302076, -0.031823594123125076, -0.06502967327833176, 0.06377266347408295, 0.04574823006987572, -0.05624900385737419, -0.025896066799759865, 0.03039681538939476, -0.05232365056872368, 0.02419784478843212, -0.017751969397068024, 0.010409261099994183, -0.027986949309706688, 0.05992022529244423, 0.01895606890320778, -0.005583200603723526, 0.08721699565649033, 0.012170695699751377, -0.010943782515823841, -0.011262529529631138, 0.07509609311819077, 0.07044050842523575, 0.05707894638180733, -0.004254171159118414, 0.05237053707242012, -0.03982653468847275, -0.04221489652991295, 0.027666084468364716, 0.019003357738256454, -0.021308446303009987, -0.04436727240681648, 0.009984784759581089, 0.08286464959383011, -0.015286856330931187, 0.05972728878259659, -0.07496150583028793, -0.004793224856257439, 0.05429447814822197, 0.018447523936629295, -0.003121394431218505, 0.04999437928199768, 0.03860053792595863, -0.0067826732993125916, -0.02425885573029518, -0.034680500626564026, -0.002366008935496211, -0.02233051136136055, 0.01978617161512375, -0.008341815322637558, -0.007674329914152622, -0.0008316995808854699, -0.006898213643580675, 0.06682983785867691, 0.09347987174987793, -0.039103198796510696, -0.05490114167332649, 0.008802308700978756, 0.018230395391583443, 0.021857939660549164, 0.049196869134902954, -0.0225512757897377, -0.0073709567077457905, -0.029311034828424454, -0.021431567147374153, 0.03139446675777435, 0.0326356366276741, 0.02066984958946705, 0.023163961246609688, -0.006069264840334654, -0.05645019933581352, 0.019541015848517418, 0.01538549829274416, -0.02999367192387581, -0.035978689789772034, -0.024786431342363358, -0.03890863060951233, -0.04922114685177803, -0.011007201857864857, 0.037996888160705566, -0.0049784197472035885, -0.03534889593720436, -0.026422595605254173, -0.029806222766637802, 0.0473380871117115, 0.03545025363564491, -0.053374994546175, 0.008625696413218975, 0.013053390197455883, 0.02109747938811779, -0.016691328957676888, 0.022491058334708214, -0.0008995166863314807, -0.036032892763614655, -0.012396346777677536, 0.030076444149017334, 0.04334142059087753, -0.0013180299429222941, 0.005107284523546696, -0.03601546213030815, -0.08545443415641785, 0.01844829134643078, 0.015604670159518719, -0.04622459039092064, -0.08314625173807144, 0.030575569719076157, -0.020830349996685982, 0.06148082762956619, 0.07974933087825775, 0.030937716364860535, 0.017969252541661263, -0.05374970659613609, -0.01411138754338026, -0.0058914790861308575, 0.03453325107693672, 0.05052824690937996, -0.02365930564701557, 0.066801056265831, 0.028707008808851242, 0.010857089422643185, -0.005962832365185022, 0.004171305801719427, -0.031797006726264954, 0.03057761676609516, -0.01940043829381466, -0.010447573848068714, -0.033511292189359665, -0.10441702604293823, -0.009046283550560474, 0.04186038672924042, 0.0071655516512691975, -0.06933990865945816, -0.0033937054686248302, -0.005703793838620186, -0.011288980953395367, 0.016430828720331192, -0.0006077552097849548, -0.00264557171612978, -0.021041804924607277, -0.036675892770290375, -0.06571872532367706, 0.0023876389022916555, -0.010979858227074146, 0.027089355513453484, -0.02568354830145836, -0.040296733379364014, -0.027504822239279747, 0.022327907383441925, 0.045994050800800323, 0.023790383711457253, 0.0017901492537930608, -0.025567833334207535 ]
5,113
Intervene-All-Paths: Unified Mitigation of LVLM Hallucinations across Alignment Formats
[ "Jiaye Qian", "Ge Zheng", "Yuchen Zhu", "Sibei Yang" ]
Despite their impressive performance across a wide range of tasks, Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) remain prone to hallucination. In this study, we propose a comprehensive intervention framework aligned with the transformer’s causal architecture in LVLMs, integrating the effects of different intervention paths on hallucination. We find that hallucinations in LVLMs do not arise from a single causal path, but rather from the interplay among image-to-input-text, image-to-output-text, and text-to-text pathways. For the first time, we also find that LVLMs rely on different pathways depending on the question–answer alignment format. Building on these insights, we propose simple yet effective methods to identify and intervene on critical hallucination heads within each pathway, tailored to discriminative and generative formats. Experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate that our approach consistently reduces hallucinations across diverse alignment types. Code will be made available.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.026997458189725876, -0.011516922153532505, 0.006865773815661669, 0.017997127026319504, 0.005534729920327663, -0.001055239699780941, 0.07441644370555878, 0.03437191620469093, -0.022046422585844994, -0.03380992263555527, -0.04390573874115944, 0.016057774424552917, -0.08924248069524765, -0.0043829744681715965, -0.009246369823813438, 0.03721807152032852, 0.04778166860342026, 0.005014818161725998, -0.01517757959663868, 0.009340018965303898, 0.019090762361884117, -0.0051925890147686005, 0.013651015236973763, 0.03180968761444092, 0.001934219035319984, 0.0009310300229117274, 0.02535320445895195, -0.0028517404571175575, -0.050201915204524994, 0.010934882797300816, 0.020529545843601227, -0.0074963560327887535, 0.00595554756000638, -0.03998419642448425, 0.04491359367966652, -0.003965247422456741, -0.0581965334713459, 0.0068739475682377815, 0.014175849966704845, 0.02601626329123974, -0.05837611109018326, -0.005435713566839695, -0.028383838012814522, -0.005262886639684439, -0.06269854307174683, -0.005936961621046066, -0.09967421740293503, 0.03881317749619484, 0.005408298224210739, -0.05898289009928703, -0.08332610130310059, 0.04726281017065048, 0.012581359595060349, 0.014564866200089455, 0.013363963924348354, 0.03188393637537956, 0.026844792068004608, -0.08812329173088074, 0.002669151872396469, -0.031101882457733154, -0.015619966201484203, 0.002426598919555545, 0.03176247328519821, 0.00975607056170702, 0.0008888968150131404, -0.01117301918566227, -0.024744324386119843, 0.05047382041811943, -0.03650672733783722, -0.06641830503940582, -0.01289548259228468, 0.0033401043619960546, -0.004826964810490608, -0.006254988256841898, -0.02081184834241867, -0.03292561694979668, 0.018156129866838455, 0.0007895673625171185, 0.08972146362066269, -0.0294363871216774, -0.0040296753868460655, 0.012306580320000648, 0.0315220020711422, 0.03807631880044937, 0.0075927963480353355, -0.010160423815250397, -0.011834892444312572, -0.02574644424021244, -0.04908616840839386, 0.00652795284986496, -0.02992117963731289, -0.050293561071157455, 0.018400803208351135, 0.04044921696186066, 0.02327519841492176, 0.01883130706846714, 0.030960408970713615, -0.004299941007047892, -0.007296302355825901, 0.0071947830729186535, 0.00934084877371788, -0.014525794424116611, 0.006112425122410059, 0.017118103802204132, -0.08455085009336472, -0.0011559214908629656, -0.020603202283382416, -0.043263278901576996, 0.00008510346378898248, -0.0043421583250164986, -0.050019510090351105, 0.02601385861635208, 0.019183367490768433, -0.030374908819794655, -0.08715824037790298, 0.042215391993522644, 0.0018455969402566552, 0.028020557016134262, -0.007688384968787432, 0.017044346779584885, 0.06446902453899384, 0.023454321548342705, 0.010593886487185955, 0.07447800040245056, -0.014143613167107105, 0.017553972080349922, 0.0008357084589079022, 0.015040088444948196, -0.018724534660577774, -0.031776197254657745, 0.026246121153235435, 0.004458223003894091, 0.030889127403497696, -0.006110017653554678, 0.007673547137528658, -0.0039780777879059315, 0.04254448041319847, 0.007306614890694618, 0.020450999960303307, -0.023026658222079277, 0.003896569600328803, -0.030131613835692406, 0.04389004781842232, -0.057503022253513336, 0.078927181661129, -0.028922468423843384, -0.03612012416124344, -0.00016899460752028972, -0.05145922675728798, 0.03635626658797264, -0.00509185716509819, 0.014510021544992924, 0.020934348925948143, -0.08095616847276688, 0.021034900099039078, 0.09480278939008713, 0.03196203336119652, 0.012810000218451023, 0.0006129717803560197, -0.0005232044495642185, 0.006448809523135424, 0.01728290691971779, -0.03125359117984772, 0.00006878514977870509, 0.0019313187804073095, -0.04438586160540581, -0.02422318048775196, -0.022195875644683838, -0.043566495180130005, 0.013884940184652805, -0.036306776106357574, -0.022464992478489876, 0.031779639422893524, -0.02193976752460003, -0.026125624775886536, -0.0007489296840503812, 0.06177564710378647, 0.03382469713687897, 0.009103170596063137, 0.047094136476516724, -0.08399216830730438, 0.03311057388782501, 0.009413205087184906, -0.03640957921743393, 0.01006927341222763, -0.03852628916501999, 0.06322691589593887, -0.0339052714407444, -0.029259512200951576, 0.02906421758234501, -0.06895603239536285, -0.007215546909719706, 0.01802755519747734, -0.009113257750868797, 0.07199081033468246, 0.005722725298255682, -0.028293419629335403, 0.02410006895661354, 0.05355680361390114, 0.037910111248493195, 0.04731714725494385, -0.05297242850065231, 0.05170893296599388, -0.0010129910660907626, -0.0373411625623703, 0.02350378967821598, 0.03587872534990311, 0.005142234265804291, -0.06119174137711525, 0.013130356557667255, -0.0200076662003994, -0.025738803669810295, 0.007093328516930342, 0.0430995374917984, 0.05108574032783508, -0.004132349044084549, -0.02534099668264389, 0.016959741711616516, 0.0031444502528756857, -0.04625990241765976, 0.025117581710219383, -0.0003612204163800925, -0.032326698303222656, -0.018718494102358818, -0.047466035932302475, 0.0985548123717308, 0.03139825537800789, -0.03984783589839935, -0.024178095161914825, 0.0014020804082974792, 0.025115996599197388, 0.002037748694419861, 0.011802710592746735, -0.021409450098872185, -0.0073598818853497505, -0.03487051650881767, 0.008645490743219852, -0.024479566141963005, 0.07053524255752563, -0.04024198651313782, -0.020256174728274345, 0.03357948735356331, 0.011179483495652676, 0.040588993579149246, -0.00956056546419859, -0.006555618718266487, 0.020203886553645134, -0.023352256044745445, -0.04134725406765938, 0.008837804198265076, -0.035905055701732635, -0.007679320871829987, -0.012628096155822277, -0.03154103457927704, 0.024395843967795372, -0.028978995978832245, -0.025638587772846222, -0.06163177639245987, 0.0458134301006794, 0.06530565768480301, 0.02310645580291748, 0.07773792743682861, 0.019443849101662636, -0.0483890138566494, -0.017350833863019943, -0.07804922759532928, -0.022166073322296143, -0.0029536171350628138, 0.04417231306433678, -0.006825990043580532, 0.05511881038546562, 0.004672141745686531, 0.008787746541202068, -0.028975917026400566, -0.011820008978247643, 0.03906725347042084, 0.04293963313102722, 0.036828041076660156, -0.029686514288187027, -0.024387206882238388, 0.004270469769835472, 0.08232811838388443, 0.0067018852569162846, -0.004286135081201792, -0.044507090002298355, -0.03412339463829994, -0.0313563272356987, -0.02582983858883381, -0.011457758955657482, -0.0022248856257647276, 0.017076101154088974, 0.03759326785802841, 0.004932631738483906, -0.008241144008934498, -0.015140494331717491, 0.07927070558071136, 0.031139250844717026, -0.0029892916791141033, -0.032065849751234055, 0.05545714497566223, 0.026390686631202698, 0.02128029055893421, 0.03140075504779816, 0.023087618872523308, -0.012227267026901245, 0.029522094875574112, 0.003320000134408474, -0.023545008152723312, -0.28341925144195557, -0.01001293957233429, 0.019823014736175537, -0.0011157988337799907, 0.03513490408658981, -0.053148332983255386, 0.0337778702378273, -0.037153515964746475, -0.02575967274606228, -0.0049721719697117805, 0.013989935629069805, 0.014229249209165573, 0.01286225114017725, 0.06601463258266449, 0.026742320507764816, 0.009044504724442959, -0.02059091255068779, -0.03029661998152733, 0.032129183411598206, 0.0744623988866806, 0.002586555201560259, -0.04343608021736145, -0.036794401705265045, 0.046984728425741196, -0.0059259324334561825, 0.04628068208694458, -0.060592927038669586, -0.004671763628721237, -0.024907633662223816, -0.007494163233786821, 0.008172843605279922, -0.028376130387187004, -0.056817371398210526, 0.01832129992544651, -0.004722438286989927, 0.0006150280241854489, 0.04853430017828941, -0.01205764152109623, 0.00582139240577817, -0.018915599212050438, 0.00967593677341938, -0.026411915197968483, -0.0034987677354365587, -0.001850596396252513, 0.07659787684679031, 0.013020600192248821, -0.0733821913599968, -0.008857464417815208, 0.010739423334598541, 0.031429585069417953, -0.003938490990549326, -0.021465033292770386, -0.01923288404941559, 0.0221013855189085, -0.001675894483923912, -0.02212691493332386, -0.016704760491847992, -0.021351240575313568, 0.003111613215878606, 0.017620502039790154, 0.015504851005971432, -0.04402764141559601, -0.006579624954611063, -0.05116520822048187, 0.004396156407892704, -0.0129998829215765, -0.03471214696764946, -0.08133786916732788, 0.03901349753141403, 0.026348743587732315, -0.008749536238610744, -0.008163542486727238, -0.0194799043238163, -0.10216177254915237, 0.022256333380937576, 0.03153442591428757, -0.03573402389883995, -0.017668714746832848, -0.018487362191081047, 0.01744225062429905, 0.012101962231099606, -0.04074382781982422, 0.010956786572933197, 0.0009292920003645122, 0.011101466603577137, -0.005649031605571508, 0.02915525808930397, -0.0043533192947506905, 0.013407852500677109, -0.020338723435997963, 0.06162860617041588, 0.003237528959289193, -0.00393011374399066, -0.00014536133676301688, 0.03148222342133522, 0.030881857499480247, 0.05123570188879967, 0.04241812974214554, 0.009182857349514961, 0.017772488296031952, 0.03604119271039963, -0.08397334814071655, -0.032242968678474426, -0.02321433089673519, -0.05893361195921898, 0.049342166632413864, -0.0561932809650898, -0.018152961507439613, 0.0547555610537529, -0.004605120047926903, -0.018433092162013054, -0.0178516935557127, 0.02197996899485588, 0.02094450779259205, -0.0188865028321743, -0.03687015920877457, 0.023797351866960526, 0.01132759265601635, 0.013899875804781914, -0.03390068933367729, -0.027147255837917328, 0.045132361352443695, -0.02019389159977436, 0.02949504368007183, 0.013895503245294094, 0.00013080441567581147, -0.011561459861695766, 0.00005307284300215542, -0.015327793546020985, 0.0304846353828907, 0.024295741692185402, 0.021280860528349876, 0.013880240730941296, 0.03499629348516464, 0.041086118668317795, -0.0412546806037426, -0.0025394523981958628, 0.016386067494750023, 0.01357241440564394, -0.008917533792555332, 0.03517899662256241, -0.009940036572515965, 0.032776594161987305, 0.04033499211072922, 0.03426622226834297, -0.008531872183084488, 0.02620733343064785, -0.014711542055010796, -0.03921695798635483, 0.0004764836630783975, 0.06663502752780914, -0.017973417416214943, -0.032985150814056396, -0.015576844103634357, 0.021169163286685944, 0.009506143629550934, -0.008878313936293125, -0.043462466448545456, 0.01036139763891697, -0.06881260126829147, 0.04051704332232475, 0.001422892790287733, -0.026233403012156487, 0.02369895949959755, -0.0010808877414092422, 0.036991849541664124, 0.0032806405797600746, -0.004892431199550629, -0.008731288835406303, 0.011055178008973598, 0.007868854328989983, -0.04803493991494179, -0.03074732795357704, -0.020382585003972054, -0.01776432804763317, 0.0192539244890213, -0.012828491628170013, -0.02601851522922516, -0.04104117304086685, 0.03758680447936058, 0.004508149344474077, -0.002744946861639619, 0.004009081516414881, -0.028803743422031403, 0.07867558300495148, -0.008947189897298813, 0.0044469088315963745, -0.00569001492112875, -0.0085901515558362, -0.007090914063155651, -0.009986699558794498, 0.033749718219041824, -0.060444824397563934, -0.03634834289550781, -0.04040287062525749, -0.05804036557674408, -0.02164473943412304, -0.003496565856039524, 0.011583719402551651, -0.02039308100938797, -0.0171797052025795, 0.016793416813015938, -0.04439348354935646, -0.03089006431400776, 0.03255677595734596, -0.10327234119176865, 0.007185214664787054, 0.028553882613778114, -0.02896294556558132, 0.014095842838287354, -0.02342505380511284, -0.04265490919351578, -0.05447478964924812, -0.047721315175294876, 0.03422114625573158, -0.05568801239132881, -0.008674963377416134, -0.038258448243141174, 0.0036025624722242355, -0.026922518387436867, 0.04878977686166763, -0.02255566418170929, 0.00556698814034462, 0.017516855150461197, -0.003931818995624781, 0.011911499314010143, -0.03422068804502487, 0.022043917328119278, 0.025308389216661453, -0.03296269476413727, 0.026349829509854317, -0.0365208201110363, 0.042628493160009384, 0.04723230376839638, -0.018861662596464157, 0.013405045494437218, -0.054197970777750015, 0.02281513437628746, 0.008410396054387093, -0.012534854002296925, 0.03571489080786705, 0.001842706697061658, -0.032268401235342026, -0.005424462724477053, 0.018951458856463432, 0.06448904424905777, 0.0019238546956330538, -0.0023427095729857683, 0.019009126350283623, 0.03781310096383095, -0.008981303311884403, 0.02494909055531025, -0.007949555292725563, -0.036573804914951324, 0.044355347752571106, -0.02385585941374302, -0.0272215623408556, -0.07669886201620102, -0.05099715292453766, 0.01699196919798851, 0.01301037147641182, 0.02010626345872879, -0.04766974598169327, 0.04164248704910278, 0.030473675578832626, 0.012881549075245857, 0.0005854896735399961, -0.0013258778490126133, 0.019529668614268303, -0.06284040212631226, 0.02962631918489933, -0.058631062507629395, -0.007474876940250397, 0.04071395844221115, -0.033138059079647064, -0.010062852874398232, -0.0051332442089915276, -0.04809362441301346, 0.03281483054161072, -0.05195033922791481, -0.03603639081120491, -0.015168157406151295, -0.026705527678132057, 0.013670987449586391, 0.02656102366745472, -0.05050554499030113, 0.0076613337732851505, -0.049103185534477234, -0.04259953647851944, -0.035069540143013, -0.02516881376504898, 0.06298008561134338, 0.008237977512180805, 0.045057859271764755, -0.023374568670988083, 0.02569044753909111, 0.021781224757432938, 0.07816261798143387, 0.02823435142636299, 0.0021321673411875963, 0.003683102084323764, 0.08089368790388107, 0.03207072615623474, 0.006006161216646433, 0.007129100151360035, -0.0002003765694098547, -0.023452285677194595, -0.056930527091026306, 0.06864750385284424, 0.02498980611562729, -0.011294478550553322, -0.04510520398616791, 0.08108463138341904, 0.037360187619924545, -0.04146799445152283, 0.026599550619721413, 0.014814171008765697, -0.032936256378889084, 0.0017409115098416805, -0.012694505974650383, -0.006629162468016148, 0.03747774288058281, 0.05300416052341461, -0.007222556509077549, 0.045910757035017014, 0.05614972859621048, 0.03833337873220444, -0.01087972056120634, 0.001900413422845304, 0.07048498839139938, 0.05174335837364197, 0.052719973027706146, 0.00359098962508142, 0.07481879740953445, -0.007925932295620441, -0.027436787262558937, 0.04755796864628792, 0.039128027856349945, -0.009700385853648186, -0.03126649186015129, 0.04478107765316963, 0.08735421299934387, -0.0038313737604767084, 0.07026096433401108, -0.025748101994395256, 0.015858620405197144, 0.036132652312517166, 0.024759626016020775, -0.019162505865097046, 0.03336517885327339, 0.03131416440010071, -0.006142219062894583, -0.0016228376189246774, -0.011599396355450153, -0.005669201724231243, -0.0024166980292648077, 0.03805072233080864, 0.015309593640267849, -0.030124438926577568, 0.008819477632641792, -0.016075538471341133, 0.05042506381869316, 0.0961296409368515, -0.005643313750624657, -0.03364075347781181, 0.012362963519990444, 0.01737864315509796, 0.022026944905519485, 0.06818518787622452, -0.04083462059497833, -0.015148392878472805, 0.0073342896066606045, -0.042593251913785934, 0.02326676808297634, 0.021960239857435226, 0.020502891391515732, 0.05491827800869942, -0.0643845945596695, -0.02577361837029457, 0.03710527718067169, 0.027553236111998558, -0.08994974195957184, -0.043097421526908875, -0.038348328322172165, -0.03348778933286667, -0.051153164356946945, -0.0127954613417387, 0.009873985312879086, -0.010893748141825199, -0.046287402510643005, 0.0007506951224058867, -0.007805053144693375, -0.0015772731276229024, -0.022037891671061516, -0.059191107749938965, 0.030051369220018387, 0.055004190653562546, 0.00933813489973545, -0.04692444950342178, 0.021303575485944748, 0.03437197580933571, -0.004349975846707821, -0.014487199485301971, 0.034684743732213974, 0.03646918386220932, 0.018261320888996124, -0.018097033724188805, -0.029166430234909058, -0.11123243719339371, 0.007269285619258881, -0.0033358437940478325, -0.01315389946103096, -0.09642846137285233, 0.0166990514844656, 0.023792263120412827, 0.03225195035338402, 0.055487010627985, -0.003949740901589394, 0.02212590165436268, -0.026244619861245155, -0.0022139253560453653, -0.009734981693327427, -0.005674772430211306, 0.0496552512049675, -0.020521145313978195, 0.050626229494810104, 0.016813136637210846, 0.00901082158088684, -0.030000580474734306, 0.018742525950074196, -0.015368807129561901, -0.007104965392500162, -0.020689895376563072, -0.022216474637389183, -0.03908265009522438, -0.11341456323862076, -0.011100629344582558, 0.03700162097811699, -0.023945193737745285, -0.05484636873006821, -0.041737768799066544, -0.049743592739105225, -0.02048174850642681, -0.00111950165592134, -0.011920422315597534, -0.03805038705468178, -0.03282827138900757, -0.018311232328414917, -0.04986065998673439, -0.0010694031370803714, -0.005388619378209114, 0.006024837493896484, -0.009242750704288483, -0.032023679465055466, 0.026241803541779518, 0.009050427004694939, 0.03648318722844124, 0.02428159862756729, 0.029921984300017357, -0.0656692385673523 ]
5,114
CRRL: Learning Channel-invariant Neural Representations for High-performance Cross-day Decoding
[ "Xianhan Tan", "Binli Luo", "Yu Qi", "Yueming Wang" ]
Brain-computer interfaces have shown great potential in motor and speech rehabilitation, but still suffer from low performance stability across days, mostly due to the instabilities in neural signals. These instabilities, partially caused by neuron deaths and electrode shifts, leading to channel-level variabilities among different recording days. Previous studies mostly focused on aligning multi-day neural signals of onto a low-dimensional latent manifold to reduce the variabilities, while faced with difficulties when neural signals exhibit significant drift. Here, we propose to learn a channel-level invariant neural representation to address the variabilities in channels across days. It contains a channel-rearrangement module to learn stable representations against electrode shifts, and a channel reconstruction module to handle the missing neurons. The proposed method achieved the state-of-the-art performance with cross-day decoding tasks over two months, on multiple benchmark BCI datasets. The proposed approach showed good generalization ability that can be incorporated to different neural networks.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.01505119539797306, 0.012797903269529343, -0.010982557199895382, 0.006948624271899462, 0.03077184036374092, 0.02464599348604679, 0.058953069150447845, 0.016210895031690598, -0.01720380038022995, -0.036117035895586014, -0.024653812870383263, 0.011883201077580452, -0.06926135718822479, -0.029086340218782425, -0.015743602067232132, 0.05628011003136635, 0.0367237888276577, -0.029132619500160217, 0.004755799658596516, 0.026932168751955032, -0.016814708709716797, -0.02919475920498371, 0.01802035979926586, 0.02182907983660698, 0.020025301724672318, 0.00044123188126832247, 0.004334148019552231, 0.0014156901743263006, -0.032109469175338745, 0.013827170245349407, 0.051343612372875214, 0.0015725917182862759, -0.00867594312876463, -0.0139329107478261, 0.036017678678035736, 0.008661254309117794, -0.029662488028407097, -0.04706323891878128, 0.0028673901688307524, 0.008934657089412212, -0.02632206305861473, -0.0075499750673770905, -0.0176647137850523, 0.018638823181390762, -0.026669621467590332, 0.04923951253294945, -0.09527280926704407, 0.021200235933065414, 0.03736621141433716, -0.040420159697532654, -0.07584031671285629, 0.013260165229439735, 0.04254396632313728, -0.005180365405976772, -0.00047138246009126306, 0.031046763062477112, 0.04453234001994133, -0.08333942294120789, -0.014748894609510899, -0.05700847506523132, 0.007914531975984573, 0.010139979422092438, 0.004653101786971092, 0.01908372901380062, 0.002580605912953615, 0.004209183622151613, 0.02515166997909546, 0.03647017478942871, -0.04589302837848663, -0.05182169750332832, -0.05062834173440933, -0.003131374716758728, -0.03605704754590988, 0.011599541641771793, -0.000351092719938606, -0.07263300567865372, 0.02229384146630764, 0.01057612057775259, 0.0850168988108635, -0.0218470711261034, 0.04242917522788048, 0.036403730511665344, 0.028963802382349968, 0.06111949309706688, 0.012037786655128002, 0.007989611476659775, -0.043643172830343246, -0.05470655485987663, -0.0706016793847084, 0.011246898211538792, -0.05492021515965462, -0.0321049764752388, 0.02561159059405327, 0.0241791270673275, -0.0056346263736486435, 0.007194797042757273, 0.01073079090565443, -0.022199558094143867, -0.004008806310594082, -0.0037820558063685894, 0.0033584190532565117, -0.03778551518917084, 0.01793522574007511, 0.017665855586528778, -0.08028074353933334, 0.0042476714588701725, -0.029386309906840324, -0.039848748594522476, 0.00444879150018096, 0.026406344026327133, -0.04199536517262459, 0.009778161533176899, 0.05227334052324295, -0.01398992445319891, -0.08745823055505753, 0.018598221242427826, 0.057736579328775406, 0.01327399630099535, -0.006812398321926594, 0.004792019259184599, 0.020282093435525894, 0.05781768634915352, 0.0007399652968160808, 0.05478508770465851, -0.017337679862976074, 0.006090704817324877, -0.02310725301504135, 0.016649851575493813, -0.050694551318883896, -0.06184954568743706, 0.0027102623134851456, 0.04237961024045944, -0.0013074963353574276, 0.007256168872117996, -0.010636899620294571, 0.014803541824221611, -0.02585289627313614, -0.014451755210757256, 0.0345531702041626, 0.020170599222183228, -0.00015737350622657686, -0.027455847710371017, 0.04300115257501602, -0.014340091496706009, 0.08469904959201813, -0.013831641525030136, -0.03413217514753342, -0.008943753316998482, -0.028625810518860817, -0.011823778040707111, 0.006356804631650448, -0.0009484047768637538, 0.030132031068205833, -0.07527708262205124, 0.01533951610326767, 0.04435575753450394, -0.023890210315585136, 0.026496415957808495, 0.010161550715565681, 0.012243354693055153, -0.002011134522035718, -0.01711510308086872, -0.06852331012487411, 0.01263829693198204, -0.017931349575519562, -0.04815451428294182, 0.06614337861537933, 0.0170405525714159, -0.030953262001276016, 0.04350646957755089, -0.0458514578640461, 0.012830894440412521, 0.013298149220645428, -0.020873814821243286, -0.07234779000282288, -0.028292497619986534, 0.05422157794237137, -0.005516671575605869, 0.01377743761986494, 0.0047043259255588055, -0.07912030071020126, 0.022864487022161484, 0.002887290669605136, 0.03339197859168053, 0.01419080700725317, -0.040297456085681915, 0.07861561328172684, -0.0459715835750103, 0.0065020122565329075, 0.028828924521803856, -0.029600156471133232, 0.016041811555624008, 0.00022297048417385668, -0.005282976198941469, 0.08390479534864426, 0.017488114535808563, -0.028666317462921143, 0.028796257451176643, 0.033230576664209366, 0.040243688970804214, 0.027926044538617134, -0.06488145142793655, -0.0017133965156972408, 0.008653927594423294, -0.037278126925230026, -0.01850193738937378, 0.03163114935159683, -0.05653076991438866, -0.0476047582924366, -0.0038201743736863136, -0.020052798092365265, -0.001965902280062437, 0.014230061322450638, 0.014849822036921978, 0.0037084545474499464, 0.0004450556880328804, 0.018133055418729782, 0.020409569144248962, 0.02122287079691887, -0.03999688848853111, 0.040549639612436295, -0.002261890098452568, 0.008158130571246147, 0.02330874837934971, -0.02845068834722042, 0.11469291895627975, 0.08459486067295074, -0.0588781014084816, -0.009352782741189003, 0.013689653016626835, 0.017045095562934875, -0.030624931678175926, -0.020948421210050583, 0.012705154716968536, -0.024947235360741615, 0.0010938735213130713, -0.035167403519153595, -0.03969743102788925, 0.05000391975045204, -0.043124567717313766, -0.026596244424581528, 0.09118783473968506, -0.007429861463606358, 0.04275881126523018, -0.009548915550112724, 0.021360330283641815, 0.016845760866999626, -0.008855088613927364, 0.005958015564829111, -0.022865204140543938, -0.02657189406454563, 0.004649866372346878, -0.004252712242305279, -0.019854746758937836, 0.01533242966979742, -0.05548286810517311, -0.015033075585961342, -0.020616203546524048, 0.09931112825870514, 0.06992056965827942, 0.06416520476341248, 0.0508401021361351, 0.006558922119438648, 0.00011876424105139449, -0.008008569478988647, -0.11482610553503036, -0.016975492238998413, -0.024207480251789093, 0.050002411007881165, -0.0014076735824346542, 0.03694295510649681, 0.02554364874958992, 0.01685330830514431, -0.021587282419204712, -0.04683898016810417, 0.008857290260493755, 0.03410246968269348, -0.006978955119848251, -0.0048049273900687695, 0.009133940562605858, -0.0035793210845440626, 0.05689704045653343, 0.0029564087744802237, -0.02626051940023899, -0.042837079614400864, -0.02966741845011711, -0.04786902293562889, -0.029530826956033707, -0.0017653299728408456, -0.010865108110010624, -0.030847201123833656, 0.024589108303189278, 0.011467430740594864, 0.029211772605776787, 0.04404900595545769, 0.04825514182448387, 0.06979463994503021, -0.03437288850545883, 0.005595178343355656, 0.004919876344501972, -0.010235641151666641, 0.023575156927108765, 0.04217495024204254, 0.0072797685861587524, -0.000514477607794106, -0.003809656947851181, 0.015961889177560806, -0.0399591289460659, -0.26634836196899414, -0.053859010338783264, 0.03231087699532509, 0.0016427513910457492, 0.06840303540229797, 0.004949185531586409, 0.03141427040100098, -0.044849928468465805, -0.0028654097113758326, 0.039355259388685226, 0.0247750673443079, 0.05994555354118347, -0.009702146984636784, 0.049953192472457886, 0.05907038599252701, -0.009478735737502575, -0.003563005244359374, -0.02694631740450859, 0.03009539656341076, 0.03228658065199852, 0.006027710624039173, -0.03875403106212616, -0.03359384462237358, 0.028913820162415504, -0.026190288364887238, 0.04243994876742363, -0.07053566724061966, 0.022660650312900543, -0.037006352096796036, -0.019898680970072746, -0.016796967014670372, -0.03323812037706375, -0.033195868134498596, 0.014979207888245583, 0.029315369203686714, -0.0014297525631263852, -0.0035840303171426058, 0.031251974403858185, 0.010392134077847004, -0.012953762896358967, -0.0014671295648440719, -0.043209508061409, 0.0015168769750744104, -0.0015026534674689174, 0.08344581723213196, 0.029522625729441643, -0.0564480721950531, 0.010948795825242996, -0.007785176392644644, 0.025192290544509888, -0.02441844716668129, -0.017152251675724983, 0.01062717568129301, 0.0069091347977519035, 0.00945658702403307, -0.04327907785773277, -0.015846731141209602, -0.0024330890737473965, 0.0005005752900615335, 0.014052271842956543, 0.006329006049782038, -0.04460234194993973, -0.04644058644771576, -0.05627784878015518, -0.015475244261324406, -0.018659239634871483, -0.04200579226016998, -0.05287270247936249, 0.06484420597553253, 0.06182767078280449, -0.013436880894005299, 0.012881500646471977, -0.04022017866373062, -0.10090257227420807, 0.03507493436336517, -0.002741931239143014, -0.004745224956423044, 0.007160481531172991, -0.002008849522098899, 0.039693672209978104, -0.02404346503317356, -0.04727749153971672, 0.0018433413933962584, 0.023329610005021095, 0.00750617915764451, -0.010457274504005909, 0.048416368663311005, -0.03586331754922867, -0.03814057260751724, -0.008411575108766556, 0.057586077600717545, -0.0004067138652317226, -0.0035359784960746765, -0.007520610466599464, 0.019694508984684944, 0.04038625210523605, 0.013788538984954357, 0.044865090399980545, 0.024141937494277954, -0.004026592709124088, 0.030446963384747505, -0.06461770832538605, -0.02798043191432953, -0.0856182873249054, -0.047738779336214066, 0.03873289376497269, -0.05740245431661606, -0.023908190429210663, 0.02830597199499607, 0.023025788366794586, -0.014056217856705189, -0.013770291581749916, -0.007007394451647997, -0.006155792158097029, -0.030081164091825485, -0.014596915803849697, 0.021922549232840538, 0.014986134134232998, 0.023774946108460426, -0.036371998488903046, -0.0046365042217075825, 0.014189943671226501, -0.004353635478764772, 0.022447636350989342, 0.03681397810578346, -0.019102897495031357, -0.003998124040663242, -0.005765319801867008, 0.011951664462685585, 0.020670734345912933, 0.006980511359870434, 0.013360519893467426, 0.012256466783583164, 0.032264865934848785, 0.02036253549158573, 0.0004821334150619805, 0.014991152100265026, 0.02511812560260296, 0.047143325209617615, -0.00594352325424552, 0.023790068924427032, -0.02206612564623356, 0.04026031121611595, 0.014597860164940357, 0.044265586882829666, 0.044820912182331085, -0.010077498853206635, -0.026824789121747017, -0.014234361238777637, -0.01621404103934765, 0.03994648903608322, -0.03537173196673393, -0.017496412619948387, -0.019634904339909554, 0.012577695772051811, -0.008131494745612144, 0.037460602819919586, -0.01840604841709137, 0.018010064959526062, -0.06363542377948761, 0.05033009499311447, -0.0001731261145323515, -0.003009286243468523, 0.008815491572022438, 0.026486791670322418, 0.04890594631433487, -0.03519587963819504, 0.011187474243342876, 0.05317205190658569, -0.0010160726960748434, -0.026683323085308075, -0.016646895557641983, -0.009978693909943104, 0.02213657833635807, -0.046054184436798096, 0.00834088958799839, -0.01189426053315401, -0.004071690142154694, -0.01319294236600399, 0.04692808911204338, 0.03860374167561531, -0.005502110812813044, -0.044987570494413376, 0.021085688844323158, 0.0724954754114151, -0.021167978644371033, 0.01886676624417305, -0.011813782155513763, -0.03234838321805, 0.02049262635409832, -0.010158970020711422, 0.010496055707335472, -0.039328433573246, -0.03398893401026726, -0.03469325229525566, -0.024238429963588715, -0.010211832821369171, 0.0417739674448967, -0.020834943279623985, -0.008532139472663403, -0.02643917128443718, 0.021902834996581078, -0.032466016709804535, -0.0332934632897377, 0.030706629157066345, -0.09080956131219864, 0.022743668407201767, 0.04020797833800316, -0.047557421028614044, 0.012718554586172104, -0.041741061955690384, -0.0018829402979463339, -0.038014475256204605, -0.012241940014064312, -0.01792094297707081, 0.0009645098471082747, -0.04831580072641373, -0.05971353128552437, -0.012528588995337486, -0.019678281620144844, 0.022408967837691307, -0.04455641284584999, -0.008116126991808414, -0.00047841723426245153, -0.012345904484391212, 0.03774258494377136, -0.03699976205825806, 0.03578991815447807, 0.019526785239577293, 0.009615739807486534, 0.019160635769367218, -0.05269942805171013, 0.02224091812968254, 0.059370432049036026, 0.0025813912507146597, -0.043810877948999405, -0.043812476098537445, 0.04693141207098961, -0.01596037857234478, 0.037143249064683914, 0.026401014998555183, -0.012584187090396881, -0.03353060781955719, -0.01183732133358717, 0.03490111231803894, 0.04831670597195625, 0.001631380058825016, 0.028551338240504265, 0.008767244406044483, 0.010381397791206837, 0.030177999287843704, 0.029237117618322372, -0.03960273042321205, -0.03000909462571144, 0.03565927594900131, -0.0210861973464489, -0.02707219310104847, -0.07360263168811798, -0.03578457236289978, 0.02760358713567257, 0.0049074310809373856, 0.00019113003509119153, -0.051818571984767914, 0.06386055052280426, 0.020084265619516373, 0.07137282937765121, -0.0011635187547653913, -0.030220549553632736, 0.018699612468481064, -0.0411713644862175, 0.023807404562830925, -0.038473278284072876, -0.03205380216240883, 0.057591937482357025, -0.052905529737472534, 0.0024812486954033375, -0.011660945601761341, -0.025668302550911903, 0.01688341237604618, -0.05675864592194557, -0.05238553136587143, 0.00784497894346714, -0.0241900235414505, -0.042122889310121536, 0.038537926971912384, -0.02981800213456154, 0.002477511763572693, -0.006503446958959103, -0.026977717876434326, -0.0221050176769495, 0.03832526132464409, 0.048409603536129, -0.010855751112103462, 0.05279211327433586, -0.01992557942867279, 0.030827870592474937, 0.010056101717054844, 0.06340058892965317, -0.005386215168982744, 0.03739216923713684, -0.02948354370892048, 0.06815187633037567, 0.03189687430858612, -0.0025483318604528904, 0.012837748974561691, 0.010776706971228123, 0.008467047475278378, -0.06471457332372665, 0.02379726804792881, 0.015310969203710556, 0.0039018113166093826, -0.060562070459127426, 0.06900643557310104, 0.026922130957245827, -0.0455014668405056, -0.000532747944816947, 0.015414398163557053, -0.04707321897149086, -0.0025574732571840286, 0.007403238210827112, -0.00635265139862895, -0.0128927668556571, 0.06570219993591309, 0.007318358868360519, 0.02933046780526638, 0.10191291570663452, -0.003344506025314331, -0.04629888758063316, 0.010234502144157887, 0.0949946865439415, 0.07418624311685562, 0.02816929668188095, -0.01305467914789915, 0.06130853295326233, -0.06144566461443901, -0.04771343991160393, 0.036771029233932495, 0.028051668778061867, -0.028941240161657333, -0.05093420669436455, 0.02522977814078331, 0.04591495171189308, -0.0033345341216772795, 0.07688025385141373, -0.04342276230454445, -0.021679449826478958, 0.04857844486832619, 0.015028337948024273, 0.014245597645640373, 0.020640932023525238, 0.01905086077749729, -0.018239669501781464, 0.016700295731425285, -0.0032896234188228846, 0.008200897835195065, -0.0011171881342306733, 0.03489922732114792, 0.01160785648971796, -0.018839770928025246, 0.03303147479891777, -0.019257929176092148, 0.04687139019370079, 0.09009446203708649, -0.01984294317662716, -0.032458867877721786, -0.02872565947473049, 0.032361097633838654, 0.021241966634988785, 0.0014924478018656373, -0.000320744322380051, 0.0025060323532670736, -0.004348860587924719, -0.04259544610977173, 0.009721173904836178, -0.0016872916603460908, 0.011193396523594856, 0.001959082903340459, -0.045299120247364044, -0.028801443055272102, 0.0010727663757279515, 0.02729242667555809, -0.03195850923657417, -0.07874082028865814, -0.05643859878182411, -0.042040612548589706, -0.036971915513277054, -0.06475301086902618, 0.05526402220129967, -0.013942618854343891, -0.0477411262691021, -0.005495320539921522, -0.031456414610147476, -0.0019566265400499105, 0.011442692019045353, -0.027330705896019936, 0.0005952048231847584, 0.03800410032272339, 0.004134809598326683, 0.007317704148590565, 0.037472695112228394, 0.025770369917154312, -0.01688447967171669, -0.026513567194342613, 0.03258451074361801, -0.007473702542483807, 0.022953953593969345, -0.0246894434094429, -0.01871170662343502, -0.10277802497148514, -0.0007495463942177594, -0.005058059934526682, 0.01213996671140194, -0.09713796526193619, 0.046687472611665726, -0.012520166113972664, 0.058773890137672424, 0.04449012130498886, -0.035188544541597366, 0.009002960287034512, -0.008425700478255749, 0.0004468944389373064, 0.015307266265153885, 0.010852549225091934, 0.04235003888607025, -0.007744406349956989, 0.08413563668727875, 0.05351906642317772, 0.010419069789350033, -0.003458199789747596, 0.005143407732248306, -0.0031733440700918436, -0.036597833037376404, -0.03520957753062248, -0.04621147736907005, -0.02258564718067646, -0.09319465607404709, -0.03182801231741905, 0.022095317021012306, -0.0021420454140752554, -0.03767949715256691, 0.017535651102662086, 0.009365078993141651, 0.014717644080519676, -0.029522627592086792, -0.009123669005930424, -0.06370668858289719, -0.009752009995281696, -0.04423683509230614, -0.03174445778131485, 0.014882230199873447, -0.024453291669487953, 0.010450671426951885, -0.014018993824720383, -0.03893270343542099, -0.002525593154132366, 0.009908845648169518, 0.006574923172593117, -0.0010007877135649323, 0.0006611765711568296, -0.034725818783044815 ]
5,115
GradMetaNet: An Equivariant Architecture for Learning on Gradients
[ "Yoav Gelberg", "Yam Eitan", "Aviv Navon", "Aviv Shamsian", "Theo Putterman", "Michael Bronstein", "Haggai Maron" ]
Gradients of neural networks encode valuable information for optimization, editing, and analysis of models. Therefore, practitioners often treat gradients as inputs to task-specific algorithms, e.g., using gradient statistics for pruning or optimization. Recent works explore *learning* algorithms that operate directly on gradients but use architectures that are not specifically designed for gradient processing, hindering their applicability. In this paper, we present a principled approach for designing architectures that process gradients. Our approach is guided by three principles: (1) equivariant design that preserves neuron permutation symmetries, (2) processing sets of gradients across multiple data points to capture curvature information, and (3) efficient gradient representation through rank-1 decomposition. Based on these principles, we introduce GradMetaNet, a novel architecture for learning on gradients, constructed from simple equivariant blocks. We prove universality results for GradMetaNet, and show that previous approaches cannot approximate natural gradient-based functions that GradMetaNet can. We then demonstrate GradMetaNet's effectiveness on a diverse set of gradient-based tasks for *MLPs* and *transformers*, such as learned optimization, INR editing, and loss landscape curvature estimation.
poster
2507.01649
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.01640329137444496, 0.0033527433406561613, 0.002475328743457794, 0.0359012745320797, 0.025261694565415382, 0.057207655161619186, 0.012227971106767654, 0.0075252968817949295, -0.04216089844703674, -0.03292805328965187, -0.004299805499613285, -0.01892773248255253, -0.05310807749629021, 0.017953963950276375, 0.007446642499417067, 0.03838790953159332, 0.035280827432870865, -0.018936926499009132, -0.019122019410133362, 0.05140215530991554, -0.007235298864543438, -0.045292627066373825, 0.04691736400127411, 0.01757190003991127, 0.02563941478729248, -0.010988610796630383, 0.03406739607453346, -0.008053443394601345, -0.007115292362868786, 0.00692819245159626, 0.028505733236670494, -0.0077826171182096004, 0.019191894680261612, -0.030054990202188492, 0.012213606387376785, -0.01219470240175724, -0.04661959409713745, 0.018137797713279724, 0.026912318542599678, 0.012687703594565392, -0.03354482725262642, -0.008122633211314678, -0.021756840869784355, 0.012262391857802868, -0.03999030590057373, 0.02090996503829956, -0.0964677706360817, 0.018599633127450943, 0.01539897546172142, -0.0476243793964386, -0.10047038644552231, 0.0412529855966568, 0.017163565382361412, -0.02872452512383461, 0.019037270918488503, 0.02810896374285221, 0.039460062980651855, -0.051974330097436905, -0.018880993127822876, -0.050568342208862305, -0.06479104608297348, 0.034805577248334885, -0.007322106976062059, 0.04312068596482277, 0.0035590624902397394, 0.0044443318620324135, 0.02492673136293888, 0.036706604063510895, -0.06696587055921555, -0.04777643829584122, -0.03357677534222603, -0.007860921323299408, 0.022075645625591278, 0.0022451512049883604, 0.0014305944787338376, -0.04561338946223259, 0.0038632466457784176, 0.015876034274697304, 0.08562931418418884, -0.01575990580022335, 0.0029496250208467245, 0.03089114837348461, 0.01684154011309147, 0.049381934106349945, 0.0029338602907955647, 0.009563809260725975, -0.04156075045466423, -0.030390124768018723, -0.08359671384096146, 0.040412675589323044, -0.036641743034124374, -0.05082905292510986, -0.0004166265716776252, 0.04399560019373894, 0.03520284593105316, -0.024587083607912064, 0.04385172203183174, -0.012684901244938374, 0.057434793561697006, -0.014721857383847237, -0.037477534264326096, -0.035210806876420975, 0.006334598641842604, 0.004771219100803137, -0.10199093073606491, -0.021227989345788956, -0.02432459220290184, -0.030988460406661034, -0.023873914033174515, -0.0037581599317491055, -0.04768497869372368, 0.006794351153075695, 0.009012065827846527, -0.02730129100382328, -0.07646431773900986, 0.035758182406425476, 0.003995758015662432, -0.0008772590663284063, -0.017290152609348297, 0.021026933565735817, 0.0581459179520607, 0.05091189220547676, -0.0008216383866965771, 0.07149463891983032, -0.00450424337759614, 0.027125399559736252, 0.007519111968576908, 0.027460668236017227, -0.047082096338272095, -0.01979762874543667, -0.016795704141259193, 0.042955752462148666, 0.02084450237452984, 0.028386468067765236, 0.007164353504776955, -0.030716437846422195, -0.02944575995206833, 0.010911811143159866, 0.02031816728413105, -0.00829056091606617, -0.019617784768342972, -0.00778951495885849, 0.051716145128011703, -0.06693156808614731, 0.08165370672941208, -0.05651596561074257, 0.008541026152670383, -0.01473859790712595, -0.026948237791657448, 0.019542565569281578, 0.009878935292363167, 0.02949003502726555, -0.024148600175976753, -0.08369552344083786, -0.0017177469562739134, 0.05056170001626015, 0.003096818458288908, 0.053790055215358734, -0.004843650385737419, -0.03338846191763878, 0.02487150765955448, -0.014939890243113041, -0.026835646480321884, 0.04376355558633804, 0.0018354797502979636, -0.05373780056834221, 0.034392792731523514, 0.030222594738006592, -0.029499106109142303, -0.002772292587906122, -0.042421046644449234, -0.05193880572915077, 0.048943597823381424, 0.0065938569605350494, -0.004266974050551653, -0.02996624819934368, 0.03698977082967758, -0.0016994473990052938, 0.005479936953634024, 0.015060310252010822, -0.0870104730129242, 0.03510052710771561, 0.031972795724868774, -0.013057303614914417, 0.01557062566280365, -0.03582477197051048, 0.08405322581529617, -0.0354832299053669, 0.01688854768872261, 0.014101404696702957, -0.058915019035339355, -0.025553196668624878, 0.000574546167626977, -0.050108540803194046, 0.0683615505695343, 0.033158984035253525, -0.021668894216418266, 0.013796406798064709, 0.014309052377939224, 0.05321059376001358, 0.06587352603673935, -0.07188090682029724, 0.03367611765861511, 0.008104748092591763, -0.028558410704135895, -0.011516695842146873, 0.05864495784044266, -0.053026169538497925, -0.034359659999608994, 0.004308906849473715, 0.012073607183992863, -0.016653846949338913, 0.010123024694621563, -0.01206014771014452, -0.002399393590167165, 0.020122434943914413, -0.024190951138734818, -0.0013843063497915864, 0.0223446786403656, -0.046078551560640335, 0.060082320123910904, 0.002765754470601678, -0.008397877216339111, 0.012677749618887901, -0.01798013225197792, 0.09541462361812592, 0.06776780635118484, -0.06952755898237228, 0.00825111661106348, 0.028065936639904976, 0.02476583421230316, 0.026070257648825645, 0.006874830462038517, 0.013620910234749317, 0.004764935001730919, -0.003453145269304514, -0.004003807436674833, -0.02861548587679863, 0.09270469099283218, -0.06080244109034538, -0.019953666254878044, 0.06727122515439987, -0.012964274734258652, 0.06007350608706474, 0.008643999695777893, 0.023864753544330597, 0.05102309212088585, -0.01825791224837303, -0.032445866614580154, -0.03528275713324547, -0.019367046654224396, 0.0015053963288664818, -0.01173959020525217, -0.014928976073861122, 0.006044778507202864, -0.05086987838149071, -0.019024677574634552, -0.03138544782996178, 0.057697780430316925, 0.050067026168107986, 0.04151371866464615, 0.005711563862860203, 0.006852459162473679, -0.015009998343884945, -0.002367462730035186, -0.11292169243097305, -0.042039357125759125, 0.004413897637277842, 0.08363374322652817, 0.016433099284768105, 0.03737190365791321, -0.013087463565170765, 0.031313467770814896, -0.010696599259972572, -0.022487042471766472, 0.007896281778812408, 0.02778732404112816, -0.009864745661616325, -0.05063963681459427, -0.022434653714299202, 0.02294204570353031, 0.06958498805761337, -0.015585017390549183, 0.014005188830196857, -0.019558414816856384, -0.04666009172797203, -0.014892379753291607, -0.050690531730651855, -0.0034936631564050913, 0.011686974205076694, 0.04148148000240326, 0.0330735445022583, -0.0047446005046367645, 0.02835862897336483, 0.03400992974638939, 0.06837031990289688, 0.05690472200512886, -0.021060600876808167, -0.020553717389702797, 0.004604451358318329, -0.019109155982732773, 0.03153574839234352, 0.0005971321952529252, 0.007432032376527786, -0.02652885392308235, 0.0015062483726069331, 0.012143312953412533, -0.015387197956442833, -0.2755056917667389, -0.011877394281327724, 0.017936935648322105, 0.006829950027167797, 0.028324730694293976, -0.02455678954720497, 0.04634379222989082, -0.027451884001493454, -0.020134245976805687, -0.018138118088245392, 0.007776067592203617, 0.03886198252439499, -0.003586535109207034, 0.0360352024435997, 0.01376376487314701, 0.0005180152948014438, -0.037529993802309036, -0.0016010208055377007, 0.023336028680205345, 0.029939375817775726, -0.009988207370042801, -0.06866483390331268, -0.020291853696107864, 0.03467988967895508, -0.009291202761232853, 0.03955136984586716, -0.10124385356903076, -0.0024046231992542744, -0.03625158593058586, 0.007287972141057253, -0.0025242443662136793, 0.004907937720417976, 0.0046849120408296585, 0.058082617819309235, 0.008586703799664974, -0.0012010290520265698, 0.0118087874725461, 0.00627453438937664, 0.030546462163329124, 0.02781371958553791, 0.020993132144212723, -0.024872418493032455, -0.03436845913529396, 0.039695143699645996, 0.06516236066818237, 0.010101348161697388, -0.033829350024461746, -0.03288483992218971, -0.011835259385406971, 0.02606874518096447, -0.01112683117389679, -0.014690837822854519, 0.008077045902609825, 0.03905929625034332, -0.004407855682075024, -0.013358830474317074, 0.005490517243742943, 0.005009058862924576, 0.005668759346008301, 0.04161883890628815, 0.019302234053611755, -0.054800499230623245, -0.02101564221084118, -0.04966802895069122, -0.0038747733924537897, -0.045378655195236206, -0.07253221422433853, -0.0725957453250885, 0.046633753925561905, 0.03696475923061371, 0.005775020457804203, 0.021389637142419815, -0.02449648082256317, -0.07076147198677063, 0.05205118656158447, -0.013554760254919529, -0.022884506732225418, -0.029436679556965828, -0.017470210790634155, 0.04701609909534454, -0.011147783137857914, -0.04428478702902794, 0.035537250339984894, 0.01705651730298996, 0.0161109808832407, -0.005605481564998627, 0.013418516144156456, -0.051550399512052536, 0.0020458162762224674, -0.022781681269407272, 0.03717377409338951, 0.0008209658553823829, 0.039415955543518066, -0.02546287141740322, 0.05228069797158241, 0.04045867919921875, 0.021465493366122246, 0.0336751863360405, 0.061876457184553146, 0.00005032527042203583, 0.018842972815036774, -0.10513792186975479, -0.03725379705429077, -0.00890339631587267, -0.06662186980247498, 0.002960015321150422, -0.04171692952513695, -0.03675037994980812, 0.049226514995098114, 0.02967020869255066, -0.009295676834881306, -0.054685328155756, 0.022021129727363586, 0.006212947890162468, -0.03142055869102478, -0.019974328577518463, 0.01899651810526848, 0.00798872858285904, 0.011199154891073704, -0.015084320679306984, -0.021114129573106766, 0.04790830984711647, -0.018581869080662727, 0.005833861883729696, -0.00391977047547698, 0.011786796152591705, 0.0022972258739173412, -0.04325954243540764, -0.011928815394639969, 0.01198399718850851, 0.05321620777249336, 0.03653256222605705, -0.017455998808145523, 0.0032819577027112246, 0.04962003976106644, 0.0023574098013341427, 0.01827985607087612, 0.0001640455302549526, 0.05049925297498703, -0.009338668547570705, 0.02884060889482498, -0.0019299876876175404, 0.05799002945423126, 0.014071066863834858, 0.024868229404091835, 0.019773170351982117, 0.02607772871851921, -0.02253578044474125, -0.02338223345577717, -0.017266279086470604, 0.038307685405015945, -0.06379473209381104, -0.01748434454202652, -0.02439025044441223, 0.026003563776612282, -0.014656911604106426, 0.005640972871333361, -0.004332197830080986, -0.0001986963179660961, -0.051550593227148056, 0.062134645879268646, 0.03536026179790497, -0.043108370155096054, -0.024862218648195267, 0.0015381572302430868, 0.05471036955714226, -0.021021390333771706, -0.015021386556327343, 0.03031267784535885, -0.0051797362975776196, 0.01616872288286686, -0.026905318722128868, -0.003133995458483696, -0.03396010026335716, -0.04466717317700386, 0.030558442696928978, 0.0010217288509011269, -0.014593279920518398, -0.027655061334371567, 0.015104157850146294, 0.030384652316570282, -0.02513841725885868, -0.002865679794922471, 0.02502802573144436, 0.05830252543091774, 0.005535824224352837, -0.026576155796647072, 0.0037556644529104233, -0.03998880088329315, 0.0511963814496994, 0.005093184765428305, 0.0039564333856105804, -0.05118883401155472, -0.030901506543159485, -0.022560477256774902, -0.027906222268939018, 0.00933866761624813, 0.04021864011883736, -0.012829381041228771, -0.0392925888299942, -0.00761720584705472, 0.042776450514793396, -0.049281004816293716, -0.0007652202039025724, 0.023541433736681938, -0.0744282677769661, 0.010297800414264202, 0.03473435714840889, -0.011025012470781803, 0.014682470820844173, 0.0020791306160390377, -0.013378381729125977, -0.046864721924066544, -0.01987318880856037, 0.020535878837108612, -0.041661813855171204, -0.017432820051908493, -0.0201267022639513, -0.031842608004808426, -0.011703623458743095, -0.0021871980279684067, -0.010329216718673706, 0.0019530741265043616, -0.032932963222265244, -0.0045153736136853695, 0.05364889279007912, -0.03271261975169182, 0.010407941415905952, -0.02026982791721821, -0.013082925230264664, 0.020106881856918335, -0.03222370520234108, 0.02090948261320591, 0.053164202719926834, -0.004273098427802324, -0.0012819806579500437, -0.032925426959991455, 0.003922364208847284, -0.004640697035938501, -0.019038520753383636, 0.01861017942428589, -0.026419760659337044, -0.06983819603919983, 0.0009964244673028588, 0.005961623974144459, 0.022036245092749596, 0.01303007546812296, -0.002918500453233719, 0.009959721006453037, 0.0072909872978925705, 0.029351627454161644, -0.014106327667832375, -0.06743872910737991, -0.022830119356513023, 0.08200524747371674, -0.025850433856248856, -0.025157783180475235, -0.0712256208062172, -0.0029767220839858055, 0.024477597326040268, -0.021728796884417534, 0.039860907942056656, -0.031449366360902786, 0.051136262714862823, 0.028570035472512245, 0.030455520376563072, 0.02213297411799431, -0.03456021845340729, 0.02613324299454689, -0.050375476479530334, 0.009724026545882225, -0.049248628318309784, -0.04752849414944649, 0.06943261623382568, -0.02018854022026062, 0.006390395574271679, -0.004152697045356035, -0.038421232253313065, 0.019213708117604256, -0.02532324008643627, -0.052355848252773285, -0.023400047793984413, -0.022225847467780113, -0.001253607333637774, 0.015885857865214348, -0.025669515132904053, 0.011378007009625435, -0.026375338435173035, -0.05143851786851883, 0.0009011935908347368, 0.015449163503944874, 0.0472082644701004, 0.0006814979715272784, 0.013832058757543564, 0.00012919363507535309, 0.021683301776647568, 0.03148488327860832, 0.07860686630010605, 0.030329888686537743, 0.02040928043425083, -0.05840841308236122, 0.08005951344966888, 0.034063346683979034, 0.02508082240819931, 0.031550802290439606, 0.023318760097026825, -0.004343519918620586, -0.04865459352731705, 0.029747186228632927, 0.006497460883110762, -0.02693139761686325, -0.07405170053243637, 0.060234710574150085, 0.007046240381896496, -0.052151817828416824, -0.028008177876472473, 0.038044512271881104, -0.03249753266572952, 0.0019057273166254163, -0.018137725070118904, 0.0034677323419600725, 0.004672918934375048, 0.059016384184360504, 0.007516003679484129, 0.0413370318710804, 0.041542064398527145, 0.01432847697287798, -0.005771120078861713, -0.007438271772116423, 0.06353557854890823, 0.059380751103162766, 0.002768290927633643, -0.012875203974545002, 0.06990182399749756, -0.0045683737844228745, -0.04931890219449997, 0.02061217464506626, 0.03914033621549606, -0.036889128386974335, -0.04940035194158554, 0.03412511572241783, 0.09865489602088928, 0.010250713676214218, 0.059774573892354965, -0.044233355671167374, -0.01548843178898096, 0.02746385894715786, 0.03248422592878342, -0.0101507268846035, 0.031125111505389214, 0.011497385799884796, 0.027363156899809837, -0.0019067347748205066, -0.02012571133673191, -0.038183651864528656, -0.0027229750994592905, 0.038035761564970016, 0.023512430489063263, -0.0233797375112772, 0.034178249537944794, -0.0007117612403817475, 0.003624287433922291, 0.07426045089960098, -0.04295021668076515, -0.05989525839686394, -0.013565671630203724, 0.026155853644013405, -0.007495381403714418, 0.037335991859436035, 0.0004580604436341673, -0.04451829567551613, 0.02050463855266571, -0.04546171426773071, 0.05334639176726341, 0.02312316745519638, 0.02829875983297825, 0.0042844731360673904, -0.034557946026325226, -0.010176095180213451, 0.0006684084073640406, 0.033054791390895844, -0.04456440359354019, -0.05087761580944061, -0.027987252920866013, -0.061528317630290985, -0.05489550903439522, -0.013834211975336075, 0.0010803189361467957, 0.0005534027586691082, -0.04792594537138939, -0.004926973022520542, -0.018102239817380905, 0.008257406763732433, 0.05996183678507805, -0.05652700364589691, -0.008784412406384945, 0.024362560361623764, -0.002953602932393551, -0.0031878717709332705, 0.01696045510470867, 0.007298392243683338, -0.03239380195736885, -0.0193596500903368, 0.050997890532016754, 0.0055005718022584915, 0.009941646829247475, -0.014820302836596966, -0.01897049881517887, -0.10526411980390549, 0.01593635417521, 0.00010639373067533597, -0.08343545347452164, -0.08898118138313293, 0.03329204022884369, -0.021650025621056557, 0.013435806147754192, 0.06195586174726486, 0.005132823251187801, -0.01284545473754406, -0.022616295143961906, -0.006012268364429474, -0.020849796012043953, -0.0053685251623392105, 0.06508708000183105, -0.009662985801696777, 0.06540179997682571, 0.032331906259059906, 0.0010258551919832826, -0.01812698319554329, 0.028840472921729088, 0.010179529897868633, 0.01163079310208559, -0.04481164366006851, -0.0124598927795887, -0.010267410427331924, -0.09702352434396744, -0.017867909744381905, 0.02047625370323658, -0.01885148696601391, -0.03981123864650726, -0.015012799762189388, -0.014994757249951363, 0.009307034313678741, -0.01794350892305374, -0.010471634566783905, -0.008770760148763657, -0.028365202248096466, -0.026696007698774338, -0.04019822180271149, 0.02362176589667797, -0.017724907025694847, 0.037131648510694504, -0.017728621140122414, -0.027262447401881218, -0.01439747866243124, -0.0237580519169569, 0.03250784054398537, 0.025039006024599075, 0.024279572069644928, 0.017096441239118576 ]
5,116
Rethinking Evaluation for LLM Code Generation: From Generation to Testing
[ "Zihan Ma", "Taolin Zhang", "Maosongcao", "Junnan Liu", "Wenwei Zhang", "Minnan Luo", "Songyang Zhang", "Kai Chen" ]
Large language models (LLMs) have recently achieved notable success in code‑generation benchmarks such as HumanEval and LiveCodeBench. However, a detailed examination reveals that these evaluation suites often comprise only a limited number of homogeneous test cases, resulting in subtle faults going undetected. This not only artificially inflates measured performance but also compromises accurate reward estimation in reinforcement learning frameworks utilizing verifiable rewards (RLVR). To address these critical shortcomings, we systematically investigate the test-case generation (TCG) task by proposing multi-dimensional metrics designed to rigorously quantify test-suite thoroughness. Furthermore, we introduce a human-LLM collaborative method (SAGA), leveraging human programming expertise with LLM reasoning capability, aimed at significantly enhancing both the coverage and the quality of generated test cases. In addition, we develop a TCGBench to facilitate the study of the TCG task. Experiments show that SAGA achieves a detection rate of 90.62\% and a verifier accuracy of 32.58\% on TCGBench. The Verifier Accuracy (Verifier Acc) of the code generation evaluation benchmark synthesized by SAGA is 10.78\% higher than that of LiveCodeBench-v6. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. We hope this work contributes to building a scalable foundation for reliable LLM code evaluation, further advancing RLVR in code generation, and paving the way for automated adversarial test synthesis and adaptive benchmark integration.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.015405734069645405, -0.03050917573273182, -0.018190670758485794, 0.05249117687344551, 0.034818366169929504, 0.01423656102269888, 0.015713626518845558, 0.019101528450846672, -0.01246241107583046, -0.015099839307367802, -0.02585606463253498, 0.04380245506763458, -0.06694594770669937, -0.009696138091385365, -0.0016459684120491147, 0.06238527223467827, 0.031186839565634727, -0.01977144367992878, 0.04119577631354332, 0.004585196264088154, -0.005168392322957516, 0.001101799076423049, 0.008086811751127243, 0.0072179618291556835, 0.03202085942029953, 0.028232429176568985, 0.04032888263463974, 0.008852181024849415, -0.05556672438979149, -0.0032035717740654945, 0.05047741159796715, -0.02823580428957939, 0.04267212003469467, -0.018143299967050552, -0.0074050454422831535, 0.026317954063415527, -0.07080370932817459, 0.030239935964345932, -0.004618664272129536, 0.00966978445649147, -0.011876224540174007, 0.0177997425198555, -0.0039102486334741116, 0.01869889162480831, -0.03767910227179527, 0.02593187429010868, -0.09266899526119232, 0.04060646891593933, 0.018508175387978554, -0.0029088291339576244, -0.09655551612377167, 0.02079644799232483, -0.0334332212805748, -0.03324350714683533, 0.025393716990947723, 0.04740552231669426, 0.07215121388435364, -0.09488854557275772, -0.014783326536417007, -0.057031240314245224, -0.03403561934828758, -0.005453159566968679, 0.026426678523421288, 0.025989804416894913, 0.008827872574329376, -0.0110605638474226, 0.0431087426841259, 0.015716738998889923, -0.07524126768112183, -0.029008347541093826, -0.011052210815250874, 0.022503437474370003, -0.024613527581095695, -0.0035237011034041643, -0.008551943115890026, -0.04323187470436096, -0.007887099869549274, 0.060234978795051575, 0.04262322559952736, -0.013698253780603409, -0.003868820145726204, 0.024004044011235237, 0.02505369670689106, 0.03450632095336914, 0.03135170787572861, 0.02919790707528591, -0.03829323127865791, -0.026773925870656967, -0.06932556629180908, 0.039029352366924286, 0.009533911012113094, -0.0512748546898365, 0.031090592965483665, 0.04380814731121063, 0.019363075494766235, 0.012632714584469795, 0.01821320131421089, 0.05734998732805252, -0.012902038171887398, -0.001113743637688458, -0.044398169964551926, -0.009057048708200455, 0.02698037587106228, -0.028639353811740875, -0.10417146235704422, -0.00233111041598022, -0.03105662204325199, -0.03410537540912628, -0.015238906256854534, -0.015854567289352417, -0.02076258696615696, -0.0031682862900197506, 0.0031199653167277575, -0.006699916906654835, -0.08416338264942169, 0.04775814339518547, -0.026355676352977753, 0.001345608034171164, 0.0005081057315692306, 0.012331577949225903, 0.0618281327188015, 0.03929876536130905, -0.00422685919329524, 0.07895448058843613, -0.005798487924039364, 0.03722266107797623, 0.013059603050351143, 0.03977043554186821, -0.00446176715195179, -0.04317494109272957, -0.003967181779444218, 0.03816669061779976, -0.030822446569800377, 0.020934104919433594, -0.008452102541923523, 0.032608188688755035, 0.013664159923791885, 0.008418538607656956, 0.013354978524148464, -0.02041921764612198, -0.010321243666112423, -0.02170456200838089, 0.07117225229740143, -0.04998728632926941, 0.05554889887571335, 0.02502632327377796, -0.0256666149944067, -0.023172691464424133, -0.040505241602659225, 0.012079027481377125, 0.006221551913768053, 0.040689777582883835, -0.028719795867800713, -0.050047338008880615, 0.025976942852139473, 0.05122826620936394, 0.020248018205165863, 0.00595966586843133, -0.02695966511964798, -0.0017927535809576511, -0.007998377084732056, 0.002581305569037795, -0.06369445472955704, 0.011667088605463505, -0.014214467257261276, -0.0188737940043211, 0.03791647404432297, 0.009324157610535622, -0.02837226912379265, 0.0002575596736278385, -0.05434288829565048, -0.02557213231921196, 0.04841167479753494, -0.0067154960706830025, -0.047614749521017075, 0.0009043239988386631, 0.050036631524562836, -0.0191414263099432, 0.035016968846321106, 0.028203565627336502, -0.06382504850625992, 0.022424563765525818, 0.014000128023326397, -0.018608953803777695, 0.006741420831531286, -0.032000694423913956, 0.09413407742977142, -0.040701545774936676, 0.005315880756825209, 0.0339943952858448, -0.10671508312225342, 0.002884071320295334, 0.0640513151884079, -0.005708340089768171, 0.06347236037254333, -0.012976187281310558, 0.012339025735855103, 0.07052938640117645, 0.023427903652191162, 0.049852173775434494, 0.0370868556201458, -0.002078934572637081, 0.03264189139008522, -0.033011265099048615, -0.015857761725783348, 0.02757645957171917, 0.05414417013525963, -0.05954683944582939, -0.06793632358312607, -0.0070528010837733746, -0.004605446942150593, 0.029522323980927467, 0.007984953001141548, 0.004124038387089968, 0.02290261909365654, -0.003219642909243703, -0.010112158954143524, -0.001736273756250739, 0.05409005284309387, -0.06245884299278259, 0.05199078842997551, 0.01391478069126606, -0.004379841033369303, -0.011273701675236225, -0.03058447875082493, 0.09031844884157181, 0.05411136522889137, -0.03811587393283844, -0.012856845743954182, 0.03019064851105213, -0.018078749999403954, -0.012315084226429462, -0.00183384760748595, -0.04819445684552193, 0.00033571108360774815, -0.032211851328611374, 0.007737813983112574, -0.012755879200994968, 0.039588429033756256, -0.013588669709861279, 0.002948633162304759, 0.05956446751952171, -0.008020071312785149, 0.053953882306814194, -0.015429021790623665, 0.011864260770380497, 0.01189321931451559, -0.02348652295768261, -0.0215599462389946, -0.02628091350197792, 0.0010737908305600286, -0.002610438270494342, 0.03146051988005638, -0.010427257977426052, -0.026521245017647743, -0.05701683461666107, -0.03123006783425808, -0.011364152655005455, 0.009323826991021633, 0.04312078654766083, 0.010239061899483204, 0.0067820181138813496, 0.008413908071815968, -0.04574006050825119, -0.0007515095639973879, -0.10915656387805939, -0.038184233009815216, 0.01440586056560278, 0.012388783507049084, 0.0011871331371366978, 0.025904562324285507, 0.03599995747208595, 0.007466806564480066, -0.045545127242803574, -0.030012717470526695, 0.013151519931852818, 0.009780660271644592, 0.0038663388695567846, -0.04143933579325676, -0.01819324679672718, -0.010465639643371105, 0.041933029890060425, -0.028150927275419235, -0.005481303669512272, -0.03101189248263836, -0.03169924393296242, -0.0025989895220845938, -0.08295360952615738, -0.009020816534757614, 0.021562624722719193, 0.006587404292076826, 0.035006579011678696, -0.06661739945411682, 0.02879316173493862, 0.05574309080839157, 0.01173441018909216, 0.044893890619277954, -0.001818969496525824, -0.004210816230624914, 0.028333604335784912, 0.0006782307173125446, 0.012475262396037579, -0.04257934167981148, 0.025847479701042175, -0.027282068505883217, 0.008308486081659794, -0.004560975823551416, 0.009745877236127853, -0.26265764236450195, -0.01755364239215851, -0.014250037260353565, -0.03708547726273537, 0.03646823391318321, 0.006939094979315996, 0.04906417801976204, -0.033040910959243774, -0.007436749525368214, 0.00501566706225276, -0.00413709320127964, 0.003398741828277707, 0.00731093343347311, 0.04910542070865631, 0.048197925090789795, 0.055243175476789474, -0.009872857481241226, -0.031017467379570007, 0.03529490903019905, 0.031389571726322174, 0.0020015432965010405, -0.09372206032276154, -0.012443666346371174, 0.020260343328118324, 0.0023722960613667965, 0.05314767360687256, -0.08849944919347763, 0.0019321542931720614, -0.027327770367264748, -0.0044894530437886715, -0.026262134313583374, 0.014308788813650608, -0.028723808005452156, 0.02174176461994648, -0.02112950012087822, 0.004417096264660358, 0.04126899689435959, -0.011905848048627377, 0.03094910830259323, 0.03576560318470001, 0.04198260232806206, -0.009585240855813026, -0.03348348289728165, 0.01674441620707512, 0.06526026874780655, 0.01092736516147852, -0.07729475945234299, -0.011604846455156803, -0.01432894915342331, 0.05841644108295441, -0.01717335544526577, -0.004200757946819067, -0.016254393383860588, 0.04433589056134224, -0.022062571719288826, -0.024484125897288322, -0.020950807258486748, -0.012700069695711136, -0.02964504063129425, 0.03255047649145126, -0.014849460683763027, -0.03168519586324692, -0.02714335359632969, -0.0071740890853106976, -0.037152811884880066, -0.03013787232339382, -0.02985423617064953, -0.07410318404436111, 0.04186690226197243, 0.03870764747262001, -0.024887941777706146, 0.00196659192442894, -0.010944324545562267, -0.09138264507055283, -0.02000730112195015, 0.0004010713892057538, -0.010976030491292477, -0.025150852277874947, 0.026900634169578552, 0.05096486210823059, -0.030146492645144463, -0.06552114337682724, -0.001505152671597898, 0.009403268806636333, 0.011607140302658081, -0.0023889001458883286, 0.0035078926011919975, -0.03746648132801056, -0.010555988177657127, -0.03462064638733864, 0.04852554202079773, -0.020385315641760826, -0.012211044318974018, 0.026517977938055992, 0.05721702799201012, 0.003335005370900035, 0.06464286148548126, 0.04043351113796234, 0.013451578095555305, 0.02872077189385891, 0.012392156757414341, -0.09108404070138931, 0.03093622997403145, -0.052800148725509644, -0.01358370203524828, 0.012671263888478279, -0.04726084694266319, -0.009068637154996395, 0.03747851774096489, 0.03132930397987366, -0.021989570930600166, -0.044441211968660355, -0.005978657864034176, 0.00405281875282526, -0.0022498967591673136, -0.016975577920675278, 0.008122134953737259, 0.04147841036319733, 0.023702802136540413, -0.026987548917531967, -0.05056610330939293, 0.023033322766423225, -0.033481892198324203, 0.010149288922548294, 0.0001519713259767741, -0.009745682589709759, 0.01159212738275528, 0.012575266882777214, 0.013705640099942684, -0.01304507814347744, 0.004921542480587959, 0.05572071298956871, -0.005517651792615652, -0.0024464717134833336, 0.028040288016200066, -0.00031534480513073504, -0.009195915423333645, -0.009605967439711094, 0.020824728533625603, -0.020332055166363716, 0.011551233939826488, -0.014004120603203773, 0.04195152968168259, 0.01803845725953579, 0.022033097222447395, -0.009711375460028648, 0.05828787013888359, 0.0025322132278233767, -0.0074225603602826595, 0.0019546309486031532, 0.0453929603099823, -0.08758099377155304, 0.03625466674566269, -0.045289039611816406, 0.03393524885177612, -0.041077613830566406, 0.015110100619494915, -0.008499808609485626, 0.014681168831884861, -0.05897654592990875, 0.052984148263931274, 0.0030569930095225573, -0.02164502628147602, -0.006037084385752678, 0.02672424539923668, 0.04276857525110245, -0.009465214796364307, 0.031080499291419983, -0.017525387927889824, -0.0061649056151509285, -0.03326164558529854, -0.0449087955057621, -0.01658894680440426, -0.0013721962459385395, -0.02672390639781952, 0.01775677315890789, 0.010720472782850266, -0.05204697698354721, -0.026438357308506966, 0.04754788056015968, -0.014971901662647724, -0.019693691283464432, 0.01045809406787157, -0.00005670587415806949, 0.08415119349956512, -0.02788015455007553, 0.01630282774567604, 0.000920723017770797, -0.02560935541987419, 0.009302393533289433, -0.01687660440802574, 0.008480068296194077, -0.0030070417560636997, -0.006752846762537956, -0.051096633076667786, -0.05346851423382759, 0.012659459374845028, 0.03278876841068268, 0.012218385003507137, -0.048708222806453705, -0.009162516333162785, 0.0005591502995230258, -0.03353552892804146, -0.01499597541987896, 0.025373708456754684, -0.06193811446428299, -0.014726998284459114, 0.04700194299221039, 0.034493234008550644, 0.024520842358469963, -0.052285999059677124, -0.06492727249860764, -0.04744522273540497, -0.0038943516556173563, -0.0006228855345398188, -0.010373379103839397, -0.016451817005872726, -0.004074846860021353, -0.022780802100896835, -0.021705320104956627, -0.014460624195635319, -0.014901593327522278, 0.00796415749937296, -0.023415129631757736, -0.004063199274241924, 0.04008189216256142, -0.04887702316045761, -0.03198212757706642, 0.015592863783240318, -0.030302774161100388, 0.04293239116668701, -0.05184786394238472, 0.038685142993927, 0.01692957617342472, 0.003069380996748805, 0.012055505067110062, -0.04305711016058922, 0.04121902585029602, -0.009174888022243977, -0.05092199891805649, 0.002612973330542445, 0.028286587446928024, -0.010172063484787941, -0.005799013655632734, -0.006304372102022171, 0.03119046613574028, 0.01046376395970583, 0.019569676369428635, -0.011441519483923912, 0.023056434467434883, 0.02991952933371067, 0.045807819813489914, -0.015434019267559052, 0.00120270112529397, 0.09213109314441681, -0.06661354005336761, 0.0014642388559877872, -0.06990724802017212, -0.04191863536834717, 0.0023938275407999754, -0.01846412569284439, 0.023118039593100548, -0.04540759697556496, 0.03862179443240166, 0.005059412680566311, 0.033887479454278946, 0.02249775268137455, -0.060547273606061935, 0.03597407042980194, -0.07521156966686249, 0.0258242916315794, -0.05880364030599594, 0.009396268054842949, 0.060931380838155746, -0.043106336146593094, -0.0065450468100607395, 0.004667107947170734, -0.035525545477867126, 0.038675807416439056, 0.010403717868030071, -0.044454507529735565, 0.011383451521396637, -0.025523453950881958, -0.02907400019466877, 0.051587264984846115, -0.03539993241429329, -0.0007700325804762542, -0.005952819250524044, -0.015533328987658024, 0.005619242787361145, -0.002600237261503935, 0.02247658185660839, -0.007904598489403725, 0.004463301505893469, -0.047900713980197906, -0.01635446771979332, 0.011720899492502213, 0.031190920621156693, 0.01672031730413437, 0.01976330392062664, -0.004519030451774597, 0.0726408064365387, 0.058444853872060776, -0.006425297353416681, 0.041514910757541656, 0.01774090714752674, -0.03579401224851608, -0.04471753537654877, 0.04361514002084732, 0.0214675385504961, -0.04153130576014519, -0.043622009456157684, 0.07919809222221375, 0.029451142996549606, -0.05607231706380844, -0.0077704498544335365, -0.008799254894256592, -0.06980590522289276, -0.022381538525223732, -0.0018908241763710976, -0.010038663633167744, 0.01895337551832199, 0.0945817232131958, 0.020198918879032135, 0.02870846726000309, 0.07393330335617065, -0.002775841159746051, -0.032514188438653946, 0.0032532468903809786, 0.0678492933511734, 0.05987647920846939, 0.019043928012251854, -0.01360264327377081, 0.062144678086042404, -0.054118622094392776, -0.04746635630726814, 0.028103619813919067, 0.02803596667945385, -0.025388432666659355, -0.041771966964006424, 0.050816215574741364, 0.06705330312252045, 0.0012353548081591725, 0.057315222918987274, -0.04303364455699921, -0.009642370045185089, 0.06558079272508621, 0.023265771567821503, 0.008147659711539745, 0.06519123911857605, 0.03680150583386421, -0.011209314689040184, -0.0035884559620171785, -0.0071609411388635635, 0.015893537551164627, -0.027053408324718475, -0.003724170383065939, 0.013817614875733852, -0.001494586351327598, -0.011542364954948425, -0.0009328032610937953, 0.016211984679102898, 0.11486295610666275, -0.047739285975694656, -0.01827300526201725, 0.0002254819992231205, 0.02703542448580265, 0.04802846163511276, 0.0159757137298584, -0.01395210437476635, -0.016209132969379425, -0.02583099901676178, -0.04787667840719223, 0.007383087184280157, 0.02193308435380459, -0.019559701904654503, 0.03526963293552399, -0.0020565332379192114, -0.034841347485780716, 0.0338779054582119, 0.041760802268981934, -0.0340442918241024, -0.03242694213986397, -0.0282339695841074, -0.053334787487983704, -0.022274643182754517, -0.05239872634410858, -0.01218414306640625, 0.011814748868346214, -0.05578048527240753, 0.016603581607341766, -0.017313430085778236, -0.005497973412275314, 0.026375556364655495, -0.0552886426448822, -0.013673159293830395, 0.05707048252224922, -0.023891417309641838, 0.012624036520719528, 0.038012128323316574, 0.0021660577040165663, -0.02436281554400921, -0.01125884335488081, 0.0059501538053154945, 0.020410778000950813, 0.0011673416011035442, -0.0033551189117133617, 0.013288627378642559, -0.08636396378278732, 0.006732515525072813, 0.011339088901877403, 0.005330782849341631, -0.06481729447841644, 0.027357231825590134, -0.05658188462257385, 0.0058226375840604305, 0.10012438148260117, 0.04231543838977814, 0.06365863978862762, -0.0006074719713069499, -0.030802464112639427, 0.03196054697036743, 0.019448116421699524, 0.036338724195957184, -0.016745930537581444, 0.05468815937638283, 0.024183379486203194, -0.03693610802292824, -0.05311102792620659, 0.04505100101232529, -0.015049912966787815, -0.05858839303255081, -0.023273751139640808, -0.02403108775615692, -0.025571418926119804, -0.07968878000974655, 0.014480479061603546, 0.024198593571782112, 0.005683218594640493, -0.019570425152778625, 0.011645128019154072, -0.013914152048528194, -0.02867201715707779, 0.005502058193087578, -0.025606263428926468, -0.001305340207181871, -0.02025551162660122, -0.02009795792400837, -0.018740477040410042, 0.008764982223510742, -0.04010838642716408, 0.02413378283381462, -0.01792290434241295, -0.049956802278757095, 0.005166894756257534, 0.027626892551779747, 0.056550975888967514, -0.0053277346305549145, 0.017277628183364868, -0.003042288590222597 ]
5,117
Understanding Softmax Attention Layers:\\ Exact Mean-Field Analysis on a Toy Problem
[ "Elvis Dohmatob" ]
Self-attention has emerged as a fundamental component driving the success of modern transformer architectures, which power large language models and various applications. However, a theoretical understanding of how such models actually work is still under active development. The recent work of (Marion et al., 2025) introduced the so-called "single-location regression" problem, which can provably be solved by a simplified self-attention layer but not by linear models, thereby demonstrating a striking functional separation. A rigorous analysis of self-attention with softmax for this problem is challenging due to the coupled nature of the model. In the present work, we use ideas from the classical random energy model in statistical physics to analyze softmax self-attention on the single-location problem. Our analysis yields exact analytic expressions for the population risk in terms of the overlaps between the learned model parameters and those of an oracle. Moreover, we derive a detailed description of the gradient descent dynamics for these overlaps and prove that, under broad conditions, the dynamics converge to the unique oracle attractor. Our work not only advances our understanding of self-attention but also provides key theoretical ideas that are likely to find use in further analyses of even more complex transformer architectures.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.03776419162750244, -0.026162944734096527, 0.024936942383646965, 0.014868217520415783, 0.02092563547194004, 0.018918126821517944, 0.014916464686393738, 0.02854541689157486, -0.03379594907164574, -0.021146228536963463, -0.033851321786642075, 0.006555282510817051, -0.06129789724946022, -0.0012364992871880531, -0.01928330585360527, 0.06963174790143967, 0.046327173709869385, -0.008170397952198982, -0.019971700385212898, 0.014709706418216228, 0.0004883747897110879, -0.002635478973388672, 0.03293410688638687, 0.010129706934094429, 0.01641676016151905, -0.03709669038653374, -0.012738958932459354, 0.0036885435692965984, -0.015397423878312111, 0.017802705988287926, 0.0059320456348359585, -0.008639045991003513, -0.002661739941686392, -0.0005580437136813998, 0.0039976537227630615, 0.02406351827085018, -0.034333400428295135, 0.021083343774080276, 0.0060589206404984, 0.02397638000547886, -0.046087123453617096, 0.007584669161587954, -0.023697715252637863, -0.012628169730305672, -0.05870738998055458, 0.0010481240460649133, -0.11298256367444992, 0.03518981486558914, -0.0035868685226887465, -0.027763687074184418, -0.0891057476401329, 0.040514711290597916, -0.004492114298045635, -0.0019171168096363544, 0.0033310172148048878, 0.022536199539899826, 0.029651345685124397, -0.07226287573575974, -0.029577206820249557, -0.05514514073729515, -0.006347130984067917, 0.02066369540989399, 0.012809879146516323, 0.013632668182253838, -0.01818488910794258, -0.0012694018660113215, 0.0035267684143036604, 0.04024554416537285, -0.04601268842816353, -0.03240048885345459, -0.033943891525268555, 0.02272249199450016, -0.012764177285134792, 0.018113577738404274, -0.015436136163771152, -0.05720405653119087, 0.009334592148661613, 0.014431229792535305, 0.07552603632211685, 0.015732543542981148, 0.004128103610128164, 0.01823057048022747, 0.012832391075789928, 0.04076329246163368, 0.04122335836291313, 0.016714613884687424, -0.008491389453411102, -0.022236546501517296, -0.07322342693805695, 0.04520408809185028, -0.030626237392425537, -0.03952740505337715, -0.019402118399739265, 0.0474916510283947, 0.006454733200371265, 0.01688908226788044, 0.02232401818037033, 0.02322561666369438, -0.007552844472229481, 0.00728636933490634, 0.0019480886403471231, -0.013612136244773865, -0.0009426698088645935, -0.004949791822582483, -0.10001757740974426, -0.033431608229875565, 0.02171076275408268, -0.006989442743360996, 0.010891664773225784, 0.0162294153124094, -0.041335124522447586, -0.009533099830150604, 0.0017828787676990032, -0.013775181025266647, -0.10017270594835281, 0.0019402776379138231, -0.013597480021417141, 0.02655852772295475, 0.005772196687757969, 0.014233782887458801, 0.07131032645702362, 0.05183948948979378, 0.0045694271102547646, 0.058117642998695374, -0.02068580687046051, 0.011819346807897091, -0.0005910303443670273, 0.04715359956026077, -0.0002879944513551891, -0.013923322781920433, 0.02144947461783886, 0.024203386157751083, 0.02234542742371559, 0.022122099995613098, 0.021699219942092896, 0.01021219789981842, 0.042708102613687515, 0.040511202067136765, 0.015596259385347366, 0.0011965712765231729, 0.009879431687295437, -0.012439468875527382, 0.06627150624990463, -0.024019435048103333, 0.07921614497900009, -0.026164088398218155, -0.050376780331134796, -0.006814449094235897, -0.03608082979917526, 0.00048575602704659104, 0.02225481905043125, 0.003075430868193507, 0.0047810273244977, -0.08081409335136414, 0.02880687266588211, 0.04514610394835472, 0.007462820503860712, 0.0052819401025772095, 0.007737666834145784, 0.0048567201010882854, 0.0060589490458369255, 0.006004343740642071, -0.0441962368786335, 0.030507920309901237, -0.011719872243702412, -0.0825050100684166, 0.031907033175230026, 0.03350145369768143, -0.04491555690765381, 0.007505432702600956, -0.023754166439175606, -0.02467595599591732, 0.03723978251218796, -0.0031276775989681482, -0.035629745572805405, -0.02213086374104023, 0.057504650205373764, 0.022058390080928802, 0.024687865749001503, 0.030370818451046944, -0.08376152813434601, 0.009815268218517303, 0.007907337509095669, 0.012523217126727104, 0.027192290872335434, -0.047723911702632904, 0.07815869152545929, -0.024618154391646385, -0.01029518898576498, 0.004078036639839411, -0.06441783159971237, -0.002153442706912756, -0.01048153918236494, -0.01631365716457367, 0.09693284332752228, -0.015102281235158443, -0.011884549632668495, 0.008049468509852886, 0.05375853553414345, 0.061512935906648636, 0.06441841274499893, -0.03662578761577606, 0.03031916171312332, 0.005227335263043642, -0.05218303203582764, -0.028298404067754745, 0.053129568696022034, -0.051376696676015854, -0.009986410848796368, 0.019491756334900856, 0.002567587187513709, 0.0023322117049247026, -0.010610155761241913, -0.004535655956715345, -0.022014815360307693, -0.015354703180491924, -0.011704466305673122, 0.010453312657773495, 0.03354682773351669, -0.038283947855234146, 0.03891951963305473, 0.03279593586921692, -0.016068778932094574, 0.014312117360532284, -0.015214625746011734, 0.10058411210775375, 0.05907781049609184, -0.03222155570983887, -0.0036518943961709738, 0.0036759250797331333, 0.029547911137342453, 0.019967619329690933, 0.010932405479252338, -0.015088001266121864, 0.005950465332716703, -0.04109961912035942, -0.02267756499350071, -0.02570565603673458, 0.06038627028465271, -0.05317479744553566, -0.01845558173954487, 0.07995562255382538, -0.03076883777976036, 0.07340487837791443, 0.0019761475268751383, 0.05272597447037697, 0.05687042325735092, -0.020937565714120865, -0.029216112568974495, -0.010206279344856739, -0.06966010481119156, -0.010584156028926373, 0.006637925747781992, -0.025774437934160233, 0.03256923332810402, -0.027528367936611176, -0.03945985063910484, -0.015065211802721024, 0.09029829502105713, 0.06505181640386581, 0.002487323246896267, 0.01108919270336628, -0.012968435883522034, -0.008661876432597637, -0.032933153212070465, -0.13320422172546387, -0.04405446723103523, -0.016308439895510674, 0.030660739168524742, 0.006864282768219709, 0.040482062846422195, -0.005356626119464636, 0.02890261448919773, -0.029657885432243347, -0.0221730824559927, 0.029125526547431946, 0.04045703262090683, 0.012846983037889004, -0.016011139377951622, -0.007946970872581005, 0.012027843855321407, 0.08100894838571548, 0.01855069398880005, -0.038129933178424835, -0.026555877178907394, -0.055756743997335434, -0.022813573479652405, -0.007092746440321207, -0.005014842376112938, -0.02068261429667473, 0.018567387014627457, 0.0058591668494045734, 0.012909195385873318, 0.03230305761098862, 0.013341008685529232, 0.1024145856499672, 0.04359818994998932, 0.004040226340293884, -0.04247721657156944, 0.031241485849022865, -0.008951596915721893, 0.010481205768883228, -0.01469465158879757, 0.015192410908639431, 0.0020876636262983084, -0.006759332492947578, 0.014097476378083229, 0.0008301683119498193, -0.28476449847221375, -0.038457561284303665, 0.020359033718705177, -0.014599921181797981, 0.011327235959470272, -0.01906045898795128, 0.02805066853761673, -0.0011407713172957301, -0.006845639552921057, -0.003111663507297635, -0.022747421637177467, 0.007024161983281374, 0.020350763574242592, 0.042605768889188766, 0.04359812289476395, 0.004147975239902735, 0.028923504054546356, -0.009076188318431377, 0.007250004447996616, 0.03780584782361984, -0.010128752328455448, -0.06788500398397446, -0.02479165978729725, 0.05992617830634117, 0.01695278286933899, 0.04473742097616196, -0.09609511494636536, -0.030605638399720192, -0.01807258278131485, -0.008826601319015026, -0.0474952831864357, -0.0231135506182909, -0.016533683985471725, 0.04393697902560234, 0.030519628897309303, 0.0028982770163565874, 0.021479228511452675, -0.022937120869755745, -0.012719931080937386, 0.027907226234674454, 0.0155786769464612, 0.0035114199854433537, -0.0332607626914978, 0.024574484676122665, 0.08741416782140732, -0.00808386504650116, -0.036732323467731476, -0.021413439884781837, -0.020288078114390373, 0.01331667322665453, -0.008034317754209042, -0.04316113144159317, -0.007235910277813673, -0.0038215969689190388, 0.02387193962931633, -0.01349660661071539, -0.009462060406804085, -0.013771100901067257, -0.0024410784244537354, -0.00916662160307169, 0.004432379268109798, -0.0317673422396183, -0.010961013846099377, -0.02357969991862774, -0.019609469920396805, -0.007230358198285103, -0.05287276208400726, -0.04678201302886009, 0.07054989039897919, 0.018096309155225754, -0.005605344660580158, 0.0018626401433721185, -0.03404791280627251, -0.09394233673810959, -0.001229695277288556, 0.0008261322509497404, -0.006432505790144205, -0.016735894605517387, 0.00665628258138895, 0.04984218627214432, -0.039613768458366394, -0.06789765506982803, 0.004316483624279499, 0.013560614548623562, 0.013335858471691608, -0.023651979863643646, 0.00917474739253521, -0.009916134178638458, -0.014075789600610733, -0.02480621263384819, 0.05259321257472038, 0.006649476010352373, 0.013967117294669151, -0.05522974207997322, 0.04466823861002922, 0.046679239720106125, 0.018056105822324753, 0.010153461247682571, 0.027599407359957695, -0.004097444470971823, 0.01380297914147377, -0.07164730131626129, -0.018636617809534073, -0.041181955486536026, -0.029138758778572083, 0.031644709408283234, -0.042718369513750076, -0.042745497077703476, 0.03301452845335007, 0.021585019305348396, -0.005185222253203392, -0.042380426079034805, -0.004897145554423332, -0.0006365985609591007, -0.008284966461360455, -0.02728334814310074, -0.0012106880312785506, 0.04074706882238388, 0.02796921879053116, -0.03633274510502815, -0.034954942762851715, 0.04181120544672012, -0.036161646246910095, 0.00030757629428990185, -0.03112393617630005, -0.016884008422493935, -0.009607899934053421, -0.0067099216394126415, -0.010402129963040352, 0.020521270111203194, 0.03233717754483223, 0.0628790557384491, 0.0008620295557193458, 0.0053682574070990086, 0.060175273567438126, 0.014226365834474564, 0.00246437918394804, -0.017398670315742493, 0.029128100723028183, 0.0006598572945222259, 0.022023476660251617, -0.01392003707587719, 0.03891299292445183, 0.013091402128338814, 0.02231406979262829, 0.02017957717180252, 0.006955209653824568, 0.01870131678879261, -0.0033939785789698362, -0.025038104504346848, 0.04751625657081604, -0.04431203007698059, -0.03121623583137989, -0.03730214387178421, -0.01735946536064148, -0.0030072496738284826, 0.029237335547804832, -0.033442117273807526, -0.023090317845344543, -0.04356938600540161, 0.03492257744073868, 0.022703764960169792, -0.03316918760538101, 0.0015985015779733658, 0.04065678268671036, 0.042721208184957504, -0.02234840579330921, -0.004621329251676798, 0.026262683793902397, 0.014748016372323036, -0.007042222190648317, -0.018634766340255737, -0.05167931690812111, -0.04213854670524597, -0.011379306204617023, 0.008857835084199905, 0.023693667724728584, -0.04645952954888344, -0.01564064808189869, 0.007624080870300531, 0.019463565200567245, -0.006965660955756903, -0.00046489754458889365, 0.02568967267870903, 0.07903463393449783, -0.008793790824711323, -0.002037788974121213, -0.00301803438924253, -0.052129436284303665, 0.04370604455471039, 0.006364927161484957, 0.011824076995253563, -0.03967127576470375, -0.021630577743053436, -0.026410140097141266, -0.030939966440200806, -0.023146411404013634, 0.020967848598957062, -0.011006861925125122, -0.0058693671599030495, -0.03572486340999603, 0.04415593668818474, -0.03767642751336098, 0.0065056392922997475, 0.02788304165005684, -0.0775289461016655, 0.027476951479911804, 0.04427642375230789, -0.03342244774103165, 0.031492140144109726, -0.03044048137962818, -0.00971273798495531, -0.049260638654232025, -0.038886379450559616, 0.013880912214517593, -0.01927882991731167, -0.03212348371744156, -0.02282029762864113, 0.02254524827003479, -0.005336410365998745, 0.009234428405761719, -0.0008667886140756309, 0.02601047232747078, -0.03349144011735916, 0.018454907462000847, 0.017081083729863167, -0.015525712631642818, -0.00015649110719095916, 0.008479762822389603, -0.026029421016573906, 0.011499874293804169, -0.029243813827633858, 0.030775709077715874, 0.049251947551965714, -0.019406404346227646, -0.013324154540896416, -0.059244412928819656, 0.002979600103572011, 0.0028646355494856834, -0.013928663916885853, 0.016725881025195122, 0.00040573911974206567, -0.0545828677713871, 0.038148894906044006, -0.007031019777059555, 0.03908191993832588, 0.04763137921690941, 0.004337160848081112, 0.010229695588350296, 0.007884593680500984, 0.027935845777392387, 0.00709928572177887, -0.06734517961740494, 0.018290307372808456, 0.06545063853263855, -0.032691363245248795, -0.02497217059135437, -0.07605677843093872, -0.04820660874247551, 0.021113835275173187, -0.04661085084080696, 0.038239531219005585, -0.05091084912419319, 0.040381960570812225, 0.022965366020798683, 0.05111901834607124, -0.013591374270617962, -0.014757538214325905, 0.04219413176178932, -0.0599430575966835, -0.0010982666863128543, -0.06903302669525146, -0.03165995329618454, 0.06711436808109283, -0.0029010300058871508, 0.016113441437482834, 0.0028196563944220543, -0.02710578963160515, 0.04749605059623718, -0.038967590779066086, -0.05774654075503349, 0.03269093483686447, 0.004537522792816162, 0.02841227501630783, 0.024170296266674995, -0.05404707416892052, -0.018241727724671364, -0.03604342043399811, -0.040163423866033554, -0.0013342174934223294, -0.01612520031630993, 0.05300307273864746, 0.0009326931904070079, -0.008494057692587376, -0.012347761541604996, 0.013977828435599804, 0.019828254356980324, 0.07812770456075668, 0.03735440596938133, 0.015995945781469345, -0.025209080427885056, 0.07112933695316315, 0.025344187393784523, 0.012553299777209759, 0.017050055786967278, 0.03472200781106949, -0.010954809375107288, -0.03890850394964218, 0.044283427298069, -0.025526324287056923, -0.009267458692193031, -0.05034307390451431, 0.03728397190570831, 0.035580944269895554, -0.04694046080112457, -0.021095870062708855, 0.01899375580251217, -0.05845993384718895, -0.018375467509031296, -0.00112084299325943, -0.002701303455978632, -0.006879715248942375, 0.07714609801769257, 0.03263019025325775, 0.034777022898197174, 0.04671846702694893, 0.008077091537415981, -0.012283209711313248, 0.004261151887476444, 0.10135097056627274, 0.06308504194021225, 0.05252976715564728, 0.013812772929668427, 0.06033467501401901, -0.03597229719161987, -0.06196015700697899, 0.0333087295293808, 0.019027413800358772, -0.008763100020587444, -0.0433451309800148, -0.010806786827743053, 0.10239974409341812, 0.013281726278364658, 0.08419454842805862, -0.04489174112677574, -0.011438071727752686, 0.0514952577650547, 0.006374978926032782, 0.0032423099037259817, 0.03599455580115318, 0.02905803918838501, 0.015572917647659779, -0.039610568434000015, -0.03184982389211655, 0.010996093973517418, -0.00749929016456008, -0.0003111058904323727, 0.005557100288569927, 0.005955650471150875, 0.00216075056232512, 0.009382922202348709, 0.07259871810674667, 0.11376281082630157, -0.016954563558101654, -0.0028694486245512962, -0.01811308227479458, 0.006266345735639334, 0.01904422976076603, 0.03504516929388046, -0.026633653789758682, -0.03409590572118759, 0.005248973611742258, -0.04385281726717949, 0.04727909713983536, 0.0222721379250288, -0.002070930553600192, 0.03301292285323143, -0.04901369661092758, -0.03507540374994278, 0.009180935099720955, 0.02884112298488617, -0.015273773111402988, -0.0588444359600544, -0.048459891229867935, -0.02573261596262455, -0.05688413977622986, -0.04908446595072746, 0.0332033634185791, -0.0010989044094458222, -0.018564611673355103, -0.0022358226124197245, -0.026686256751418114, 0.01765139400959015, 0.009705303236842155, -0.052852362394332886, -0.008543774485588074, 0.011630168184638023, -0.03228691220283508, -0.01057894341647625, 0.031116977334022522, 0.05989255756139755, -0.023660913109779358, -0.011876758188009262, 0.04047716036438942, 0.027131568640470505, 0.023871606215834618, 0.0019587851129472256, -0.017708711326122284, -0.09930040687322617, 0.017086371779441833, 0.027035625651478767, -0.06817293167114258, -0.08640255779027939, 0.02771151065826416, -0.0324927493929863, 0.021970480680465698, 0.05218406021595001, -0.002611905336380005, 0.013138068839907646, -0.03116941638290882, -0.013536143116652966, -0.002451808424666524, -0.0021663857623934746, 0.05469760671257973, -0.0007149024750106037, 0.054323408752679825, 0.03806622326374054, -0.019702181220054626, -0.024985121563076973, 0.015853626653552055, -0.024053117260336876, 0.012584520503878593, 0.008775296621024609, -0.03407927230000496, -0.021908555179834366, -0.11271730810403824, -0.0313715860247612, 0.03913798928260803, 0.010905408300459385, -0.05158298462629318, -0.015254853293299675, -0.018389690667390823, 0.021343331784009933, -0.018531624227762222, -0.023735594004392624, -0.02680276334285736, -0.02540489472448826, -0.023775536566972733, -0.06377150118350983, 0.020501164719462395, -0.023836487904191017, 0.024283064529299736, -0.024396711960434914, -0.03944394364953041, -0.0022830686066299677, -0.020893296226859093, 0.013293392956256866, 0.006582013331353664, -0.013831847347319126, -0.008675988763570786 ]
5,118
Dynamic Algorithms for Non-monotone $p$-Matchoids
[ "Samira Goudarzi", "Kiarash Banihashem", "MohammadTaghi Hajiaghayi", "Peyman Jabbarzade", "Morteza Monemizadeh" ]
Submodular maximization subject to a $p$-matchoid constraint has various applications in machine learning, particularly in tasks such as feature selection, video and text summarization, movie recommendation, graph-based learning, and constraint-based optimization. We study this problem in the dynamic setting, where a sequence of insertions and deletions of elements to a $p$-matchoid $\mathcal{M}(\mathcal{V},\mathcal{I})$ occurs over time and the goal is to efficiently maintain an approximate solution.We propose a dynamic algorithm for non-monotone submodular maximization under a $p$-matchoid constraint. For a $p$-matchoid $\mathcal{M}(\mathcal{V},\mathcal{I})$ of rank $k$, defined by a collection of $m$ matroids, our algorithm guarantees a $(2p + 2\sqrt{p(p+1)} + 1 + \epsilon)$-approximate solution at any time $t$ in the update sequence, with an expected amortized query complexity of $O(\epsilon^{-3} pk^4 \log^2(k))$ per update.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.045874252915382385, -0.010457955300807953, -0.007618080824613571, 0.032756779342889786, 0.0392879880964756, 0.04188883304595947, 0.02037387154996395, 0.009266243316233158, -0.036499910056591034, -0.03417695313692093, 0.0016485812375321984, 0.006239700596779585, -0.07682160288095474, -0.011622591875493526, 0.010362139903008938, 0.06056863069534302, 0.023680392652750015, 0.016438208520412445, 0.03428950160741806, -0.019662687554955482, -0.003976594656705856, 0.00700996071100235, 0.02861289493739605, 0.018766241148114204, 0.03281594067811966, 0.034452151507139206, 0.0066448599100112915, 0.02612900361418724, -0.026036953553557396, 0.001576211303472519, 0.0014545510057359934, 0.016126975417137146, 0.016881046816706657, -0.008219879120588303, -0.0022765817120671272, 0.0025767534971237183, -0.0024786333087831736, 0.01811511442065239, 0.016404056921601295, 0.026563432067632675, -0.0337233766913414, 0.013557073660194874, -0.010228716768324375, 0.01378073263913393, -0.04540788754820824, 0.03241020813584328, -0.121547169983387, 0.05179813504219055, -0.008938608691096306, -0.05458754301071167, -0.05891824886202812, 0.0475822277367115, 0.015233416110277176, 0.018744708970189095, -0.013180448673665524, 0.04028920829296112, 0.031988490372896194, -0.04436701536178589, 0.00024343498807866126, -0.03716108947992325, -0.04026537016034126, 0.043658141046762466, 0.026241576299071312, -0.006002799607813358, -0.04299495369195938, -0.011848542839288712, 0.00953721720725298, 0.04683499038219452, -0.03936425596475601, -0.03046838566660881, -0.017523739486932755, -0.02127237059175968, 0.019661853089928627, 0.01634926162660122, 0.013838727958500385, -0.01533740758895874, -0.005683308932930231, 0.003108783159404993, 0.044637564569711685, 0.030802542343735695, -0.0013286835746839643, 0.024342220276594162, 0.006698906421661377, 0.021033046767115593, 0.012354282662272453, -0.0025867049116641283, -0.03182772547006607, -0.034619975835084915, -0.09391862154006958, 0.03430120646953583, 0.0132835041731596, -0.05947912111878395, 0.02092248573899269, 0.02860553376376629, 0.006295918487012386, 0.008299277164041996, 0.012317675165832043, 0.030171643942594528, 0.04590970650315285, -0.014548526145517826, -0.029532162472605705, -0.023436298593878746, 0.015544997528195381, -0.06348858773708344, -0.10606929659843445, -0.05180356279015541, -0.01638505607843399, 0.0052601657807827, 0.022205134853720665, 0.005483338143676519, -0.07614471763372421, 0.004382416605949402, 0.030607962980866432, -0.007184993475675583, -0.037290308624506, 0.06435943394899368, -0.017181631177663803, 0.013600857928395271, -0.028871282935142517, 0.004898817278444767, 0.035790760070085526, 0.02351841889321804, 0.005107334349304438, 0.07720324397087097, -0.004037745296955109, 0.017071666195988655, 0.05354742333292961, 0.02382667362689972, -0.050316810607910156, -0.030124645680189133, 0.012007198296487331, 0.03354504331946373, 0.012933788821101189, -0.007196490187197924, 0.01837908662855625, -0.037085287272930145, -0.0362323522567749, -0.004557274281978607, 0.04594200477004051, -0.025479130446910858, -0.00162108417134732, -0.004607031587511301, 0.0657891258597374, -0.003975261468440294, 0.07173846662044525, -0.03173554316163063, 0.01512996293604374, -0.03796516731381416, -0.06958971172571182, -0.026421580463647842, -0.01577949710190296, 0.015282564796507359, -0.004183693323284388, -0.07804637402296066, 0.019443942233920097, 0.05547552555799484, 0.03330511599779129, 0.04546750336885452, -0.005984936840832233, 0.0210090521723032, -0.002316699828952551, 0.02408500947058201, -0.04919498413801193, 0.025658197700977325, 0.00028861971804872155, -0.06751463562250137, 0.04844242334365845, 0.07393158972263336, -0.03623651713132858, 0.01973932608962059, -0.020400715991854668, -0.05456200987100601, 0.05703043192625046, -0.001525919884443283, 0.01744638755917549, 0.01924310438334942, 0.09670920670032501, 0.002667431952431798, 0.024735568091273308, -0.016173217445611954, -0.09788940846920013, 0.019303880631923676, 0.02333574928343296, -0.016004739329218864, -0.01144543569535017, -0.006023046560585499, 0.07111567258834839, -0.04876948520541191, 0.012478167191147804, -0.008183106780052185, -0.07590523362159729, -0.03508811071515083, 0.025046944618225098, -0.024404454976320267, 0.063631571829319, 0.03198765590786934, -0.0179287139326334, 0.007710091769695282, 0.028272997587919235, 0.04142828658223152, 0.050514884293079376, 0.0002130500943167135, 0.058004509657621384, -0.022492289543151855, -0.043225690722465515, 0.010257747955620289, 0.04056717827916145, -0.08312089741230011, -0.04984503611922264, 0.02877354621887207, 0.00497780367732048, -0.002286630915477872, 0.007497598882764578, -0.03829360008239746, 0.010796797461807728, 0.014178218320012093, 0.017879948019981384, -0.0025972072035074234, 0.04078209400177002, -0.06573626399040222, 0.04167988523840904, 0.0070341709069907665, -0.04485131427645683, -0.0012906475458294153, -0.017031386494636536, 0.09868857264518738, 0.06050119549036026, -0.040974315255880356, -0.0014415760524570942, 0.03559741750359535, 0.0017155405366793275, 0.011063052341341972, 0.005316442344337702, -0.025248372927308083, 0.023229897022247314, -0.003870100947096944, -0.015483575873076916, -0.03403693810105324, 0.03997878357768059, -0.034758489578962326, -0.011241703294217587, 0.04855278879404068, -0.022812820971012115, 0.04611209034919739, -0.002592648146674037, 0.007570563815534115, 0.01500467024743557, 0.022987371310591698, -0.013463923707604408, 0.0055231316946446896, -0.046787410974502563, -0.01691165193915367, 0.008957312442362309, -0.015832385048270226, 0.011128642596304417, -0.04126106947660446, 0.005353278946131468, -0.03307350352406502, 0.06431158632040024, 0.0679331049323082, 0.0252002514898777, 0.04198728874325752, 0.00839504599571228, -0.02550910785794258, -0.032003384083509445, -0.10151596367359161, -0.034011710435152054, 0.022915340960025787, 0.03825380280613899, 0.040013186633586884, 0.029119553044438362, -0.021182743832468987, 0.015240790322422981, -0.0021347885485738516, -0.002823608461767435, -0.013080229051411152, 0.043323393911123276, 0.012819493189454079, -0.06628921627998352, -0.016762003302574158, 0.029957640916109085, 0.06250017881393433, -0.02530139498412609, -0.03917470574378967, -0.05452203378081322, -0.048021454364061356, 0.00021375542564783245, -0.05405821651220322, -0.021112652495503426, 0.034602466970682144, -0.011289427056908607, 0.03373117744922638, -0.07130107283592224, 0.0004353808471933007, 0.06598884612321854, 0.027547089383006096, 0.062318503856658936, -0.0030398790258914232, 0.002914369571954012, -0.00506231002509594, -0.005842227954417467, 0.00744231091812253, -0.022678928449749947, -0.01261388324201107, 0.01229553297162056, 0.01893731765449047, -0.0159183070063591, 0.000913210678845644, -0.27139270305633545, -0.01928294077515602, -0.015856044366955757, -0.0016089080600067973, 0.03091823309659958, -0.0008855010382831097, 0.023907700553536415, 0.004343723878264427, -0.030463585630059242, 0.00821595173329115, 0.008644387125968933, 0.017770076170563698, -0.006830200552940369, 0.06263085454702377, 0.0431000292301178, 0.02873670682311058, -0.017271237447857857, -0.008835523389279842, -0.01653883419930935, 0.02561580203473568, -0.021604318171739578, -0.05825791880488396, 0.0082906698808074, 0.010933813638985157, -0.02410566620528698, 0.05276244878768921, -0.07674669474363327, -0.05138625577092171, -0.045055415481328964, -0.042271919548511505, 0.006653264630585909, -0.028760800138115883, -0.015993040055036545, 0.026586195454001427, -0.004753231070935726, 0.028953900560736656, 0.05866985768079758, -0.02557629905641079, 0.027356140315532684, 0.03559425100684166, 0.0005007535801269114, -0.005621321965008974, -0.02201218530535698, -0.017972609028220177, 0.06012667343020439, 0.026106370612978935, -0.031525854021310806, 0.013983838260173798, -0.009486167691648006, 0.019015952944755554, 0.021242987364530563, -0.03436746448278427, -0.04462325572967529, -0.006604559253901243, 0.024960117414593697, -0.025564929470419884, 0.021568885073065758, -0.032269734889268875, -0.01771039515733719, -0.0010984106920659542, 0.014673867262899876, -0.06911232322454453, -0.002731959568336606, -0.02143784426152706, -0.018435128033161163, -0.04417308047413826, -0.07325117290019989, -0.026835083961486816, 0.023234641179442406, 0.02794860117137432, 0.006555675994604826, 0.03564266115427017, -0.010431931354105473, -0.08704527467489243, -0.020698605105280876, 0.007725282106548548, 0.02470141276717186, -0.015700042247772217, -0.011352336034178734, 0.04432830587029457, -0.07431511580944061, -0.023035800084471703, 0.0017671376699581742, 0.011556222103536129, 0.036834023892879486, -0.0532742477953434, -0.012052194215357304, -0.04228251427412033, -0.017045311629772186, -0.043206628412008286, 0.02806972898542881, -0.03438244387507439, 0.046393781900405884, 0.019580738618969917, 0.06665752083063126, 0.019323550164699554, 0.044806163758039474, 0.022342750802636147, 0.045019906014204025, 0.01016185525804758, -0.01052298117429018, -0.06739217787981033, 0.027116021141409874, -0.011036084964871407, -0.02542601339519024, 0.019508006051182747, -0.06179966405034065, -0.03242112696170807, 0.029217712581157684, -0.03046383336186409, -0.027729539200663567, -0.032329484820365906, 0.017695069313049316, -0.05695367604494095, 0.018028171733021736, -0.033880170434713364, 0.006274983286857605, 0.026838060468435287, 0.05079590901732445, 0.023929791525006294, -0.04589615762233734, 0.04858063906431198, -0.012947935611009598, 0.00424143997952342, -0.04742821678519249, -0.011935575865209103, 0.012632939964532852, -0.030090423300862312, 0.004141703248023987, -0.02228710427880287, 0.02499460056424141, 0.055286917835474014, 0.0008019880042411387, 0.016284281387925148, 0.035606127232313156, -0.002444862388074398, -0.017124386504292488, -0.020716778934001923, 0.023188302293419838, -0.015937890857458115, 0.023600753396749496, 0.024988720193505287, 0.027430783957242966, 0.03001687116920948, 0.04146922007203102, 0.008251210674643517, 0.03639136627316475, 0.00528909545391798, 0.0320502445101738, -0.00819085817784071, -0.02044951170682907, -0.06423655152320862, 0.029134010896086693, -0.05378575995564461, 0.03628425672650337, 0.0033883750438690186, 0.008641917258501053, 0.012611648999154568, 0.03161146864295006, -0.0714103952050209, -0.006110910326242447, -0.010798276402056217, 0.011807341128587723, -0.015406940132379532, 0.049834322184324265, 0.0636315792798996, -0.020064575597643852, 0.0043614935129880905, -0.001736746751703322, -0.012609957717359066, 0.010974772274494171, -0.011458838358521461, -0.03580368682742119, -0.002357297344133258, -0.016249993816018105, -0.02708078920841217, 0.0357808992266655, 0.009017826989293098, -0.07670790702104568, 0.020455094054341316, -0.03793485462665558, -0.04418333247303963, -0.022519180551171303, 0.018428558483719826, 0.07561095058917999, -0.00200402969494462, -0.0016704200534150004, -0.018868781626224518, -0.03983908146619797, 0.06268158555030823, 0.008203196339309216, 0.017326947301626205, -0.036246463656425476, -0.04054553434252739, -0.015284663066267967, -0.029807165265083313, 0.030911119654774666, 0.009812990203499794, -0.0033085334580391645, -0.0034914351999759674, 0.01935645379126072, 0.0071909320540726185, -0.06074707210063934, 0.0000672751702950336, 0.07409067451953888, -0.05693421512842178, 0.007483965717256069, 0.001218266785144806, -0.02971290610730648, 0.008346930146217346, -0.0285129863768816, -0.034511908888816833, -0.04275049641728401, -0.017208842560648918, 0.018222104758024216, -0.0134798688814044, -0.015686923637986183, 0.006238601636141539, 0.021316008642315865, -0.04461352154612541, -0.004263364244252443, 0.0056554218754172325, 0.0005886047729291022, -0.00431804871186614, -0.004152773413807154, 0.07234564423561096, -0.01422398816794157, -0.05020599067211151, 0.020080406218767166, 0.002533871680498123, 0.038210347294807434, -0.05591931939125061, 0.0016739970305934548, 0.049797289073467255, -0.00674203597009182, 0.005920927971601486, -0.04167143255472183, 0.018673667684197426, -0.035623691976070404, -0.0031917544547468424, 0.03057589754462242, -0.00944726262241602, -0.002161449985578656, -0.012671464122831821, -0.014953621663153172, 0.039834704250097275, 0.019477741792798042, -0.048581190407276154, 0.03274219483137131, 0.04115084931254387, 0.017799749970436096, 0.04402608051896095, -0.06152627617120743, -0.004542803391814232, 0.05634685605764389, 0.01305297575891018, -0.023188456892967224, -0.055556681007146835, -0.006116985809057951, 0.022439921274781227, -0.06495732069015503, 0.020602932199835777, 0.0030202623456716537, 0.018615365028381348, 0.058996617794036865, 0.0549888089299202, 0.013546074740588665, -0.008371998555958271, 0.046998586505651474, -0.05937328189611435, -0.022464124485850334, -0.07850537449121475, 0.013271906413137913, 0.060623425990343094, 0.0059026493690907955, 0.03686774522066116, -0.0022302146535366774, -0.030427804216742516, 0.02140871435403824, 0.011467891745269299, -0.048267073929309845, 0.009743813425302505, -0.007791060023009777, 0.0050047156400978565, 0.03355533257126808, -0.060031089931726456, 0.00330753275193274, 0.01101696491241455, -0.043867550790309906, 0.004356625489890575, 0.0075085400603711605, 0.03361118212342262, 0.03704628348350525, 0.006812736392021179, -0.0336185060441494, 0.009993764571845531, 0.04520741105079651, 0.03256377950310707, -0.006319480482488871, 0.022470606490969658, -0.023356230929493904, 0.039676226675510406, 0.03494127839803696, 0.012535170651972294, -0.05242818593978882, 0.06451118737459183, -0.006752793677151203, -0.05997864529490471, 0.03605146333575249, 0.012248797342181206, -0.01960291899740696, -0.06542035192251205, 0.0637872964143753, 0.026179388165473938, -0.05315352976322174, -0.004917481914162636, 0.005657047964632511, -0.06761381030082703, 0.021109407767653465, -0.03544091433286667, 0.01737988367676735, 0.001278524985536933, 0.08951643109321594, -0.010568538680672646, 0.00643952889367938, 0.04885770007967949, 0.011901299469172955, 0.015512844547629356, -0.027128655463457108, 0.04092758521437645, 0.08510051667690277, 0.019523069262504578, -0.0028785387985408306, 0.05494999885559082, -0.019550643861293793, -0.03621266782283783, 0.010179029777646065, 0.02142425626516342, -0.023464594036340714, -0.003405942115932703, -0.012367765419185162, 0.048711925745010376, -0.001839469070546329, 0.06968878209590912, -0.06986553966999054, -0.012517225928604603, 0.04841293394565582, -0.030368860810995102, 0.03573411703109741, 0.038926027715206146, 0.034393128007650375, 0.04433666169643402, -0.039600152522325516, -0.01756194978952408, -0.015821347013115883, 0.008596806786954403, 0.0027328806463629007, 0.008639393374323845, 0.0006233911262825131, -0.0010414327261969447, 0.011033503338694572, 0.00921695027500391, 0.05968097969889641, -0.0396864153444767, -0.026763025671243668, -0.018690617755055428, 0.004945704247802496, -0.004935927223414183, 0.03218903765082359, 0.0021009950432926416, -0.04356974735856056, 0.023259878158569336, -0.030410895124077797, 0.02675519324839115, 0.01653500460088253, -0.004362048115581274, 0.033915307372808456, -0.00094459461979568, 0.004406152758747339, 0.0286753810942173, 0.04896871745586395, -0.04600587859749794, -0.03000819869339466, -0.029940249398350716, -0.04870864376425743, -0.05946601554751396, -0.016983825713396072, 0.02079474739730358, 0.0011554784141480923, -0.025059418752789497, -0.0071015567518770695, -0.02706352435052395, 0.017627868801355362, 0.02704755589365959, -0.07230269908905029, 0.014070377685129642, 0.018287142738699913, 0.011704913340508938, 0.027734287083148956, 0.015427080914378166, 0.053195249289274216, -0.04352107271552086, -0.017329096794128418, 0.018695343285799026, 0.017861848697066307, 0.011847428046166897, 0.009201441891491413, -0.013232518918812275, -0.08028235286474228, -0.011293466202914715, 0.02327597327530384, -0.05140572786331177, -0.07497712224721909, 0.023515986278653145, -0.0260179340839386, 0.026068927720189095, 0.06497404724359512, 0.03938477486371994, -0.022131383419036865, -0.025163954123854637, 0.013637839816510677, -0.03143898397684097, -0.025286052376031876, 0.0475044809281826, -0.025918303057551384, 0.01765446923673153, 0.005253443028777838, -0.029395809397101402, -0.021124882623553276, 0.07279705256223679, -0.015406914055347443, 0.04250963777303696, -0.030825164169073105, -0.05133062228560448, -0.03845159709453583, -0.0840580090880394, -0.04086591303348541, 0.029602695256471634, 0.020979881286621094, -0.07311112433671951, -0.018448330461978912, 0.020013948902487755, 0.0030457894317805767, 0.017611466348171234, -0.02813023328781128, -0.004908052738755941, -0.031158942729234695, -0.024486254900693893, -0.10271661728620529, -0.018821079283952713, -0.040400631725788116, 0.03377816826105118, -0.020152561366558075, -0.042893342673778534, -0.022501572966575623, -0.008223727345466614, 0.01648537814617157, 0.01489274762570858, 0.013634312897920609, -0.014796165749430656 ]
5,119
Dataset Distillation for Pre-Trained Self-Supervised Vision Models
[ "George Cazenavette", "Antonio Torralba", "Vincent Sitzmann" ]
The task of dataset distillation aims to find a small set of synthetic images such that training a model on them reproduces the performance of the same model trained on a much larger dataset of real samples. Existing distillation methods focus on synthesizing datasets that enable training randomly initialized models. In contrast, state-of-the-art vision approaches are increasingly building on large, pre-trained self-supervised models rather than training from scratch. In this paper, we investigate the problem of distilling datasets that enable us to optimally train linear probes on top of such large, pre-trained vision models. We introduce a method of dataset distillation for this task called Linear Gradient Matching that optimizes the synthetic images such that, when passed through a pre-trained feature extractor, they induce gradients in the linear classifier similar to those produced by the real data. Our method yields synthetic data that out-perform all real-image baselines and, remarkably, generalize across pre-trained vision models, enabling us, for instance, to train a linear CLIP probe that performs competitively using a dataset distilled via a DINO backbone. Further, we show that distilled datasets provide a valuable tool for model interpretability, predicting, among other things, how similar two model's representations spaces are under the platonic representation hypothesis or whether a model is sensitive to spurious correlations in adversarial datasets.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.028585324063897133, -0.00943472608923912, -0.03277433291077614, 0.09230496734380722, 0.05038600042462349, 0.01933475024998188, 0.01569586619734764, -0.000967782863881439, -0.007462720386683941, -0.03409869596362114, -0.03978252410888672, -0.006573934108018875, -0.0845135897397995, -0.00010964793182210997, 0.010338845662772655, 0.060245707631111145, 0.02417270839214325, 0.010346970520913601, 0.020342569798231125, 0.04797668755054474, -0.03380341827869415, -0.052749089896678925, 0.015734054148197174, 0.029810747131705284, -0.01720384694635868, -0.015001822263002396, 0.011671612039208412, 0.025963399559259415, -0.014597861096262932, -0.005725934635847807, 0.048363883048295975, -0.017729556187987328, 0.03272613137960434, -0.04060988500714302, 0.022227467969059944, 0.01285766065120697, -0.06469672918319702, -0.003400244517251849, 0.017183316871523857, 0.021856198087334633, -0.049380823969841, 0.024304935708642006, 0.003292226465418935, -0.005321558099240065, -0.06048276275396347, 0.00036777963396161795, -0.11936827749013901, 0.05103788897395134, -0.0051458124071359634, -0.010878107510507107, -0.0706118643283844, 0.010786514729261398, 0.0068140397779643536, 0.004144116770476103, 0.004374821670353413, 0.03264244273304939, 0.017016474157571793, -0.07899567484855652, -0.008449368178844452, -0.04539370909333229, -0.020225372165441513, 0.035154297947883606, 0.029081135988235474, -0.0006024807225912809, 0.005610383581370115, -0.007772201672196388, 0.025367045775055885, 0.06220567226409912, -0.03384901210665703, -0.020927343517541885, 0.0034972720313817263, -0.005058525130152702, -0.011053063906729221, 0.012504875659942627, -0.001339383190497756, -0.026487251743674278, -0.005724580027163029, -0.016728119924664497, 0.0827232375741005, -0.021049587056040764, 0.029373649507761, 0.014938757754862309, 0.027511684224009514, 0.03544798120856285, -0.01906682923436165, 0.019245844334363937, -0.03426951542496681, -0.01730700023472309, -0.053249530494213104, 0.01578703708946705, -0.020376330241560936, -0.014158588834106922, 0.043998777866363525, 0.030922885984182358, 0.03252745419740677, 0.00003008232670254074, 0.024600783362984657, -0.0030240959022194147, 0.03380011394619942, 0.010434255003929138, -0.012081348337233067, -0.03164224326610565, 0.018163904547691345, 0.017948808148503304, -0.09403087198734283, -0.0077774664387106895, -0.007005593739449978, -0.011603551916778088, -0.028248155489563942, 0.010328334756195545, -0.039778780192136765, -0.005030002444982529, 0.011754781007766724, -0.0033305489923805, -0.0737442597746849, 0.008676234632730484, 0.026679953560233116, 0.022547131404280663, -0.02537507750093937, -0.016446854919195175, 0.03891218081116676, 0.03393373265862465, 0.0023490400053560734, 0.046019379049539566, -0.01446364726871252, 0.008836619555950165, 0.008448341861367226, 0.05361313372850418, -0.02167331427335739, -0.012230158783495426, -0.02567366138100624, 0.026449834927916527, -0.014506403356790543, -0.002608722075819969, 0.004307215567678213, -0.03750783950090408, 0.008670913055539131, 0.012634805403649807, 0.057790644466876984, -0.01384296827018261, 0.017266005277633667, 0.0009086175705306232, 0.04739752411842346, -0.023175889626145363, 0.054735612124204636, -0.018124449998140335, 0.04350312426686287, -0.0003425446921028197, -0.0606713704764843, 0.007158874999731779, 0.024216705933213234, -0.0030190979596227407, -0.012091700918972492, -0.06576079875230789, 0.04791936278343201, 0.06390682607889175, -0.008810294792056084, 0.029187139123678207, -0.0070379129610955715, -0.013037445954978466, 0.018070951104164124, -0.019960280507802963, -0.03256404027342796, -0.013492003083229065, 0.010178748518228531, -0.05494897440075874, 0.03415510430932045, 0.014833925291895866, -0.01135911326855421, 0.0343950092792511, -0.03694375231862068, -0.04228851944208145, 0.06268388777971268, -0.009194837883114815, 0.001317843096330762, 0.003742931643500924, 0.03355340659618378, 0.028744764626026154, 0.0438816212117672, 0.03581783175468445, -0.09664898365736008, 0.01615295372903347, 0.00617349985986948, -0.05391234904527664, 0.030851949006319046, -0.028808102011680603, 0.09805301576852798, -0.02974669635295868, 0.005281621590256691, 0.02769729495048523, -0.07194322347640991, -0.027653370052576065, 0.006391347385942936, -0.025918403640389442, 0.04766525328159332, 0.015340165235102177, -0.00263520167209208, -0.004214414395391941, 0.048060618340969086, 0.056317783892154694, 0.05901056155562401, -0.036662716418504715, 0.061151087284088135, -0.012726334854960442, -0.013934792950749397, -0.025052547454833984, 0.02290467917919159, -0.06225300580263138, -0.03212485834956169, -0.01933899335563183, -0.012328681536018848, -0.020694158971309662, 0.001808803528547287, -0.016516949981451035, 0.047700561583042145, 0.020352482795715332, -0.0033940591383725405, 0.009075982496142387, 0.02853424660861492, -0.051319219172000885, 0.06034986302256584, 0.04628686606884003, -0.03300674632191658, 0.0017985837766900659, -0.02498920075595379, 0.09056820720434189, 0.09012652933597565, -0.005386480130255222, -0.006451367866247892, -0.0296272374689579, 0.006055699661374092, 0.019728101789951324, 0.0027144940104335546, -0.022410234436392784, 0.012258118018507957, -0.04111413657665253, 0.014485811814665794, -0.016453156247735023, 0.06690562516450882, -0.05524815618991852, 0.0012509942753240466, 0.04456241801381111, -0.02826208807528019, 0.04244368523359299, 0.0004039720515720546, 0.005113835446536541, 0.06529159098863602, 0.002351105445995927, -0.04517355561256409, -0.0577438548207283, -0.008626889437437057, 0.002352504525333643, -0.03845367208123207, -0.025330550968647003, 0.009706390090286732, -0.050494544208049774, -0.035045914351940155, -0.026647815480828285, 0.061795517802238464, 0.05933801829814911, 0.00855213962495327, 0.03785400092601776, 0.0033726985566318035, -0.027432717382907867, -0.024473778903484344, -0.11484586447477341, -0.029096489772200584, -0.015873558819293976, 0.059015437960624695, 0.0003762783308047801, 0.056761689484119415, 0.0037835249677300453, 0.028345348313450813, -0.016430571675300598, -0.033574774861335754, 0.0424979105591774, 0.013162067160010338, 0.045693475753068924, -0.03636755049228668, -0.007418131921440363, -0.002216898836195469, 0.07350610196590424, 0.007360115181654692, 0.0017670949455350637, -0.04713483899831772, -0.07718246430158615, -0.027915138751268387, -0.05085194483399391, -0.011067446321249008, -0.022664103657007217, 0.038861531764268875, 0.013131143525242805, 0.01632728800177574, 0.0038279006257653236, 0.021814458072185516, 0.06717125326395035, 0.03033951111137867, 0.007549386005848646, -0.03270474076271057, 0.01314044650644064, -0.03197969123721123, 0.04431011900305748, 0.0021037438418716192, 0.009824344888329506, -0.009892397560179234, -0.01201698649674654, 0.054405223578214645, 0.012688768096268177, -0.2755218744277954, -0.02528928592801094, -0.010373133234679699, 0.011275477707386017, 0.034071993082761765, -0.05283031240105629, 0.05040333420038223, -0.03874896839261055, -0.018426286056637764, 0.01562846638262272, -0.005402679089456797, 0.01050468161702156, -0.00978321023285389, 0.05367140844464302, 0.048787642270326614, 0.046339888125658035, 0.02884880267083645, -0.010853673331439495, 0.002273005899041891, 0.042457979172468185, -0.028180154040455818, -0.04774556681513786, -0.02562759630382061, 0.06378129869699478, -0.026978645473718643, 0.07211417704820633, -0.07567034661769867, -0.02140740118920803, -0.013730661943554878, -0.01658698357641697, -0.0028794612735509872, -0.030466357246041298, -0.022266708314418793, 0.050043750554323196, -0.009907116182148457, 0.004893457517027855, 0.04092275723814964, 0.012750325724482536, 0.01947931759059429, 0.003607601160183549, 0.010138127952814102, -0.006097028031945229, -0.0071252621710300446, 0.03182261809706688, 0.07372169941663742, 0.015044466592371464, -0.0434718057513237, -0.024694403633475304, -0.00879397802054882, 0.03154861554503441, -0.007003875449299812, -0.007430320139974356, -0.000922145729418844, 0.016658561304211617, 0.01780037395656109, 0.0016598413931205869, 0.025088898837566376, 0.013296373188495636, -0.013241326436400414, 0.016754010692238808, -0.007507887668907642, -0.0595233254134655, -0.010508938692510128, -0.037708830088377, -0.022301407530903816, -0.039086826145648956, -0.04862209036946297, -0.0670185536146164, 0.03318579122424126, 0.03772379085421562, -0.014513222500681877, 0.026937210932374, -0.021063631400465965, -0.10142125189304352, 0.0518793910741806, 0.007035774178802967, 0.0226016566157341, -0.04792105779051781, 0.00754381250590086, 0.06355150789022446, -0.025573838502168655, -0.04219840094447136, 0.031126409769058228, 0.01197618804872036, 0.023591767996549606, -0.04777029529213905, 0.019296670332551003, -0.029793880879878998, -0.020061086863279343, -0.012211700901389122, 0.035985030233860016, 0.009283448569476604, 0.04088369756937027, 0.003134132595732808, 0.009473486803472042, 0.07775337249040604, 0.05444803833961487, 0.05453978478908539, 0.037865255028009415, 0.0269489623606205, -0.004524481948465109, -0.078896664083004, -0.034013859927654266, -0.03216562792658806, -0.02936762571334839, -0.004435162991285324, -0.046843916177749634, -0.017439015209674835, 0.054079458117485046, 0.005139520857483149, -0.039779774844646454, -0.038539402186870575, 0.007821464911103249, -0.018620042130351067, -0.014038180001080036, -0.017613405361771584, 0.016814840957522392, 0.010301725007593632, 0.044045016169548035, -0.023794591426849365, -0.021678637713193893, 0.06385479867458344, -0.011004297994077206, -0.003947906661778688, -0.000406905630370602, -0.020303811877965927, 0.006406102329492569, -0.021693047136068344, -0.00756192347034812, -0.0005466388538479805, 0.025131573900580406, 0.024326704442501068, 0.00008878539665602148, 0.03539595380425453, 0.06851626932621002, 0.013154529966413975, 0.006380519829690456, -0.00828314945101738, 0.03721405938267708, 0.0028656264767050743, 0.01666921377182007, -0.04272323474287987, 0.0706186592578888, 0.026444435119628906, 0.03461655601859093, 0.011147783137857914, 0.03934801369905472, 0.0005237546865828335, -0.012418147176504135, -0.026408890262246132, 0.010604513809084892, -0.023020466789603233, -0.027808167040348053, -0.03737642988562584, 0.03927669674158096, -0.030383359640836716, 0.000440834992332384, 0.004048241302371025, 0.03302719071507454, -0.060554731637239456, 0.04367049038410187, 0.012350933626294136, -0.007933579385280609, -0.03061857260763645, 0.023268193006515503, 0.05519932880997658, 0.002453515073284507, -0.04208063334226608, 0.030930884182453156, -0.0017262730980291963, 0.010374399833381176, -0.013056355528533459, -0.02622598595917225, -0.016802722588181496, -0.0036148272920399904, -0.002452042419463396, 0.012050764635205269, 0.009000735357403755, -0.06803924590349197, 0.018242157995700836, 0.0055591752752661705, 0.024029042571783066, 0.0212420467287302, 0.0070793903432786465, 0.08551131933927536, 0.026549680158495903, -0.018768735229969025, -0.01253101509064436, -0.020602449774742126, 0.04797115549445152, -0.020209195092320442, 0.010356630198657513, -0.043241146951913834, -0.013769763521850109, -0.026428718119859695, -0.022413447499275208, 0.003306842176243663, 0.014257081784307957, -0.014592926017940044, -0.01569346711039543, -0.022615335881710052, 0.005423218011856079, -0.036445386707782745, 0.0075050462037324905, 0.036844778805971146, -0.06429936736822128, 0.02931007742881775, 0.06021561101078987, -0.024503793567419052, 0.017002761363983154, -0.007152311038225889, -0.03172837942838669, -0.06589772552251816, -0.04886874929070473, 0.006657660007476807, 0.004361255094408989, -0.012509785592556, -0.01329771801829338, 0.013813652098178864, -0.007318672724068165, 0.018086595460772514, -0.007995044812560081, 0.00832461193203926, 0.012397769838571548, 0.0023294943384826183, 0.032289113849401474, -0.03990532085299492, 0.015914103016257286, -0.01688491180539131, -0.017019297927618027, -0.007924684323370457, -0.03824055567383766, 0.0005808052374050021, 0.03919607773423195, -0.005914667621254921, 0.006669478956609964, -0.037842757999897, 0.03654341772198677, -0.000611362571362406, -0.016642628237605095, -0.01696747913956642, 0.02591804228723049, -0.032567061483860016, 0.011058294214308262, 0.022082339972257614, 0.015589872375130653, 0.02042349800467491, -0.0009656416950747371, 0.02007436752319336, -0.024870363995432854, 0.01339415367692709, 0.003973166923969984, -0.044894829392433167, -0.011181001551449299, 0.037926990538835526, -0.03318694978952408, 0.0028221060056239367, -0.06776070594787598, -0.05427350476384163, 0.03814961388707161, -0.006105870008468628, 0.019743090495467186, 0.00043791471398435533, 0.017058534547686577, 0.0146857975050807, 0.007278051692992449, -0.0027783256955444813, 0.007211490534245968, 0.03047630377113819, -0.04024282842874527, -0.006590782664716244, -0.03760797157883644, -0.03598634526133537, 0.08278071135282516, -0.055506687611341476, 0.0136057548224926, -0.026033641770482063, -0.046427685767412186, 0.0037157596088945866, -0.035045064985752106, -0.07202080637216568, 0.009869921021163464, -0.039401620626449585, -0.002124501159414649, -0.0050160884857177734, -0.044418804347515106, 0.015592987649142742, -0.026721883565187454, -0.06357818841934204, -0.030042150989174843, 0.009552457369863987, 0.051155731081962585, -0.02299346961081028, -0.033897530287504196, -0.01813487336039543, -0.005867830477654934, 0.03915438428521156, 0.05582454428076744, 0.00636029290035367, 0.01775871030986309, -0.025071820244193077, 0.05420471727848053, 0.023885080590844154, -0.025364043191075325, -0.0008407057612203062, 0.02450123429298401, -0.015208411030471325, -0.06640172749757767, 0.03553715720772743, -0.0097751934081316, -0.002635605400428176, -0.07281512767076492, 0.04731922596693039, 0.02860109694302082, -0.04277130216360092, -0.012059932574629784, 0.062489692121744156, -0.04834442585706711, -0.0032071946188807487, 0.006523702293634415, -0.01598806492984295, -0.023158622905611992, 0.05458509176969528, -0.014081509783864021, 0.04266924783587456, 0.026028888300061226, 0.01245828066021204, 0.0023831117432564497, -0.012900917790830135, 0.07044412195682526, 0.03894176706671715, 0.03607245162129402, 0.014859371818602085, 0.05730648338794708, -0.042897917330265045, -0.02389586716890335, 0.028096772730350494, 0.011345895938575268, -0.007256912067532539, -0.0640321597456932, 0.011982789263129234, 0.11474781483411789, 0.008784354664385319, 0.04925667122006416, -0.0480119027197361, -0.02581847459077835, 0.03133451193571091, 0.0015395237132906914, -0.03167623654007912, 0.03909524157643318, 0.001925661345012486, -0.009177018888294697, -0.001985244220122695, -0.011771970428526402, 0.011823025532066822, -0.030125465244054794, -0.00940496101975441, -0.006340253632515669, -0.030859120190143585, 0.019947906956076622, -0.01486826129257679, 0.037447698414325714, 0.10333651304244995, -0.023116901516914368, -0.07141508907079697, 0.006837024819105864, 0.030392374843358994, 0.020823663100600243, 0.07007195800542831, 0.0019964012317359447, -0.0343746542930603, 0.01110241562128067, -0.06658013164997101, 0.015521595254540443, 0.007353646215051413, -0.011294757947325706, 0.002343064406886697, -0.0283738411962986, -0.04663728177547455, 0.03993700444698334, 0.024057554081082344, -0.05001244321465492, -0.04090462997555733, -0.0195528045296669, -0.034160032868385315, -0.06822815537452698, -0.07783521711826324, 0.03054122067987919, -0.0012889438075944781, -0.04182136803865433, -0.03835108503699303, -0.038574833422899246, 0.0020996201783418655, 0.01888556405901909, -0.04846970736980438, 0.02028042823076248, 0.03232738748192787, 0.0021207251120358706, -0.018174733966588974, 0.010033956728875637, 0.020692409947514534, -0.01991516351699829, -0.0041617294773459435, 0.04491254687309265, 0.01695072464644909, 0.008980968967080116, -0.009006181731820107, 0.0005922531709074974, -0.09227751940488815, 0.008868055418133736, 0.029144516214728355, -0.07650879770517349, -0.07967101782560349, 0.02853124961256981, -0.019235936924815178, 0.04821047931909561, 0.05959112197160721, 0.0021756261121481657, 0.015309317037463188, -0.016599208116531372, -0.037607189267873764, -0.020437870174646378, 0.014595518819987774, 0.04605576768517494, -0.018600381910800934, 0.04737897589802742, 0.052491165697574615, 0.004787379875779152, -0.02491232566535473, 0.011031034402549267, 0.006051681470125914, 0.043857015669345856, -0.010478967800736427, -0.024523478001356125, -0.01833592727780342, -0.1156243085861206, -0.020758915692567825, 0.05868196114897728, -0.016018234193325043, -0.06629543006420135, -0.03220658749341965, -0.01446720864623785, -0.010015932843089104, -0.01724795065820217, 0.0007168679148890078, -0.0005723159993067384, -0.055357832461595535, -0.029422616586089134, -0.05637342482805252, 0.007453808560967445, -0.011027133092284203, 0.03718262165784836, -0.054248563945293427, -0.031439024955034256, -0.034314870834350586, -0.0033223642967641354, 0.01767941750586033, 0.003504575230181217, 0.018645497038960457, 0.003742408473044634 ]
5,120
Fourier Token Merging: Understanding and Capitalizing Frequency Domain for Efficient Image Generation
[ "Jiesong Liu", "Xipeng Shen" ]
Image generation requires intensive computations and faces challenges due to long latency. Exploiting redundancy in the input images and intermediate representations throughout the neural network pipeline is an effective way to accelerate image generation. Token merging (ToMe) exploits similarities among input tokens by clustering them and merges similar tokens into one, thus significantly reducing the number of tokens that are fed into the transformer block. This work introduces Fourier Token Merging, a new method for understanding and capitalizing frequency domain for efficient image generation. By introducing frequency token merging, we find that transforming the token into the frequency domain representation for clustering can better exert the ability of clustering based on the underlying redundancy after de-correlation. Through analytical and empirical studies, we demonstrate the benefits of using Fourier clustering over the original time domain clustering. We experimented fourier token merging on the stable diffusion model, and the results show up to 25\% reduction in latency without impairing image quality.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.026545727625489235, -0.026800096035003662, 0.003857286414131522, 0.05944959819316864, 0.032134003937244415, 0.02569832094013691, -0.013987334445118904, 0.010722307488322258, -0.051345448940992355, -0.058466069400310516, -0.00735181150957942, -0.022358106449246407, -0.027888460084795952, 0.008743555285036564, -0.01912299543619156, 0.0690738633275032, 0.04169156402349472, -0.01286450307816267, 0.008655683137476444, 0.026757802814245224, -0.02748696133494377, -0.017974549904465675, 0.023643944412469864, 0.01587291620671749, 0.030776498839259148, -0.015821799635887146, -0.0033383246045559645, 0.021595310419797897, -0.034677743911743164, -0.005611129105091095, 0.015095289796590805, -0.025054071098566055, -0.006878645624965429, -0.021959606558084488, 0.03722241148352623, -0.010438185185194016, -0.04549715295433998, -0.009896972216665745, -0.00024336876231245697, 0.008704767562448978, -0.006823258008807898, -0.005443853791803122, 0.007845661602914333, 0.026478610932826996, -0.05049596726894379, -0.008096352219581604, -0.14457638561725616, -0.0020041153766214848, -0.016537686809897423, 0.004230394493788481, -0.08488326519727707, 0.02286440320312977, 0.01480766199529171, -0.019442683085799217, 0.009144017472863197, 0.05091561749577522, 0.026583949103951454, -0.052255719900131226, -0.002592642791569233, -0.0651295930147171, 0.014985387213528156, -0.00041169507312588394, 0.02842092700302601, -0.008658824488520622, 0.013377848081290722, -0.0454472191631794, 0.003310468979179859, 0.04360578581690788, -0.05326927453279495, -0.03976936638355255, 0.0034010298550128937, 0.02186722494661808, -0.022411810234189034, 0.02013910561800003, -0.0008473666966892779, -0.03447974845767021, 0.0018494168762117624, 0.007981893606483936, 0.07178985327482224, -0.013956340961158276, 0.024589845910668373, 0.0306751299649477, 0.033963028341531754, 0.037810664623975754, -0.011965704150497913, 0.0006186434766277671, -0.0301107969135046, -0.010720892809331417, -0.04476650431752205, 0.040677886456251144, 0.003844723803922534, -0.060826417058706284, -0.012266243807971478, 0.05264398455619812, 0.036507297307252884, -0.006062615197151899, 0.017553040757775307, 0.00974032748490572, -0.02241750992834568, 0.03578796237707138, 0.0007857899181544781, -0.012054091319441795, -0.00425939355045557, 0.02835201285779476, -0.06240032985806465, -0.04527769610285759, -0.04507145658135414, -0.04640968143939972, 0.00785951316356659, -0.015459136106073856, -0.022586435079574585, -0.007953377440571785, 0.018608415499329567, -0.014305150136351585, -0.0734269842505455, 0.04823846369981766, 0.01351005956530571, 0.00047680301940999925, -0.03182113170623779, -0.004436254967004061, 0.06371413916349411, 0.07575715333223343, -0.04145573079586029, 0.048713114112615585, 0.012808339670300484, 0.007709544617682695, 0.008845105767250061, 0.048131346702575684, -0.056183069944381714, -0.039138153195381165, -0.014842936769127846, 0.010787532664835453, -0.0010006288066506386, 0.007620356976985931, 0.024796009063720703, -0.03445187956094742, 0.014896702021360397, -0.013901044614613056, 0.05206117779016495, -0.05209863930940628, 0.022108251228928566, -0.027821296826004982, 0.002069769660010934, -0.046549320220947266, 0.04461309686303139, -0.015144843608140945, -0.023560071364045143, -0.05170430243015289, 0.0018959474982693791, -0.004352740943431854, -0.010094703175127506, -0.019752943888306618, 0.025273064151406288, -0.05675425007939339, 0.010584225878119469, 0.04598511382937431, 0.03626872971653938, 0.01565873809158802, 0.011072006076574326, -0.0023983994033187628, 0.00390274147503078, -0.035412512719631195, -0.01849304884672165, 0.019707193598151207, -0.03266436979174614, -0.042985931038856506, 0.05484500527381897, 0.05172775313258171, -0.0333152636885643, 0.010690338909626007, -0.027845904231071472, -0.06983144581317902, 0.03163973242044449, 0.019772784784436226, 0.014689981006085873, 0.0037030880339443684, 0.055181436240673065, 0.012600366026163101, 0.0067258733324706554, 0.04520760476589203, -0.08618751913309097, 0.022667337208986282, 0.016075393185019493, 0.00668325973674655, 0.03764990344643593, -0.04519326612353325, 0.08975022286176682, -0.030043065547943115, -0.01528097316622734, 0.01154102198779583, -0.0632036104798317, -0.014867540448904037, 0.029118571430444717, -0.028276711702346802, 0.0467371791601181, -0.003871393855661154, -0.025540731847286224, 0.005760118365287781, 0.045386284589767456, 0.04099109023809433, 0.045740626752376556, -0.031453315168619156, 0.06891345232725143, -0.03392329439520836, -0.020669689401984215, 0.013781252317130566, 0.03791915252804756, -0.04361157491803169, -0.025743165984749794, -0.013954817317426205, 0.004649262875318527, -0.009555264376103878, 0.008429909124970436, -0.00034982673241756856, 0.009962246753275394, -0.015791304409503937, -0.009262082166969776, 0.012266140431165695, -0.0035672548692673445, -0.041114117950201035, 0.01904149353504181, 0.025765202939510345, -0.005683029070496559, 0.04128418117761612, -0.031210999935865402, 0.10451140254735947, 0.05011943727731705, -0.05413302034139633, 0.0031159822829067707, 0.015914684161543846, -0.03360837697982788, 0.011209391057491302, -0.007052060682326555, -0.02688285894691944, -0.03938457742333412, -0.02665618248283863, -0.020683584734797478, -0.013909251429140568, 0.05958416685461998, -0.0665087178349495, -0.0035421864595264196, 0.04603248089551926, -0.04124516248703003, 0.04702888801693916, 0.021037792786955833, 0.005409367848187685, 0.060662589967250824, -0.026749098673462868, 0.004702000413089991, -0.014903536066412926, 0.0026463645044714212, 0.014568207785487175, -0.023777803406119347, -0.038172878324985504, -0.006063428707420826, -0.060806676745414734, -0.006824095267802477, -0.020410533994436264, 0.055696647614240646, 0.06272760778665543, 0.013861731626093388, 0.020389538258314133, 0.0044713933020830154, -0.048965442925691605, -0.04420485720038414, -0.11298224329948425, -0.03347350284457207, -0.013055404648184776, 0.060143839567899704, -0.008472488261759281, 0.040395982563495636, 0.07235654443502426, -0.0010122283129021525, -0.018182605504989624, -0.03392916917800903, 0.00806137640029192, 0.021036610007286072, -0.00625587347894907, -0.027085863053798676, -0.025767328217625618, 0.033709391951560974, 0.08206512033939362, 0.020549103617668152, -0.00397808663547039, -0.04444986954331398, -0.03611033409833908, -0.015853526070713997, -0.020726105198264122, 0.0039068590849637985, -0.0015807682648301125, 0.008803466334939003, 0.04971843585371971, -0.0035825464874505997, 0.012091840617358685, 0.01310346182435751, 0.05802937597036362, 0.04008776322007179, -0.01448285486549139, -0.026431554928421974, 0.010510765947401524, -0.00262156268581748, 0.013637946918606758, 0.008279944770038128, -0.003668559016659856, -0.055295929312705994, -0.019331607967615128, -0.00707830348983407, -0.034905292093753815, -0.26816317439079285, 0.003093015868216753, 0.006860101129859686, -0.021540148183703423, 0.020804256200790405, -0.01941651478409767, 0.040207695215940475, -0.018874086439609528, -0.019363733008503914, 0.02380954660475254, -0.016817471012473106, 0.026876229792833328, -0.0018153744749724865, 0.024334078654646873, 0.024442745372653008, 0.0010766302002593875, -0.003922213334590197, -0.05069563165307045, 0.026906386017799377, 0.03819652274250984, -0.012604315765202045, -0.07224925607442856, -0.018506361171603203, 0.06723558902740479, 0.007498244289308786, 0.007711367215961218, -0.06690223515033722, -0.008045896887779236, -0.05858932062983513, 0.006255476735532284, -0.004514170810580254, -0.015101946890354156, 0.02141033299267292, 0.046182818710803986, -0.013518995605409145, 0.0045507801696658134, 0.03891635313630104, -0.013682771474123001, -0.0029629457276314497, -0.010249578393995762, 0.04282399266958237, -0.004306212533265352, -0.01713508553802967, 0.013839375227689743, 0.07995860278606415, -0.0078567611053586, -0.04416710138320923, -0.019555673003196716, -0.02546715922653675, 0.04808774217963219, -0.001379517954774201, 0.001276196911931038, -0.0192310381680727, 0.0020527676679193974, -0.05083449184894562, -0.015659458935260773, -0.002754245651885867, -0.0023722369223833084, -0.003442431101575494, 0.030696434900164604, -0.022592827677726746, -0.07281158119440079, -0.019001591950654984, -0.01966969296336174, -0.0440203957259655, -0.02567518688738346, -0.06810948997735977, -0.06572888046503067, 0.05535722151398659, 0.03211389482021332, -0.006029313895851374, 0.03803394362330437, -0.0021442361176013947, -0.09983835369348526, 0.0008278997265733778, -0.004789943341165781, -0.009314408525824547, -0.010126332752406597, -0.0307309590280056, 0.05364207178354263, -0.010025923140347004, -0.052321091294288635, 0.015604224056005478, 0.023303277790546417, -0.028000373393297195, 0.008424343541264534, -0.01773093454539776, 0.008093801327049732, 0.018949586898088455, -0.03707025200128555, 0.05586708337068558, -0.007764589041471481, 0.019361745566129684, -0.015948092564940453, 0.062086984515190125, 0.027295729145407677, 0.03931846842169762, 0.06365231424570084, 0.03222372755408287, -0.01924114115536213, 0.06553465127944946, -0.07213934510946274, -0.029697155579924583, -0.019471095874905586, -0.03882055729627609, 0.027610501274466515, -0.05630876123905182, -0.02491801790893078, 0.041875436902046204, 0.02330624870955944, -0.06176169216632843, -0.02281518653035164, -0.0006149577675387263, -0.0059847235679626465, 0.002833183854818344, -0.015314750373363495, -0.014487584121525288, 0.012477964162826538, 0.06274020671844482, -0.018660299479961395, -0.031160203740000725, 0.04174381121993065, -0.027631467208266258, -0.022668344900012016, 0.017610112205147743, 0.0028668497689068317, -0.04216860979795456, 0.007034578826278448, 0.009422370232641697, 0.0056611704640090466, 0.05673256516456604, 0.04176810383796692, 0.011504316702485085, 0.05912143364548683, 0.049700696021318436, -0.018348578363656998, -0.033663440495729446, -0.019945800304412842, 0.03558226302266121, -0.01969037391245365, 0.03776516020298004, 0.007811123970896006, 0.025909708812832832, -0.0029338013846427202, 0.02403607964515686, 0.03555351495742798, 0.025853833183646202, 0.0030497966799885035, 0.004098760429769754, -0.004022516775876284, 0.025003580376505852, -0.034557487815618515, -0.06267218291759491, -0.024703707545995712, -0.005163996946066618, -0.00322714913636446, -0.009608592838048935, 0.00587648106738925, 0.012265833094716072, -0.0689154639840126, 0.041192252188920975, 0.029454296454787254, -0.010369697585701942, -0.046965859830379486, 0.012656704522669315, 0.044700443744659424, -0.01620403677225113, 0.004094716161489487, 0.02956710197031498, -0.026696551591157913, 0.013975962996482849, -0.00658361054956913, -0.03456559777259827, -0.015148891136050224, 0.021978143602609634, 0.022413345053792, 0.011382170021533966, -0.020558880642056465, -0.015616918914020061, 0.029247965663671494, 0.018978139385581017, 0.014207650907337666, 0.012925109826028347, 0.031241023913025856, 0.08275258541107178, 0.03446568176150322, -0.0009370172047056258, -0.0114513598382473, -0.03159232437610626, 0.040177762508392334, -0.008376086130738258, 0.00039577920688316226, -0.034380994737148285, -0.02037113532423973, -0.03361370414495468, -0.04122357815504074, 0.02074562944471836, 0.07443554699420929, -0.01485887449234724, -0.038409698754549026, -0.0165835190564394, 0.025165682658553123, -0.022678006440401077, 0.003002678509801626, 0.008034862577915192, -0.06923267245292664, 0.019000938162207603, 0.001527557265944779, -0.05469834432005882, -0.010996285825967789, 0.028628945350646973, -0.029983529821038246, -0.08468398451805115, -0.04189149662852287, 0.020458869636058807, -0.0003322944394312799, -0.014949026517570019, -0.021843615919351578, 0.037740953266620636, -0.00011384204117348418, 0.009392057545483112, -0.004769725725054741, -0.011141599155962467, 0.02367539331316948, 0.003344387048855424, 0.04999621585011482, -0.03825458884239197, 0.018164126202464104, 0.0068186004646122456, -0.029987942427396774, 0.024208707734942436, -0.04937070235610008, 0.02012983150780201, 0.050760503858327866, -0.0018862460274249315, 0.016463160514831543, -0.02654421329498291, 0.01577627658843994, -0.014545445330440998, 0.013540252111852169, 0.02228369005024433, 0.02134251408278942, -0.04192638024687767, 0.02053920365869999, -0.0054842461831867695, 0.018951689824461937, 0.01659524254500866, 0.02004244178533554, -0.013801218010485172, 0.03643093258142471, -0.00043081966578029096, 0.030603433027863503, -0.06851466745138168, -0.02881935052573681, 0.052733659744262695, -0.06294550001621246, -0.017536429688334465, -0.07630465179681778, -0.030806399881839752, 0.0019586109556257725, -0.021371325477957726, 0.055214401334524155, -0.026870418339967728, 0.03308846056461334, 0.042906373739242554, 0.06084360554814339, -0.026701753959059715, -0.03232882544398308, 0.05696621537208557, -0.009695855900645256, -0.0070089902728796005, -0.05811609327793121, -0.02959439717233181, 0.07386499643325806, -0.041260525584220886, 0.014833583496510983, -0.002413284033536911, -0.013580926693975925, 0.02825946733355522, -0.04568592458963394, -0.0459030345082283, 0.03929552808403969, -0.01606355421245098, 0.002242197748273611, 0.019891394302248955, -0.0527682863175869, -0.004260384943336248, -0.033710021525621414, -0.04761436954140663, -0.0004247032629791647, 0.027156397700309753, 0.03774998337030411, 0.008707808330655098, 0.0006649824790656567, -0.014275114051997662, -0.017842119559645653, 0.04413359984755516, 0.04131187126040459, -0.007169271819293499, 0.048181451857089996, -0.019606182351708412, 0.08089019358158112, 0.03593619540333748, -0.017652602866292, 0.01955774426460266, 0.017448510974645615, -0.025201793760061264, -0.04223768040537834, 0.06755788624286652, -0.025061767548322678, -0.017113488167524338, -0.07517687231302261, 0.041419487446546555, 0.018527166917920113, -0.046871379017829895, -0.013639681041240692, 0.04261372610926628, -0.03702870011329651, 0.006519842892885208, 0.003485939698293805, 0.003224326530471444, -0.014241507276892662, 0.05466863140463829, -0.01320840884000063, 0.017416395246982574, 0.06467179208993912, -0.004116957541555166, 0.015859313309192657, 0.016666261479258537, 0.06264661997556686, 0.05912938714027405, 0.03144141659140587, -0.019630881026387215, 0.07309477031230927, -0.020502083003520966, -0.053760770708322525, 0.039609573781490326, 0.024277472868561745, -0.00104522577021271, -0.014725416898727417, 0.01716158725321293, 0.09816370904445648, 0.009468112140893936, 0.08691194653511047, -0.016535639762878418, -0.01628110557794571, 0.01041117962449789, 0.005124959629029036, 0.02251609042286873, 0.003384483978152275, 0.03094361163675785, 0.005161153618246317, -0.04381502792239189, -0.035709306597709656, 0.006652147974818945, -0.01681714877486229, 0.009288704954087734, -0.0004243720031809062, -0.0008548753103241324, 0.04445694386959076, 0.011009790934622288, 0.06011071428656578, 0.10162197798490524, -0.05576317384839058, -0.0729350820183754, 0.020419694483280182, 0.013064435683190823, 0.018943939357995987, 0.008585707284510136, 0.026430644094944, 0.028865428641438484, 0.002781443763524294, -0.00014906296564731747, 0.025032011792063713, 0.040951333940029144, 0.0014923448907211423, 0.03153742477297783, -0.026186278089880943, -0.024541128426790237, 0.04705467447638512, 0.012893394567072392, -0.048998769372701645, -0.052475083619356155, -0.04856550693511963, -0.05989022180438042, -0.05790046975016594, -0.010931276716291904, 0.03760619834065437, 0.00019223586423322558, -0.05476649850606918, -0.02829795330762863, -0.02316560596227646, 0.032995086163282394, -0.0019108196720480919, -0.06483151763677597, -0.01197551004588604, 0.05992560833692551, -0.0032782445196062326, -0.007059386465698481, 0.013981937430799007, 0.02098313719034195, -0.033780019730329514, 0.01978689804673195, 0.02909587323665619, 0.040681127458810806, 0.018933281302452087, 0.00465500820428133, -0.0054890927858650684, -0.09551431238651276, 0.01806953363120556, 0.009685802273452282, -0.03377559781074524, -0.08783414214849472, 0.045967984944581985, -0.025447066873311996, -0.006489788647741079, 0.06052181497216225, -0.019669193774461746, 0.009675792418420315, -0.07387324422597885, -0.007415935397148132, -0.007600853219628334, 0.029914718121290207, 0.06071826070547104, -0.02303951233625412, 0.06790806353092194, 0.03675495833158493, 0.016100522130727768, -0.02436026558279991, 0.030675789341330528, -0.03898940980434418, 0.04750131070613861, -0.011312950402498245, -0.018095819279551506, -0.02872297540307045, -0.09538983553647995, -0.027858590707182884, -0.004223892465233803, -0.006858155597001314, -0.04487442597746849, 0.022453006356954575, -0.0112998615950346, -0.007904784753918648, -0.020135385915637016, 0.01259701605886221, -0.03313874453306198, -0.009953541681170464, -0.037980686873197556, -0.05702221766114235, 0.021758288145065308, -0.005608642939478159, 0.033075861632823944, 0.01625865139067173, -0.06253474205732346, -0.010748147033154964, 0.03482847288250923, 0.014753359369933605, 0.03405604511499405, 0.024597199633717537, -0.028361743316054344 ]
5,121
FEAT: Free energy Estimators with Adaptive Transport
[ "Yuanqi Du", "Jiajun He", "Francisco Vargas", "Yuanqing Wang", "Carla Gomes", "José Miguel Hernández-Lobato", "Eric Vanden-Eijnden" ]
We present Free energy Estimators with Adaptive Transport (FEAT), a novel framework for free energy estimation -- a critical challenge across scientific domains. FEAT leverages learned transports implemented via stochastic interpolants and provides consistent, minimum-variance estimators based on escorted Jarzynski equality and controlled Crooks theorem, alongside variational upper and lower bounds on free energy differences. Unifying equilibrium and non-equilibrium methods under a single theoretical framework, FEAT establishes a principled foundation for neural free energy calculations. Experimental validation on toy examples, molecular simulations, and quantum field theory demonstrates promising improvements over existing learning-based methods.
poster
2504.11516
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.03852761909365654, -0.010540395975112915, 0.008567402139306068, 0.04377007856965065, 0.055895864963531494, -0.026859614998102188, 0.042441487312316895, -0.004075529053807259, -0.039944302290678024, -0.05802774801850319, 0.05659828335046768, 0.009732361882925034, -0.05185282602906227, 0.0070728035643696785, 0.020355766639113426, 0.06671939045190811, 0.03715129941701889, -0.01711382158100605, 0.009094796143472195, 0.0025764021556824446, -0.004354274366050959, -0.014740891754627228, 0.025563349947333336, 0.008114435710012913, -0.0030995116103440523, 0.014875754714012146, 0.014246920123696327, -0.006989053450524807, -0.03136419504880905, -0.00199200795032084, 0.0303915124386549, 0.03154997155070305, 0.004440201446413994, -0.020944742485880852, 0.0254758819937706, -0.0015437037218362093, -0.02958831563591957, -0.05156463757157326, 0.0032834429293870926, -0.0021592136472463608, -0.04817787557840347, 0.025637637823820114, -0.027796030044555664, 0.03397667780518532, -0.05708695575594902, 0.0037900530733168125, -0.04946528375148773, 0.04994276911020279, -0.018874455243349075, -0.05187159776687622, -0.05710316076874733, 0.011429835110902786, 0.02416338585317135, -0.026408087462186813, -0.0024557197466492653, 0.03813496604561806, 0.0026728538796305656, -0.02090117149055004, -0.007087872829288244, -0.06975189596414566, -0.0397629551589489, -0.01104547455906868, -0.0025616500061005354, 0.02061903476715088, 0.006133691873401403, -0.0029779316391795874, 0.0375090129673481, 0.043404050171375275, -0.051789332181215286, -0.0023162367288023233, -0.04527677968144417, 0.004737270530313253, 0.004729437176138163, -0.005104353651404381, 0.019243763759732246, -0.03382023423910141, 0.04282551631331444, 0.021220218390226364, 0.07053806632757187, 0.031003186479210854, 0.00754416361451149, -0.0018073273822665215, -0.014200312085449696, 0.03548514470458031, 0.05350244417786598, 0.008649853989481926, -0.08518201857805252, -0.005503159947693348, -0.07179395854473114, 0.059020258486270905, -0.023349955677986145, -0.005391089245676994, 0.016709625720977783, 0.030454732477664948, 0.052976738661527634, -0.036933381110429764, 0.035195570439100266, 0.0021087010391056538, -0.015022502280771732, -0.00025005909265019, -0.018351683393120766, -0.019287774339318275, -0.013890053145587444, 0.00010805400961544365, -0.07956314831972122, -0.0048314896412193775, -0.039402443915605545, -0.03984041512012482, 0.004209691192954779, 0.005065917503088713, -0.012958821840584278, 0.003638538299128413, -0.0052946158684790134, -0.026064863428473473, -0.09664110094308853, 0.03364071995019913, 0.029616687446832657, 0.016729485243558884, 0.014276725240051746, -0.003871227614581585, 0.02098282054066658, 0.07765815407037735, 0.006955652963370085, 0.04933898150920868, -0.001301413751207292, 0.005731918383389711, 0.02911851741373539, 0.03440419211983681, 0.010478177107870579, -0.02443111129105091, 0.00940773542970419, 0.03065001219511032, 0.018593234941363335, -0.010664540342986584, -0.01061344426125288, -0.02592451684176922, -0.006396318320184946, 0.056193869560956955, 0.018492352217435837, 0.015876993536949158, -0.014500818215310574, -0.01910122111439705, 0.06302202492952347, 0.012786087580025196, 0.015092389658093452, -0.03769010305404663, 0.012529581785202026, -0.0157956313341856, -0.034615714102983475, 0.04871551692485809, 0.01286288257688284, -0.0005950579070486128, -0.005744549445807934, -0.01678038202226162, -0.01859026402235031, 0.03972453996539116, 0.016496781259775162, 0.04482797533273697, 0.00946564506739378, -0.0338469035923481, -0.005419489927589893, 0.0185109730809927, 0.0021368039306253195, -0.019977694377303123, 0.009086428210139275, -0.053328074514865875, 0.022474290803074837, 0.05125889182090759, -0.010537328198552132, -0.017486391589045525, -0.005897721275687218, -0.030884426087141037, 0.06684329360723495, -0.0035610159393399954, 0.005990105215460062, -0.01923895627260208, 0.03926602378487587, 0.029780158773064613, 0.032651904970407486, 0.01505485363304615, -0.06497512012720108, 0.0038079784717410803, 0.01813342422246933, 0.004038646817207336, 0.013778847642242908, -0.01700638234615326, 0.08431065827608109, 0.0037012153770774603, 0.00978857185691595, 0.01704694889485836, -0.08161710202693939, -0.030437041074037552, 0.012134330347180367, -0.02887945994734764, 0.06854811310768127, 0.0045563760213553905, -0.005218797829002142, 0.03151257336139679, 0.015123242512345314, 0.01192199531942606, 0.03280165046453476, -0.010850359685719013, 0.036334745585918427, -0.021383890882134438, -0.03956230729818344, -0.022857196629047394, 0.048007525503635406, -0.06872152537107468, -0.040489714592695236, 0.015485813841223717, -0.018396936357021332, -0.0003915689012501389, -0.003963751718401909, -0.02044101245701313, -0.004464081954210997, 0.014192814938724041, -0.0007123204995878041, 0.012700940482318401, 0.008928160183131695, -0.027579253539443016, -0.008679763413965702, 0.013596916571259499, -0.007713031955063343, 0.0005890768370591104, -0.022574899718165398, 0.10994623601436615, 0.0857979878783226, -0.029999803751707077, 0.017071140930056572, 0.0057154810056090355, 0.020380867645144463, -0.04958117753267288, 0.011710705235600471, -0.01377867255359888, -0.0018025023164227605, -0.016467904672026634, 0.00801630038768053, 0.00600289274007082, 0.07675619423389435, -0.05575742572546005, -0.033717747777700424, 0.08066879212856293, -0.008619194850325584, 0.06874742358922958, 0.017081057652831078, 0.02075720950961113, 0.041702039539813995, -0.025652743875980377, -0.03882164508104324, -0.044607121497392654, -0.005301356315612793, 0.006203122902661562, -0.02767389826476574, 0.0026433956809341908, 0.03346498683094978, -0.09001387655735016, -0.03661002591252327, -0.018595339730381966, 0.0898529589176178, 0.047136541455984116, 0.011688785627484322, 0.02697034180164337, 0.010879101231694221, -0.017590060830116272, -0.032115302979946136, -0.11730554699897766, -0.036916203796863556, -0.003643424017354846, 0.03500114753842354, 0.018426494672894478, 0.03761409595608711, -0.005291040986776352, -0.001201750710606575, -0.0094487015157938, -0.04740847647190094, -0.017943745478987694, 0.0242400411516428, 0.0006724245613440871, -0.027375478297472, -0.048710912466049194, 0.02270393818616867, 0.0953853651881218, 0.009323813021183014, -0.01970692351460457, 0.00558072654530406, -0.0472419336438179, -0.06110994145274162, -0.013517160899937153, 0.033102650195360184, -0.0014726566150784492, 0.01668863371014595, -0.009490236639976501, -0.04471578821539879, 0.006594635080546141, -0.0049790190532803535, 0.062344253063201904, 0.03765388950705528, 0.02042260579764843, -0.008431906811892986, -0.00142531911842525, 0.021462582051753998, -0.0200470183044672, -0.04340481013059616, 0.007664072792977095, 0.012142100371420383, -0.030345624312758446, -0.019352519884705544, 0.01409511361271143, -0.258989542722702, 0.013635643757879734, 0.040098562836647034, 0.008362675085663795, 0.04712328687310219, 0.0022996696643531322, 0.041114725172519684, -0.030147502198815346, -0.016683034598827362, 0.006467152386903763, -0.017727285623550415, 0.04112270846962929, -0.021914418786764145, 0.07433094829320908, 0.03980737179517746, 0.018919026479125023, 0.019516872242093086, -0.047342006117105484, 0.003462777705863118, 0.005585711915045977, -0.021461157128214836, -0.06207134574651718, -0.016955355182290077, -0.014451578259468079, 0.007561717182397842, 0.008715193718671799, -0.07712127268314362, -0.0006205389508977532, -0.06445617228746414, 0.00825252290815115, -0.055778685957193375, -0.01867937669157982, -0.01029909960925579, -0.048061616718769073, 0.04536792263388634, -0.0004355042183306068, 0.02535286545753479, -0.012408162467181683, -0.019473828375339508, -0.0030468350742012262, 0.008770108222961426, -0.024448703974485397, -0.03282810375094414, -0.02136223390698433, 0.056861817836761475, 0.010710748843848705, -0.019617987796664238, 0.016330579295754433, -0.01863924227654934, 0.045673489570617676, -0.009907123632729053, -0.023161139339208603, 0.016086885705590248, 0.006144683808088303, -0.013788636773824692, -0.004675969015806913, -0.006982647813856602, -0.0013422571355476975, -0.011931685730814934, 0.029585672542452812, 0.001654784893617034, -0.030684571713209152, 0.00009212618169840425, -0.013831241987645626, -0.0031427727080881596, -0.03305460140109062, -0.06379667669534683, -0.05149770528078079, 0.03792458027601242, 0.014317802153527737, -0.016264107078313828, 0.005875246599316597, -0.04031956195831299, -0.08988744765520096, 0.026629839092493057, 0.0076383198611438274, -0.028326043859124184, -0.0001845313236117363, 0.007762534078210592, 0.022585006430745125, -0.04143161699175835, -0.027011217549443245, -0.013484425842761993, 0.0179334357380867, 0.030529731884598732, -0.05814850330352783, 0.012368137016892433, -0.04935973882675171, -0.05222111567854881, -0.03185171261429787, 0.014032616280019283, -0.012974502518773079, 0.06858574599027634, -0.00624930439516902, 0.025361616164445877, 0.02464674599468708, -0.00004158679803367704, 0.04904218390583992, 0.012241191230714321, -0.009426639415323734, 0.025422004982829094, -0.06440761685371399, -0.005058052483946085, -0.03527316078543663, -0.0411904975771904, -0.0022289033513516188, -0.06661682575941086, -0.037860698997974396, 0.04473363980650902, 0.023482533171772957, -0.006736219860613346, -0.009578851982951164, -0.003075461136177182, 0.0014045051066204906, -0.003878053743392229, 0.008126942440867424, 0.02466193586587906, 0.03449450433254242, 0.019072242081165314, 0.002419069642201066, -0.05134708061814308, 0.059125497937202454, -0.02820592001080513, -0.009182414971292019, -0.01447448879480362, 0.009033583104610443, 0.0405237153172493, -0.019270744174718857, -0.002625228138640523, -0.00014157959958538413, -0.02637127973139286, 0.03467745706439018, 0.017717182636260986, 0.00040703764534555376, 0.037618253380060196, 0.003995533566921949, -0.029933495447039604, -0.022522391751408577, 0.010754261165857315, -0.03600471839308739, 0.012422616593539715, -0.015337676741182804, 0.03626715764403343, -0.01618075743317604, 0.0403323732316494, 0.0570497140288353, 0.029868274927139282, 0.04529106616973877, 0.029430214315652847, -0.013928620144724846, 0.04245379939675331, -0.02776724100112915, -0.031951624900102615, -0.02394382655620575, -0.02147863805294037, -0.004755473230034113, 0.028143031522631645, -0.005770116578787565, 0.054019276052713394, -0.06028414145112038, 0.027257800102233887, 0.013924416154623032, -0.029099883511662483, 0.012080466374754906, 0.0016053804429247975, 0.06320632994174957, -0.045157283544540405, 0.017773786559700966, -0.024933604523539543, -0.010358682833611965, -0.0035420814529061317, -0.018885796889662743, -0.03414250537753105, -0.0077375383116304874, -0.06193298101425171, -0.009667121805250645, 0.012339017353951931, -0.049470771104097366, -0.010254899971187115, 0.01552724838256836, 0.002457316732034087, -0.013783358968794346, -0.010173034854233265, -0.0007214302313514054, 0.060680098831653595, -0.03482487425208092, -0.019180910661816597, -0.009981612674891949, 0.008344304747879505, 0.04152332618832588, 0.02340036630630493, 0.010927337221801281, -0.02782811038196087, -0.03333368897438049, -0.007441552355885506, -0.05131824314594269, -0.011169842444360256, 0.04742448404431343, -0.04135323688387871, 0.01801822893321514, 0.04221056029200554, -0.007474518846720457, -0.024607297033071518, 0.024788450449705124, 0.020069565623998642, -0.054855503141880035, -0.012700499035418034, 0.04483317583799362, 0.010914770886301994, 0.044750768691301346, -0.04354194924235344, -0.042031317949295044, -0.03238715976476669, 0.04205814376473427, 0.020610058680176735, 0.003077100496739149, 0.01651705428957939, 0.024683913215994835, -0.017033584415912628, -0.03452073410153389, 0.02222638763487339, 0.01678883098065853, 0.013743393123149872, -0.04563790559768677, 0.01679372973740101, 0.006149336230009794, -0.025486964732408524, -0.003625174518674612, -0.00009546671208227053, -0.03034931793808937, -0.019071517512202263, -0.05713740736246109, -0.026805372908711433, 0.06090199574828148, 0.013787828385829926, 0.0032960812095552683, -0.020109182223677635, 0.040265582501888275, -0.019067179411649704, -0.006834906991571188, 0.007637159898877144, -0.0030393810011446476, -0.040241554379463196, -0.0005025672726333141, -0.023935561999678612, 0.024998433887958527, 0.008862103335559368, 0.01633092388510704, -0.0062530371360480785, -0.007643737830221653, 0.017054175958037376, -0.037363436073064804, -0.02759638987481594, 0.0193804744631052, 0.0777704268693924, -0.028881212696433067, -0.031742677092552185, -0.0609954334795475, -0.0036129492800682783, 0.022377699613571167, -0.031773652881383896, 0.013966473750770092, -0.05748786777257919, 0.024557335302233696, 0.02229483611881733, 0.007603965699672699, 0.0019328119233250618, -0.07404039055109024, 0.04894263297319412, -0.06399577111005783, 0.009684855118393898, -0.08054958283901215, -0.024065664038062096, 0.04244755581021309, -0.03327334299683571, 0.03318025544285774, 0.012928182259202003, -0.003808292094618082, 0.050640884786844254, -0.06483590602874756, -0.06289017200469971, 0.024314869195222855, -0.0033718880731612444, 0.019313815981149673, 0.03609275445342064, -0.042305655777454376, -0.024219617247581482, -0.024091273546218872, -0.04975153133273125, 0.015944117680191994, 0.025458376854658127, 0.0520031675696373, -0.05219724401831627, -0.0019786639604717493, -0.01165157463401556, 0.004280409775674343, 0.016000980511307716, 0.07864349335432053, 0.008077670820057392, 0.016234328970313072, -0.07352752983570099, 0.098220594227314, 0.06495139747858047, -0.0026839948259294033, 0.015038888901472092, 0.016502948477864265, 0.013987165875732899, -0.028135813772678375, 0.019491853192448616, -0.005778880789875984, 0.005238295532763004, -0.07315396517515182, 0.034376662224531174, -0.001228130073286593, -0.0634971559047699, -0.030034413561224937, 0.049699846655130386, -0.05032645910978317, 0.0010658946121111512, 0.028366394340991974, 0.014206554740667343, 0.014276746660470963, 0.03330894187092781, 0.012751605361700058, 0.05639262869954109, 0.08992888033390045, 0.019273823127150536, -0.012219048105180264, -0.032279182225465775, 0.10924357175827026, 0.0824514627456665, 0.010904649272561073, -0.017054984346032143, 0.056185346096754074, -0.022344179451465607, -0.050081606954336166, 0.00028828647918999195, 0.020021535456180573, -0.026072803884744644, -0.026629535481333733, 0.03313378617167473, 0.09070830792188644, 0.013816530816257, 0.0598878487944603, -0.043861765414476395, 0.0034455410204827785, 0.02496171183884144, -0.017780713737010956, -0.0001904150121845305, 0.02511942945420742, 0.045179128646850586, 0.008901389315724373, -0.011944156140089035, -0.05295368656516075, -0.013052936643362045, -0.007869921624660492, 0.04512248560786247, -0.007030306849628687, -0.03325441852211952, -0.0026010791771113873, 0.022471675649285316, 0.02725565992295742, 0.11497453600168228, -0.003099317429587245, -0.03691714629530907, -0.017631791532039642, 0.036048416048288345, -0.030973363667726517, 0.04868113622069359, 0.005544064566493034, 0.02115766331553459, -0.011726949363946915, -0.0444815568625927, 0.018616115674376488, 0.042907074093818665, 0.023934029042720795, 0.045393068343400955, -0.03768504783511162, 0.008003775030374527, 0.005502781830728054, 0.03844481334090233, -0.030682425945997238, -0.07174105197191238, -0.02627100609242916, -0.032126035541296005, -0.040500424802303314, -0.07131362706422806, 0.04148208349943161, -0.01809394173324108, -0.03661710023880005, 0.03223396837711334, -0.06234024465084076, 0.031062442809343338, 0.035617899149656296, -0.037691839039325714, -0.04163447767496109, 0.07555867731571198, 0.018750684335827827, 0.0041340976022183895, 0.02876310981810093, 0.0555461160838604, -0.0005398347857408226, 0.007011959329247475, 0.0532771535217762, 0.0249826367944479, 0.061481405049562454, -0.035022057592868805, 0.022169800475239754, -0.09366171807050705, 0.031123008579015732, 0.05028983950614929, -0.0515265129506588, -0.09591619670391083, 0.02734909951686859, -0.0332256481051445, -0.0007627296727150679, 0.051332827657461166, 0.003052828134968877, 0.004260371904820204, -0.01148461364209652, -0.014090551063418388, 0.009459827095270157, 0.01055300422012806, 0.06628255546092987, -0.04228217899799347, 0.06507905572652817, 0.03334346413612366, -0.030926313251256943, -0.05990488454699516, -0.00864845234900713, 0.02141796611249447, 0.006101757287979126, -0.050722893327474594, -0.00462929205968976, -0.05705832690000534, -0.10365504771471024, -0.023167768493294716, 0.03565005585551262, -0.012507797218859196, -0.004592244513332844, 0.014838622882962227, 0.019384324550628662, 0.006850734818726778, -0.03254304453730583, -0.03762766346335411, -0.05062315985560417, -0.020198853686451912, -0.04063369333744049, -0.059741418808698654, 0.03511617332696915, -0.014426106587052345, 0.008783748373389244, -0.03171680122613907, -0.04375496134161949, 0.015514412894845009, -0.03316115587949753, -0.0029638446867465973, 0.01766943372786045, 0.015716571360826492, -0.00039688419201411307 ]
5,122
seq-JEPA: Autoregressive Predictive Learning of Invariant-Equivariant World Models
[ "Hafez Ghaemi", "Eilif B. Muller", "Shahab Bakhtiari" ]
Current self-supervised algorithms commonly rely on transformations such as data augmentation and masking to learn visual representations. This is achieved by enforcing invariance or equivariance with respect to these transformations after encoding two views of an image. This dominant two-view paradigm often limits the flexibility of learned representations for downstream adaptation by creating performance trade-offs between high-level invariance-demanding tasks such as image classification and more fine-grained equivariance-related tasks. In this work, we proposes \emph{seq-JEPA}, a world modeling framework that introduces architectural inductive biases into joint-embedding predictive architectures to resolve this trade-off. Without relying on dual equivariance predictors or loss terms, seq-JEPA simultaneously learns two architecturally segregated representations: one equivariant to specified transformations and another invariant to them. To do so, our model processes short sequences of different views (observations) of inputs. Each encoded view is concatenated with an embedding of the relative transformation (action) that produces the next observation in the sequence. These view-action pairs are passed through a transformer encoder that outputs an aggregate representation. A predictor head then conditions this aggregate representation on the upcoming action to predict the representation of the next observation. Empirically, seq-JEPA demonstrates strong performance on both equivariant and invariant benchmarks without sacrificing one for the other. Furthermore, it excels at tasks that inherently require aggregating a sequence of observations, such as path integration across actions and predictive learning across eye movements.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.03194764256477356, 0.008071417920291424, -0.022910242900252342, 0.00219659018330276, -0.0030604929197579622, 0.05703456327319145, 0.06069907918572426, 0.006565661635249853, -0.03294545039534569, -0.027103547006845474, -0.01566973514854908, -0.03350222110748291, -0.08201216906309128, -0.02141883224248886, -0.01182728260755539, 0.02628433145582676, 0.03087996505200863, 0.010324433445930481, -0.015717534348368645, 0.06364970654249191, -0.017786120995879173, -0.014153510332107544, 0.033889833837747574, -0.004439904820173979, 0.023522401228547096, -0.007814593613147736, 0.03203408792614937, -0.025060461834073067, -0.04133647307753563, -0.048974841833114624, 0.030426520854234695, -0.023956896737217903, 0.007537588477134705, -0.02436532825231552, 0.010463732294738293, 0.0015404548030346632, -0.03208809345960617, 0.006572625134140253, 0.010138096287846565, -0.0004883171059191227, -0.026541125029325485, -0.0401056706905365, -0.032872576266527176, -0.024761026725172997, -0.06642191857099533, -0.00025436613941565156, -0.08795920759439468, 0.01877230778336525, 0.0018431810894981027, -0.0443643219769001, -0.07173498719930649, 0.015397273935377598, 0.023607278242707253, -0.02722768299281597, 0.016417475417256355, 0.029609588906168938, 0.020166248083114624, -0.08916479349136353, -0.03036373108625412, -0.05187837406992912, -0.016892466694116592, -0.0028990914579480886, 0.0482432059943676, 0.010110336355865002, -0.017235618084669113, 0.00011801091022789478, 0.03004481829702854, 0.07623473554849625, -0.04817596822977066, -0.0450899675488472, -0.01693958044052124, -0.0022923413198441267, -0.011389030143618584, 0.02549688145518303, -0.002601369982585311, -0.060332827270030975, 0.005746688228100538, -0.005580399185419083, 0.0678447037935257, -0.00909963808953762, 0.04140492528676987, 0.04343452304601669, 0.01687927357852459, 0.03522760421037674, 0.023965969681739807, 0.02496272511780262, -0.021096419543027878, -0.05177977308630943, -0.08294465392827988, 0.010932983830571175, -0.040928054600954056, -0.03546978160738945, -0.011556860990822315, 0.03100336715579033, -0.017562447115778923, -0.0035166789311915636, 0.04096067696809769, 0.017974162474274635, 0.03210752457380295, 0.008774729445576668, -0.024987656623125076, -0.024257468059659004, 0.021690694615244865, -0.040339697152376175, -0.10299010574817657, -0.020781129598617554, 0.0036654160358011723, -0.008080381900072098, 0.0028504037763923407, 0.006393149495124817, -0.04906393215060234, 0.007529908325523138, 0.026874365285038948, -0.006884960923343897, -0.05033697187900543, 0.03960784152150154, -0.009474272839725018, 0.002483493648469448, -0.01917916350066662, -0.0021586173679679632, 0.04657447710633278, 0.031735945492982864, 0.00023531474289484322, 0.07346441596746445, -0.030673455446958542, 0.03040049597620964, 0.0005483559216372669, -0.00014020383241586387, -0.040465131402015686, -0.049510400742292404, 0.027736930176615715, 0.03108302131295204, 0.007896030321717262, 0.0222625769674778, -0.015414435416460037, -0.008371978998184204, 0.0036446626763790846, 0.004033112432807684, 0.04232272133231163, -0.0012107058428227901, -0.01535719633102417, -0.023830173537135124, 0.0569654144346714, -0.020346183329820633, 0.09100017696619034, -0.016734257340431213, -0.029342999681830406, -0.002788520883768797, -0.06385024636983871, 0.03302442654967308, 0.02362086810171604, 0.006684534251689911, 0.006074674427509308, -0.09408348053693771, 0.006805223412811756, 0.04701538011431694, 0.016003649681806564, 0.032907530665397644, 0.01928028091788292, -0.011093215085566044, 0.023968417197465897, -0.006357437465339899, -0.03156756982207298, -0.0010547740384936333, -0.027102146297693253, -0.033681340515613556, 0.06284142285585403, 0.010840137489140034, -0.02256299927830696, -0.026284880936145782, -0.01909485273063183, -0.04166913777589798, 0.035054005682468414, 0.02092057280242443, -0.01454909611493349, -0.008633561432361603, 0.050726987421512604, 0.01434903871268034, 0.05294233188033104, 0.03166382759809494, -0.07900909334421158, 0.011233855038881302, 0.02816583216190338, -0.037232618778944016, 0.044028110802173615, -0.033165451139211655, 0.04063965752720833, -0.02043447270989418, -0.000690384185872972, 0.026010507717728615, -0.04663984104990959, 0.0024757436476647854, 0.017439372837543488, -0.02839655801653862, 0.04412089288234711, -0.003565548686310649, -0.03349525108933449, 0.035706546157598495, -0.0004370520473457873, 0.04576893523335457, 0.00144234299659729, -0.0663313940167427, 0.04969657585024834, 0.009763577952980995, -0.030816012993454933, -0.012025845237076283, 0.03080928511917591, -0.016489854082465172, -0.049831923097372055, -0.020289739593863487, -0.026600388810038567, 0.01943320222198963, -0.01243577990680933, 0.026592543348670006, 0.0012408028123900294, 0.035373274236917496, -0.0031655144412070513, 0.015727538615465164, -0.0011118084657937288, -0.05140529200434685, 0.014130248688161373, 0.010135844349861145, -0.048134610056877136, -0.008650639094412327, -0.03391297534108162, 0.09458941221237183, 0.060054607689380646, -0.038332484662532806, 0.004841621965169907, 0.009544952772557735, 0.03173099458217621, 0.016534473747015, -0.008230498991906643, -0.028091272339224815, 0.025438541546463966, -0.010546810925006866, 0.034486688673496246, -0.02836972288787365, 0.05486034229397774, -0.03888177126646042, 0.009488578885793686, 0.06514293700456619, -0.04836579039692879, 0.028642045333981514, 0.012692170217633247, 0.0031274217180907726, 0.06644903868436813, -0.000954964489210397, -0.07182803004980087, -0.012848795391619205, -0.024966541677713394, 0.015194769017398357, 0.014056242071092129, -0.023675478994846344, 0.0014390739379450679, -0.03997698053717613, -0.017326347529888153, -0.03955221176147461, 0.06253515183925629, 0.052362751215696335, 0.03809094429016113, 0.04199023172259331, -0.00502871535718441, -0.01847943291068077, -0.0025192212779074907, -0.09733361750841141, -0.0419355146586895, -0.009426292963325977, 0.035434428602457047, 0.03313601016998291, 0.04892729967832565, -0.002120044780895114, 0.015089132823050022, -0.02341124601662159, -0.022995952516794205, 0.01296251080930233, 0.03919299691915512, 0.0068715959787368774, -0.013533837161958218, -0.0054877265356481075, 0.013070685788989067, 0.06614995002746582, 0.005418981891125441, -0.014355511404573917, 0.008761977776885033, -0.08224990963935852, -0.009438392706215382, -0.033683907240629196, -0.01979350484907627, 0.007979177869856358, 0.050895847380161285, 0.032730184495449066, -0.031375303864479065, 0.0022542353253811598, 0.03107391856610775, 0.06677787750959396, 0.04396097734570503, -0.02468591369688511, -0.024046149104833603, -0.009336261078715324, -0.01882392354309559, 0.03469599783420563, 0.04176462069153786, 0.0013086857507005334, 0.005804837215691805, -0.014295465312898159, 0.008067465387284756, -0.003092032391577959, -0.24795860052108765, -0.031885553151369095, 0.02391657419502735, -0.004535522311925888, 0.04962689056992531, 0.003584152553230524, 0.06500609964132309, -0.03165239095687866, -0.02186279557645321, 0.03257026523351669, 0.021312182769179344, 0.014892665669322014, 0.0057168565690517426, 0.05979938060045242, 0.032953012734651566, 0.010134336538612843, -0.013663693331182003, -0.022586075589060783, 0.024512721225619316, 0.03829691931605339, -0.01648154854774475, -0.07154544442892075, -0.042522430419921875, 0.043698396533727646, -0.022961201146245003, 0.043144289404153824, -0.08108566701412201, -0.006945670582354069, -0.0370132252573967, 0.016440102830529213, -0.0063436017371714115, 0.01075579971075058, -0.017759965732693672, 0.03103051707148552, 0.0023908063303679228, 0.011241878382861614, 0.018179601058363914, -0.008497683331370354, 0.02055949717760086, 0.01680539920926094, -0.024155668914318085, -0.027297405526041985, -0.028738360852003098, 0.025212252512574196, 0.05014151334762573, -0.0025002355687320232, -0.021451637148857117, -0.009385505691170692, -0.010567869991064072, 0.017474500462412834, -0.02303398586809635, -0.012721167877316475, 0.020036134868860245, 0.015782440081238747, -0.0010448539396747947, -0.03594381734728813, -0.002138029085472226, -0.010577630251646042, -0.017902961000800133, 0.0042506069876253605, 0.015006180852651596, -0.07482453435659409, -0.019681069999933243, -0.045783549547195435, -0.0018787696026265621, -0.04048215225338936, -0.03447336703538895, -0.08271509408950806, 0.051261190325021744, 0.031241947785019875, -0.022966252639889717, -0.007542397361248732, -0.043032288551330566, -0.10146676748991013, 0.046595800668001175, 0.004684753715991974, 0.017849300056695938, -0.010088501498103142, -0.00025654578348621726, 0.04522709175944328, 0.011716739274561405, -0.04475133493542671, 0.012669887393712997, 0.028128447011113167, 0.03239225596189499, -0.042900387197732925, 0.025695940479636192, -0.0663607269525528, 0.0016960786888375878, -0.005488075315952301, 0.04647419601678848, -0.02855309471487999, 0.041742920875549316, 0.003361028153449297, 0.04215608537197113, 0.04830799624323845, 0.036287665367126465, 0.04847487807273865, 0.051437199115753174, -0.0008245785720646381, 0.01056732703000307, -0.10583203285932541, -0.01656772382557392, -0.033994290977716446, -0.016370972618460655, 0.02654131129384041, -0.04760235548019409, -0.025839634239673615, 0.055862851440906525, 0.04977085813879967, -0.01574411429464817, -0.007390106096863747, 0.03294016420841217, 0.010554598644375801, -0.004195396788418293, -0.030120287090539932, 0.03368357941508293, 0.011060481891036034, 0.03758888319134712, -0.016063591465353966, -0.00349816563539207, 0.017070934176445007, -0.04635467380285263, 0.012426184490323067, -0.00035679416032508016, -0.026956992223858833, -0.0008103964501060545, -0.022519975900650024, -0.016137059777975082, 0.026807811111211777, 0.04331475868821144, 0.020480036735534668, -0.007211362477391958, 0.03883878141641617, 0.08198924362659454, -0.01775706559419632, 0.0008870150777511299, -0.013676307164132595, 0.04339764639735222, -0.021330658346414566, 0.028614163398742676, -0.021848058328032494, 0.04500948265194893, 0.05268026143312454, 0.028395667672157288, 0.021336190402507782, 0.03221670165657997, 0.007682529278099537, -0.025584397837519646, -0.05119751766324043, 0.06321654468774796, -0.031312424689531326, -0.04782679304480553, 0.002535529900342226, -0.0003577845636755228, -0.024842839688062668, -0.005451072007417679, -0.02621515467762947, -0.0066402629017829895, -0.06557135283946991, 0.07700774073600769, 0.019541924819350243, -0.006196280010044575, -0.005832580849528313, 0.03420964255928993, 0.048131514340639114, -0.01852037012577057, -0.007536814548075199, -0.004317806102335453, 0.020466523244976997, 0.008692004717886448, -0.026054121553897858, -0.00741110322996974, -0.007720795925706625, -0.03405427560210228, 0.018110135570168495, -0.02273504063487053, -0.010742079466581345, -0.017756076529622078, 0.03334891423583031, 0.013630242086946964, -0.02030886337161064, 0.010573062114417553, 0.03580157086253166, 0.06245669722557068, 0.005208243150264025, -0.0050901565700769424, -0.019337760284543037, -0.023371513932943344, 0.0008244314813055098, 0.023777296766638756, 0.0049629514105618, -0.03447527810931206, -0.03761390224099159, -0.022426310926675797, -0.05667015537619591, -0.013658995740115643, 0.0035544349811971188, -0.011845295317471027, -0.025043001398444176, -0.021006660535931587, 0.02398446947336197, -0.03519703447818756, -0.04036232829093933, 0.03665050491690636, -0.060879144817590714, -0.048782315105199814, 0.013445446267724037, -0.03382401168346405, 0.003228528192266822, -0.026746097952127457, -0.03270258009433746, -0.048301685601472855, -0.049928221851587296, -0.027001868933439255, -0.014340206049382687, -0.003718367777764797, -0.027147606015205383, -0.032444726675748825, -0.028775174170732498, 0.06427609175443649, 0.0024524976033717394, -0.013897260650992393, 0.0010997711215168238, 0.022841274738311768, 0.0510178804397583, -0.03435778617858887, 0.015086761675775051, 0.031338635832071304, 0.0009669240098446608, 0.0009313303744420409, -0.02767028659582138, 0.01805288717150688, 0.05937023460865021, -0.016992274671792984, -0.019324949011206627, -0.02950361557304859, 0.03742429241538048, 0.04191141575574875, -0.016671182587742805, 0.03142059966921806, -0.01895224303007126, -0.047749027609825134, 0.03381498530507088, 0.023699304088950157, 0.032274942845106125, -0.0046655661426484585, 0.002938346704468131, 0.04422522336244583, 0.016686994582414627, 0.032832637429237366, -0.000623897707555443, -0.05487281456589699, -0.02661527879536152, 0.05071868747472763, -0.02819657325744629, -0.01207526121288538, -0.07476148754358292, -0.03270336240530014, 0.03075174242258072, 0.004331102129071951, 0.03009491041302681, -0.02966468781232834, 0.03934834524989128, 0.05088141933083534, 0.042519837617874146, -0.006748738698661327, -0.016304144635796547, 0.04657581076025963, -0.03258247673511505, -0.0041679926216602325, -0.04948221519589424, -0.0278475321829319, 0.06954539567232132, -0.027765285223722458, -0.0034756415989249945, -0.04100470617413521, -0.059771470725536346, 0.057333722710609436, -0.010956830345094204, -0.04117646440863609, 0.002523742849007249, -0.041290685534477234, -0.013801897875964642, 0.023700835183262825, -0.04290624335408211, 0.0229182206094265, -0.011219343170523643, -0.040162332355976105, 0.0021104521583765745, -0.03255251795053482, 0.04065655171871185, -0.0208217091858387, 0.018567925319075584, -0.02836107648909092, 0.027731047943234444, 0.03736336901783943, 0.0627879947423935, -0.0003873533569276333, 0.020050188526511192, -0.028277410194277763, 0.07572046667337418, 0.024472195655107498, 0.019660964608192444, 0.008216177113354206, 0.022868797183036804, -0.03081263229250908, -0.03664645180106163, 0.028605740517377853, 0.03389239311218262, -0.03285136818885803, -0.06317690759897232, 0.06722495704889297, 0.02678888849914074, -0.06385866552591324, 0.01736658811569214, 0.030622389167547226, -0.05382423475384712, -0.03456320986151695, -0.013976549729704857, 0.009266449138522148, -0.043158527463674545, 0.05168026685714722, 0.020138859748840332, 0.0729658305644989, 0.03615213558077812, 0.060598939657211304, 0.0036836175713688135, -0.007654065731912851, 0.08677826076745987, 0.05139821395277977, 0.028722524642944336, -0.01737123541533947, 0.09299249202013016, -0.04467692971229553, -0.03450971841812134, 0.07191231101751328, 0.016289765015244484, -0.012941368855535984, -0.07484903186559677, 0.0455530621111393, 0.07677989453077316, 0.015117727220058441, 0.060684338212013245, -0.03839385136961937, -0.04461418464779854, 0.04273426905274391, 0.0008605312323197722, 0.01918637752532959, 0.04219541326165199, 0.04622502997517586, 0.03534366190433502, -0.01775847189128399, -0.013554330915212631, -0.029510807245969772, -0.018382515758275986, 0.04362151026725769, 0.0028469753451645374, -0.024080442264676094, 0.05224393680691719, -0.009627795778214931, 0.009334580972790718, 0.07418140769004822, 0.007114621344953775, -0.03589104115962982, -0.009388523176312447, -0.005544049199670553, 0.027395807206630707, 0.06500577181577682, -0.029632294550538063, -0.05648844316601753, 0.024415839463472366, -0.059694234281778336, 0.057433005422353745, 0.04001590609550476, -0.002846871269866824, 0.00908067636191845, -0.044810548424720764, -0.021611949428915977, -0.0028541123028844595, 0.04851333051919937, -0.0344461090862751, -0.03906341642141342, -0.03583570569753647, -0.045124366879463196, -0.032926399260759354, -0.039889462292194366, 0.008078640326857567, -0.005133981350809336, -0.030647652223706245, -0.06201425567269325, -0.03423837572336197, 0.04259984940290451, 0.017912086099386215, -0.06619849056005478, -0.010862945578992367, 0.03399015590548515, 0.00373724359087646, 0.0057169850915670395, 0.03710126876831055, 0.03342320770025253, -0.0030609495006501675, -0.025214960798621178, 0.0161907821893692, 0.03640282526612282, 0.02052401565015316, -0.027843311429023743, -0.01665951870381832, -0.09351256489753723, 0.029573649168014526, 0.012238431721925735, -0.05096376687288284, -0.08378569781780243, 0.03334648534655571, -0.026469483971595764, 0.0406770184636116, 0.06268259882926941, -0.017313441261649132, 0.017803173512220383, -0.02489817701280117, 0.0015944635961204767, -0.007167955860495567, 0.006040279287844896, 0.04177625849843025, -0.019973311573266983, 0.08248570561408997, 0.032605186104774475, -0.012857451103627682, -0.022877361625432968, 0.02766949124634266, 0.016573980450630188, -0.02873438224196434, 0.008372143842279911, -0.045251306146383286, -0.04875748232007027, -0.08286294341087341, -0.022478479892015457, 0.0242531206458807, 0.008127488195896149, -0.03937393054366112, -0.03771410509943962, 0.005242471117526293, -0.012431273236870766, -0.030498109757900238, 0.004875355865806341, -0.021856093779206276, -0.02581806667149067, -0.033731989562511444, -0.040603652596473694, 0.0182665828615427, -0.03401688113808632, 0.03789655119180679, -0.051336031407117844, -0.006923183798789978, -0.009411383420228958, -0.03173451125621796, 0.0019403020851314068, 0.013184580020606518, 0.019836032763123512, -0.022750282660126686 ]
5,123
Finite-Time Bounds for Average-Reward Fitted Q-Iteration
[ "Jongmin Lee", "Ernest Ryu" ]
Although there is an extensive body of work characterizing the sample complexity of discounted-return offline RL with function approximations, prior work on the average-reward setting has received significantly less attention, and existing approaches rely on restrictive assumptions, such as ergodicity or linearity of the MDP. In this work, we establish the first sample complexity results for average-reward offline RL with function approximation for weakly communicating MDPs, a much milder assumption. To this end, we introduce Anchored Fitted Q-Iteration, which combines the standard Fitted Q-Iteration with an anchor mechanism. We show that the anchor, which can be interpreted as a form of weight decay, is crucial for enabling finite-time analysis in the average-reward setting. We also extend our finite-time analysis to the setup where the dataset is generated from a single-trajectory rather than IID transitions, again leveraging the anchor mechanism.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.060857802629470825, -0.03619706258177757, -0.01908077858388424, 0.04523243010044098, 0.03727230802178383, 0.022895710542798042, 0.023382578045129776, -0.016780881211161613, -0.02497464418411255, -0.027243593707680702, -0.007911356166005135, 0.004704614635556936, -0.08562201261520386, -0.05311449244618416, 0.034186821430921555, 0.08885952830314636, 0.03347695246338844, -0.026459231972694397, -0.009878909215331078, -0.013458214700222015, -0.023742888122797012, 0.04975225403904915, 0.030557604506611824, 0.019631363451480865, 0.04510944336652756, -0.0027872568462044, 0.011900588870048523, -0.012092133052647114, -0.0362442247569561, -0.01206126343458891, 0.021338412538170815, -0.0036866299342364073, 0.015417187474668026, -0.028971560299396515, -0.004602549597620964, 0.0016708759358152747, -0.016805049031972885, -0.00025756724062375724, 0.01304643414914608, -0.02335919253528118, -0.029843389987945557, 0.008131188340485096, -0.015872560441493988, 0.020777840167284012, -0.01630706712603569, 0.004797505214810371, -0.05971677973866463, -0.0038530356250703335, 0.0285953376442194, -0.032270584255456924, -0.08140313625335693, 0.042548052966594696, 0.03493967652320862, 0.012518107891082764, -0.009870097041130066, 0.035919416695833206, 0.021475544199347496, -0.07962650805711746, 0.004830376245081425, -0.05653570219874382, -0.0052747963927686214, -0.0028388563077896833, 0.03528246283531189, 0.01210713479667902, -0.019568592309951782, 0.043818648904561996, 0.05032578855752945, 0.04016605764627457, -0.03308640047907829, -0.016667591407895088, -0.03715957701206207, -0.011084243655204773, 0.012337270192801952, -0.008079703897237778, -0.023840829730033875, -0.056038692593574524, 0.020560411736369133, 0.04529701545834541, 0.03368356451392174, 0.01139763556420803, 0.01889515295624733, 0.036452002823352814, 0.0041939266957342625, 0.044927965849637985, 0.0010947344126179814, -0.00492880679666996, -0.01633346825838089, -0.042776335030794144, -0.07452020049095154, 0.05566079914569855, -0.030777759850025177, -0.04910104349255562, 0.012980394065380096, 0.023652832955121994, -0.014860646799206734, -0.014986579306423664, -0.002188007580116391, 0.032987792044878006, 0.022971242666244507, -0.004370768554508686, -0.01480756513774395, -0.03475175425410271, 0.01942840777337551, -0.04769255220890045, -0.08850462734699249, 0.020825959742069244, -0.019471516832709312, -0.015824392437934875, -0.0018966709030792117, 0.03336343169212341, -0.040554508566856384, 0.01778148114681244, -0.012209923937916756, -0.038881998509168625, -0.10357294231653214, 0.01716126687824726, -0.007707440294325352, 0.05557842180132866, -0.027240505442023277, -0.016174929216504097, 0.03643146902322769, 0.011370333842933178, -0.01404065266251564, 0.05272679030895233, -0.006524623371660709, 0.026982774958014488, 0.05154333636164665, 0.032719686627388, -0.003963376861065626, -0.0483497716486454, 0.026811745017766953, 0.018438709899783134, -0.027408750727772713, -0.0016643843846395612, -0.028579195961356163, -0.02504955604672432, -0.00405224459245801, 0.020839745178818703, 0.017232419922947884, 0.013293416239321232, -0.0032176768872886896, -0.007577312178909779, 0.07998958975076675, 0.004145759157836437, 0.04499137029051781, -0.028969010338187218, 0.016305742785334587, -0.035896483808755875, -0.04696936532855034, -0.005192379932850599, -0.00038564810529351234, -0.006689346861094236, -0.00984368845820427, -0.059624575078487396, 0.01209789328277111, 0.04827645793557167, 0.028771966695785522, 0.019633986055850983, 0.00208448083139956, 0.011016116477549076, 0.009255845099687576, -0.006121303886175156, -0.017958177253603935, -0.021812541410326958, 0.020296961069107056, -0.05426545813679695, 0.059547945857048035, 0.012354413978755474, -0.011833684518933296, -0.033360280096530914, -0.03541698306798935, -0.0036476789973676205, 0.05361315980553627, 0.007269029039889574, -0.01488481368869543, -0.010521394200623035, 0.06416303664445877, 0.02042512223124504, 0.03831665962934494, 0.023868901655077934, -0.08345334976911545, 0.03207942098379135, 0.02755766548216343, 0.021036654710769653, -0.002296510385349393, -0.036603063344955444, 0.06273120641708374, -0.024697665125131607, 0.0151830380782485, 0.019065186381340027, -0.053708575665950775, -0.009179956279695034, 0.013880531303584576, -0.032979417592287064, 0.05449577048420906, -0.004192309454083443, -0.030685905367136, 0.018277784809470177, 0.019864091649651527, 0.03462161496281624, 0.045195695012807846, -0.04991494119167328, 0.034138817340135574, -0.009922708384692669, -0.036704402416944504, 0.018897539004683495, 0.06922773271799088, -0.05740281194448471, -0.03508486598730087, 0.030885571613907814, -0.03064761310815811, 0.04553947225213051, -0.017815984785556793, -0.009328654035925865, 0.030034547671675682, 0.0042616999708116055, 0.00041660512215457857, -0.012996595352888107, 0.05959165841341019, -0.06580500304698944, 0.013728777877986431, 0.022447120398283005, -0.03339764475822449, 0.01831509917974472, -0.024362830445170403, 0.08909070491790771, 0.07571905106306076, -0.04165659099817276, -0.004517269320785999, 0.041640039533376694, -0.013726520352065563, -0.025707727298140526, -0.00016293804219458252, -0.04164769500494003, 0.034743908792734146, 0.02085559256374836, -0.03782958537340164, -0.023275544866919518, 0.0766582041978836, -0.01103214267641306, 0.007561346981674433, 0.07027048617601395, -0.003796627512201667, 0.061863843351602554, 0.01443905383348465, -0.022473476827144623, 0.001275291433557868, 0.01656981371343136, -0.04149478301405907, -0.009374222718179226, -0.06449335068464279, -0.01906009018421173, 0.04025480896234512, -0.013452737592160702, 0.010033555328845978, -0.059284985065460205, 0.016648508608341217, -0.010098952800035477, 0.05921534076333046, 0.06341630220413208, 0.04995381087064743, 0.0522548109292984, 0.020916467532515526, -0.0300510972738266, -0.030003974214196205, -0.11550695449113846, -0.06750403344631195, 0.02893959730863571, 0.05943237617611885, 0.03476175665855408, 0.011562078259885311, -0.024376029148697853, 0.019809432327747345, -0.028099864721298218, -0.03760473057627678, 0.0003867166524287313, 0.03538496047258377, 0.001572884968481958, -0.04576188698410988, 0.008322097361087799, 0.021176250651478767, 0.08864647150039673, -0.00531383091583848, -0.029387157410383224, 0.00812807958573103, -0.04706709459424019, -0.013835442252457142, -0.04020339623093605, 0.008788857609033585, 0.021589817479252815, -0.009906860999763012, 0.025705454871058464, -0.06452228873968124, 0.03370022773742676, 0.04279060289263725, 0.036457594484090805, 0.026193279772996902, 0.03551064431667328, -0.005063700955361128, -0.008500943891704082, 0.006329227704554796, -0.012320511043071747, -0.016444344073534012, 0.004355171229690313, 0.024507692083716393, -0.03723630681633949, 0.003714596852660179, 0.023629087954759598, -0.2781852185726166, -0.018129808828234673, -0.015196419321000576, 0.023092931136488914, 0.03113921917974949, -0.0029130324255675077, 0.03799380734562874, -0.021834934130311012, -0.029367120936512947, 0.003207945264875889, 0.01581818424165249, -0.02684089168906212, -0.023523710668087006, 0.07364648580551147, 0.03208448737859726, 0.04705801233649254, 0.012398190796375275, -0.007863739505410194, -0.012363588437438011, 0.023783233016729355, -0.0021638914477080107, -0.11153141409158707, -0.013558254577219486, 0.007748615927994251, 0.009281029924750328, 0.05779511108994484, -0.03999755531549454, -0.02450716681778431, -0.04875078797340393, -0.00024704309180378914, -0.03607231751084328, -0.015736809000372887, -0.019681978970766068, 0.030423203483223915, 0.015406493097543716, -0.003257517237216234, -0.006355982273817062, -0.004609576426446438, 0.013175483793020248, 0.019838500767946243, -0.009893401525914669, 0.016935883089900017, -0.0020673468243330717, 0.013225550763309002, 0.045085176825523376, 0.03510769456624985, -0.02136768214404583, -0.0035741266328841448, 0.0012864309828728437, 0.04141082987189293, 0.010110639035701752, -0.035802874714136124, 0.004019624087959528, -0.0007246145396493375, 0.021494433283805847, -0.04767070338129997, -0.03804721683263779, -0.023634694516658783, -0.0076354616321623325, 0.08776518702507019, 0.024501478299498558, -0.032978516072034836, -0.01637101173400879, -0.013687492348253727, -0.017935866490006447, -0.024955209344625473, -0.053487155586481094, -0.04694284871220589, 0.033278752118349075, 0.05941290780901909, -0.013090258464217186, -0.00782522652298212, -0.0033138736616820097, -0.07862268388271332, -0.0027458202093839645, 0.00587483262643218, 0.02086847648024559, 0.008587169460952282, 0.035404324531555176, 0.05144026130437851, -0.03725694119930267, -0.04475727677345276, -0.019112346693873405, 0.002851425902917981, 0.02411239594221115, -0.03914294391870499, 0.013338254764676094, -0.03960207849740982, -0.02240145020186901, -0.025202758610248566, 0.022681543603539467, 0.030544212087988853, 0.023955542594194412, -0.026525573804974556, 0.0519520603120327, 0.03932391107082367, 0.028306199237704277, 0.0090628145262599, 0.00866773258894682, 0.011243323795497417, 0.009410803206264973, -0.06260717660188675, -0.011393032036721706, -0.05488991737365723, -0.033874817192554474, 0.01212361454963684, -0.0753723680973053, -0.025289107114076614, 0.018231550231575966, 0.01924494281411171, 0.019897228106856346, -0.03529686853289604, -0.013652775436639786, -0.024020487442612648, -0.024614181369543076, -0.027569010853767395, -0.008126724511384964, 0.05852549523115158, 0.004344281740486622, -0.01844978518784046, -0.053361959755420685, 0.05307872220873833, -0.01644323579967022, -0.0014920858666300774, -0.023497281596064568, 0.021511608734726906, 0.02325563132762909, -0.01472084503620863, 0.015480407513678074, -0.017190583050251007, 0.05160322040319443, 0.04751720279455185, 0.011642769910395145, 0.0014213367830961943, 0.03567696362733841, -0.00672214524820447, -0.024371476843953133, -0.0020664215553551912, 0.04291057586669922, -0.029229283332824707, 0.030732281506061554, 0.005581163335591555, 0.03070336952805519, 0.02721359021961689, -0.008557123132050037, 0.02116648480296135, 0.01330968551337719, -0.013619508594274521, 0.031437866389751434, -0.022316651418805122, 0.009417296387255192, -0.060572654008865356, 0.008315357379615307, -0.039789628237485886, 0.016043150797486305, -0.015339202247560024, 0.02593056857585907, -0.021919379010796547, 0.007579360622912645, -0.06778059154748917, 0.020477650687098503, 0.010655706748366356, -0.04824787378311157, 0.004309618845582008, 0.034010905772447586, 0.06697514653205872, -0.04919404163956642, 0.00619931286200881, 0.017373042181134224, 0.012974828481674194, -0.009993788786232471, -0.0635296031832695, -0.02622637152671814, -0.03640301898121834, -0.03458212688565254, -0.028647704049944878, 0.006266992539167404, -0.025173118337988853, -0.0691676139831543, -0.007219288963824511, 0.0096259955316782, -0.040328171104192734, -0.0017838120693340898, -0.0009646744001656771, 0.08319379389286041, -0.034739043563604355, 0.01544995792210102, 0.002997463336214423, -0.04199598729610443, 0.012234739027917385, 0.0025599519722163677, 0.02663571946322918, -0.005909996572881937, -0.03716237470507622, -0.023547053337097168, -0.03236432373523712, 0.008061803877353668, 0.04750128462910652, -0.01522121299058199, 0.017512250691652298, 0.005919384304434061, -0.028173208236694336, -0.006604262627661228, 0.013165931217372417, 0.041861359030008316, -0.040722429752349854, -0.011557976715266705, 0.04445401206612587, 0.010326116345822811, 0.05719282105565071, -0.07065369188785553, -0.031864676624536514, -0.02938908524811268, 0.008403070271015167, 0.008052168413996696, 0.015733391046524048, -0.030265191569924355, -0.0017218381399288774, -0.013621082529425621, 0.02141866832971573, 0.029328664764761925, -0.010969754308462143, -0.04178615286946297, -0.014568186365067959, 0.028945481404662132, 0.045146264135837555, -0.03479542210698128, -0.050245702266693115, -0.0030503326561301947, -0.0217018723487854, 0.01977977529168129, -0.07877396047115326, 0.009179356507956982, 0.02570541761815548, -0.0022983273956924677, 0.026539212092757225, -0.06939014792442322, 0.063270702958107, -0.050346992909908295, -0.031707365065813065, -0.026104483753442764, 0.02550552971661091, 0.0062570711597800255, 0.0017582591390237212, -0.004320877604186535, 0.020839767530560493, 0.03265133500099182, -0.0069997720420360565, 0.024628369137644768, 0.0309328380972147, 0.009372113272547722, 0.03486524522304535, -0.03349616751074791, 0.00813386868685484, 0.06406217068433762, -0.011376651003956795, -0.024752525612711906, -0.03711262717843056, 0.005033516325056553, 0.04472121223807335, -0.03735104575753212, 0.019224433228373528, -0.05948762968182564, 0.013461275026202202, 0.00836170557886362, 0.05195452272891998, 0.04720549285411835, -0.006365067325532436, 0.07121197879314423, -0.037371207028627396, 0.01443704217672348, -0.07302022725343704, 0.006152230780571699, 0.06879322975873947, -0.03374246135354042, 0.03457421064376831, 0.02968880720436573, -0.01327162329107523, 0.049305789172649384, -0.016895294189453125, -0.06731806695461273, 0.023345908150076866, -0.030537817627191544, -0.029940225183963776, 0.04450603947043419, -0.06003992632031441, -0.051190804690122604, -0.018089722841978073, -0.05367240309715271, 0.008636027574539185, 0.034553490579128265, 0.04288072884082794, -0.007133379578590393, 0.0075216833502054214, -0.0496174655854702, 0.036582354456186295, 0.0166301429271698, 0.03051173686981201, 0.01008620299398899, 0.029363594949245453, -0.044116418808698654, 0.04110906273126602, 0.04213697835803032, 0.02002767287194729, -0.011316203512251377, 0.019247766584157944, -0.00655093090608716, -0.06302694976329803, 0.05368741229176521, -0.028951089829206467, -0.025042150169610977, -0.05612845718860626, 0.05525347217917442, 0.03180162236094475, -0.043133191764354706, -0.02288096584379673, 0.005145340692251921, -0.06114351749420166, 0.0007124313269741833, 0.016294583678245544, 0.02110276184976101, 0.01999036595225334, 0.06510600447654724, 0.039221297949552536, 0.025971999391913414, 0.06759263575077057, 0.023738525807857513, -0.027777690440416336, -0.00680086063221097, 0.07642140239477158, 0.0895332545042038, 0.05683980509638786, -0.04061545804142952, 0.04263530299067497, -0.04281796142458916, -0.050530485808849335, -0.0012923921458423138, -0.006747970823198557, -0.0162638071924448, -0.0492587611079216, 0.01293091382831335, 0.06633932143449783, -0.009143257513642311, 0.06321496516466141, -0.05924098938703537, -0.014843136072158813, 0.06820264458656311, -0.0029114694334566593, -0.015504434704780579, 0.03504340723156929, 0.0343828983604908, 0.034166064113378525, -0.02854773961007595, -0.0263838954269886, 0.014497807249426842, 0.019693417474627495, 0.02110745944082737, 0.02860383503139019, -0.010179491713643074, 0.010468336753547192, 0.024363255128264427, 0.023325132206082344, 0.09546198695898056, -0.059848494827747345, -0.0022359576541930437, -0.013604543171823025, 0.017546582967042923, 0.007542173843830824, 0.03644273057579994, 0.03834066540002823, -0.009141374379396439, 0.026581760495901108, -0.003790377639234066, 0.016455287113785744, 0.03147145360708237, -0.0019730383064597845, 0.005308201536536217, -0.013559754006564617, -0.014558832161128521, 0.024543922394514084, -0.019596191123127937, -0.02850356511771679, -0.032999489456415176, -0.01844051480293274, -0.05942602828145027, -0.0567229762673378, -0.042899664491415024, -0.015178674831986427, -0.02022518776357174, -0.04005805030465126, 0.039859943091869354, -0.020700611174106598, 0.01031644456088543, -0.007963988929986954, -0.021780887618660927, -0.009466798976063728, 0.036113396286964417, 0.00983789935708046, 0.036829859018325806, 0.02384423092007637, 0.05366303771734238, -0.005436491686850786, -0.046264033764600754, 0.010606848634779453, 0.017407894134521484, 0.008998999372124672, 0.004649078007787466, 0.018430666998028755, -0.07804503291845322, 0.004427100997418165, 0.03713129833340645, -0.008187991566956043, -0.08079364895820618, 0.025678841397166252, -0.03171064332127571, -0.007776055485010147, 0.08140251785516739, -0.010749699547886848, 0.029307343065738678, -0.04571370780467987, 0.001618759473785758, 0.014117447659373283, 0.002670479007065296, 0.03235901519656181, -0.03519383817911148, 0.0551980584859848, 0.021630985662341118, -0.03035459853708744, -0.0841633677482605, 0.04963497817516327, 0.008581630885601044, 0.0022842346224933863, -0.010313482955098152, -0.016710760071873665, -0.01622351072728634, -0.09083491563796997, -0.02688424289226532, 0.03369235619902611, -0.01004521269351244, -0.03503590449690819, 0.005651987623423338, 0.008210860192775726, -0.0030168225057423115, 0.00439103227108717, -0.04570620507001877, -0.02255196124315262, -0.04774269461631775, -0.026498978957533836, -0.07369175553321838, 0.0006372193456627429, -0.050643306225538254, -0.018001148477196693, -0.0264731477946043, -0.042715221643447876, -0.00023002199304755777, -0.0006864603492431343, 0.013063587248325348, -0.014063484035432339, -0.011831448413431644, -0.018870804458856583 ]
5,124
A learnability analysis on neuro-symbolic learning
[ "Hao-Yuan He", "Ming LI" ]
This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the learnability of neuro-symbolic (NeSy) tasks within hybrid systems. We characterize the learnability of NeSy tasks by their derived constraint satisfaction problems (DCSPs), demonstrating that a task is learnable if and only if its corresponding DCSP admits a unique solution. Under mild assumptions, we establish the sample complexity for learnable tasks and show that, for general tasks, the asymptotic expected concept error is controlled by the degree of disagreement among DCSP solutions. Our findings unify the characterization of learnability and the phenomenon of reasoning shortcuts, providing theoretical guarantees and actionable guidance for the principled design of NeSy systems.
spotlight
2503.16797
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.04078485444188118, 0.0028277761302888393, -0.03176132217049599, 0.03862559795379639, 0.05288262292742729, 0.04903612285852432, 0.020676784217357635, -0.015580780804157257, -0.02871585078537464, -0.007422253955155611, -0.008668213151395321, 0.04332704469561577, -0.060423437505960464, -0.004246984608471394, 0.0059433626011013985, 0.04062557965517044, 0.02764791063964367, -0.0025721555575728416, 0.020251823589205742, 0.02510564960539341, -0.033202316612005234, -0.021643590182065964, 0.03264370560646057, 0.008497822098433971, 0.04799027368426323, 0.027730124071240425, 0.02520756423473358, -0.006341396365314722, -0.015242870897054672, 0.0010354297701269388, 0.030844394117593765, -0.01878076232969761, -0.0025727655738592148, -0.019114160910248756, 0.0042358506470918655, 0.033245086669921875, -0.023541096597909927, -0.004516747780144215, 0.012590722180902958, -0.023829283192753792, -0.053826622664928436, 0.020388837903738022, -0.013664831407368183, -0.007819035090506077, -0.04910996928811073, 0.015005716122686863, -0.08989138156175613, 0.02396930567920208, 0.01390326488763094, -0.039439864456653595, -0.11878690868616104, 0.0481160432100296, 0.004910452291369438, -0.016935406252741814, -0.019334251061081886, 0.034686002880334854, 0.05615851283073425, -0.09179863333702087, -0.003106451593339443, -0.03766549006104469, -0.03541901335120201, 0.023488197475671768, 0.02578546479344368, -0.015213624574244022, -0.03129171207547188, -0.009842781350016594, 0.025547852739691734, 0.037091877311468124, -0.051797762513160706, 0.01204809918999672, -0.03860480338335037, -0.0018208841793239117, 0.011126456782221794, 0.007485433481633663, 0.02217888832092285, -0.053584061563014984, 0.02564985305070877, 0.029169198125600815, 0.05259520187973976, -0.007315388415008783, 0.002997030271217227, 0.06362493336200714, 0.056848425418138504, 0.02380462922155857, 0.04006243869662285, 0.005167332012206316, -0.04895235598087311, -0.05233258754014969, -0.08267966657876968, 0.041525594890117645, -0.009608553722500801, -0.03260288015007973, 0.00041809663525782526, 0.027802778407931328, 0.029740942642092705, -0.0036667839158326387, 0.019809849560260773, 0.017555564641952515, 0.033780064433813095, 0.017584066838026047, -0.0031614748295396566, -0.04986919090151787, -0.016428403556346893, -0.034594159573316574, -0.0938139334321022, -0.04499359801411629, -0.013181527145206928, -0.010222411714494228, 0.018230143934488297, 0.0006246658740565181, -0.06345793604850769, -0.003018423216417432, 0.05452890694141388, -0.00695426482707262, -0.08256562054157257, 0.039667386561632156, -0.020746825262904167, 0.039217617362737656, -0.011539844796061516, 0.018798328936100006, 0.04596201330423355, 0.029535572975873947, -0.019996212795376778, 0.047142673283815384, -0.028230808675289154, 0.012534720823168755, -0.014662599191069603, 0.036235131323337555, -0.03437529131770134, -0.0556148961186409, 0.01857404038310051, 0.011768653988838196, 0.004465370438992977, 0.004558856133371592, -0.026829909533262253, -0.020895179361104965, -0.020413808524608612, 0.019139116629958153, -0.016426827758550644, 0.03318798542022705, -0.019211476668715477, -0.016339657828211784, 0.0605735145509243, -0.03830341994762421, 0.04371264949440956, -0.003900297451764345, 0.04049313813447952, -0.009659560397267342, -0.012469463050365448, -0.023004120215773582, -0.02101782336831093, -0.023763146251440048, -0.034748222678899765, -0.07104268670082092, 0.008394683711230755, 0.03574059531092644, 0.040562886744737625, 0.019054967910051346, -0.014438069425523281, 0.0001491695293225348, 0.013372594490647316, -0.0064251357689499855, -0.022825008258223534, 0.008225461468100548, 0.004762629512697458, -0.09634973853826523, 0.036583010107278824, 0.043441761285066605, -0.0010756049305200577, 0.03176092728972435, -0.03248370811343193, -0.040188271552324295, 0.05361996591091156, 0.009273325093090534, -0.040609028190374374, -0.011839497834444046, 0.05295579135417938, -0.03011711686849594, 0.05291183665394783, 0.013033457100391388, -0.07865892350673676, 0.020713185891509056, -0.005992768332362175, 0.02609129808843136, -0.018457679077982903, -0.04581122845411301, 0.06788123399019241, -0.06599609553813934, 0.04190773889422417, -0.006259554997086525, -0.03880288451910019, -0.009810888208448887, 0.024826563894748688, -0.007765363901853561, 0.06369449198246002, 0.030298268422484398, -0.008433355018496513, 0.015003962442278862, -0.013044844381511211, 0.04629552364349365, 0.07875464111566544, -0.014602163806557655, 0.032299768179655075, -0.021861622110009193, -0.015980465337634087, 0.038667794317007065, 0.025080006569623947, -0.0725870281457901, -0.04669602960348129, 0.00861289817839861, -0.0004611736803781241, -0.011004786007106304, 0.01531178317964077, -0.005506047047674656, 0.033935483545064926, 0.00510737020522356, -0.02853771485388279, -0.01034841313958168, 0.03648172318935394, -0.032388344407081604, 0.0083607267588377, 0.03284961357712746, 0.007436943706125021, 0.02373966947197914, -0.03382942080497742, 0.07967250049114227, 0.09883107990026474, -0.02059331350028515, 0.015581200830638409, 0.04656456410884857, -0.015294814482331276, 0.005900437477976084, -0.0005932195344939828, -0.010486704297363758, 0.019537704065442085, 0.02442040480673313, -0.006372180767357349, -0.04616818577051163, 0.07170785963535309, -0.04175379127264023, -0.01727018505334854, 0.06854043155908585, -0.024366840720176697, 0.06437255442142487, -0.0018001006683334708, 0.0017326179658994079, 0.000680413912050426, 0.0148294847458601, -0.0012761931866407394, -0.017505161464214325, -0.04070676118135452, 0.0007245636661536992, 0.006852655205875635, -0.016145000234246254, -0.0003525613574311137, -0.0578760951757431, -0.0030019113328307867, -0.013266471214592457, 0.0736018717288971, 0.041582223027944565, -0.002186729572713375, 0.020324479788541794, -0.0025849738158285618, -0.030724303796887398, 0.003408252727240324, -0.11236836016178131, -0.050596684217453, 0.01529138907790184, 0.05627305805683136, 0.04481117054820061, 0.02731362171471119, -0.024644162505865097, 0.04379004240036011, -0.01122551690787077, -0.05015837773680687, -0.0035197283141314983, -0.011799908243119717, -0.007093509659171104, -0.048388246446847916, -0.027627641335129738, 0.0014375782338902354, 0.0673481747508049, -0.01501127053052187, -0.03105086460709572, -0.019564181566238403, -0.041286297142505646, -0.01774124801158905, -0.04235471412539482, -0.028186345472931862, 0.028121624141931534, 0.008251234889030457, 0.013941437005996704, -0.022585222497582436, 0.021074464544653893, 0.034913089126348495, 0.044232822954654694, 0.05372379347681999, 0.002149415435269475, 0.025311827659606934, -0.013484613969922066, -0.03320803493261337, 0.02187984064221382, -0.03253144770860672, 0.026897288858890533, 0.00027913678786717355, -0.00444710161536932, 0.05257045850157738, 0.0074728974141180515, -0.2551686465740204, -0.02293962985277176, -0.007533524185419083, 0.0010647439630702138, 0.027480458840727806, -0.006990625523030758, 0.04541973024606705, -0.009926368482410908, -0.0106203593313694, -0.003124623792245984, 0.005245645064860582, -0.00016549910651519895, 0.027088861912488937, 0.069593645632267, 0.03905409947037697, 0.0033350728917866945, 0.0004918460617773235, -0.06021461263298988, -0.015902072191238403, 0.024580884724855423, -0.01496246550232172, -0.08058841526508331, -0.0021303670946508646, 0.03911023586988449, -0.00042292525176890194, 0.06294000893831253, -0.08596820384263992, -0.02992522343993187, -0.053739748895168304, 0.00040336002712137997, -0.05272487550973892, -0.010027219541370869, -0.07049310952425003, 0.042618121951818466, 0.03020021878182888, 0.02751990407705307, 0.02716546319425106, -0.024932531639933586, 0.011194109916687012, 0.059482090175151825, 0.02599843218922615, 0.007073018234223127, -0.003915098961442709, 0.013777916319668293, 0.027906185016036034, 0.006205530371516943, -0.06072506681084633, -0.041327524930238724, -0.0018917021807283163, 0.03343735635280609, -0.031650565564632416, -0.017946120351552963, -0.001629681559279561, 0.00580532057210803, 0.008628584444522858, -0.012957538478076458, -0.008273040875792503, -0.024095619097352028, -0.041301827877759933, 0.020543929189443588, 0.0078628771007061, -0.04671485349535942, -0.00678509334102273, -0.03977115824818611, -0.017360063269734383, 0.002391433110460639, -0.075053870677948, -0.05723780393600464, 0.049981359392404556, 0.02385292761027813, -0.001565589220263064, 0.005591592751443386, -0.03598203882575035, -0.10267528891563416, -0.014247116632759571, -0.014474199153482914, -0.002439446048811078, -0.015535597689449787, 0.02004656381905079, 0.04513080045580864, -0.014204063452780247, -0.06295546144247055, -0.01245359517633915, 0.031143836677074432, 0.04367506876587868, 0.01003240142017603, 0.009387106634676456, -0.002605937886983156, -0.019541511312127113, -0.0036449048202484846, 0.03058089315891266, 0.033965498208999634, 0.052815694361925125, -0.03470645099878311, 0.0664154514670372, 0.012024427764117718, 0.04186319559812546, 0.043242212384939194, 0.032981593161821365, -0.007978901267051697, 0.010576754808425903, -0.05402114614844322, -0.0066556246019899845, -0.014357569627463818, -0.05243059992790222, -0.004751782864332199, -0.0501372367143631, 0.009602779522538185, 0.028730515390634537, 0.004844120237976313, -0.024903494864702225, -0.06652642041444778, -0.007950018160045147, -0.0462074913084507, -0.028459925204515457, -0.01189354620873928, -0.027973370626568794, 0.03711327910423279, 0.009221057407557964, -0.006929596420377493, -0.013859150931239128, 0.042830269783735275, -0.023086359724402428, 0.015001721680164337, -0.012477941811084747, -0.004495399538427591, -0.0069042108952999115, -0.03318747505545616, 0.006242550443857908, -0.004293619189411402, 0.04648033156991005, 0.04819517582654953, 0.004548133350908756, 0.04454910755157471, 0.037100762128829956, 0.04077792540192604, -0.02799578197300434, -0.010736225172877312, 0.019524268805980682, -0.031217442825436592, 0.015737585723400116, 0.027694549411535263, 0.03923706337809563, 0.010205144993960857, 0.012514140456914902, 0.0031327963806688786, 0.0023174535017460585, -0.038197774440050125, -0.006806140299886465, -0.002160287695005536, 0.033053308725357056, -0.06720050424337387, 0.024334507063031197, -0.03996982052922249, 0.008534165099263191, -0.006036769133061171, 0.05186839774250984, 0.002526845782995224, 0.029795479029417038, -0.04508950188755989, 0.041676320135593414, -0.007538965903222561, -0.005769353825598955, -0.03065827488899231, -0.0013246327871456742, 0.0849856585264206, -0.04342762753367424, -0.0047522047534585, 0.004137973766773939, 0.03510366380214691, 0.02110186032950878, -0.01636909507215023, -0.033345840871334076, -0.01223062165081501, -0.015309078618884087, -0.027786940336227417, 0.03018587827682495, -0.015925418585538864, -0.030532248318195343, -0.01854083500802517, -0.014241952449083328, -0.025462226942181587, -0.018953533843159676, 0.011002728715538979, 0.06646440178155899, 0.015546279028058052, 0.03175307810306549, -0.009955364279448986, -0.04689355194568634, 0.004265147261321545, -0.015440602786839008, 0.005896387621760368, -0.0011438027722761035, -0.026657385751605034, -0.047943394631147385, -0.04036298394203186, 0.002217617118731141, 0.03271711617708206, 0.009792887605726719, 0.008373765274882317, 0.0161176398396492, 0.0008664654451422393, -0.04425380751490593, 0.030444905161857605, 0.01350492611527443, -0.05695003271102905, -0.005415920168161392, 0.06893038004636765, 0.01784994639456272, 0.02571609988808632, -0.04710296913981438, -0.06160493567585945, -0.048585038632154465, -0.019569428637623787, 0.025784926488995552, -0.009939827024936676, -0.023278359323740005, -0.02173483371734619, 0.0059758261777460575, 0.010616625659167767, 0.012463864870369434, 0.0016337333945557475, 0.0018802409758791327, -0.04342811182141304, 0.018943239003419876, 0.036185815930366516, -0.0006805357988923788, -0.018245423212647438, -0.009058265946805477, -0.013306998647749424, 0.003574754809960723, -0.052645493298769, 0.01885799877345562, 0.02251848578453064, 0.015450926497578621, -0.010582310147583485, -0.02120777778327465, 0.06220549717545509, -0.030980704352259636, -0.014793649315834045, -0.011837225407361984, 0.02482236921787262, -0.02127893455326557, -0.038264691829681396, 0.0008961656712926924, 0.03405284881591797, 0.034777265042066574, -0.0002450862666592002, 0.014053181745111942, 0.002882543718442321, 0.02775106392800808, 0.02703467383980751, -0.06449516117572784, 0.015740232542157173, 0.07490891218185425, 0.0039938343688845634, -0.030493861064314842, -0.06458629667758942, 0.02682659402489662, 0.022872906178236008, -0.01795307919383049, 0.03846478462219238, -0.006119769532233477, 0.025217896327376366, 0.003451626980677247, 0.060038309544324875, 0.018317095935344696, -0.03429201617836952, 0.0426044799387455, -0.06957253813743591, 0.0075174602679908276, -0.06686507910490036, -0.006382220424711704, 0.060708340257406235, -0.07217288017272949, 0.006324384827166796, 0.009672027081251144, -0.013570130802690983, 0.05725618824362755, -0.016131270676851273, -0.03971676155924797, 0.037779439240694046, -0.014143823646008968, 0.030538173392415047, 0.007089551538228989, -0.045912571251392365, -0.014933259226381779, 0.008216110058128834, -0.04458737373352051, 0.02346949838101864, -0.011723592877388, 0.025544337928295135, -0.0043731373734772205, -0.013338386081159115, -0.018051190301775932, 0.023475566878914833, 0.043556202203035355, 0.05980752781033516, 0.022943532094359398, 0.017939629033207893, -0.048228245228528976, 0.0738309770822525, 0.019205642864108086, 0.04169628024101257, -0.04898178577423096, 0.06406456232070923, -0.02015596069395542, -0.08157680928707123, 0.014798284508287907, -0.03204849734902382, -0.018513625487685204, -0.05184883251786232, 0.07120663672685623, 0.025393527001142502, -0.022594034671783447, -0.03478347882628441, 0.008785439655184746, -0.05729923024773598, -0.0020470854360610247, 0.02951381914317608, -0.01724458672106266, -0.0004422810161486268, 0.07263902574777603, 0.00462933536618948, 0.0446421355009079, 0.07471230626106262, 0.005677542183548212, -0.009209753945469856, -0.008285769261419773, 0.06582452356815338, 0.011717828921973705, 0.04513604938983917, 0.01963917538523674, 0.04825476184487343, -0.05695508420467377, -0.05174487829208374, 0.012969323433935642, 0.018776196986436844, -0.0007608372834511101, -0.013567850925028324, 0.026339232921600342, 0.05014192312955856, -0.00793752633035183, 0.05786861106753349, -0.029805593192577362, 0.001461962703615427, 0.05897387117147446, -0.0038281851448118687, 0.004787094425410032, 0.051123905926942825, 0.03454738110303879, 0.01954708993434906, -0.008157294243574142, 0.0003809149202425033, 0.0006356717785820365, -0.02910197153687477, -0.00007984994590515271, -0.008749663829803467, -0.02859022095799446, 0.02602585405111313, -0.007109363097697496, 0.07471633702516556, 0.11106977611780167, -0.061929598450660706, -0.026103997603058815, 0.019831957295536995, 0.056108854711055756, -0.008806310594081879, 0.06321025639772415, 0.010497668758034706, -0.029564302414655685, -0.005082282237708569, -0.047848865389823914, 0.04961154982447624, 0.031003743410110474, -0.006291922181844711, 0.02050410397350788, -0.013591787777841091, -0.04217880219221115, -0.0016368693904951215, 0.06707889586687088, -0.006417564582079649, -0.029337268322706223, -0.018248025327920914, -0.03680280223488808, -0.05560316890478134, -0.06335131824016571, 0.00042588505311869085, -0.01021205447614193, -0.04062221199274063, 0.004284392576664686, -0.0017414806643500924, 0.020070776343345642, 0.003967078868299723, -0.030278446152806282, 0.007178472355008125, 0.02925208956003189, 0.021021686494350433, -0.004827849566936493, 0.030934682115912437, 0.0415307953953743, -0.011141492985188961, -0.012150002643465996, 0.03590040281414986, -0.007165664806962013, -0.006741504650563002, -0.010320140048861504, 0.006913745775818825, -0.08502445369958878, -0.01699651964008808, -0.00020789077098015696, -0.04008490964770317, -0.07610653340816498, 0.011792476288974285, -0.04108283668756485, 0.01826220005750656, 0.07363060861825943, 0.0026811466086655855, 0.022819174453616142, -0.035299208015203476, 0.018728669732809067, -0.0031654941849410534, 0.011096588335931301, 0.06572942435741425, -0.0413643941283226, 0.041034191846847534, 0.03525969758629799, -0.037736594676971436, -0.07030685245990753, 0.017165904864668846, -0.005010317079722881, 0.027330605313181877, -0.02040073461830616, -0.018998822197318077, -0.021034644916653633, -0.12154749035835266, -0.009629741311073303, 0.02107645757496357, -0.015453089959919453, -0.035784993320703506, 0.0000365177656931337, -0.0007443864597007632, -0.01171177439391613, 0.03044024668633938, -0.027786031365394592, -0.02990265190601349, -0.0341528058052063, -0.04429062083363533, -0.07044614851474762, 0.002747047459706664, -0.03153925761580467, 0.01706714555621147, -0.04451621696352959, -0.059396155178546906, -0.019214153289794922, 0.0020465070847421885, 0.02996700443327427, 0.0007409116951748729, 0.011765947565436363, 0.01078441459685564 ]
5,125
Adaptive Algorithms with Sharp Convergence Rates for Stochastic Hierarchical Optimization
[ "Xiaochuan Gong", "Jie Hao", "Mingrui Liu" ]
Hierarchical optimization refers to problems with interdependent decision variables and objectives, such as minimax and bilevel formulations. While various algorithms have been proposed, existing methods and analyses lack adaptivity in stochastic optimization settings: they cannot achieve optimal convergence rates across a wide spectrum of gradient noise levels without prior knowledge of the noise magnitude.In this paper, we propose novel adaptive algorithms for two important classes of stochastic hierarchical optimization problems: nonconvex-strongly-concave minimax optimization and nonconvex-strongly-convex bilevel optimization. Our algorithms achieve sharp convergence rates of $\widetilde{O}(1/\sqrt{T} + \sqrt{\bar{\sigma}}/T^{1/4})$ in $T$ iterations for the gradient norm, where $\bar{\sigma}$ is an upper bound on the stochastic gradient noise. Notably, these rates are obtained \emph{without requiring prior knowledge} of the noise level, thereby enabling automatic adaptivity in both low- and high-noise regimes. To our knowledge, this work provides the first adaptive and sharp convergence guarantees for stochastic hierarchical optimization. Our algorithm design and analysis rely on a novel synthesis of the momentum normalization technique for updating the upper-level variable with a carefully crafted adaptive stepsize scheme for both upper- and lower-level variables. Extensive experiments on synthetic and deep learning tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms
poster
2509.15399
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.045376550406217575, 0.003642749972641468, 0.02970440313220024, 0.02464412711560726, 0.028564389795064926, 0.042388807982206345, 0.02750679850578308, 0.010608097538352013, -0.024206649512052536, -0.047059789299964905, -0.0008517827955074608, -0.007285044062882662, -0.0396198108792305, -0.00035832374123856425, -0.014854230917990208, 0.05029601603746414, 0.022665323689579964, -0.004068133421242237, -0.013831662014126778, 0.012461920268833637, -0.03995736315846443, -0.00521394656971097, 0.04050884768366814, 0.030716998502612114, 0.04751238226890564, 0.015897605568170547, 0.012369832023978233, 0.020518332719802856, -0.008859132416546345, 0.0008493500645272434, 0.016901791095733643, -0.007205610163509846, 0.021377118304371834, -0.023332152515649796, 0.03396562486886978, 0.005249377340078354, -0.026492109522223473, -0.008322149515151978, -0.0004457034228835255, 0.010029494762420654, -0.020010365173220634, 0.008114584721624851, -0.021066350862383842, 0.03680402785539627, -0.02620660327374935, 0.013371722772717476, -0.08174129575490952, 0.03011155128479004, -0.008534247055649757, -0.03674428537487984, -0.1024489477276802, 0.009074158035218716, 0.013100440613925457, -0.03361314535140991, 0.00020099642279092222, 0.04972925782203674, 0.02861405722796917, -0.04682797193527222, -0.023272192105650902, -0.0788525715470314, -0.012358308769762516, 0.007817861624062061, 0.024486910551786423, 0.00657560583204031, 0.0030457826796919107, -0.007153758313506842, 0.024190131574869156, 0.06255542486906052, -0.037440624088048935, -0.007573238108307123, -0.03740457817912102, -0.034658171236515045, 0.0425545834004879, 0.026020754128694534, -0.01842697337269783, -0.04352380707859993, 0.013281537219882011, 0.027301885187625885, 0.05600515380501747, 0.007946598343551159, 0.01830124668776989, 0.00442737340927124, 0.03696398064494133, 0.03952876850962639, -0.00636138953268528, 0.008872021920979023, -0.05338439345359802, -0.02375837415456772, -0.08530271053314209, 0.05864426866173744, -0.054696593433618546, -0.0648920014500618, 0.029043130576610565, 0.048173051327466965, 0.0332932323217392, -0.011769752949476242, 0.040740180760622025, -0.0009157247841358185, 0.023638630285859108, -0.008417455479502678, -0.023654408752918243, -0.012455609627068043, 0.027030551806092262, -0.011572757735848427, -0.11821932345628738, -0.010185042396187782, -0.029010338708758354, -0.002108924789354205, -0.020920589566230774, 0.016150452196598053, -0.04060130938887596, 0.012266241945326328, 0.00722532020881772, -0.03997119143605232, -0.10128585994243622, 0.03757360950112343, 0.0032527106814086437, 0.03884057328104973, -0.015068487264215946, -0.029584823176264763, 0.05970531329512596, 0.05681586638092995, -0.013215456157922745, 0.06776883453130722, 0.010266225785017014, -0.007440322078764439, 0.03515980392694473, 0.034620534628629684, -0.01022973284125328, -0.06104160472750664, -0.00951148010790348, 0.06151903420686722, 0.02060900814831257, 0.02369019016623497, -0.024888068437576294, -0.013059231452643871, -0.010446569882333279, 0.007972613908350468, 0.01510060578584671, -0.004610471427440643, -0.027821335941553116, -0.010518699884414673, 0.06384136527776718, -0.014085128903388977, 0.03832770884037018, -0.0469588078558445, 0.03856759890913963, -0.03430801257491112, -0.05890626087784767, -0.007174000144004822, -0.004785887431353331, -0.007414836436510086, -0.010102838277816772, -0.07718000560998917, 0.019926754757761955, 0.04940133914351463, 0.03581130504608154, 0.01877325214445591, 0.0019572728779166937, 0.03766081482172012, 0.0427648164331913, 0.006887804716825485, -0.029421761631965637, -0.018514638766646385, -0.021540148183703423, -0.08274488896131516, 0.06196378916501999, 0.04662103205919266, -0.0027978906873613596, 0.0082774106413126, -0.03339271992444992, -0.0237909946590662, 0.02207031100988388, 0.00013520277570933104, -0.009414339438080788, -0.020697636529803276, 0.07038086652755737, 0.009228616021573544, 0.069717638194561, 0.030974948778748512, -0.09900448471307755, 0.02412494271993637, 0.02883324772119522, 0.01592281647026539, -0.009854263626039028, -0.01711537316441536, 0.10349074751138687, -0.040243275463581085, -0.002187577774748206, 0.015878111124038696, -0.0989849716424942, -0.01770094782114029, 0.014681980945169926, -0.016733132302761078, 0.05391246825456619, 0.013444212265312672, -0.009337130934000015, 0.0032049270812422037, 0.03390928730368614, 0.01996247097849846, 0.05449291691184044, -0.04241868108510971, 0.03531825542449951, 0.0072940923273563385, -0.07132646441459656, -0.009086068719625473, 0.06722982972860336, -0.07048440724611282, -0.030977902933955193, 0.04075464978814125, -0.009800001978874207, -0.008896748535335064, -0.008249361999332905, 0.032903123646974564, 0.022347571328282356, -0.016091857105493546, 0.027202364057302475, 0.00613746652379632, 0.038250792771577835, -0.03621148318052292, 0.04593802988529205, 0.018096040934324265, -0.010080669075250626, 0.04034236818552017, 0.009852394461631775, 0.07410655170679092, 0.07441777735948563, -0.04568149521946907, -0.0025622574612498283, 0.013457033783197403, 0.0035203879233449697, 0.017184609547257423, 0.03512996435165405, -0.0010449746623635292, 0.02005765214562416, 0.01789889857172966, -0.01619972661137581, 0.00004910996722173877, 0.08327149599790573, -0.046587057411670685, -0.03145662695169449, 0.02629142999649048, -0.0030116424895823, 0.07224605977535248, -0.015501854941248894, 0.010329877026379108, 0.026625869795680046, 0.016996117308735847, -0.027035297825932503, -0.02944318577647209, -0.03158487752079964, -0.0011984052835032344, 0.0057090348564088345, -0.002570766257122159, -0.004411127418279648, -0.057050686329603195, 0.005178687162697315, -0.011669980362057686, 0.0866958498954773, 0.03808751329779625, 0.05954970046877861, -0.004286714363843203, 0.016513071954250336, -0.041052475571632385, -0.03258984163403511, -0.1351044923067093, -0.05482553690671921, 0.01868346706032753, 0.06419917196035385, 0.015499008819460869, 0.02649724669754505, -0.023435402661561966, 0.03068714402616024, -0.01670370064675808, -0.021676301956176758, 0.013381298631429672, 0.014150089584290981, 0.0030141244642436504, -0.03511364385485649, -0.013892724178731441, 0.04422867298126221, 0.08405358344316483, -0.016619021072983742, -0.01880214363336563, -0.008447744883596897, -0.03709184005856514, -0.013272368349134922, -0.0924772396683693, 0.006591001525521278, 0.0020951840560883284, -0.0030923483427613974, 0.029687458649277687, -0.04854524880647659, 0.030641140416264534, 0.028381189331412315, 0.04001671448349953, 0.06543391197919846, 0.01762409135699272, -0.03303571045398712, 0.01597684621810913, 0.005092887673527002, -0.019829202443361282, -0.01673705130815506, -0.0046856882981956005, -0.01990773156285286, 0.02536570094525814, 0.015865376219153404, 0.010744431056082249, -0.25110021233558655, 0.004573398735374212, 0.01853216253221035, 0.0008838025969453156, 0.05195031687617302, -0.009821927174925804, 0.011597576551139355, -0.023786474019289017, -0.04652557522058487, 0.012929095886647701, -0.011122210882604122, 0.043513547629117966, -0.02585826814174652, 0.0586065798997879, 0.03362203389406204, 0.023488059639930725, -0.019481757655739784, -0.005518278107047081, 0.011852378025650978, 0.033064160495996475, -0.0159436222165823, -0.07713674753904343, 0.01993495784699917, 0.0000573185934626963, 0.01967194303870201, 0.03988492861390114, -0.06797842681407928, -0.0056348624639213085, -0.04356110841035843, -0.020663604140281677, -0.029248887673020363, -0.019413108006119728, -0.016649816185235977, 0.01935887150466442, 0.019179891794919968, 0.019602226093411446, 0.03055766224861145, -0.008216164074838161, 0.011102601885795593, 0.027054935693740845, -0.007381283678114414, 0.010598668828606606, -0.03683657944202423, 0.02151288464665413, 0.06275277584791183, 0.042133282870054245, -0.028082899749279022, -0.014112032018601894, 0.010707448236644268, 0.028837528079748154, 0.026366058737039566, -0.04457845538854599, -0.022415120154619217, 0.008173448964953423, 0.015045985579490662, -0.01415039412677288, 0.014983491972088814, -0.03717385604977608, 0.0007013505091890693, 0.014737185090780258, 0.009205568581819534, -0.06593674421310425, -0.00995322410017252, -0.03453751280903816, 0.0008380801300518215, -0.020753439515829086, -0.09131336957216263, -0.03149845451116562, 0.017797935754060745, 0.018194055184721947, 0.00459688575938344, 0.025174977257847786, -0.013982702046632767, -0.08497116714715958, 0.016154292970895767, -0.022796014323830605, -0.018385693430900574, 0.009545928798615932, -0.04426046833395958, 0.06407145410776138, -0.01799865998327732, -0.06971172243356705, -0.009870488196611404, 0.0029379827901721, 0.035865068435668945, -0.03349398449063301, 0.0024448209442198277, -0.031985048204660416, -0.00645042210817337, -0.036509353667497635, 0.01104563008993864, 0.017157355323433876, 0.047296129167079926, -0.023100029677152634, 0.04696096107363701, 0.0392162911593914, 0.014286816120147705, 0.03725377470254898, 0.04375592991709709, -0.014815649017691612, 0.02905016578733921, -0.06218341365456581, -0.016809428110718727, -0.026219850406050682, -0.007596246432512999, 0.008609906770288944, -0.039954740554094315, -0.03552849590778351, 0.07146431505680084, 0.0020114677026867867, -0.003854151349514723, -0.032586533576250076, -0.005179001484066248, -0.04438207298517227, -0.00820630881935358, -0.024974165484309196, -0.008363309316337109, 0.0349101684987545, 0.02619781903922558, 0.006931482348591089, -0.05055542290210724, 0.06991109997034073, -0.03269257768988609, -0.0067449226044118404, 0.004141962621361017, 0.012491513043642044, 0.001487517962232232, 0.02041470631957054, -0.008647584356367588, -0.03421754390001297, 0.03682960942387581, 0.06615735590457916, 0.024398356676101685, -0.021548785269260406, 0.05054149404168129, -0.015711110085248947, -0.03115491010248661, -0.025031086057424545, 0.05460476875305176, -0.023003919050097466, 0.01248909905552864, 0.024312440305948257, 0.03857455775141716, -0.0025418908335268497, 0.022868875414133072, 0.04636850953102112, 0.009277284145355225, 0.01733655110001564, 0.011735105887055397, -0.006654980592429638, -0.005178404506295919, -0.027114413678646088, -0.01943567767739296, -0.005728113930672407, 0.021631645038723946, 0.0015456292312592268, 0.03695077821612358, -0.04405639320611954, 0.025881899520754814, -0.07673804461956024, 0.043411966413259506, 0.010131838731467724, -0.03117780014872551, -0.005031507927924395, 0.03292059525847435, 0.07724042236804962, -0.0056589264422655106, -0.0016620431561022997, -0.024431928992271423, -0.008362352848052979, 0.01797063834965229, -0.03396444022655487, -0.037756286561489105, -0.028154561296105385, -0.022214645519852638, -0.019583407789468765, 0.032751765102148056, -0.024006497114896774, -0.03642060607671738, 0.0002652708499226719, 0.009750258177518845, -0.01454716082662344, -0.02913018874824047, 0.00948482658714056, 0.07560858130455017, -0.019373616203665733, 0.0046069687232375145, -0.012930265627801418, -0.029993748292326927, 0.029159149155020714, -0.004320632666349411, -0.0031540177296847105, -0.03000551275908947, -0.03467276692390442, 0.018846744671463966, -0.019494127482175827, 0.005052624270319939, 0.018141569569706917, -0.024791650474071503, -0.019224610179662704, 0.0019786274060606956, -0.00264737824909389, -0.019732758402824402, -0.04568964242935181, 0.020121200010180473, -0.07769805192947388, 0.013671358115971088, 0.059910278767347336, -0.022940618917346, 0.022703275084495544, -0.03256566822528839, -0.048677146434783936, -0.029463306069374084, 0.028885623440146446, -0.0007362128817476332, -0.026470795273780823, -0.03948407992720604, 0.024234194308519363, 0.0011184678878635168, 0.00004220150367473252, -0.01990065909922123, 0.0020705226343125105, 0.016854414716362953, -0.04269525408744812, -0.02067999541759491, 0.0446450412273407, -0.03169902414083481, -0.022562652826309204, 0.0070554171688854694, -0.01850152760744095, 0.0012974533019587398, -0.056029029190540314, -0.015533342026174068, 0.04945780709385872, 0.005854795221239328, 0.021606184542179108, -0.06087057664990425, 0.03480030596256256, -0.019066855311393738, -0.02182113006711006, -0.03684508427977562, 0.006693299859762192, -0.019107982516288757, 0.006970852147787809, -0.0203762985765934, 0.03441635146737099, -0.00043479452142491937, 0.023279495537281036, 0.025538740679621696, 0.016309704631567, -0.0032832117285579443, -0.014534841291606426, -0.06437996029853821, -0.003350357059389353, 0.043170880526304245, -0.02519836463034153, -0.009222075343132019, -0.0868019163608551, 0.015887724235653877, 0.035600535571575165, -0.0812990814447403, 0.012359678745269775, -0.06240014359354973, 0.06327778100967407, 0.04255540668964386, 0.04243272915482521, 0.0002776870096568018, -0.002810363657772541, 0.017406582832336426, -0.07412462681531906, -0.009165052324533463, -0.08470547199249268, -0.02100893296301365, 0.04212986305356026, -0.008047984912991524, 0.03758971393108368, 0.011786004528403282, -0.008406121283769608, 0.0008653971599414945, -0.03285174444317818, -0.06475374102592468, -0.003398700151592493, -0.019384706392884254, -0.015609716065227985, 0.012606475502252579, -0.0694253221154213, -0.03217518702149391, -0.014353126287460327, -0.03157992660999298, 0.023193692788481712, 0.011034955270588398, 0.048907991498708725, 0.021054862067103386, 0.00825649406760931, -0.04726678878068924, 0.004445966798812151, 0.02132093906402588, 0.05823009833693504, 0.009839748963713646, 0.007889818400144577, -0.05047948658466339, 0.041215501725673676, 0.040008630603551865, 0.05485009774565697, 0.011682597920298576, 0.004510622471570969, -0.005258356686681509, -0.044305749237537384, 0.06715967506170273, -0.0031639481894671917, -0.012500098906457424, -0.037441883236169815, 0.011855022050440311, 0.055893510580062866, -0.04093978926539421, -0.009817009791731834, -0.013177589513361454, -0.04592593386769295, 0.016499370336532593, -0.0077517228201031685, 0.025537723675370216, 0.004304947797209024, 0.0898788794875145, -0.015608434565365314, -0.0012139424216002226, 0.06322890520095825, 0.024023201316595078, -0.035941947251558304, -0.028666110709309578, 0.07083767652511597, 0.05871649459004402, 0.05302427336573601, -0.02358688786625862, 0.0689166784286499, -0.05556024610996246, -0.03230650722980499, 0.006353748496621847, 0.016736673191189766, -0.011380341835319996, -0.049572572112083435, -0.0035553942434489727, 0.07078860700130463, -0.029958290979266167, 0.080888532102108, -0.059213705360889435, 0.001026885467581451, 0.02485884726047516, -0.018346572294831276, -0.009180895052850246, 0.06313088536262512, 0.030214501544833183, 0.015872517600655556, -0.017839806154370308, -0.02960767224431038, -0.0203948263078928, 0.02142523229122162, 0.035402391105890274, 0.0015467345947399735, 0.005473894067108631, 0.02492661029100418, 0.028505705296993256, -0.018784822896122932, 0.07863134890794754, -0.06346423178911209, -0.013732068240642548, -0.016698798164725304, 0.0126157496124506, -0.026153648272156715, 0.04614322632551193, 0.015310687944293022, -0.03371923416852951, 0.01934417337179184, -0.04146473854780197, 0.014456216245889664, 0.030503761023283005, 0.028949379920959473, 0.0024129548110067844, -0.01608220301568508, 0.01929781772196293, -0.002840460743755102, 0.025369849056005478, -0.0316859632730484, -0.042615193873643875, -0.03220895677804947, -0.05757850408554077, -0.03098127618432045, -0.019365258514881134, 0.04352998360991478, 0.0003869334177579731, -0.0182795487344265, 0.015036825090646744, -0.026945961639285088, 0.028952911496162415, 0.036395113915205, -0.04021833464503288, -0.027316631749272346, 0.03980075940489769, -0.03219299018383026, -0.006522789131850004, 0.03615949675440788, 0.029166266322135925, -0.0014831266598775983, -0.01665373519062996, 0.03281571716070175, 0.013104771263897419, 0.03379878029227257, -0.0331210196018219, -0.004734810907393694, -0.049523480236530304, 0.020606018602848053, 0.01971295289695263, -0.02431703731417656, -0.0826348215341568, 0.021619202569127083, -0.03652667999267578, 0.01138261053711176, 0.07138006389141083, 0.007915685884654522, 0.01911850832402706, -0.04030332341790199, -0.013439314439892769, -0.032026976346969604, 0.0009680877556093037, 0.03134751692414284, -0.012071908451616764, 0.04246504604816437, 0.01829662173986435, -0.02701074816286564, -0.02673133835196495, 0.04656286910176277, -0.007056564558297396, 0.015366554260253906, -0.01576976850628853, 0.017619317397475243, -0.04955020919442177, -0.09922151267528534, -0.006809133104979992, 0.012078199535608292, -0.01428453903645277, -0.054401833564043045, -0.004615141544491053, 0.0019172581378370523, 0.0215468630194664, 0.0006189671694301069, -0.04147534444928169, 0.011576229706406593, -0.04584634304046631, -0.01743011735379696, -0.07514486461877823, 0.03041679784655571, -0.007387782912701368, 0.005694711580872536, -0.014670927077531815, -0.06558004766702652, -0.029346395283937454, -0.013322371989488602, 0.021634576842188835, 0.02686755359172821, -0.005125436931848526, 0.024313725531101227 ]
5,126
FOCUS: Unified Vision-Language Modeling for Interactive Editing Driven by Referential Segmentation
[ "Fan Yang", "Yousong Zhu", "Xin Li", "Yufei Zhan", "Hongyin Zhao", "Shurong Zheng", "Yaowei Wang", "Ming Tang", "Jinqiao Wang" ]
Recent Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) demonstrate promising capabilities in unifying visual understanding and generative modeling, enabling both accurate content understanding and flexible editing. However, current approaches treat \textbf{\textit{"what to see"}} and \textbf{\textit{"how to edit"}} separately: they either perform isolated object segmentation or utilize segmentation masks merely as conditional prompts for local edit generation tasks, often relying on multiple disjointed models. To bridge these gaps, we introduce FOCUS, a unified LVLM that integrates segmentation-aware perception and controllable object-centric generation within an end-to-end framework. FOCUS employs a dual-branch visual encoder to simultaneously capture global semantic context and fine-grained spatial details. In addition, we leverage a MoVQGAN-based visual tokenizer to produce discrete visual tokens that enhance generation quality. To enable accurate and controllable image editing, we propose a progressive multi-stage training pipeline, where segmentation masks are jointly optimized and used as spatial condition prompts to guide the diffusion decoder. This strategy aligns visual encoding, segmentation, and generation modules, effectively bridging segmentation-aware perception with fine-grained visual synthesis.Extensive experiments across three core tasks, including multimodal understanding, referring segmentation accuracy, and controllable image generation, demonstrate that FOCUS achieves strong performance by jointly optimizing visual perception and generative capabilities.
poster
2506.16806
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.012602255679666996, 0.01158838625997305, 0.012681360356509686, 0.01755487732589245, 0.02864464931190014, 0.03453563526272774, 0.022268755361437798, 0.050485797226428986, -0.043848395347595215, -0.02215307392179966, -0.07587222754955292, 0.018307048827409744, -0.04383160173892975, -0.00040127962711267173, 0.0031196207273751497, 0.02047686278820038, 0.017241135239601135, -0.012597122229635715, 0.018133515492081642, 0.06145309656858444, -0.017291702330112457, 0.00689717149361968, 0.03281722962856293, 0.0072739082388579845, 0.04962608590722084, -0.022815555334091187, 0.015581043437123299, -0.0005635151755996048, -0.04324609786272049, 0.0076059699058532715, -0.00754300644621253, 0.01085471548140049, -0.009004983119666576, -0.044259440153837204, 0.023543348535895348, -0.04599105194211006, -0.032367102801799774, 0.013871559873223305, 0.046372536569833755, 0.029364868998527527, -0.03257031738758087, 0.010997920297086239, -0.0047409022226929665, -0.019483523443341255, -0.04412189871072769, -0.035373300313949585, -0.09381222724914551, 0.0021317603532224894, -0.007004892453551292, -0.03153519704937935, -0.09333046525716782, 0.002404593164101243, -0.007333032786846161, -0.015408826060593128, -0.02076282538473606, 0.034285128116607666, 0.05720097944140434, -0.0952882394194603, -0.040029384195804596, -0.04129631072282791, -0.023320887237787247, -0.00040281403926201165, 0.006695101037621498, 0.035433825105428696, 0.008327800780534744, -0.0007892157300375402, -0.027049262076616287, 0.029229963198304176, -0.03758613020181656, -0.06203862279653549, -0.012091273441910744, 0.006156815681606531, -0.030154703184962273, 0.02284982241690159, 0.01891421526670456, -0.04296383634209633, 0.011137286201119423, 0.008889427408576012, 0.042625557631254196, -0.007721771951764822, 0.0287485234439373, 0.012925530783832073, 0.017003675922751427, 0.032971709966659546, 0.00843353196978569, 0.011383323930203915, -0.009661981835961342, -0.043575793504714966, -0.038102444261312485, 0.023445643484592438, -0.025221630930900574, -0.06906115263700485, 0.019045552238821983, 0.04253977909684181, 0.0271731149405241, 0.002822029637172818, 0.014260749332606792, 0.013700790703296661, -0.024383433163166046, 0.023665787652134895, -0.02703065238893032, -0.04068934544920921, 0.03915835916996002, 0.04278199374675751, -0.09106393158435822, -0.02182696759700775, -0.036218710243701935, -0.014602910727262497, 0.0061419312842190266, -0.013285293243825436, -0.03275429084897041, -0.01212215330451727, 0.0039973133243620396, -0.014050936326384544, -0.07362766563892365, 0.003965294454246759, -0.0017706813523545861, 0.0071260989643633366, -0.010355335660278797, 0.02527534030377865, 0.045531533658504486, 0.05792180448770523, 0.024818819016218185, 0.07582371681928635, -0.014066989533603191, 0.007670452352613211, -0.0015184556832537055, 0.03844190761446953, -0.012862645089626312, -0.03598344326019287, 0.02495197393000126, 0.01911458559334278, -0.019390283152461052, -0.004771259613335133, -0.003379510249942541, -0.004426016937941313, 0.030875185504555702, 0.013873403891921043, 0.028099069371819496, -0.02945084683597088, 0.014856924302875996, -0.005162834655493498, 0.05186517909169197, -0.02079431153833866, 0.03373771160840988, -0.028705380856990814, -0.013232051394879818, -0.017505552619695663, -0.044731054455041885, 0.019295204430818558, 0.0029103332199156284, -0.02121073193848133, 0.0416237972676754, -0.049292754381895065, 0.012141675688326359, 0.09741347283124924, 0.04479742422699928, 0.03142697736620903, 0.016357775777578354, 0.018441608175635338, 0.01886679232120514, -0.007339621428400278, -0.062495190650224686, 0.011427502147853374, -0.016066061332821846, -0.0456840880215168, -0.0039171758107841015, -0.005610053893178701, -0.03095986135303974, -0.010334974154829979, -0.028014827519655228, 0.015057925134897232, 0.022558271884918213, -0.023002322763204575, -0.03589541092514992, -0.006060752552002668, 0.051034122705459595, 0.03968934342265129, 0.024494629353284836, 0.055141616612672806, -0.06418082863092422, -0.028755538165569305, -0.0011206312337890267, -0.05464177951216698, 0.043821197003126144, -0.03513038158416748, 0.06867861747741699, -0.004163563251495361, -0.040034230798482895, -0.0006690965965390205, -0.05829514563083649, -0.01070877630263567, 0.039252132177352905, -0.00544681865721941, 0.05686841160058975, -0.01803462579846382, -0.04109877347946167, 0.055374715477228165, 0.03692886605858803, 0.04907222092151642, 0.08086399734020233, -0.025469103828072548, 0.08015484362840652, -0.019487794488668442, -0.021120602265000343, -0.026186764240264893, 0.04462401196360588, 0.0001784890773706138, -0.04155914485454559, 0.014280198141932487, -0.01363769918680191, 0.009901279583573341, 0.04775894060730934, 0.03283018618822098, 0.06625436246395111, 0.020568080246448517, -0.023423785343766212, 0.016270725056529045, -0.007708624936640263, -0.049991607666015625, 0.04986194148659706, 0.04557275027036667, 0.0004289920616429299, -0.008184247650206089, -0.021479347720742226, 0.0868711844086647, 0.03911397233605385, -0.06255851686000824, -0.02743346244096756, 0.010653186589479446, -0.001318461145274341, -0.004978415556252003, -0.003725819056853652, -0.03752782568335533, -0.002452816814184189, -0.061659544706344604, -0.0142408711835742, 0.010442462749779224, 0.05574546009302139, -0.034630123525857925, 0.015482757240533829, 0.028351908549666405, 0.010047810152173042, 0.007137772161513567, 0.0018753212643787265, 0.01982865296304226, 0.053601887077093124, -0.018434135243296623, -0.01479556504637003, -0.005323328543454409, -0.0003290502936579287, 0.006411613430827856, -0.00953639391809702, -0.044071633368730545, 0.005784730426967144, -0.014463571831583977, -0.00882965698838234, -0.025703823193907738, 0.05652041360735893, 0.06756448745727539, 0.024834882467985153, 0.01716955378651619, 0.011516834609210491, -0.05994008481502533, -0.02844204194843769, -0.09329104423522949, -0.03553469106554985, -0.035556744784116745, 0.030661793425679207, 0.008226338773965836, 0.04034307599067688, 0.03723366931080818, -0.004287405870854855, -0.06296240538358688, 0.0208772961050272, 0.024470048025250435, 0.02655772678554058, 0.01638150028884411, 0.000032609965273877606, -0.026858674362301826, -0.03157612308859825, 0.035911478102207184, -0.009003132581710815, 0.01607559435069561, -0.04447853937745094, -0.03344356641173363, 0.0016756771365180612, -0.013196193613111973, -0.010458800010383129, -0.003150984877720475, 0.021765580400824547, -0.012450517155230045, -0.003035466419532895, 0.01998824253678322, 0.03711409866809845, 0.04089817777276039, 0.04300877824425697, -0.011750253848731518, -0.07655898481607437, 0.040809888392686844, 0.0008928747847676277, 0.05047820881009102, 0.04397285357117653, -0.01212875172495842, -0.017630185931921005, 0.029355468228459358, 0.022495660930871964, -0.03399574011564255, -0.2776971161365509, -0.018456554040312767, 0.016633016988635063, -0.022480405867099762, 0.03618054836988449, -0.03194158151745796, 0.020218893885612488, -0.040973152965307236, -0.03451979532837868, -0.009429038502275944, -0.012673514895141125, 0.014368720352649689, -0.0032513835467398167, 0.0658191591501236, 0.056812871247529984, 0.06971080601215363, 0.006883639842271805, -0.01357747707515955, 0.03751181811094284, 0.061678383499383926, -0.030866000801324844, -0.06142236292362213, -0.023923637345433235, 0.07740140706300735, -0.0038964569102972746, 0.026969758793711662, -0.06472400575876236, -0.019766438752412796, -0.03436611592769623, -0.009030257351696491, 0.01275750994682312, -0.019852088764309883, -0.010093899443745613, 0.036744218319654465, 0.023440921679139137, -0.019181489944458008, 0.08810796588659286, -0.003605944337323308, 0.03071761317551136, -0.019917262718081474, 0.02604648657143116, -0.024267468601465225, -0.014940211549401283, 0.006848574616014957, 0.048313386738300323, -0.015268721617758274, -0.05422428250312805, -0.04687967151403427, -0.030239030718803406, 0.03835265710949898, 0.02568165212869644, -0.05470917746424675, -0.012752038426697254, 0.05314059928059578, 0.03451269492506981, -0.030843399465084076, 0.038815975189208984, -0.020792633295059204, -0.004048805683851242, -0.0031243821140378714, -0.04294638708233833, -0.058051347732543945, -0.038647543638944626, -0.020450441166758537, 0.0072336625307798386, -0.03953639417886734, -0.0649990439414978, -0.05857081711292267, 0.02727578394114971, 0.049368150532245636, 0.0027839941903948784, 0.0027631933335214853, -0.011336494237184525, -0.09066198021173477, -0.0010066140675917268, 0.027206992730498314, -0.03674671798944473, -0.03644231706857681, -0.031032266095280647, 0.018585124984383583, -0.03847947344183922, -0.04430198669433594, 0.030266474932432175, 0.015619397163391113, 0.00042759053758345544, -0.04767531901597977, 0.0411686934530735, -0.04168149083852768, -0.02601703442633152, -0.05446716398000717, 0.05019272118806839, 0.009719300083816051, 0.014921842142939568, -0.02210463210940361, 0.031052639707922935, 0.0002611191594041884, 0.05373401939868927, 0.0691860020160675, 0.026218442246317863, -0.033123381435871124, 0.03699523210525513, -0.0701015442609787, -0.01753152906894684, -0.02507675252854824, -0.02006799541413784, 0.02681048773229122, -0.05343066155910492, -0.016820572316646576, 0.04035194218158722, 0.02710261568427086, -0.048524126410484314, -0.02055671066045761, 0.015787703916430473, 0.01694881170988083, -0.014147663488984108, -0.012666400521993637, 0.005881291814148426, 0.01384715735912323, 0.032209042459726334, -0.017168130725622177, -0.02920737862586975, 0.0035278291907161474, -0.03399493917822838, 0.022366086021065712, 0.025163397192955017, -0.0073791369795799255, -0.03718465566635132, 0.0069277905859053135, -0.024623753502964973, 0.029458515346050262, 0.015116281807422638, 0.04516483470797539, -0.0065188342705369, 0.017290061339735985, 0.052336663007736206, -0.021682046353816986, 0.0019119551870971918, -0.015366769395768642, 0.0029768100939691067, 0.0027256410103291273, 0.002346136374399066, 0.022009145468473434, 0.018984174355864525, 0.01872626505792141, 0.06091896817088127, -0.040200140327215195, 0.004761671181768179, 0.012742598541080952, -0.02708400785923004, 0.010074292309582233, 0.0032432384323328733, -0.05186991021037102, -0.03197832778096199, -0.03233031928539276, 0.032129961997270584, -0.02850000001490116, -0.016280636191368103, -0.028075553476810455, 0.04006976634263992, -0.03151686117053032, 0.056329961866140366, 0.03985835611820221, -0.018280036747455597, -0.004873102996498346, 0.05305226892232895, -0.0013484040973708034, 0.013130747713148594, 0.02529628947377205, 0.0023601832799613476, -0.006434534210711718, 0.006730944383889437, -0.03540467098355293, -0.044893644750118256, -0.012091011740267277, 0.008268291130661964, 0.038698114454746246, -0.01545855775475502, -0.0021720868535339832, -0.051585886627435684, 0.041231703013181686, 0.011262675747275352, 0.0015514515107497573, 0.04133079573512077, 0.016219498589634895, 0.07455164939165115, -0.007890013046562672, -0.03745943307876587, 0.017148258164525032, -0.0013032201677560806, 0.00967396330088377, -0.001220590784214437, 0.04774482548236847, -0.0493752658367157, -0.03410372510552406, -0.06645428389310837, -0.03740822896361351, -0.02512950822710991, 0.018342332914471626, -0.023583989590406418, -0.014611423946917057, -0.020672021433711052, 0.018131935968995094, -0.03328562527894974, -0.011467261239886284, 0.03012600727379322, -0.05802537500858307, 0.018802877515554428, 0.03381909802556038, -0.06487955152988434, 0.03835251182317734, -0.014291318133473396, -0.008765038102865219, -0.050928711891174316, -0.054468341171741486, 0.0032080707605928183, -0.009607271291315556, -0.017451532185077667, -0.05143195390701294, 0.02834860235452652, -0.004249487537890673, 0.009411427192389965, 0.016983268782496452, -0.006100120022892952, -0.024433981627225876, 0.006921831052750349, 0.03626473620533943, -0.042988426983356476, -0.00026024034013971686, 0.017070742323994637, -0.013348130509257317, 0.032850854098796844, -0.015322397463023663, 0.045363400131464005, 0.0742795541882515, 0.006936414632946253, -0.0009064044570550323, -0.058877550065517426, 0.023794878274202347, 0.026428474113345146, -0.003743024542927742, 0.08770730346441269, 0.019366776570677757, -0.028279965743422508, 0.04368045926094055, 0.01176049467176199, 0.027801604941487312, -0.02364611253142357, -0.007518546190112829, 0.007945558987557888, 0.031631603837013245, 0.003291635075584054, -0.011290294118225574, -0.04593364894390106, -0.0050424737855792046, 0.03769082576036453, -0.05533253774046898, -0.01386687159538269, -0.05199573561549187, -0.07699352502822876, 0.024149516597390175, 0.027306044474244118, 0.025912493467330933, -0.026331180706620216, 0.0365244597196579, 0.05953316390514374, 0.018937470391392708, -0.025988761335611343, -0.01878644898533821, 0.039531342685222626, -0.03214135393500328, 0.024887502193450928, -0.07403034716844559, -0.042552053928375244, 0.06970154494047165, -0.021639445796608925, -0.011371596716344357, -0.01684633456170559, -0.030217032879590988, 0.027243079617619514, -0.02693716250360012, -0.05492577701807022, 0.020319253206253052, -0.011288943700492382, 0.008497854694724083, -0.0010967623675242066, -0.02480941265821457, 0.010676329955458641, -0.03746604919433594, -0.03811350092291832, -0.01068835984915495, -0.034759413450956345, 0.02659856341779232, -0.00733290845528245, -0.0015114408452063799, -0.025182807818055153, -0.002471557818353176, 0.03778607398271561, 0.05557606741786003, -0.002454082714393735, 0.03067949414253235, -0.005913408938795328, 0.05027162656188011, 0.017932141199707985, 0.02080291509628296, 0.021016206592321396, 0.011672907508909702, -0.031426526606082916, -0.02194378897547722, 0.0625285655260086, 0.029555028304457664, -0.009074147790670395, -0.054308854043483734, 0.05663316324353218, 0.03263745829463005, -0.027989348396658897, 0.0035986285656690598, 0.035509172827005386, -0.05650477111339569, 0.02323555201292038, -0.017516613006591797, 0.008688259869813919, -0.008826617151498795, 0.0599873885512352, -0.003475434146821499, 0.006826899945735931, 0.05687627196311951, 0.017382843419909477, 0.002963843522593379, -0.0007621420081704855, 0.06534401327371597, 0.06336766481399536, 0.08357614278793335, -0.018505975604057312, 0.08850919455289841, -0.0461001880466938, -0.03464242443442345, 0.04714355245232582, 0.019049981608986855, 0.014475176110863686, -0.06558842211961746, 0.0015176007291302085, 0.11645709723234177, 0.007817212492227554, 0.03448067232966423, -0.05197808891534805, -0.013446803204715252, 0.02644382417201996, 0.01121674757450819, 0.005023024510592222, 0.03463490679860115, 0.052509605884552, -0.030858412384986877, -0.016609415411949158, 0.009830302558839321, -0.005184451583772898, -0.0794353187084198, 0.010211612097918987, -0.00143332383595407, 0.0035871269647032022, 0.021347416564822197, -0.02977222576737404, 0.04039079323410988, 0.0973399356007576, -0.02779463492333889, -0.04920222982764244, 0.010900622233748436, -0.0032395434100180864, 0.02700968086719513, 0.05591927841305733, -0.01861274056136608, 0.010330460034310818, 0.01578187756240368, -0.0019885320216417313, 0.02262703888118267, 0.03667239472270012, 0.015928305685520172, 0.011828727088868618, -0.02224983274936676, -0.007575114257633686, 0.014157408848404884, 0.029275909066200256, -0.05385579541325569, -0.02384963445365429, -0.04460609331727028, -0.047313280403614044, -0.024424923583865166, -0.012192735448479652, 0.03753087669610977, -0.0004934260505251586, -0.0480525866150856, -0.01224641315639019, -0.042169440537691116, 0.004301337990909815, 0.02907964400947094, -0.06537741422653198, 0.006749695632606745, 0.020999625325202942, 0.01913127303123474, -0.050287067890167236, 0.026362275704741478, 0.009611386805772781, -0.006701950449496508, 0.007675620261579752, 0.02355385012924671, 0.03933458775281906, 0.000911196693778038, -0.02160271257162094, -0.035302869975566864, -0.10000648349523544, 0.005687653087079525, 0.0010888323886319995, -0.04472966864705086, -0.09335413575172424, 0.021444447338581085, -0.005461712367832661, 0.01931791938841343, 0.07286985963582993, 0.01599755696952343, 0.04397698864340782, -0.03774336352944374, 0.008751035667955875, -0.030955268070101738, -0.01567848213016987, 0.05738210678100586, -0.01918206363916397, 0.0738476812839508, 0.013338848948478699, 0.0406082347035408, -0.03434815630316734, 0.03761535510420799, -0.018436279147863388, 0.0022929648403078318, -0.011117835529148579, -0.027371523901820183, -0.03012828342616558, -0.08360408246517181, -0.02335989661514759, 0.038104403764009476, 0.008982853032648563, -0.03999415040016174, -0.02310083620250225, -0.04303884506225586, -0.0071838232688605785, -0.01256263442337513, -0.025205524638295174, -0.022699659690260887, -0.02071807160973549, -0.034022651612758636, -0.05227567255496979, -0.011329193599522114, -0.02886214666068554, -0.003139723790809512, -0.011384328827261925, -0.012139696627855301, -0.029024774208664894, 0.030964486300945282, 0.029581621289253235, -0.01086621917784214, 0.044254761189222336, -0.022559592500329018 ]
5,127
Adaptive Stochastic Coefficients for Accelerating Diffusion Sampling
[ "Ruoyu Wang", "Beier Zhu", "Junzhi Li", "Liangyu Yuan", "Chi Zhang" ]
Diffusion-based generative processes, grounded in differential equation solving, frequently require striking a balance between computational speed and output quality. Our theoretical investigation of prevalent solving approaches - ordinary differential equations (ODE) and stochastic differential equations (SDE) solvers - uncovers distinct limitations: ODE solvers exhibit irreducible gradient error accumulation from deterministic path dependence, while SDE methods suffer amplified discretization errors when step counts are reduced. Building upon this insight, we introduce AdaSDE, a novel single-step SDE solver that aims to unify the efficiency of ODEs with the error resilience of SDEs. At the core of our design is a learnable parameter obtained through lightweight tuning, which dynamically regulates the error correction strength to accelerate diffusion sampling. Notably, our framework can be integrated with numerous solvers to enhance their capabilities through lightweight parameter tuning. Extensive experiments demonstrate state-of-the-art performance: At 5 NFE, AdaSDE achieves FID scores of 4.79 on CIFAR-10, 8.91 on FFHQ 64×64 and 6.96 on LSUN Bedroom.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.03596711531281471, 0.0080751683562994, -0.022314883768558502, 0.07552635669708252, 0.05367905646562576, 0.05228301137685776, 0.03714051470160484, -0.02872764877974987, 0.020015692338347435, -0.08017972856760025, 0.058002814650535583, -0.037086546421051025, -0.03999374806880951, 0.025005768984556198, 0.025025518611073494, 0.05388517677783966, 0.030480878427624702, -0.0257431473582983, -0.012520880438387394, 0.04615813493728638, -0.01872364990413189, -0.0381828136742115, 0.04866991564631462, 0.03425763174891472, 0.0075190686620771885, -0.025530461221933365, 0.008807594887912273, -0.02619813196361065, -0.0013871777337044477, 0.007327711675316095, 0.02148277498781681, 0.04048086702823639, -0.02527201920747757, -0.043825939297676086, -0.0014238262083381414, 0.02228151075541973, -0.03561956062912941, -0.026484698057174683, -0.02379755675792694, 0.024667587131261826, -0.060842033475637436, -0.024271758273243904, -0.007227645721286535, 0.0436108261346817, -0.017785144969820976, -0.03417058661580086, -0.06694678962230682, 0.013987322337925434, 0.017923694103956223, -0.017514755949378014, -0.10050441324710846, 0.0088657196611166, 0.027292151004076004, -0.031153611838817596, -0.014244120568037033, 0.04658037796616554, 0.05457792431116104, -0.06438244879245758, -0.0003132301790174097, -0.07186321169137955, 0.0026001380756497383, -0.0047497935593128204, -0.0008110924391075969, -0.002232693135738373, 0.009104757569730282, -0.009061621502041817, 0.0031253404449671507, 0.03824349865317345, -0.04108789935708046, -0.0336577408015728, 0.007081177551299334, -0.013740112073719501, 0.01794283464550972, -0.008162174373865128, 0.003448206465691328, -0.06892094761133194, 0.046242766082286835, 0.032112713903188705, 0.058161791414022446, 0.007366172503679991, 0.002153926296159625, -0.0038147447630763054, -0.02354814112186432, 0.0445653572678566, -0.02715344913303852, 0.007045942358672619, -0.044838663190603256, 0.0007740537985228002, -0.06073007732629776, 0.06525131314992905, -0.03513048216700554, -0.07276403903961182, 0.016660837456583977, 0.027148107066750526, 0.03371400013566017, -0.007044326514005661, 0.024945467710494995, -0.0025651599280536175, 0.02378186583518982, 0.010362181812524796, -0.028120340779423714, -0.032407376915216446, 0.020974937826395035, -0.03935755789279938, -0.07580142468214035, -0.023065030574798584, -0.06757231801748276, -0.023537850007414818, 0.00671759806573391, -0.0027510682120919228, -0.008901393041014671, 0.014869832433760166, -0.018636850640177727, -0.03321090340614319, -0.10702047497034073, 0.026117492467164993, 0.03446846455335617, 0.04422435536980629, 0.016726015135645866, -0.018992776051163673, 0.05501142144203186, 0.052271727472543716, -0.03081844374537468, 0.05389392003417015, -0.019929183647036552, 0.07720233500003815, 0.0390276163816452, 0.0154221560806036, -0.019850710406899452, -0.0389925055205822, -0.02521994709968567, 0.010166341438889503, 0.021882446482777596, -0.021898789331316948, -0.006284545641392469, -0.03259838744997978, 0.012328770942986012, 0.04125378280878067, 0.03265324980020523, -0.013127540238201618, 0.014741422608494759, 0.006573908496648073, 0.04287606105208397, -0.02783484384417534, 0.03241002559661865, -0.034370459616184235, 0.036982208490371704, -0.019246147945523262, -0.04869541898369789, 0.009369870647788048, 0.01368868537247181, 0.034411266446113586, -0.0020887996070086956, -0.04737217351794243, 0.013091600500047207, 0.03880700841546059, 0.02466302365064621, -0.010228701867163181, -0.02127905935049057, -0.004362643230706453, 0.039119452238082886, -0.01871105097234249, -0.0006004974129609764, 0.005848387256264687, -0.007398322224617004, -0.029540233314037323, 0.06695917248725891, 0.019403213635087013, -0.019657814875245094, -0.050052791833877563, -0.038606032729148865, -0.014038900844752789, 0.030439572408795357, -0.026843389496207237, 0.03298605605959892, 0.0007973111933097243, 0.023338813334703445, 0.02371378056704998, 0.022731168195605278, 0.01530315913259983, -0.07342096418142319, -0.015378455631434917, 0.010488323867321014, 0.014172134920954704, -0.0025569128338247538, -0.03577602282166481, 0.10496559739112854, 0.020329218357801437, 0.0075845858082175255, 0.05860959738492966, -0.11777308583259583, -0.03260129317641258, 0.02246055379509926, -0.006177259609103203, 0.03115374781191349, 0.020839441567659378, -0.027897009626030922, 0.019766446202993393, 0.054636772722005844, 0.008801466785371304, 0.03953731805086136, -0.027189083397388458, 0.022907307371497154, -0.02409556694328785, -0.04607127234339714, -0.018337590619921684, 0.05979715287685394, -0.043339092284440994, -0.025930583477020264, -0.0046156938187778, -0.028040649369359016, -0.024419693276286125, 0.004372618161141872, 0.008912697434425354, 0.020061688497662544, -0.013312406837940216, -0.031298842281103134, 0.008898974396288395, -0.0020054944325238466, -0.018972299993038177, 0.017718005925416946, 0.016158247366547585, -0.017825236544013023, 0.030809015035629272, -0.01847478188574314, 0.09169218689203262, 0.08090747147798538, -0.034472133964300156, 0.00047266139881685376, -0.008546382188796997, 0.018965616822242737, -0.024699589237570763, 0.04083823412656784, -0.04880215600132942, 0.004329793620854616, 0.013677168637514114, -0.018316853791475296, -0.0027926787734031677, 0.07243124395608902, -0.03541284427046776, 0.0029532969929277897, 0.053856104612350464, 0.0121577437967062, 0.07056260108947754, -0.001845872844569385, 0.03648078069090843, 0.03846391662955284, -0.018004735931754112, -0.03204084187746048, -0.029412413015961647, 0.0059028929099440575, 0.024873459711670876, 0.013765765354037285, -0.016406605020165443, 0.005487264133989811, -0.06392187625169754, -0.002974068745970726, -0.003116719191893935, 0.06434554606676102, 0.03435101732611656, -0.0005785358953289688, 0.002747167833149433, 0.021898245438933372, -0.008582979440689087, -0.011676760390400887, -0.128401979804039, -0.010301807895302773, 0.019874177873134613, 0.009347517974674702, 0.03295452147722244, 0.042612794786691666, -0.010281036607921124, 0.03510593995451927, -0.034782424569129944, -0.037770826369524, 0.005112198181450367, 0.023217160254716873, 0.01619889587163925, -0.039450764656066895, -0.01977379620075226, 0.02863439731299877, 0.09307366609573364, -0.04428299143910408, -0.03724861890077591, -0.024673471227288246, -0.03013608790934086, -0.021668262779712677, 0.0019992252346128225, 0.010317949578166008, 0.04002447798848152, 0.022278878837823868, -0.0018012005602940917, -0.06475836783647537, 0.03355007246136665, 0.021624822169542313, 0.034444503486156464, 0.04233450070023537, 0.014411200769245625, -0.04084496572613716, -0.010533534921705723, 0.02762581780552864, 0.0009340326068922877, -0.019235314801335335, 0.035178061574697495, -0.0044965981505811214, -0.017520006746053696, 0.0078034913167357445, -0.007957768626511097, -0.26168593764305115, -0.008798012509942055, 0.006977497600018978, -0.002053669886663556, 0.033853452652692795, -0.038521137088537216, 0.05021335557103157, -0.02444276213645935, -0.02182045578956604, 0.009737550280988216, -0.004829710349440575, 0.043119899928569794, -0.01740262284874916, 0.08200623840093613, 0.02959248423576355, -0.0058555882424116135, 0.03431498631834984, -0.038784150034189224, -0.013601232320070267, 0.02425903081893921, -0.010696233250200748, -0.05580108240246773, -0.01778552681207657, 0.028376085683703423, -0.008866947144269943, -0.007502242457121611, -0.06432843953371048, -0.008579835295677185, -0.019663173705339432, -0.0016864342615008354, -0.010383467189967632, -0.027897030115127563, -0.0010948717826977372, 0.03967268764972687, 0.017085948958992958, 0.018667932599782944, 0.024001266807317734, 0.011077513918280602, 0.011060543358325958, 0.015987008810043335, 0.018776968121528625, -0.010980866849422455, 0.0005980031564831734, -0.001253815134987235, 0.03219518065452576, 0.008392134681344032, -0.02796696312725544, 0.006626518443226814, -0.030764929950237274, 0.044566232711076736, 0.006926332134753466, -0.025499556213617325, -0.016421852633357048, -0.013995783403515816, -0.02799936756491661, -0.012514973990619183, 0.021534211933612823, -0.013897519558668137, -0.00774215254932642, 0.0601327084004879, 0.020051652565598488, -0.03939766064286232, 0.003549166489392519, -0.03662923723459244, -0.011031754314899445, -0.039186883717775345, -0.07449366897344589, -0.023805053904652596, 0.02740190550684929, 0.014789807610213757, -0.02009807713329792, 0.0070163793861866, 0.014437629841268063, -0.0930040180683136, 0.027708597481250763, 0.002878340892493725, 0.04238064959645271, -0.044020455330610275, -0.005849318578839302, 0.02240675874054432, -0.021130943670868874, -0.013346504420042038, 0.008997145108878613, 0.01896621473133564, 0.010895058512687683, -0.0039387354627251625, 0.0029385313391685486, -0.03280831500887871, -0.013575378805398941, -0.03939526900649071, 0.03122851811349392, 0.01998761296272278, 0.06629987806081772, -0.006034141406416893, 0.0642770305275917, 0.041684262454509735, 0.019673597067594528, 0.0497930534183979, 0.006065680645406246, -0.030587447807192802, 0.05829855054616928, -0.08070789277553558, -0.024248767644166946, -0.06732849776744843, -0.018912876024842262, 0.0006967085646465421, -0.05064234510064125, 0.0033615007996559143, 0.028573239222168922, 0.0034103563521057367, -0.02509259060025215, -0.02858373336493969, -0.04606446996331215, -0.01707342267036438, -0.008128310553729534, -0.02482321299612522, 0.03785000368952751, 0.05803801119327545, -0.005166444927453995, -0.0005459291278384626, -0.031788136810064316, 0.055813416838645935, -0.04313382878899574, -0.029919534921646118, 0.008535356260836124, 0.0010373549303039908, -0.011428439058363438, 0.04319538176059723, 0.009550654329359531, -0.04073862358927727, 0.029726224020123482, 0.048979971557855606, -0.02333914116024971, 0.016325615346431732, 0.03323735296726227, -0.022369520738720894, -0.013579938560724258, -0.013532373122870922, 0.047579169273376465, -0.015292102470993996, 0.003672691062092781, 0.008920983411371708, 0.060005176812410355, -0.029505757614970207, 0.06570523977279663, 0.04542061686515808, 0.030879657715559006, 0.024500058963894844, 0.03301738575100899, -0.038643885403871536, 0.007908854633569717, -0.03493458032608032, -0.05268806591629982, -0.039281103760004044, -0.031664974987506866, -0.021091105416417122, 0.044693827629089355, -0.03825044259428978, 0.022051125764846802, -0.07256580144166946, 0.02872517891228199, 0.016776293516159058, -0.06165069714188576, 0.005748806521296501, -0.003356671892106533, 0.09310978651046753, -0.02124614268541336, 0.0065991864539682865, 0.0188774224370718, -0.023550037294626236, 0.00885791052132845, -0.013205080293118954, -0.03927953168749809, -0.042828090488910675, -0.008888427168130875, 0.03773053362965584, 0.01056165061891079, -0.043819766491651535, -0.03907429426908493, 0.02507714554667473, 0.00895785354077816, -0.03145064786076546, -0.0054833595640957355, 0.02926146239042282, 0.07200510054826736, -0.023154687136411667, -0.017430178821086884, -0.018051568418741226, -0.04047589376568794, 0.014612507075071335, -0.03930448740720749, -0.004429944325238466, -0.03218933939933777, -0.054358694702386856, -0.02148338407278061, -0.04278819262981415, 0.0054002427496016026, 0.06797122210264206, -0.010959045961499214, 0.009597444906830788, 0.022629210725426674, 0.0036222990602254868, -0.01983177848160267, 0.01887522079050541, 0.012352557852864265, -0.08164037764072418, 0.029495421797037125, 0.03421719744801521, -0.008171296678483486, 0.01536654680967331, -0.007505412213504314, -0.05559628829360008, -0.0419158898293972, 0.001600339892320335, -0.011568378657102585, 0.010213074274361134, -0.009669887833297253, -0.0054591353982687, 0.0033858504611998796, 0.014457199722528458, 0.05243484675884247, 0.01615344174206257, 0.01853824406862259, -0.0051314025186002254, -0.0040718005038797855, 0.00683238822966814, -0.059133995324373245, -0.01063236128538847, -0.01763041876256466, 0.0078699616715312, 0.01974577084183693, -0.05476829782128334, -0.0035822554491460323, 0.025312822312116623, 0.020048584789037704, 0.017907069995999336, -0.052759744226932526, 0.051153771579265594, -0.017662381753325462, -0.013365396298468113, -0.0071464902721345425, 0.01229357160627842, -0.025527842342853546, -0.02053374983370304, -0.02402031235396862, 0.04059319198131561, -0.0192940104752779, -0.0021665033418685198, 0.01328642200678587, 0.05843193084001541, 0.005486293695867062, 0.04021880030632019, -0.05324065312743187, 0.051578257232904434, 0.03207743540406227, -0.016723204404115677, -0.015039758756756783, -0.08305887877941132, -0.037245966494083405, 0.01316539105027914, -0.03520945832133293, 0.03230549395084381, 0.0009667871054261923, 0.036002762615680695, 0.027810240164399147, 0.022210678085684776, 0.029287461191415787, -0.04486457630991936, 0.040451087057590485, -0.03616387024521828, -0.00808126013725996, -0.060424625873565674, 0.020806167274713516, 0.04994994401931763, -0.015201060101389885, 0.021609315648674965, 0.04232174903154373, -0.009137418121099472, 0.05574885383248329, -0.040105704218149185, -0.06857212632894516, 0.009676474146544933, -0.018537333235144615, -0.002818161388859153, 0.03209918737411499, -0.045338068157434464, -0.026208357885479927, -0.01670062355697155, -0.04698477312922478, -0.01148412935435772, 0.04171963781118393, 0.023842742666602135, -0.020957589149475098, 0.022010475397109985, -0.035954296588897705, 0.011552534997463226, 0.022474339231848717, 0.04241809993982315, -0.02874707616865635, 0.012935497798025608, -0.0244305357336998, 0.07337913662195206, 0.03660672903060913, 0.020561881363391876, 0.026826515793800354, 0.003458721563220024, -0.019561463966965675, -0.033048082143068314, 0.009014717303216457, 0.022397777065634727, -0.018933303654193878, -0.08276636153459549, 0.037442103028297424, 0.05733814090490341, -0.05050179362297058, -0.037027906626462936, 0.025489844381809235, -0.022125551477074623, 0.015480000525712967, -0.004325757268816233, 0.01236675214022398, 0.017567429691553116, 0.057286255061626434, -0.0028445988427847624, 0.03731420636177063, 0.03513917699456215, 0.04556110501289368, -0.004109220579266548, -0.010308816097676754, 0.06697951257228851, 0.09044456481933594, 0.020360315218567848, -0.00857038889080286, 0.06464821845293045, -0.02846883237361908, -0.03562147915363312, 0.02156808041036129, -0.01213036384433508, -0.05449969321489334, -0.07719413936138153, 0.0261225663125515, 0.09801442921161652, 0.01441621221601963, 0.05787520855665207, -0.07132936269044876, -0.005372723564505577, 0.028140079230070114, 0.01143872831016779, 0.015023982152342796, 0.001410439726896584, 0.007429709192365408, -0.005152624566107988, -0.0130300372838974, -0.0010685519082471728, -0.009447806514799595, -0.026199935004115105, 0.030417729169130325, 0.0056854127906262875, 0.008058307692408562, 0.013339963741600513, 0.02651318721473217, 0.011539533734321594, 0.07622572034597397, -0.05599173530936241, -0.03399229049682617, -0.038366883993148804, 0.008159966208040714, -0.003346937010064721, 0.037697095423936844, 0.01783720962703228, -0.004609799012541771, -0.027382148429751396, -0.03508029133081436, -0.004162277560681105, 0.0778312087059021, -0.02168271504342556, -0.004442210774868727, -0.03673199936747551, 0.0073988367803394794, 0.004911608994007111, -0.018554385751485825, -0.05731211230158806, -0.06330377608537674, -0.008798282593488693, -0.02509467862546444, -0.0642705112695694, -0.012768101878464222, 0.01623413898050785, -0.019369008019566536, -0.02755398117005825, 0.003970855847001076, -0.026479993015527725, 0.026562703773379326, 0.04001685231924057, -0.03724951297044754, -0.04839939996600151, 0.0312715619802475, -0.01703970693051815, -0.025700384750962257, 0.017396965995430946, 0.04451768845319748, 0.00004730865839519538, -0.018701033666729927, 0.0153970280662179, -0.018362559378147125, 0.03471960499882698, 0.0072817737236619, 0.017186524346470833, -0.08182697743177414, 0.018525779247283936, 0.059877652674913406, -0.015188450925052166, -0.06966295838356018, 0.07225765287876129, -0.035891856998205185, 0.028114214539527893, 0.01295388862490654, 0.02197391726076603, -0.022743072360754013, -0.04820358380675316, -0.027142217382788658, 0.013768765144050121, 0.02179928682744503, 0.016015702858567238, -0.03842853009700775, 0.10504745692014694, 0.029326055198907852, 0.01074957475066185, -0.04633418843150139, 0.04158735275268555, -0.008252553641796112, 0.023387324064970016, -0.005230907816439867, 0.011688285507261753, -0.074847012758255, -0.08677248656749725, -0.028375303372740746, 0.03981314226984978, -0.037194713950157166, -0.024726280942559242, 0.030945060774683952, 0.0017609290080145001, 0.021490635350346565, 0.02561243623495102, -0.03151457756757736, -0.017402322962880135, -0.046591147780418396, -0.044225048273801804, -0.03995146602392197, 0.013778873719274998, 0.0033011871855705976, 0.015447013080120087, -0.01812565140426159, -0.04981312155723572, -0.017483647912740707, -0.028055677190423012, 0.04348907992243767, -0.009001970291137695, 0.018313147127628326, -0.002462462754920125 ]
5,128
Sampling from multi-modal distributions with polynomial query complexity in fixed dimension via reverse diffusion
[ "Adrien Vacher", "Omar Chehab", "Anna Korba" ]
Sampling from multi-modal distributions is challenging, even in low dimensions. We provide the first sampling algorithm for a broad class of distributions --- including all Gaussian mixtures --- with a query complexity that is polynomial in the parameters governing multi-modality, assuming fixed dimension. Our sampling algorithm simulates a time-reversed diffusion process, using a specific Monte Carlo estimator of the intermediate score functions. Unlike previous works, it avoids metastability, requires no prior knowledge of the mode locations, and does not rely on restrictive smoothness assumptions that exclude general Gaussian mixtures. We illustrate this result on a low-dimensional but challenging multi-modal sampling task, where our algorithm significantly outperforms existing approaches.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.032095473259687424, -0.02023288980126381, 0.03527679666876793, 0.0655684843659401, 0.03937632218003273, -0.002544932533055544, 0.020690640434622765, 0.008267540484666824, -0.01176123134791851, -0.06661024689674377, 0.014068660326302052, -0.0010333264945074916, -0.044247403740882874, 0.009702077135443687, 0.027862291783094406, 0.06860028952360153, 0.020517265424132347, -0.056479260325431824, 0.002547708572819829, 0.04114542901515961, -0.003963681869208813, -0.026157520711421967, 0.021207263693213463, 0.005087987054139376, 0.021009214222431183, -0.008661632426083088, 0.021650534123182297, 0.029929129406809807, -0.019920827820897102, -0.01286435779184103, 0.01491426769644022, 0.002412623493000865, -0.008642854169011116, -0.02624940685927868, -0.0055155204609036446, 0.012056601233780384, -0.03130080923438072, 0.008398780599236488, 0.002366655971854925, 0.03865237534046173, -0.0365435928106308, -0.008104327134788036, 0.020319297909736633, 0.008444126695394516, -0.05812196061015129, 0.006712551228702068, -0.06473980098962784, 0.06353501975536346, 0.016012117266654968, -0.01967928372323513, -0.06789209693670273, 0.029681751504540443, 0.03370710462331772, 0.004773901309818029, -0.01616337150335312, 0.028703883290290833, 0.023645823821425438, -0.048518724739551544, -0.004277428146451712, -0.06354198604822159, -0.017787087708711624, 0.009771945886313915, 0.014859532006084919, 0.005938756745308638, -0.019324006512761116, 0.0032629629131406546, 0.010220554657280445, 0.05715078487992287, -0.03163754567503929, -0.03477933257818222, -0.009871779009699821, -0.012121070176362991, 0.020750854164361954, 0.016344845294952393, 0.012270919047296047, -0.02520112134516239, 0.037775926291942596, 0.05206679180264473, 0.04523180052638054, -0.006427254527807236, 0.0170130617916584, -0.004361943807452917, -0.004223017022013664, 0.05189306288957596, -0.0242505744099617, -0.03055885061621666, -0.041362833231687546, -0.010128148831427097, -0.05955688655376434, 0.05865762010216713, -0.05335341766476631, -0.061693549156188965, 0.020692769438028336, 0.029947135597467422, 0.02732003852725029, -0.011564240790903568, 0.04461763799190521, -0.0020039707887917757, 0.02233179472386837, -0.014750609174370766, -0.0066355811432003975, -0.03926107659935951, 0.02015112340450287, -0.012464398518204689, -0.09596917033195496, -0.00968744046986103, -0.050964079797267914, 0.010684450156986713, -0.020054873079061508, 0.033941686153411865, -0.04297297075390816, -0.01873645931482315, -0.005161894951015711, -0.012171560898423195, -0.08781647682189941, 0.035398516803979874, 0.019547510892152786, 0.014602182433009148, 0.018984369933605194, -0.016573145985603333, 0.05543268471956253, 0.0728125348687172, -0.010415001772344112, 0.06501129269599915, -0.0079557616263628, 0.023217644542455673, 0.037267401814460754, 0.0378793440759182, -0.0349748395383358, -0.037122976034879684, 0.002208625664934516, 0.03696116805076599, 0.020237011834979057, 0.0035365165676921606, 0.023807736113667488, -0.0781644955277443, 0.00736565375700593, 0.03816695883870125, 0.0406218059360981, -0.005023575853556395, 0.03802688419818878, -0.046002719551324844, 0.038701992481946945, -0.023569446057081223, 0.05597953870892525, -0.032106973230838776, -0.012264115735888481, -0.026159081608057022, -0.060820676386356354, 0.013382052071392536, 0.010867791250348091, -0.0004472734872251749, 0.0269534382969141, -0.046041566878557205, 0.001701127621345222, 0.05427951738238335, -0.004959935788065195, 0.017201529815793037, 0.00351124769076705, -0.0030797983054071665, 0.02157408371567726, -0.021828804165124893, -0.0038830162957310677, 0.005363945383578539, -0.009993166662752628, -0.06237530708312988, 0.039722949266433716, 0.0739545077085495, -0.044223759323358536, -0.03152403607964516, -0.0340716727077961, -0.02278127893805504, 0.050199128687381744, 0.0033646661322563887, -0.0153903653845191, 0.0007920644129626453, 0.05713281035423279, 0.00920659489929676, 0.03167559951543808, -0.0075795515440404415, -0.09033702313899994, 0.006535964552313089, -0.0063775163143873215, -0.002295190468430519, 0.015517092309892178, -0.012539146468043327, 0.07681241631507874, -0.022461894899606705, 0.017795126885175705, 0.01326063647866249, -0.08617769926786423, -0.003538790624588728, 0.022404659539461136, -0.005038765259087086, 0.04418820142745972, 0.04893818497657776, -0.012989959679543972, 0.03258267045021057, 0.05885044112801552, 0.008366383612155914, 0.04426618665456772, -0.02390122041106224, 0.04313977435231209, -0.02962850220501423, -0.014913550578057766, -0.031623221933841705, 0.06576261669397354, -0.0656195804476738, -0.010535769164562225, 0.014774873852729797, 0.0046910252422094345, -0.0182125736027956, -0.014005028642714024, -0.00046106227091513574, 0.037632670253515244, -0.005477565806359053, 0.009822872467339039, 0.0041005271486938, -0.0007287030457518995, -0.044286128133535385, 0.05040588602423668, 0.04837443307042122, -0.011318915523588657, 0.0019980615470558405, -0.0019210486207157373, 0.10923175513744354, 0.08706893026828766, -0.021593181416392326, 0.010809737257659435, 0.021150294691324234, 0.0013328517088666558, 0.010149689391255379, 0.030084634199738503, -0.02161068469285965, 0.03958895057439804, 0.021351953968405724, 0.01019599474966526, -0.027182001620531082, 0.053976766765117645, -0.05943745747208595, -0.04849977418780327, 0.06559762358665466, 0.0164970513433218, 0.06384381651878357, -0.023750152438879013, -0.015640921890735626, 0.03613021597266197, -0.010738958604633808, -0.028835026547312737, -0.014637607149779797, -0.026469407603144646, 0.010307235643267632, 0.022698402404785156, -0.027442071586847305, 0.01923304609954357, -0.04798831790685654, 0.023724092170596123, 0.019048403948545456, 0.06059052422642708, 0.059249021112918854, 0.028610579669475555, 0.02261142060160637, 0.023600459098815918, -0.05945148319005966, -0.045294392853975296, -0.13797448575496674, -0.06388106197118759, -0.012355318292975426, 0.05402984097599983, -0.0006180410273373127, 0.06106001138687134, -0.04064231365919113, 0.038432445377111435, -0.004095268901437521, -0.0043952553533017635, -0.01982928067445755, 0.027532873675227165, 0.0004594425263348967, -0.030597729608416557, -0.018667010590434074, 0.005227925721555948, 0.0983089879155159, -0.030283154919743538, -0.036684755235910416, -0.05453672260046005, -0.03436829149723053, 0.0005859272205270827, 0.009417617693543434, 0.03271940350532532, 0.026019345968961716, 0.02512197755277157, 0.017397861927747726, -0.00073864875594154, 0.014298804104328156, 0.04679125174880028, 0.04684637859463692, 0.033823411911726, 0.0073192548006772995, -0.029159676283597946, -0.007900916039943695, -0.008683673106133938, 0.009870152920484543, -0.018022561445832253, -0.018421882763504982, -0.02297872118651867, -0.03379521518945694, 0.029512519016861916, -0.0010870631085708737, -0.26801785826683044, 0.008848035708069801, 0.005110445432364941, -0.011796296574175358, 0.023871617391705513, -0.012386832386255264, 0.046911485493183136, -0.03156288340687752, -0.036726247519254684, 0.022183850407600403, -0.0017842749366536736, 0.02916485257446766, -0.013263802044093609, 0.07744238525629044, 0.052271805703639984, -0.007445713505148888, -0.010518576018512249, -0.007025269325822592, 0.020906945690512657, 0.02209794521331787, 0.019051050767302513, -0.06585956364870071, 0.0037139856722205877, -0.004778358619660139, -0.01699591614305973, 0.010839005000889301, -0.06545323133468628, 0.014435690827667713, -0.035760875791311264, 0.01577962003648281, -0.02331390604376793, -0.03801105543971062, -0.010410184971988201, 0.08901509642601013, -0.005226260516792536, -0.009965180419385433, 0.036265838891267776, 0.003473080461844802, 0.0008007086580619216, 0.012229892425239086, -0.0026293196715414524, 0.022907966747879982, -0.03296497091650963, 0.014317226596176624, 0.048829760402441025, -0.005784312728792429, -0.018503470346331596, -0.023459166288375854, 0.0011927759042009711, 0.03818291798233986, 0.017541155219078064, -0.031003890559077263, -0.01099496427923441, -0.013528586365282536, -0.01597403734922409, -0.015756594017148018, 0.01068576518446207, -0.01026786770671606, -0.017193222418427467, 0.029770681634545326, 0.012758705765008926, -0.0462583489716053, 0.016327399760484695, -0.030597325414419174, 0.005359571892768145, -0.047543711960315704, -0.07947307080030441, -0.051691263914108276, 0.037782344967126846, 0.021639790385961533, -0.023754367604851723, -0.006335316225886345, -0.007394293788820505, -0.07932533323764801, 0.0434851199388504, 0.018707765266299248, 0.02245490252971649, -0.04636797308921814, -0.0025245603173971176, 0.028909403830766678, -0.039401061832904816, -0.028958046808838844, -0.01657678559422493, 0.02944650873541832, 0.01138214860111475, -0.0106281703338027, -0.019334053620696068, -0.026939552277326584, -0.019757892936468124, -0.06485652923583984, 0.029976870864629745, -0.0026093549095094204, 0.021319441497325897, -0.0020038574002683163, 0.04305648058652878, 0.03824017569422722, 0.005747409071773291, 0.039264414459466934, 0.041498638689517975, 0.001437101629562676, 0.038861118257045746, -0.08292590081691742, -0.045053064823150635, -0.020088110119104385, -0.025571933016180992, 0.004217758309096098, -0.06889853626489639, -0.0011318010510876775, 0.01890655606985092, -0.029481610283255577, -0.027555067092180252, -0.009085488505661488, -0.016381988301873207, -0.0093547273427248, 0.018536746501922607, -0.025729700922966003, 0.021647538989782333, 0.03731776028871536, 0.044485755264759064, -0.027120163664221764, -0.00036004045978188515, 0.046308938413858414, -0.04195620119571686, 0.01473761722445488, -0.013312680646777153, 0.011218147352337837, 0.007346737664192915, -0.028011919930577278, -0.016397537663578987, -0.010153311304748058, 0.026776684448122978, 0.04087193310260773, 0.004113929811865091, 0.03725051507353783, 0.0773438811302185, -0.002170099411159754, 0.018185114488005638, -0.00500110350549221, 0.033778466284275055, -0.012846848927438259, 0.05568772926926613, -0.030959393829107285, 0.018510840833187103, 0.026625726372003555, 0.033757757395505905, 0.014329248107969761, -0.012685908004641533, 0.010317990556359291, -0.02426327019929886, -0.032471541315317154, -0.0034457468427717686, -0.04082145541906357, -0.02875281684100628, -0.023228291422128677, -0.00802336074411869, 0.00464019738137722, 0.013856157660484314, -0.007934422232210636, 0.006526426412165165, -0.08322485536336899, 0.032428257167339325, 0.04183034598827362, -0.032847724854946136, -0.016887351870536804, -0.008847642689943314, 0.05233955755829811, -0.03887389227747917, 0.012652266770601273, 0.023882221430540085, 0.006674252450466156, 0.033884502947330475, -0.023797670379281044, -0.0226157084107399, -0.05147930234670639, -0.00947665423154831, -0.008236382156610489, 0.0048296465538442135, -0.015070934779942036, -0.06204366683959961, 0.053553517907857895, 0.05254053324460983, -0.026027357205748558, -0.025650283321738243, 0.014237949624657631, 0.08116979151964188, 0.007279844023287296, -0.022141939029097557, -0.022564418613910675, -0.03277362510561943, 0.04599817469716072, -0.03340544551610947, 0.016114138066768646, -0.04865757375955582, -0.07795611768960953, -0.011271439492702484, -0.030359676107764244, -0.003172873053699732, 0.04173121228814125, -0.026778094470500946, -0.010122286155819893, 0.022930115461349487, -0.024496175348758698, -0.03405645117163658, 0.00617422116920352, 0.010812949389219284, -0.05549810826778412, 0.03068850375711918, 0.043542277067899704, -0.04658416658639908, 0.022207368165254593, -0.02033478394150734, -0.05196686461567879, -0.05848872661590576, -0.019921986386179924, -0.0053052096627652645, -0.004939331207424402, -0.03475567698478699, 0.00162727409042418, 0.015443866141140461, 0.0023646948393434286, 0.021607041358947754, -0.02228904701769352, 0.009518631733953953, -0.008268630132079124, 0.023302219808101654, 0.06903523951768875, -0.053018733859062195, -0.017531471326947212, -0.0018379674293100834, -0.01321132481098175, 0.00714850053191185, -0.037787627428770065, -0.017675327137112617, 0.03943849727511406, -0.021602313965559006, -0.013223652727901936, -0.0631953626871109, 0.03852824121713638, -0.03380991891026497, 0.014608924277126789, -0.0017003400716930628, 0.01942199468612671, -0.026847438886761665, 0.014337362721562386, 0.004216540139168501, 0.03134339302778244, 0.035634785890579224, 0.007601222023367882, 0.01726812683045864, 0.012436079792678356, 0.015395223163068295, 0.03390049189329147, -0.06480157375335693, 0.0012397675309330225, 0.04462200403213501, 0.009971312247216702, -0.019204823300242424, -0.07482398301362991, -0.013071684166789055, 0.017030462622642517, -0.029103729873895645, 0.018730532377958298, -0.015468982048332691, 0.008531591854989529, 0.04074370488524437, 0.0423751175403595, 0.006864442955702543, -0.0005495559889823198, 0.027607109397649765, -0.04960904270410538, 0.015595576725900173, -0.0744352713227272, -0.014043004252016544, 0.04277772828936577, -0.016561634838581085, 0.03755433112382889, 0.03318735957145691, -0.027730122208595276, 0.05296437814831734, -0.04329792410135269, -0.062320414930582047, -0.00240573612973094, -0.008510732091963291, -0.027489740401506424, 0.029087776318192482, -0.03370650112628937, -0.017577575519680977, -0.012877664528787136, -0.04892881587147713, 0.003046482801437378, 0.03480705991387367, 0.04833236709237099, -0.006686996202915907, 0.019978048279881477, -0.03026939369738102, 0.02530675008893013, 0.002966285217553377, 0.07149247080087662, -0.012479303404688835, 0.03208569437265396, -0.018258921802043915, 0.05145849287509918, 0.02188844606280327, 0.018021417781710625, 0.022016355767846107, -0.010828285478055477, -0.007408357225358486, -0.0719623863697052, 0.03471755608916283, -0.004123562481254339, -0.014706142246723175, -0.08615133166313171, 0.05104430764913559, 0.06306874752044678, -0.06574119627475739, -0.05435434356331825, 0.04411540552973747, -0.04359947517514229, 0.02643570676445961, -0.011261320672929287, -0.009925850667059422, -0.006884500849992037, 0.06814242899417877, -0.019361358135938644, 0.04007338732481003, 0.06542029976844788, 0.00738916639238596, -0.007545690052211285, 0.004538072273135185, 0.03429650887846947, 0.06586936116218567, 0.07493100315332413, -0.02773420885205269, 0.07903753966093063, -0.044369183480739594, -0.024934429675340652, -0.01165739819407463, -0.006259526126086712, -0.029209906235337257, -0.041850458830595016, -0.0073982966132462025, 0.06938683986663818, 0.010431501083076, 0.0695776417851448, -0.037647925317287445, -0.01634792797267437, 0.02749640680849552, -0.00502972025424242, 0.0022295864764600992, 0.02433457411825657, 0.03156328573822975, 0.03029649145901203, -0.027997346594929695, -0.02605835348367691, -0.0019173946930095553, -0.026380984112620354, 0.044351767748594284, 0.007648894097656012, -0.013436219654977322, 0.016392607241868973, -0.0010932567529380322, 0.01575927436351776, 0.10695245116949081, -0.04005366563796997, -0.05429813638329506, -0.013164140284061432, 0.01665330119431019, 0.028894800692796707, 0.04277259111404419, 0.03565428406000137, -0.03475727513432503, 0.016657937318086624, -0.042372629046440125, 0.012857762165367603, 0.038030777126550674, -0.016119418665766716, -0.010581187903881073, -0.0430787093937397, -0.0073765036650002, 0.04865769296884537, -0.017253128811717033, -0.04319026321172714, -0.059944428503513336, -0.015118299052119255, -0.036448411643505096, -0.07123249024152756, -0.04123540222644806, 0.03213510289788246, -0.004253131803125143, -0.004857836756855249, 0.02187659777700901, -0.024661878123879433, 0.004394611809402704, 0.030518708750605583, -0.055244121700525284, -0.028596675023436546, 0.05114392563700676, -0.01176551915705204, -0.0032258934807032347, 0.01587819680571556, 0.04595818370580673, 0.017361614853143692, -0.024388665333390236, 0.032060619443655014, -0.0053625209257006645, 0.03814946115016937, -0.03736620396375656, -0.0014771365094929934, -0.08879198133945465, 0.008959141559898853, 0.015877148136496544, -0.012325704097747803, -0.09986191987991333, 0.0014888746663928032, -0.037506379187107086, 0.012509319931268692, 0.03826037794351578, 0.018819395452737808, 0.029388604685664177, -0.04526362195611, -0.046488966792821884, -0.02461198717355728, 0.013498005457222462, 0.03543594107031822, -0.03247353807091713, 0.05388333275914192, 0.01994284987449646, -0.023121029138565063, -0.04053802788257599, 0.047381144016981125, 0.008144844323396683, 0.03227148577570915, -0.047244489192962646, -0.007781556341797113, -0.04693058878183365, -0.1022970974445343, -0.03748356178402901, 0.013825487345457077, -0.00748719135299325, -0.007380524650216103, 0.023143617436289787, -0.011752468533813953, -0.0015396958915516734, -0.012570985592901707, -0.03478214889764786, -0.04291076213121414, -0.02520417422056198, -0.03733164072036743, -0.07201645523309708, 0.019777214154601097, 0.0022234697826206684, -0.011845940724015236, -0.015400991775095463, -0.046610113233327866, -0.023995786905288696, -0.01815280131995678, 0.015514042228460312, 0.02116861566901207, 0.03376965969800949, -0.008758118376135826 ]
5,129
Encouraging metric-aware diversity in contrastive representation space
[ "Tianxu Li", "Kun Zhu" ]
In cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), agents that share policy network parameters often learn similar behaviors, which hinders effective exploration and can lead to suboptimal cooperative policies. Recent advances have attempted to promote multi-agent diversity by leveraging the Wasserstein distance to increase policy differences. However, these methods cannot effectively encourage diverse policies due to ineffective Wasserstein distance caused by the policy similarity. To address this limitation, we propose Wasserstein Contrastive Diversity (WCD) exploration, a novel approach that promotes multi-agent diversity by maximizing the Wasserstein distance between the trajectory distributions of different agents in a latent representation space. To make the Wasserstein distance meaningful, we propose a novel next-step prediction method based on Contrastive Predictive Coding (CPC) to learn distinguishable trajectory representations. Additionally, we introduce an optimized kernel-based method to compute the Wasserstein distance more efficiently. Since the Wasserstein distance is inherently defined for two distributions, we extend it to support multiple agents, enabling diverse policy learning. Empirical evaluations across a variety of challenging multi-agent tasks demonstrate that WCD outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods, delivering superior performance and enhanced exploration.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.03310474008321762, -0.05746932700276375, -0.010686909779906273, 0.06404072791337967, 0.025330401957035065, 0.018866050988435745, 0.016566507518291473, -0.006156803108751774, -0.030855178833007812, -0.0441930927336216, -0.011359338648617268, -0.014421709813177586, -0.06232849508523941, -0.020123207941651344, 0.025861093774437904, 0.06413603574037552, 0.01696149818599224, 0.011094534769654274, -0.010141863487660885, 0.007203021086752415, 0.00625906977802515, -0.02053026109933853, 0.02710372395813465, 0.01798253133893013, 0.041430942714214325, 0.023813094943761826, 0.03595830127596855, 0.00001070280086423736, -0.0164167582988739, -0.01585063897073269, 0.021445129066705704, -0.012085638009011745, 0.023185810074210167, -0.006628162227571011, -0.010319591499865055, -0.018499620258808136, -0.016860641539096832, 0.02193768322467804, 0.021176457405090332, -0.013685534708201885, -0.010446464642882347, -0.003692544298246503, 0.007026339881122112, 0.007656706962734461, -0.0050494917668402195, 0.028196053579449654, -0.10368159413337708, -0.0012867642799392343, 0.03871683031320572, -0.06396205723285675, -0.05453566089272499, 0.009813698939979076, 0.05805809795856476, -0.012580448761582375, -0.008653445169329643, 0.01811102405190468, 0.04913220927119255, -0.08630336821079254, -0.023082664236426353, -0.055378492921590805, -0.05638810247182846, 0.02537967637181282, 0.02578851394355297, 0.030184438452124596, 0.017539510503411293, 0.03553885221481323, 0.0501134917140007, 0.04569343477487564, -0.011499511078000069, -0.02955693192780018, -0.022544357925653458, -0.019639471545815468, -0.007778560277074575, 0.020533863455057144, -0.0018370453035458922, -0.04175751283764839, 0.010796863585710526, 0.016839390620589256, 0.05187544599175453, -0.004844808951020241, -0.011412365362048149, 0.04393951967358589, -0.027736766263842583, 0.040213167667388916, 0.011253593489527702, -0.00443109218031168, -0.015619104728102684, 0.004907873459160328, -0.07015357166528702, 0.021440444514155388, -0.07231537997722626, -0.04652873054146767, 0.011721464805305004, 0.043808214366436005, 0.05004393681883812, -0.02493075095117092, 0.023412518203258514, -0.0029529999010264874, 0.022718673571944237, -0.01907125860452652, -0.057732757180929184, -0.0029374666046351194, -0.01753978617489338, -0.021230775862932205, -0.10116484016180038, 0.007790529169142246, -0.00946212187409401, -0.005981162190437317, 0.00028098997427150607, 0.03740457072854042, -0.055468667298555374, -0.019734395667910576, 0.011103968136012554, -0.014735912904143333, -0.05312318727374077, 0.031481947749853134, 0.028278376907110214, 0.016131773591041565, 0.010620604269206524, 0.016247859224677086, 0.029390426352620125, 0.04439094290137291, 0.0013725366443395615, 0.08096221089363098, -0.0059320274740457535, -0.012763667851686478, 0.019839070737361908, 0.017753293737769127, -0.03827601671218872, -0.05156363546848297, 0.045318905264139175, 0.05423272028565407, -0.0007987344870343804, 0.005644870921969414, -0.01987130008637905, -0.030798371881246567, -0.01935524493455887, 0.012771932408213615, 0.023337502032518387, -0.024402735754847527, -0.011065129190683365, -0.0341302864253521, 0.07371176779270172, -0.0072966753505170345, 0.07515200227499008, -0.04164934158325195, -0.022188233211636543, -0.0455978661775589, -0.051097575575113297, 0.0035243225283920765, -0.022470684722065926, -0.036698389798402786, -0.020152918994426727, -0.0420219749212265, 0.023395458236336708, 0.05093586817383766, 0.028957217931747437, 0.03153107315301895, -0.013500615954399109, 0.030535979196429253, -0.005324081517755985, 0.004277493339031935, -0.039067041128873825, 0.002046728041023016, 0.020115172490477562, -0.049668241292238235, 0.04573375731706619, 0.05550185590982437, -0.01755964383482933, -0.029148759320378304, -0.03653477504849434, -0.005150991026312113, 0.04042157158255577, 0.009983198717236519, -0.00424380274489522, -0.023469744250178337, 0.07431264966726303, -0.0034407321363687515, 0.042232587933540344, 0.004496667999774218, -0.0665530413389206, 0.031140753999352455, 0.019762711599469185, -0.01606261357665062, 0.036751847714185715, -0.01676316000521183, 0.04668522626161575, -0.0025356027763336897, -0.011585425585508347, 0.01966696046292782, -0.054307788610458374, -0.024918746203184128, 0.018271848559379578, -0.027746515348553658, 0.06450451165437698, 0.01067562960088253, -0.018580932170152664, 0.006282011512666941, 0.007104142569005489, 0.03915286064147949, 0.020702986046671867, -0.03088681772351265, 0.03402641415596008, 0.01933867111802101, -0.014418117702007294, 0.005593389738351107, 0.024621019139885902, -0.030214261263608932, -0.04344560578465462, -0.004860486835241318, -0.016973067075014114, -0.0022786634508520365, -0.01848704367876053, 0.008573495782911777, 0.03942036256194115, -0.006284175906330347, 0.01604549027979374, -0.012110630981624126, 0.030450476333498955, -0.05153011530637741, 0.024025898426771164, -0.012102562002837658, -0.04852793365716934, 0.026540525257587433, -0.018445799127221107, 0.08837654441595078, 0.044336892664432526, -0.04219241812825203, -0.014371986500918865, 0.04016891494393349, -0.0018162422347813845, 0.02846500650048256, 0.023313628509640694, -0.026733286678791046, 0.02786513976752758, -0.011112299747765064, -0.002606714842841029, -0.03575621172785759, 0.04013875499367714, -0.04486553743481636, -0.05481002479791641, 0.06478985399007797, -0.007958861067891121, 0.06273995339870453, -0.058590758591890335, 0.043826546519994736, 0.0551006905734539, 0.02310066483914852, -0.00902412086725235, -0.020825263112783432, -0.03039022535085678, 0.004887985996901989, 0.02253134921193123, -0.02169463410973549, -0.010683484375476837, -0.05092586204409599, 0.010068693198263645, -0.02257637120783329, 0.07745292037725449, 0.062187206000089645, 0.014540896750986576, 0.04863179102540016, -0.012466535903513432, -0.018859803676605225, -0.030729198828339577, -0.12714198231697083, -0.037130605429410934, 0.03408626839518547, 0.010021178983151913, 0.02145328000187874, 0.035027556121349335, -0.03551587834954262, 0.06197730824351311, -0.05065075308084488, -0.031711701303720474, 0.028131000697612762, -0.017602380365133286, 0.015537049621343613, -0.0005585456965491176, -0.020212415605783463, 0.026136489585042, 0.06098025292158127, -0.014802900142967701, -0.02546090818941593, -0.00230700452812016, -0.029790123924613, -0.0029931722674518824, -0.04381757229566574, -0.027497516945004463, 0.035085130482912064, 0.06544072180986404, 0.010963169857859612, -0.015069440938532352, 0.0017810480203479528, 0.015945224091410637, 0.06399388611316681, 0.04482511430978775, 0.03667066991329193, 0.0037538709584623575, 0.025566427037119865, -0.04747746139764786, 0.017242956906557083, -0.02873949147760868, -0.012815170921385288, -0.011373396962881088, -0.032256197184324265, 0.0011714160209521651, 0.002075814176350832, -0.24558459222316742, -0.04728272929787636, -0.020438916981220245, 0.026075774803757668, 0.005914332345128059, -0.029351171106100082, 0.07812783867120743, -0.04490441083908081, -0.023501770570874214, 0.008474364876747131, 0.02256159670650959, 0.028278609737753868, 0.009564613923430443, 0.04284324869513512, 0.058313146233558655, 0.026195688173174858, -0.03543015941977501, -0.009398714639246464, 0.02329869009554386, 0.0058205644600093365, -0.03648290038108826, -0.07174616307020187, -0.056790541857481, 0.030163561925292015, 0.0160143431276083, 0.05108463019132614, -0.06321154534816742, -0.001270150882191956, -0.028403356671333313, -0.014528605155646801, -0.02070675417780876, 0.01732044667005539, -0.021850399672985077, 0.02654709480702877, 0.0019536421168595552, -0.0015367005253210664, 0.05118764564394951, -0.02544848807156086, 0.018813900649547577, 0.012052411213517189, 0.015182601287961006, -0.022977273911237717, -0.040791988372802734, 0.007874466478824615, 0.045751478523015976, 0.025829939171671867, -0.02561001293361187, 0.015072746202349663, -0.025986824184656143, 0.025751875713467598, 0.02619479037821293, -0.00822469498962164, -0.010482186451554298, 0.02565712109208107, 0.007865400053560734, -0.02108290046453476, 0.01258871704339981, -0.023171288892626762, -0.00828283466398716, 0.02297027036547661, 0.017264727503061295, -0.07052044570446014, -0.017187781631946564, -0.011739257723093033, 0.012800860218703747, -0.05383696034550667, -0.06025349348783493, -0.07324586063623428, 0.0011333856964483857, 0.002178669674322009, -0.03596034646034241, -0.021568821743130684, -0.03663956746459007, -0.10015187412500381, 0.03397996351122856, 0.01702430099248886, -0.019462814554572105, -0.03530304506421089, 0.02729228511452675, 0.0758531242609024, -0.00847451388835907, -0.052025288343429565, -0.0027451917994767427, 0.00810979213565588, 0.027872074395418167, -0.008794866502285004, 0.043645989149808884, -0.04300450161099434, -0.024845818057656288, -0.024096066132187843, 0.03982141241431236, 0.014830428175628185, 0.040073562413454056, 0.008116346783936024, 0.07040626555681229, 0.03385152667760849, 0.01219943817704916, 0.025904418900609016, 0.00964790116995573, 0.021823013201355934, 0.008783881552517414, -0.07795612514019012, -0.008859129622578621, -0.030712557956576347, -0.012467223219573498, 0.04575956240296364, -0.0383206307888031, -0.010035749524831772, 0.05616939067840576, 0.024281945079565048, 0.00464914133772254, -0.04607236012816429, -0.0028617114294320345, -0.018500065430998802, -0.018265558406710625, -0.007409376557916403, -0.022476116195321083, 0.0547461099922657, 0.03790734335780144, 0.008541444316506386, -0.0575462244451046, 0.014512981288135052, -0.02715817652642727, 0.028197329491376877, -0.023479340597987175, 0.002175792120397091, -0.014731013216078281, -0.011891890317201614, -0.008910243399441242, -0.0008667224901728332, 0.053362492471933365, 0.04737654700875282, -0.004757926799356937, 0.0062829055823385715, 0.0506477877497673, -0.005843064747750759, -0.021630773320794106, -0.005313107743859291, 0.037421852350234985, -0.012821724638342857, 0.020545290783047676, 0.009220228530466557, 0.048994384706020355, 0.03101348876953125, 0.011417976580560207, -0.022727930918335915, 0.023149317130446434, -0.03301643207669258, 0.02043849602341652, 0.0026318279560655355, 0.027535295113921165, -0.02014068141579628, 0.02236807718873024, 0.02201239764690399, 0.00709787430241704, -0.06309935450553894, 0.03350527212023735, 0.0015154738212004304, 0.02647089958190918, -0.07004495710134506, 0.012194395996630192, 0.024089915677905083, -0.01739506796002388, -0.02497146651148796, 0.05084562301635742, 0.06606239825487137, -0.03943454101681709, -0.010119622573256493, 0.0013849069364368916, 0.024085940793156624, 0.04095024615526199, -0.0626899003982544, -0.027466876432299614, -0.04225247725844383, -0.02316536381840706, -0.011736246757209301, -0.001639842288568616, -0.028792735189199448, -0.06744001805782318, 0.03827163949608803, -0.0033026104792952538, -0.04186035692691803, 0.008967754431068897, -0.008776742033660412, 0.07101017981767654, -0.029280638322234154, 0.01784103363752365, 0.019403697922825813, 0.015921825543045998, 0.019786681979894638, -0.0048447283916175365, 0.044929422438144684, -0.058288462460041046, -0.05764855816960335, -0.027909835800528526, -0.0342632494866848, 0.03208746761083603, 0.0034766080789268017, -0.019797680899500847, -0.021520644426345825, -0.007425223011523485, 0.03171727806329727, -0.028208650648593903, -0.004328976385295391, 0.027770088985562325, -0.05192703753709793, 0.03073340468108654, -0.0020694565027952194, -0.02147412858903408, 0.01549868006259203, -0.056814469397068024, -0.04687630012631416, -0.050996750593185425, -0.022574329748749733, 0.02669704332947731, -0.016733884811401367, -0.02109706774353981, -0.07356338948011398, -0.004295550286769867, 0.0072115701623260975, 0.04102282598614693, -0.02916163206100464, 0.003178739920258522, -0.03687099739909172, 0.0017866077832877636, 0.05457008257508278, -0.025258027017116547, -0.0095498813316226, -0.01774791069328785, 0.0019257714739069343, 0.03472387045621872, -0.05105838179588318, 0.017648659646511078, 0.04043683409690857, -0.017725050449371338, 0.015819992870092392, -0.05616612732410431, 0.056305885314941406, -0.04547840356826782, -0.029525212943553925, -0.010198221541941166, 0.025417711585760117, -0.02262941002845764, -0.00001890766179712955, 0.020181214436888695, 0.001679031876847148, 0.004281898029148579, -0.002504747360944748, -0.0026473980396986008, 0.0029697257559746504, -0.006133885122835636, -0.038782645016908646, -0.05974433571100235, 0.02233041264116764, 0.049701325595378876, 0.0024371410254389048, 0.00045070459600538015, -0.055715162307024, -0.020290419459342957, 0.02134728990495205, -0.03801283240318298, 0.018682071939110756, -0.043878719210624695, 0.01421960350126028, 0.0076326834969222546, 0.007234553340822458, 0.024412529543042183, -0.04834773764014244, 0.012821495532989502, -0.06543873250484467, 0.03456682339310646, -0.0623091384768486, -0.004126642365008593, 0.040730543434619904, -0.047758184373378754, -0.03079180419445038, 0.025861630216240883, -0.017819277942180634, 0.06975528597831726, -0.04997830092906952, -0.06429268419742584, 0.0009379904950037599, -0.04553627222776413, -0.010448497720062733, 0.059956517070531845, -0.041404712945222855, -0.043096814304590225, -0.02221246249973774, -0.05563205108046532, 0.009504308924078941, 0.04147639870643616, 0.014169041067361832, -0.0388190783560276, 0.008520146831870079, -0.03087015450000763, 0.012293159030377865, 0.05971040949225426, 0.022867048159241676, 0.0054590338841080666, 0.04129776731133461, -0.04313443601131439, 0.08038283884525299, 0.03583364561200142, 0.00495095644146204, 0.0011506574228405952, 0.038016967475414276, -0.024031536653637886, 0.0012064436450600624, 0.03489015996456146, 0.01754867099225521, 0.00424495805054903, -0.05060393363237381, 0.04029515013098717, 0.003334050066769123, -0.022982116788625717, 0.004093221388757229, 0.041096724569797516, -0.10184162110090256, 0.019003380089998245, -0.006441859062761068, 0.024903735145926476, 0.017053036019206047, 0.0936218798160553, 0.041762206703424454, 0.06182525306940079, 0.043367717415094376, 0.02545718103647232, -0.02864091284573078, -0.026858896017074585, 0.07720383256673813, 0.049692679196596146, 0.03402043879032135, -0.061167847365140915, 0.048535410314798355, -0.04987170547246933, -0.028048310428857803, 0.023140285164117813, 0.012840725481510162, -0.0018450183561071754, -0.0424526184797287, 0.016112282872200012, 0.040738485753536224, -0.009617502801120281, 0.08748370409011841, -0.04771925508975983, -0.022896839305758476, 0.04911632835865021, 0.013958527706563473, -0.011921322904527187, 0.032372381538152695, 0.03856295347213745, 0.06776829808950424, -0.011732247658073902, -0.0253058560192585, 0.025500591844320297, 0.0037832334637641907, 0.04154259338974953, 0.007587166037410498, -0.023134520277380943, 0.017461029812693596, 0.013079585507512093, 0.006474239286035299, 0.10290995240211487, -0.059940434992313385, -0.022479305043816566, 0.005400616209954023, 0.017710696905851364, 0.006682845298200846, 0.03931939974427223, 0.028679892420768738, 0.007628896739333868, -0.015356199815869331, -0.06496957689523697, 0.019735094159841537, 0.03095918335020542, 0.02289263717830181, 0.01849900558590889, -0.02309991978108883, 0.009825901128351688, 0.005584971979260445, 0.039432819932699203, -0.025845615193247795, -0.013061122968792915, -0.025093264877796173, -0.04959413409233093, -0.048157949000597, -0.04182247072458267, 0.006266509182751179, 0.011386747471988201, -0.055205125361680984, 0.01243383064866066, -0.04937032237648964, 0.024724170565605164, -0.01683659665286541, -0.05029813200235367, -0.00818449817597866, 0.04274872690439224, 0.04547204077243805, 0.01803426258265972, 0.020267989486455917, 0.04422735795378685, -0.02108190394937992, -0.019689179956912994, 0.012109153904020786, 0.02411072701215744, 0.006717704702168703, -0.04600278288125992, -0.005484933964908123, -0.08206723630428314, 0.014512788504362106, 0.02090887911617756, -0.016963908448815346, -0.08630084246397018, 0.016995858401060104, -0.05547419935464859, 0.020925529301166534, 0.06643003225326538, 0.015122633427381516, 0.005339828319847584, -0.035492200404405594, 0.023190436884760857, 0.011061170138418674, -0.022039221599698067, 0.047482680529356, -0.0481569804251194, 0.052311964333057404, 0.05946064367890358, -0.017265796661376953, -0.046754010021686554, 0.07395164668560028, -0.0119530213996768, -0.02664606086909771, -0.01620873063802719, -0.06167853996157646, -0.012345307506620884, -0.1005653515458107, -0.021286282688379288, 0.04367838427424431, 0.028180385008454323, -0.017354195937514305, -0.021980203688144684, -0.008022859692573547, -0.021262329071760178, -0.016964249312877655, -0.042673371732234955, -0.00038916192715987563, -0.008894053287804127, -0.0005400403751991689, -0.055150002241134644, 0.021154476329684258, -0.055565014481544495, -0.0017421806696802378, -0.02277507446706295, -0.030023284256458282, 0.009597602300345898, -0.013149120844900608, 0.035491943359375, 0.028171921148896217, 0.022076627239584923, 0.02611585520207882 ]
5,130
T2SMark: Balancing Robustness and Diversity in Noise-as-Watermark for Diffusion Models
[ "Jindong Yang", "Han Fang", "Kejiang Chen", "Weiming Zhang", "Nenghai Yu" ]
Diffusion models have advanced rapidly in recent years, producing high-fidelity images while raising concerns about intellectual property protection and the misuse of generative AI. Image watermarking for diffusion models, particularly Noise-as-Watermark (NaW) methods, embeds watermarks into latent representations drawn from a standard Gaussian distribution to preserve image quality. For detection, the generation process is inverted to recover the initial noise vector containing the watermark before extraction. However, existing NaW methods struggle to balance watermark robustness with generation diversity. Some methods achieve strong robustness by heavily constraining the initial noise sampling, which degrades user experience, while others preserve diversity but prove too fragile for real-world deployment. To address this issue, we propose T2SMark, a training-free watermarking scheme based on two-stage tail-truncated sampling. Unlike prior methods that simply map bits to positive or negative values, tail-truncated sampling excludes the easily flipped regions of the latent distribution, enhancing robustness with even less redundancy. Our two-stage framework then compensates sampling diversity by incorporating a random key into both encryption pipelines—first as the payload and then as the encryption key. We evaluate T2SMark on diffusion models with both U-Net and DiT backbones. Extensive experiments show that it achieves an optimal balance between robustness and diversity.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.02032490447163582, -0.054429855197668076, -0.010266119614243507, 0.06466352194547653, 0.038414642214775085, 0.01128430012613535, 0.02015669457614422, -0.04521584138274193, -0.01347423531115055, -0.05937717854976654, -0.013862378895282745, -0.024613643065094948, -0.03202030807733536, 0.012530014850199223, -0.010511702857911587, 0.05232396349310875, 0.025920920073986053, -0.0070457011461257935, 0.011631947942078114, 0.018543051555752754, 0.002470987616106868, -0.058643192052841187, 0.017004311084747314, -0.017684563994407654, 0.01776871643960476, 0.004137470852583647, 0.007391645573079586, 0.008147521875798702, -0.03815585374832153, 0.028266891837120056, 0.05694083496928215, 0.005919366609305143, -0.006877667270600796, -0.024467069655656815, 0.035332877188920975, 0.02044484205543995, -0.06547390669584274, 0.017895126715302467, -0.011306177824735641, -0.0034146334510296583, -0.04034019634127617, 0.024358967319130898, -0.006956827361136675, 0.002731515094637871, -0.053041502833366394, -0.008646303787827492, -0.11188426613807678, 0.04225660488009453, -0.010438565164804459, 0.0064871287904679775, -0.07583432644605637, 0.028705434873700142, 0.008277195505797863, -0.0028538729529827833, -0.0050249043852090836, 0.04338238015770912, 0.038734689354896545, -0.05440802499651909, 0.0009361417614854872, -0.05979729816317558, -0.0022007322404533625, -0.019435027614235878, 0.00025973687297664583, 0.02145479805767536, 0.011024456471204758, -0.05001790449023247, 0.036189790815114975, 0.03964089974761009, -0.0419430173933506, -0.024036146700382233, 0.01226220652461052, -0.01727171801030636, -0.030025236308574677, -0.028397005051374435, -0.03567503020167351, -0.03456372395157814, 0.0027277993503957987, 0.012985235080122948, 0.061870452016592026, 0.007449941243976355, 0.038390740752220154, 0.004543404560536146, -0.01303100772202015, 0.04862195998430252, 0.0034781964495778084, -0.039722878485918045, -0.02579314261674881, -0.001915840432047844, -0.04587402194738388, 0.020394545048475266, -0.017871800810098648, -0.046120595186948776, 0.036950528621673584, 0.00044119887752458453, 0.025213923305273056, -0.020990604534745216, -0.0061666471883654594, 0.0035560859832912683, 0.033680252730846405, -0.010078729130327702, -0.01689509116113186, -0.015272418037056923, -0.011453235521912575, 0.010119599290192127, -0.08229713141918182, -0.014622248709201813, -0.042474113404750824, -0.02817755751311779, 0.0076189786195755005, 0.037000611424446106, 0.018585728481411934, -0.015188664197921753, -0.0016018827445805073, -0.05537743493914604, -0.10213989019393921, 0.04329175502061844, 0.01723496988415718, 0.0254376158118248, -0.011534800752997398, 0.005846098531037569, 0.051974087953567505, 0.06755851209163666, -0.04134547337889671, 0.06977199018001556, 0.03275691345334053, 0.007692127488553524, 0.07282894104719162, 0.015540529042482376, -0.05346449837088585, -0.016899455338716507, 0.006034701596945524, 0.044972315430641174, -0.000274587218882516, 0.013802771456539631, 0.009021512232720852, 0.0013952243607491255, 0.005439192522317171, 0.01960071362555027, 0.04423728585243225, -0.045284051448106766, 0.021734150126576424, -0.008314629085361958, 0.002226900542154908, -0.052700527012348175, 0.0254316758364439, -0.030283940955996513, -0.02802881971001625, -0.018086906522512436, -0.009199406020343304, 0.010833358392119408, -0.003470588242635131, -0.0145643949508667, 0.04654262214899063, -0.06722994148731232, 0.010392392054200172, 0.04255172237753868, 0.0387645959854126, 0.01830391399562359, -0.024044791236519814, -0.021298948675394058, 0.02018141746520996, -0.02818024344742298, -0.031106438487768173, 0.011980677954852581, -0.01514801662415266, -0.05080994591116905, 0.043493565171957016, 0.03843066841363907, -0.03563357889652252, -0.02032787725329399, -0.04908426105976105, -0.05811504274606705, 0.05956871062517166, 0.04184439033269882, 0.01644943468272686, 0.019993271678686142, 0.0417926199734211, 0.013667532242834568, 0.024720432236790657, 0.042034681886434555, -0.08850999176502228, 0.041613634675741196, 0.033991739153862, 0.01082028727978468, 0.021978039294481277, -0.034373119473457336, 0.06760809570550919, -0.01971801556646824, 0.00384697993285954, 0.004321064800024033, -0.09589666873216629, -0.020238688215613365, 0.037834081798791885, -0.018345419317483902, 0.04135538637638092, 0.04405174404382706, 0.008757619187235832, 0.003351510502398014, 0.021018728613853455, 0.04989762604236603, 0.03022223524749279, -0.054219186305999756, 0.037766095250844955, -0.025299495086073875, -0.026184789836406708, 0.0174663495272398, 0.040774449706077576, -0.050213802605867386, -0.00973887275904417, -0.025659170001745224, -0.004385660402476788, -0.0028082209173589945, -0.01508115604519844, 0.020273443311452866, 0.005458732135593891, -0.018901308998465538, -0.025493668392300606, 0.013278456404805183, 0.013543827459216118, -0.05194537341594696, 0.03085547685623169, 0.026563389226794243, -0.01124888937920332, 0.024455562233924866, -0.020963596180081367, 0.10009030252695084, 0.04218462109565735, -0.062077805399894714, 0.00437532551586628, 0.03321976959705353, -0.014193389564752579, 0.007620513439178467, -0.0011660371674224734, -0.02908319979906082, 0.022239726036787033, 0.002982534235343337, 0.03323423117399216, -0.018780533224344254, 0.07916281372308731, -0.051797859370708466, 0.009347139857709408, 0.07121612131595612, -0.030699841678142548, 0.05465533956885338, -0.007917666807770729, 0.01861466094851494, 0.0437738336622715, -0.009561571292579174, -0.0039251865819096565, -0.025049487128853798, 0.004960792604833841, 0.030813368037343025, 0.008576004765927792, -0.06798893213272095, 0.022141937166452408, -0.06065778806805611, 0.004566374700516462, -0.006273448932915926, 0.05450059846043587, 0.05090779438614845, -0.003754453733563423, 0.040832795202732086, -0.01140626147389412, -0.017870275303721428, -0.01586143486201763, -0.08929640799760818, -0.007926816120743752, -0.0087112532928586, 0.03893598914146423, -0.03670484945178032, 0.03966338187456131, 0.006976392585784197, 0.0008848961442708969, -0.0062136584892869, -0.011151356622576714, -0.023047588765621185, 0.00898567121475935, 0.00827975757420063, -0.0380919985473156, -0.0007890580454841256, 0.02255234494805336, 0.10234909504652023, -0.009964571334421635, -0.025466954335570335, -0.022947348654270172, -0.03765186294913292, 0.003679461544379592, 0.0029115481302142143, -0.039804551750421524, 0.02087605744600296, 0.005472658667713404, 0.022974956780672073, 0.014279396273195744, 0.028750550001859665, 0.02143564447760582, 0.0790647491812706, 0.011730155907571316, -0.028636323288083076, -0.008084498345851898, 0.0423315204679966, 0.012941856868565083, 0.005298277363181114, 0.0061957030557096004, 0.009494672529399395, -0.0436377078294754, -0.02006208337843418, 0.03908209130167961, -0.033212583512067795, -0.270785391330719, 0.01959240809082985, 0.006711557973176241, -0.03270142152905464, -0.0005470995674841106, -0.024759041145443916, 0.025293435901403427, -0.002219773828983307, -0.03425205498933792, -0.005285327322781086, 0.006216886453330517, 0.02134278416633606, 0.013685419224202633, 0.05640697851777077, 0.0541006363928318, 0.02103302627801895, -0.0006761614931747317, -0.006716062780469656, 0.03837963938713074, 0.02155192568898201, -0.03530169278383255, -0.043095070868730545, -0.01261846162378788, 0.02228335104882717, -0.016317009925842285, 0.022468730807304382, -0.08622685819864273, 0.029062150046229362, -0.013005749322474003, 0.014821031130850315, -0.03665278106927872, -0.03456917405128479, -0.004181309137493372, 0.034519657492637634, -0.0064955810084939, -0.014011475257575512, 0.036172378808259964, 0.021699436008930206, 0.00425712438300252, 0.011524648405611515, 0.04726404696702957, 0.03407047688961029, -0.0006476573762483895, 0.012724164873361588, 0.0532069057226181, 0.006107366178184748, -0.012901808135211468, -0.0011783126974478364, 0.0019244002178311348, 0.03346651792526245, -0.02441244386136532, -0.02544129639863968, -0.039249639958143234, 0.02694045752286911, -0.06784239411354065, -0.019216960296034813, -0.014950774610042572, -0.004599996376782656, 0.026845276355743408, 0.03409266099333763, -0.002295891521498561, -0.05025229603052139, -0.023281799629330635, -0.00514076417312026, -0.0007166776922531426, -0.03602368384599686, -0.07081164419651031, -0.07201695442199707, 0.04647340252995491, -0.002308630384504795, -0.01669970341026783, 0.014752516523003578, -0.001743579050526023, -0.09741998463869095, 0.02950325421988964, 0.01688804291188717, -0.013517707586288452, -0.0021283645182847977, 0.008560041896998882, 0.03192397579550743, -0.03049464151263237, -0.008523128926753998, 0.01344833429902792, 0.0023290307726711035, -0.01301397942006588, -0.03305657207965851, 0.00012272267485968769, -0.023493969812989235, 0.00362569116987288, -0.03681601956486702, 0.07185963541269302, 0.02816603146493435, 0.0035581919364631176, -0.011049951426684856, 0.05588223785161972, 0.02139662206172943, 0.029268115758895874, 0.034959014505147934, 0.05408308282494545, 0.028452744707465172, 0.04876730963587761, -0.07663276791572571, -0.011575097218155861, -0.06023644655942917, -0.029450690373778343, 0.01891777478158474, -0.01902737095952034, 0.006283418275415897, 0.028620745986700058, -0.015100092627108097, -0.04666581377387047, -0.025570062920451164, -0.009853626601397991, -0.017060350626707077, 0.027112646028399467, -0.040661878883838654, -0.010945785790681839, 0.010029498487710953, 0.05500392988324165, -0.06250348687171936, -0.009129039011895657, 0.053491514176130295, -0.04095173999667168, 0.02184562012553215, -0.0012027280172333121, -0.009006338194012642, -0.04531380534172058, -0.01614374667406082, -0.03174986317753792, -0.008873186074197292, 0.03264942392706871, 0.03701106831431389, 0.012145296670496464, 0.019903451204299927, 0.07682963460683823, 0.0029673282988369465, -0.015009268186986446, -0.012342269532382488, 0.02806832827627659, -0.04741831496357918, 0.02177329733967781, -0.011289306916296482, 0.07097883522510529, 0.018266668543219566, 0.03335149958729744, 0.006193013396114111, 0.0071216970682144165, 0.011618280783295631, 0.0006071766838431358, -0.01833203248679638, -0.02584557794034481, -0.042065300047397614, -0.032514799386262894, -0.018089404329657555, 0.025842446833848953, -0.024004435166716576, 0.0020558584947139025, -0.004949685651808977, -0.00043954281136393547, -0.049096837639808655, 0.05406433716416359, 0.03377038612961769, -0.034384071826934814, -0.0077689834870398045, 0.047185517847537994, 0.03984513506293297, -0.01401621475815773, -0.016465473920106888, -0.007259679492563009, 0.0007607526495121419, 0.02006986178457737, -0.025238333269953728, -0.03970929607748985, -0.059842322021722794, 0.001777310622856021, 0.01401440054178238, 0.002963167615234852, -0.009836649522185326, -0.06295650452375412, 0.05267791450023651, 0.014078503474593163, 0.0056816223077476025, -0.005980425514280796, -0.0028765806928277016, 0.10580676794052124, -0.00844546314328909, -0.0116878068074584, -0.047512371093034744, -0.04615979269146919, 0.045552343130111694, -0.008319195359945297, 0.036541230976581573, -0.04013022780418396, -0.04205773025751114, -0.025698423385620117, -0.05728079006075859, -0.0022382703609764576, 0.038724385201931, -0.01233725156635046, -0.009863385930657387, 0.01178175862878561, 0.002457843627780676, -0.0009676739573478699, 0.01620643585920334, -0.005749178119003773, -0.0650862604379654, 0.06404509395360947, 0.02802799828350544, -0.06303871423006058, 0.027015510946512222, -0.01087280549108982, -0.038075193762779236, -0.07588496804237366, -0.048289954662323, 0.0005935425288043916, -0.028114022687077522, -0.03578441962599754, -0.03526688367128372, 0.01525297574698925, -0.02350294589996338, 0.01545790210366249, 0.012165919877588749, -0.00008731935668038204, 0.008389103226363659, -0.016781169921159744, 0.04081040248274803, -0.04035479947924614, 0.009633967652916908, -0.009394736960530281, -0.03767533227801323, 0.012458961457014084, -0.048917606472969055, 0.01921234466135502, 0.035386718809604645, -0.025967052206397057, 0.008325315080583096, -0.04706176370382309, 0.004172042477875948, -0.04288911446928978, -0.00421013543382287, -0.002566063776612282, 0.0017861929954960942, -0.041470739990472794, -0.01135412696748972, 0.008656434714794159, 0.018743224442005157, -0.011902068741619587, 0.029833614826202393, -0.003249497851356864, 0.03265073895454407, 0.007923432625830173, 0.027659904211759567, -0.06185546889901161, 0.010758697986602783, 0.07523444294929504, -0.031237401068210602, 0.01139826700091362, -0.050513409078121185, -0.031653497368097305, 0.017356805503368378, 0.0003860255528707057, 0.01921595260500908, 0.011718214489519596, -0.0012583002680912614, 0.03592174872756004, 0.015866411849856377, -0.02133057825267315, -0.02849554270505905, 0.015941286459565163, -0.054992254823446274, 0.021508121863007545, -0.046345941722393036, 0.02699798159301281, 0.028558040037751198, -0.04978732392191887, 0.01138762291520834, 0.019757527858018875, -0.03560260310769081, -0.0057728905230760574, -0.050795890390872955, -0.07559395581483841, -0.015592793934047222, -0.03689918294548988, -0.0094178207218647, 0.024441953748464584, -0.024585234001278877, 0.02607612870633602, -0.008969319052994251, -0.059451375156641006, 0.00555768795311451, 0.0237528495490551, 0.02920897863805294, 0.01049783919006586, 0.004697930533438921, -0.02365655079483986, 0.023404812440276146, 0.016040759161114693, 0.044199515134096146, -0.014554079622030258, 0.02458813227713108, -0.036918409168720245, 0.07017875462770462, 0.061764560639858246, 0.017813770100474358, 0.058044470846652985, 0.006012257654219866, -0.013896663673222065, -0.0693994015455246, 0.027869747951626778, -0.004984645172953606, -0.03481011092662811, -0.06440024822950363, 0.061784036457538605, 0.03580203279852867, -0.05656106024980545, -0.05254095792770386, 0.06770087033510208, -0.01310580875724554, 0.036752499639987946, -0.04216718673706055, 0.006303382106125355, -0.01496016327291727, 0.04511420428752899, -0.01092092227190733, 0.04023878276348114, 0.06079341843724251, -0.009571406990289688, 0.006206984631717205, -0.026844564825296402, 0.03802068531513214, 0.07536771893501282, 0.04566451907157898, -0.03510527312755585, 0.08645491302013397, -0.04107777774333954, -0.030060870572924614, 0.017064273357391357, 0.019589189440011978, -0.014059765264391899, 0.006862432695925236, 0.026250706985592842, 0.08122002333402634, 0.009799005463719368, 0.06154608353972435, -0.07607493549585342, -0.014463215135037899, 0.03360770642757416, 0.013904686085879803, -0.0066664074547588825, 0.009145304560661316, 0.03942250460386276, 0.010755496099591255, -0.0345546118915081, 0.009088595397770405, 0.035937048494815826, -0.004661901853978634, 0.033133089542388916, -0.0002832547470461577, -0.008073980920016766, -0.0120901670306921, 0.02439122088253498, 0.04233625531196594, 0.0911797508597374, -0.019359903410077095, -0.049094416201114655, 0.027869850397109985, 0.011729652062058449, 0.003810436697676778, 0.07171064615249634, 0.022479131817817688, 0.01030284445732832, -0.007063098717480898, -0.024915970861911774, 0.003524080151692033, 0.02779615856707096, 0.027499500662088394, 0.026346355676651, -0.025556564331054688, -0.012144239619374275, 0.03561937436461449, -0.0344223752617836, -0.04292033240199089, -0.03156112879514694, -0.021395009011030197, -0.06492024660110474, -0.04983464255928993, -0.03125680238008499, 0.007552573923021555, 0.016543664038181305, -0.060869526118040085, -0.022944359108805656, -0.039959993213415146, 0.012073811143636703, 0.04469001293182373, -0.08372682332992554, 0.0025338921695947647, 0.0364113487303257, 0.00878649577498436, -0.04229121282696724, 0.0333811454474926, 0.013197583146393299, 0.00048504670849069953, -0.038795407861471176, 0.017004884779453278, 0.019100433215498924, 0.027925018221139908, -0.007326230406761169, -0.02634250558912754, -0.09376247972249985, -0.014425557106733322, 0.02446942962706089, -0.01472256239503622, -0.08747782558202744, 0.040089577436447144, -0.015195472165942192, 0.012376049533486366, 0.08359655737876892, 0.010791062377393246, 0.01190370973199606, -0.05089937895536423, -0.024916332215070724, -0.02763283997774124, -0.0024529718793928623, 0.0663277730345726, -0.04524219036102295, 0.07190831750631332, 0.05272874981164932, 0.003485331544652581, -0.04234645143151283, 0.05395085737109184, -0.01458207331597805, 0.022378234192728996, -0.04102765768766403, -0.0030521382577717304, -0.03907910734415054, -0.10318721830844879, -0.0031268217135220766, 0.02500727027654648, -0.006670475006103516, -0.0036407695151865482, 0.04282796010375023, 0.020224453881382942, 0.018090801313519478, -0.03839509189128876, -0.027366934344172478, -0.02740839123725891, -0.04060119017958641, -0.009836291894316673, -0.06348723918199539, 0.014862429350614548, 0.0003246901906095445, 0.009212405420839787, 0.018478965386748314, -0.04499911516904831, 0.0006610283744521439, 0.011548615992069244, 0.049037057906389236, 0.027885468676686287, 0.024783100932836533, 0.012976787984371185 ]
5,131
Scaling Up Liquid-Resistance Liquid-Capacitance Networks for Efficient Sequence Modelling
[ "Mónika Farsang", "Radu Grosu" ]
We present LrcSSM, a $\textit{nonlinear}$ recurrent model that processes long sequences as fast as today’s linear state-space layers. By forcing the state-transition matrix to be diagonal and learned at every step, the full sequence can be solved in parallel with a single prefix-scan, giving $\mathcal{O}(TD)$ time and memory and only $\mathcal{O}(\log T)$ sequential depth, for input-sequence length $T$ and a state dimension $D$. Moreover, LrcSSM offers a formal gradient-stability guarantee that other input-varying systems such as Liquid-S4 and Mamba do not provide. Lastly, for network depth $L$, as the forward and backward passes cost $\Theta(T\,D\,L)$ FLOPs, with its low sequential depth and parameter count $\Theta(D\,L)$, the model follows the compute-optimal scaling law regime ($\beta \approx 0.42$) recently observed for Mamba, outperforming quadratic-attention Transformers at equal compute while avoiding the memory overhead of FFT-based long convolutions. We show that on a series of long-range forecasting tasks, LrcSSM outperforms LRU, S5 and Mamba.
poster
2505.21717
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.0353861041367054, -0.03853287920355797, 0.010137999430298805, 0.01597217097878456, 0.04348738119006157, 0.025374433025717735, 0.004589122720062733, 0.01398432720452547, -0.03265654668211937, -0.01990966498851776, 0.031244413927197456, -0.017035670578479767, -0.051006920635700226, 0.006272459402680397, 0.005140773952007294, 0.07483860850334167, 0.04849245026707649, 0.004505010787397623, 0.0378042571246624, 0.030049465596675873, -0.013451446779072285, 0.0015293593751266599, 0.06261865794658661, 0.04898446053266525, 0.028499741107225418, -0.006388097535818815, 0.006654483266174793, 0.016624970361590385, -0.021868430078029633, 0.009449006989598274, 0.05004900321364403, 0.009977241978049278, 0.0024389601312577724, -0.019325748085975647, 0.0406760610640049, 0.009569767862558365, -0.058872632682323456, 0.009754900820553303, -0.04077909141778946, -0.015516836196184158, -0.04161514714360237, -0.022767193615436554, -0.015669485554099083, 0.00827526394277811, -0.047710567712783813, 0.03225700557231903, -0.08684944361448288, 0.004372126888483763, -0.011832661926746368, -0.007507679983973503, -0.10525697469711304, 0.042940933257341385, -0.015266889706254005, -0.01522517018020153, 0.012491516768932343, 0.009524532593786716, 0.010425176471471786, -0.030363045632839203, -0.003783247899264097, -0.04648245871067047, -0.04117059335112572, -0.0013609568122774363, 0.004590167663991451, 0.0032303670886904, -0.01017354242503643, -0.03171805292367935, 0.009473259560763836, 0.030724234879016876, -0.05736451968550682, -0.0035587793681770563, -0.006897266022861004, 0.02930953912436962, -0.00616572005674243, 0.02304193563759327, 0.0022951422724872828, -0.0380207896232605, 0.015703920274972916, 0.01567804254591465, 0.09866377711296082, 0.01814015954732895, -0.0006041944143362343, 0.025093605741858482, 0.03307300806045532, 0.05747470259666443, 0.0009284372790716588, 0.025588495656847954, -0.018408792093396187, -0.017642926424741745, -0.07122838497161865, 0.0520804300904274, -0.028927015140652657, -0.036957789212465286, 0.028819633647799492, 0.02418084256350994, 0.015651922672986984, -0.019046228379011154, 0.009847142733633518, 0.025724411010742188, 0.006139352917671204, -0.005126044619828463, -0.027367211878299713, -0.045052312314510345, 0.029998337849974632, 0.007488730829209089, -0.09949284046888351, -0.023991813883185387, -0.06311377137899399, -0.012995721772313118, 0.019760379567742348, 0.022072684019804, -0.01564718969166279, -0.011502590030431747, 0.02459307760000229, -0.013193088583648205, -0.10519931465387344, 0.021306969225406647, 0.008360936306416988, 0.04574042186141014, -0.006218393333256245, -0.014791424386203289, 0.04631218686699867, 0.037297289818525314, -0.0010158986551687121, 0.05050715059041977, 0.004441414028406143, 0.012991487048566341, 0.03392423316836357, 0.023747066035866737, -0.013663044199347496, -0.041655927896499634, 0.003881250275298953, 0.03932420536875725, 0.01708119548857212, 0.0076357279904186726, -0.0018527625361457467, 0.010562799870967865, -0.017268788069486618, 0.047320879995822906, 0.04412691295146942, 0.03777477890253067, 0.018189387395977974, 0.00830520037561655, 0.06198044866323471, -0.0282486192882061, 0.04463082179427147, -0.009032412432134151, -0.028623998165130615, -0.025714930146932602, -0.03716433420777321, -0.01233713049441576, 0.011500987224280834, 0.0017292189877480268, -0.02039276249706745, -0.06791988015174866, 0.03754841908812523, 0.03255230188369751, 0.0006744062411598861, 0.0199955552816391, -0.018487656489014626, -0.0005718659376725554, 0.020405830815434456, -0.000029953482226119377, -0.024489903822541237, 0.011676862835884094, -0.00011639857984846458, -0.05403164401650429, 0.026532480493187904, 0.02350383996963501, -0.030715635046362877, 0.005084806587547064, -0.007560682948678732, -0.025622498244047165, 0.035942837595939636, -0.0066026016138494015, -0.019236432388424873, -0.011524478904902935, 0.039450064301490784, 0.01460567582398653, 0.026670418679714203, 0.022179728373885155, -0.08033595979213715, 0.027500592172145844, 0.016600865870714188, 0.005059339106082916, -0.011263239197432995, -0.01632346771657467, 0.10008301585912704, -0.022045159712433815, -0.003995595034211874, -0.019736027345061302, -0.07200434058904648, 0.001319031580351293, 0.012461259961128235, 0.013448670506477356, 0.07955541461706161, 0.005157507490366697, -0.002487040823325515, 0.018166234716773033, -0.009171593934297562, 0.048570416867733, 0.04707195237278938, 0.016731448471546173, 0.022978628054261208, -0.013968991115689278, -0.059525370597839355, -0.03460359200835228, 0.04373927041888237, -0.09117966890335083, 0.001800130121409893, 0.009244046173989773, -0.002202944830060005, -0.022019967436790466, 0.02112480252981186, -0.023747678846120834, -0.01382029801607132, -0.00859269592911005, -0.035754963755607605, -0.004922222346067429, 0.03641046956181526, -0.06046213209629059, 0.01783679984509945, 0.039693187922239304, -0.018926354125142097, 0.040630996227264404, -0.01981925405561924, 0.09976936876773834, 0.08260677009820938, -0.04115089401602745, -0.015056994743645191, 0.014144618064165115, 0.026566240936517715, -0.024100814014673233, 0.001077033462934196, -0.029805295169353485, 0.004594345577061176, -0.04263797774910927, 0.012366052716970444, -0.02406240627169609, 0.047322385013103485, -0.030855203047394753, -0.006750892847776413, 0.08894844353199005, -0.030631279572844505, 0.07364212721586227, -0.003877691924571991, 0.004219535272568464, 0.030316254124045372, -0.023932021111249924, -0.013439866714179516, -0.031921032816171646, -0.02926388569176197, 0.004208576865494251, 0.01892835646867752, -0.015254197642207146, 0.02494898997247219, -0.07553444057703018, -0.0443473644554615, -0.00461285375058651, 0.0714993104338646, 0.05489082261919975, 0.014798004180192947, 0.014519494958221912, 0.015469508245587349, -0.037738360464572906, -0.040104299783706665, -0.11129391938447952, -0.03891507163643837, -0.031541015952825546, 0.018145501613616943, 0.02984355017542839, 0.03336557000875473, 0.010936860926449299, 0.03754034638404846, -0.025132259353995323, 0.0037764287553727627, -0.017826098948717117, 0.013234978541731834, -0.02926388382911682, -0.021082788705825806, -0.026492878794670105, 0.0174319539219141, 0.09342607855796814, -0.016940487548708916, -0.05201098322868347, -0.033686939626932144, -0.045316893607378006, -0.03083251602947712, -0.0052078780718147755, 0.008786644786596298, -0.017060065641999245, 0.005468691699206829, -0.0012669926509261131, -0.032792024314403534, 0.03032277151942253, 0.03420846164226532, 0.07532631605863571, 0.08102294057607651, 0.009036055766046047, 0.011253894306719303, 0.017023954540491104, -0.017919199541211128, -0.000671349058393389, -0.008245847187936306, 0.04661682993173599, -0.03297293186187744, -0.00795574951916933, 0.03006146289408207, -0.012646320275962353, -0.26756367087364197, -0.0033771791495382786, 0.011099380441009998, -0.018300922587513924, 0.04464752972126007, 0.021741602569818497, 0.04507429525256157, -0.0016561542870476842, 0.0017112228088080883, 0.03165150061249733, -0.026039013639092445, 0.05235481634736061, -0.02401488646864891, 0.031210530549287796, 0.07235005497932434, 0.0036171800456941128, -0.009887841530144215, -0.023710664361715317, 0.012379360385239124, 0.025401422753930092, -0.004115528892725706, -0.07830444723367691, -0.03534277155995369, 0.040961455553770065, -0.0349859744310379, 0.027109889313578606, -0.07941856980323792, 0.007738244254142046, -0.03842892870306969, -0.008292173966765404, -0.04589047655463219, -0.03405357524752617, 0.00595657667145133, 0.03795582428574562, -0.002684200881049037, -0.007983404211699963, 0.011907657608389854, 0.0026579550467431545, -0.005814533680677414, -0.012531843967735767, 0.01897425949573517, -0.015687426552176476, -0.01888437010347843, 0.05259893089532852, 0.061370380222797394, 0.027177970856428146, -0.023793239146471024, -0.00001539380355097819, -0.0022897517774254084, 0.04505901038646698, -0.04097038507461548, -0.04290143400430679, 0.012342472560703754, -0.011238598264753819, -0.0050752488896250725, -0.005422302056103945, 0.006086951587349176, 0.0017638917779549956, 0.008158460259437561, 0.019915025681257248, -0.02925165742635727, -0.03283040225505829, -0.022715577855706215, -0.020950550213456154, -0.042492348700761795, -0.0187847763299942, -0.08774852007627487, -0.02692895568907261, 0.025560470297932625, 0.028016893193125725, 0.007684290874749422, 0.019616752862930298, -0.05275459587574005, -0.11029478907585144, -0.006355610676109791, -0.007585710380226374, -0.022353583946824074, 0.008849790319800377, 0.006782286800444126, 0.05254030227661133, -0.05942049250006676, -0.04161379858851433, -0.01917555369436741, 0.03146509453654289, 0.033240001648664474, -0.01598937064409256, 0.008825297467410564, -0.037858303636312485, -0.012658135034143925, -0.040943074971437454, 0.041325971484184265, -0.0025737297255545855, 0.03458549827337265, -0.02778223156929016, 0.06443838030099869, -0.0030718473717570305, 0.0068527027033269405, 0.061941299587488174, 0.019430018961429596, -0.0205678790807724, 0.04099351912736893, -0.041481535881757736, -0.019215364009141922, -0.05035824701189995, -0.02419375628232956, 0.022471122443675995, -0.03516132012009621, -0.01906295120716095, 0.009172041900455952, 0.032601989805698395, -0.02508273534476757, -0.04040535166859627, -0.011317784897983074, -0.029005616903305054, 0.016242386773228645, 0.011855852790176868, -0.012349780648946762, 0.04279198870062828, 0.022538909688591957, -0.024476926773786545, -0.034983403980731964, 0.03567640855908394, -0.02217460423707962, 0.01502565573900938, 0.017909687012434006, -0.00999462977051735, -0.01617298275232315, -0.01969088986515999, -0.010185075923800468, -0.020096035674214363, 0.01775931380689144, 0.04618076607584953, 0.009524299763143063, -0.006791577208787203, 0.06612943112850189, 0.007273260038346052, -0.017398681491613388, 0.007437466643750668, 0.01932220719754696, 0.004084797576069832, 0.03782714903354645, -0.018825797364115715, 0.026509370654821396, 0.002310260431841016, 0.018279876559972763, 0.0563066266477108, 0.017889508977532387, -0.015025473199784756, 0.028703348711133003, 0.031841300427913666, 0.024175696074962616, -0.050249554216861725, -0.021115506067872047, -0.04400012642145157, -0.0015303939580917358, -0.016673864796757698, 0.03953688591718674, 0.019268237054347992, 0.02022593468427658, -0.06948039680719376, 0.031205015257000923, 0.009315778501331806, -0.0486762709915638, -0.00843847543001175, 0.02302841655910015, 0.05846768245100975, -0.056056760251522064, -0.016537487506866455, 0.05544240400195122, 0.029778940603137016, -0.013359013013541698, -0.027802174910902977, -0.025618063285946846, -0.0074125234968960285, -0.017198435962200165, 0.0187224168330431, 0.028629180043935776, -0.01743455044925213, -0.0024436244275420904, 0.013089834712445736, 0.00972326472401619, -0.0029971550684422255, -0.02945462055504322, 0.059524379670619965, 0.07364262640476227, -0.002028475748375058, -0.03121197037398815, -0.01283982302993536, -0.05601983517408371, 0.022520886734128, 0.016841929405927658, 0.019702568650245667, 0.004174456931650639, -0.06370235234498978, -0.03289074823260307, -0.04369908571243286, 0.0010248534381389618, 0.04032207280397415, -0.010631415992975235, -0.003167637623846531, 0.00369675038382411, 0.0032063063699752092, -0.03968873992562294, -0.010163011960685253, 0.03921322524547577, -0.07349496334791183, 0.03735056519508362, 0.03208957612514496, -0.0065424880012869835, -0.005456254817545414, -0.017460238188505173, -0.004597416613250971, -0.03289923816919327, 0.01305222138762474, 0.005289250053465366, -0.0006098116864450276, -0.020361555740237236, -0.015443381853401661, 0.026538366451859474, -0.0015012654475867748, -0.01423467043787241, -0.001800435478799045, 0.005265142768621445, -0.03941400721669197, -0.001400595298036933, 0.04456103965640068, -0.003119345288723707, 0.024770675227046013, 0.01380519662052393, -0.025391168892383575, 0.014517787843942642, -0.07679413259029388, 0.01618324965238571, 0.04742199555039406, -0.005295929033309221, 0.021869033575057983, -0.058749500662088394, 0.025607196614146233, -0.010188234969973564, 0.008788499981164932, -0.00832099374383688, -0.006811176426708698, -0.050189923495054245, 0.015651054680347443, -0.0009379595867358148, 0.038865167647600174, 0.05644145980477333, 0.020629948005080223, -0.02480331063270569, 0.017942208796739578, 0.030168047174811363, 0.009221476502716541, -0.03647162765264511, -0.00975707359611988, 0.07957110553979874, -0.04686373844742775, -0.009194103069603443, -0.10077869147062302, -0.04651399329304695, -0.009429235942661762, -0.035078857094049454, 0.022237839177250862, -0.068977490067482, 0.06270749121904373, 0.03761120140552521, 0.04499176889657974, 0.014692440629005432, -0.043235208839178085, 0.05501304194331169, -0.031004490330815315, 0.005105393473058939, -0.03838720545172691, -0.021257596090435982, 0.047447603195905685, -0.02960982546210289, 0.041394542902708054, -0.014391300268471241, -0.05829315260052681, 0.030407318845391273, -0.037203725427389145, -0.054064687341451645, 0.04294354468584061, -0.02033001370728016, 0.012930004857480526, 0.061117567121982574, -0.04089241102337837, -0.007564803119748831, -0.012800542637705803, -0.037338174879550934, 0.020770104601979256, -0.0009881154401227832, 0.054167408496141434, -0.004097878001630306, 0.0225906353443861, -0.01840526983141899, -0.010832062922418118, 0.019598765298724174, 0.048857636749744415, 0.004259401001036167, 0.03144397959113121, -0.034945446997880936, 0.08226460218429565, 0.06027454882860184, 0.029896574094891548, -0.010050220414996147, 0.019570166245102882, -0.02551746554672718, -0.06310728192329407, 0.042400844395160675, -0.015016435645520687, 0.01458687987178564, -0.04972512647509575, 0.026451392099261284, 0.022098740562796593, -0.055997300893068314, -0.0034400199074298143, 0.014002143405377865, -0.05171048641204834, -0.02954648621380329, -0.0005740946508012712, 0.00984519999474287, -0.05713120847940445, 0.05388711020350456, 0.013555209152400494, 0.03078312799334526, 0.08543092757463455, -0.0038232833612710238, -0.02912353165447712, 0.012224884703755379, 0.08263814449310303, 0.06588386744260788, 0.02873656526207924, -0.03493357077240944, 0.07938866317272186, -0.04576210305094719, -0.018087120726704597, 0.01918846182525158, 0.0037380531430244446, -0.00689192907884717, -0.04791627079248428, 0.015722298994660378, 0.056507885456085205, -0.014165198430418968, 0.08738727867603302, -0.03224359080195427, -0.02321661449968815, 0.04667885601520538, -0.0069881221279501915, 0.007746429182589054, 0.03281506896018982, 0.010832063853740692, -0.01810486987233162, -0.03686411306262016, -0.01715628243982792, -0.01624203473329544, -0.016896944493055344, 0.008704363368451595, 0.008694546297192574, 0.005480021703988314, 0.030496250838041306, -0.018544113263487816, 0.04871799796819687, 0.09938178956508636, -0.024646490812301636, -0.029208287596702576, -0.01484260056167841, -0.002696927171200514, -0.01494401041418314, 0.04269816353917122, 0.00509892962872982, -0.014551648870110512, 0.018020134419202805, -0.04534848406910896, 0.05172884464263916, 0.01847095414996147, -0.0071373311802744865, 0.014030096121132374, -0.005256244447082281, -0.04595367982983589, 0.008246801793575287, 0.022983036935329437, -0.06196747347712517, -0.05878410115838051, -0.04792749136686325, -0.059592992067337036, -0.04519673436880112, -0.03304079547524452, 0.03234187141060829, 0.0018929850775748491, -0.041354671120643616, -0.008528315462172031, -0.03139311447739601, 0.0032295219134539366, -0.017066219821572304, -0.04320488125085831, 0.006509240251034498, 0.02878413163125515, 0.0045735957100987434, -0.0038087107241153717, 0.03318743780255318, 0.059146225452423096, -0.020167000591754913, -0.009786526672542095, 0.034589435905218124, 0.0000030022356440895237, 0.0450189933180809, 0.004086502827703953, 0.0077246371656656265, -0.08271557092666626, 0.03020717389881611, 0.02506292052567005, -0.03342493996024132, -0.06680971384048462, 0.019561737775802612, -0.0644921287894249, 0.013108095154166222, 0.05693281441926956, -0.031857315450906754, 0.02236221358180046, -0.06569192558526993, -0.03650328144431114, -0.0006194323068484664, 0.008756319060921669, 0.056086644530296326, -0.013667239807546139, 0.04901459440588951, 0.05490313842892647, -0.005934386979788542, -0.03319850191473961, 0.004698664881289005, -0.004381267819553614, 0.03428434580564499, -0.010404159314930439, -0.022200612351298332, -0.04355930536985397, -0.085235096514225, -0.03336941823363304, 0.005611734464764595, 0.010344007983803749, -0.02440040372312069, 0.04122960567474365, -0.002401423640549183, 0.013554947450757027, -0.0389663502573967, -0.04529512673616409, -0.04464901238679886, -0.06031700596213341, -0.04211860150098801, -0.04625567048788071, 0.0337948352098465, -0.010157890617847443, -0.0025935261510312557, -0.03916722163558006, -0.048567142337560654, 0.013080835342407227, 0.013109216466546059, 0.02727842517197132, 0.0012823576107621193, -0.0013058851473033428, -0.014456077478826046 ]
5,132
SAINT: Sequence-Aware Integration for Spatial Transcriptomics Multi-View Clustering
[ "Zeyu Zhu", "KE LIANG", "Lingyuan Meng", "Meng Liu", "Suyuan Liu", "Renxiang Guan", "Miaomiao Li", "Wanwei Liu", "Xinwang Liu" ]
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies provide gene expression measurements with spatial resolution, enabling the dissection of tissue structure and function. A fundamental challenge in ST analysis is clustering spatial spots into coherent functional regions. While existing models effectively integrate expression and spatial signals, they largely overlook sequence-level biological priors encoded in the DNA sequences of expressed genes. To bridge this gap, we propose SAINT (Sequence-Aware Integration for Nucleotide-informed Transcriptomics), a unified framework that augments spatial representation learning with nucleotide-derived features. We construct sequence-augmented datasets across 14 tissue sections from three widely used ST benchmarks (DLPFC, HBC, and MBA), retrieving reference DNA sequences for each expressed gene and encoding them using a pretrained Nucleotide Transformer. For each spot, gene-level embeddings are aggregated via expression-weighted and attention-based pooling, then fused with spatial-expression representations through a late fusion module. Extensive experiments demonstrate that SAINT consistently improves clustering performance across multiple datasets. Experiments validate the superiority, effectiveness, sensitivity, and transferability of our framework, confirming the complementary value of incorporating sequence-level priors into spatial transcriptomics clustering.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.007766176946461201, -0.02089548297226429, -0.015700938180088997, 0.025105955079197884, 0.04150593653321266, 0.05931970477104187, 0.05176449939608574, 0.01788039319217205, 0.005536330863833427, -0.04886285215616226, 0.006637056358158588, -0.03176344931125641, -0.036196641623973846, -0.009370899759232998, 0.01501340139657259, 0.03589051961898804, 0.01642170175909996, -0.03064613975584507, 0.007841857150197029, 0.03367125988006592, 0.004977251868695021, -0.019702516496181488, 0.004804487340152264, 0.04282379522919655, 0.048323072493076324, 0.01367777306586504, 0.007960801012814045, 0.0040046824142336845, -0.037803176790475845, 0.00652828486636281, 0.028954051434993744, 0.01110108569264412, -0.0023051612079143524, -0.04113752767443657, 0.0319271981716156, 0.01882445067167282, -0.0017288358649238944, 0.017937617376446724, -0.016835125163197517, -0.016319213435053825, -0.07658889144659042, -0.004620620980858803, -0.01542220450937748, 0.03848882019519806, -0.005601347889751196, 0.039369456470012665, -0.10289081931114197, 0.0413481742143631, -0.006873574573546648, 0.030145568773150444, -0.0701877772808075, 0.04797627776861191, 0.0005428065196610987, -0.0044713979586958885, -0.008477441966533661, 0.042054738849401474, 0.024866411462426186, -0.0819496214389801, -0.012882900424301624, -0.06904429942369461, -0.042818326503038406, -0.0020504791755229235, 0.010430199094116688, 0.01898321509361267, 0.049101270735263824, -0.012507949955761433, -0.005952478852123022, 0.02616032399237156, -0.04544088616967201, -0.03603968396782875, -0.013528967276215553, -0.014158603735268116, -0.003049824619665742, 0.029054300859570503, 0.025305867195129395, -0.038115549832582474, 0.0029803451616317034, -0.0059296623803675175, 0.05898871272802353, -0.003083514515310526, -0.0006077830330468714, 0.02392730489373207, -0.03595539554953575, 0.04263782501220703, 0.0030949038919061422, -0.016903463751077652, -0.02985098771750927, -0.03706002235412598, -0.07216653972864151, 0.048037681728601456, -0.037439946085214615, -0.04435449093580246, 0.014929334633052349, 0.015951022505760193, 0.0521574504673481, 0.0199073888361454, 0.018762920051813126, 0.011502021923661232, -0.01279530394822359, 0.0015814944636076689, -0.07208576053380966, 0.014773343689739704, 0.034739766269922256, -0.02035672403872013, -0.10605745017528534, -0.01797361671924591, -0.016802987083792686, -0.033571626991033554, 0.01055153738707304, 0.008361874148249626, -0.007112452760338783, -0.024527158588171005, 0.04043254628777504, -0.0033296924084424973, -0.05486025661230087, 0.05903008207678795, 0.03553910553455353, -0.005620431154966354, 0.0034884505439549685, -0.04962382838129997, 0.052054811269044876, 0.01674659363925457, -0.009181126952171326, 0.06691145896911621, -0.014825004152953625, -0.01622270978987217, 0.009488582611083984, -0.00817251019179821, -0.026480283588171005, -0.03642912209033966, -0.005699872970581055, 0.04945458471775055, -0.02236543782055378, -0.0035187869798392057, 0.011053824797272682, -0.025649134069681168, 0.01600262150168419, -0.007509435527026653, 0.06966082751750946, -0.02155432105064392, 0.01758575066924095, -0.006239573936909437, -0.003673892468214035, -0.02762962318956852, 0.06857196986675262, -0.04425938427448273, -0.013231096789240837, -0.012478562071919441, -0.03294127807021141, 0.03319088742136955, 0.010973293334245682, -0.0068816328421235085, 0.003120685927569866, -0.0604555569589138, 0.0010281784925609827, 0.08125518262386322, 0.01936032995581627, 0.029149454087018967, 0.015914838761091232, 0.012730242684483528, 0.04545257240533829, -0.004404762294143438, -0.028077811002731323, 0.01875857077538967, -0.02079933136701584, -0.029653092846274376, 0.04576491937041283, 0.010293098166584969, -0.040115855634212494, -0.030728070065379143, -0.049314115196466446, -0.051559511572122574, 0.055671144276857376, -0.02454402856528759, -0.014016078785061836, -0.03598179668188095, 0.05929749459028244, -0.006801636889576912, 0.023789057508111, 0.01861969381570816, -0.08397865295410156, 0.022896071895956993, -0.0046977330930531025, 0.011318428441882133, 0.03240013122558594, -0.03007831983268261, 0.07788906246423721, -0.007783174514770508, 0.011505452916026115, 0.028851348906755447, -0.0784907341003418, -0.06821715086698532, 0.002665882930159569, -0.0026390969287604094, 0.04720247909426689, 0.009187893941998482, -0.004414805676788092, 0.04827665910124779, -0.025242213159799576, 0.01006372645497322, 0.0025830534286797047, -0.0027810728643089533, 0.04461066797375679, 0.0005018170340918005, -0.04684415087103844, -0.008289895951747894, 0.016884086653590202, -0.027531716972589493, -0.003499205457046628, -0.011012665927410126, 0.0019303056178614497, -0.015782402828335762, -0.0047040958888828754, -0.025191200897097588, 0.03225288540124893, -0.021042857319116592, 0.011263120919466019, 0.015684297308325768, -0.004448088817298412, -0.08939944952726364, 0.011515493504703045, 0.010511981323361397, -0.021410293877124786, -0.00333611317910254, -0.02827921137213707, 0.10955797135829926, 0.07615787535905838, -0.02030007354915142, 0.03695465996861458, 0.028637472540140152, 0.005023723002523184, -0.016312874853610992, 0.0005504528526216745, -0.01812608167529106, -0.02140071429312229, 0.029962876811623573, 0.029833178967237473, -0.028431184589862823, 0.024950062856078148, -0.035862501710653305, 0.024219103157520294, 0.08419327437877655, -0.03687416389584541, 0.012305601499974728, 0.034496571868658066, 0.00044002931099385023, 0.029228266328573227, -0.014684290625154972, -0.05612463876605034, -0.05630982667207718, -0.008456580340862274, 0.012233046814799309, -0.014695781283080578, 0.0038754765409976244, 0.0018352067563682795, -0.03158082067966461, -0.02316530980169773, 0.01557215116918087, 0.07558060437440872, 0.010725189931690693, -0.005574643611907959, 0.021973785012960434, 0.010386768728494644, -0.06933867931365967, -0.050803400576114655, -0.0745706632733345, -0.021184511482715607, -0.03908555209636688, 0.06766171008348465, -0.007698727771639824, 0.062373336404561996, 0.0063167111948132515, -0.014307543635368347, -0.056354720145463943, -0.04177418723702431, -0.03366333246231079, 0.03642723336815834, -0.004192829597741365, -0.019856566563248634, -0.01171898189932108, 0.020725827664136887, 0.060253385454416275, -0.037653520703315735, 0.003317243652418256, -0.032412998378276825, -0.040256746113300323, -0.008185583166778088, -0.014420682564377785, -0.017992356792092323, 0.01957889460027218, 0.031909454613924026, 0.03584219515323639, -0.05594293773174286, 0.004037707578390837, 0.057419124990701675, 0.04639347642660141, 0.05366756394505501, -0.0003202218213118613, -0.019006062299013138, -0.03274628520011902, -0.012874261476099491, 0.0037941904738545418, 0.006162477657198906, -0.019856136292219162, 0.004990585148334503, 0.02641166001558304, 0.001573817222379148, -0.02875388413667679, -0.271776020526886, -0.0048137628473341465, -0.010758446529507637, -0.010618196800351143, 0.04827425256371498, -0.02828708291053772, 0.03254776448011398, -0.013518895022571087, -0.02579626813530922, 0.007168899290263653, -0.021349675953388214, 0.04408210143446922, -0.0017095227958634496, 0.022536640986800194, 0.049309972673654556, 0.019665846601128578, -0.05242282152175903, -0.04200325533747673, 0.05088233947753906, 0.03518439084291458, -0.032580334693193436, -0.046041276305913925, -0.002282158238813281, 0.04919680580496788, -0.014536782167851925, 0.052939523011446, -0.10059459507465363, 0.008729417808353901, -0.022143933922052383, -0.033389389514923096, -0.003660822520032525, -0.041980236768722534, -0.001431175391189754, 0.032346211373806, -0.02880324050784111, 0.019267568364739418, 0.03891158849000931, 0.017337344586849213, -0.018827974796295166, 0.015405519865453243, 0.016058150678873062, -0.023393260315060616, -0.03405473753809929, -0.010618496686220169, 0.0608079768717289, -0.022725120186805725, -0.017983203753829002, 0.05981162190437317, -0.009030782617628574, 0.028350403532385826, 0.027040699496865273, -0.03168608620762825, -0.047193292528390884, 0.0050538526847958565, -0.03928855434060097, -0.06889599561691284, 0.015766778960824013, 0.01620304398238659, -0.060866739600896835, -0.034735336899757385, -0.01921854168176651, -0.03659404069185257, -0.03336673974990845, -0.0524367019534111, -0.008371648378670216, -0.027161594480276108, -0.10239429026842117, -0.027181336656212807, 0.042661402374506, -0.0034529506228864193, -0.02674073353409767, 0.027379484847187996, -0.02171752043068409, -0.11526719480752945, -0.026955194771289825, 0.0006518879090435803, -0.05649981647729874, -0.003607506165280938, -0.013031217269599438, 0.058276351541280746, -0.004394603427499533, -0.028773456811904907, -0.017353132367134094, 0.05075253173708916, 0.007564772851765156, -0.05844526365399361, 0.02127123437821865, -0.029794512316584587, -0.03427400067448616, -0.021210793405771255, 0.02419142611324787, -0.04597344622015953, 0.03531073406338692, 0.01731043867766857, 0.018321625888347626, 0.05083048716187477, -0.0008719917386770248, 0.046608101576566696, 0.028095245361328125, -0.042098768055438995, 0.05439536273479462, -0.02615738846361637, 0.010114691220223904, -0.04437749832868576, 0.016502777114510536, 0.014190013520419598, -0.05204828083515167, -0.0019359582802280784, 0.04494015499949455, 0.02702571451663971, -0.028724439442157745, 0.020193465054035187, 0.0020673524122685194, -0.04480789974331856, 0.03181527182459831, -0.013838522136211395, -0.0037556709721684456, 0.03832586482167244, 0.05551421269774437, 0.005721086636185646, -0.013422784395515919, 0.013171683996915817, -0.0230972059071064, -0.006396190728992224, 0.029871439561247826, -0.031035270541906357, -0.015497921966016293, -0.015845010057091713, 0.024802664294838905, 0.019530996680259705, 0.0584128275513649, 0.05757308378815651, 0.017378082498908043, 0.02449326403439045, 0.05552546679973602, 0.0035902587696909904, -0.02487849071621895, -0.01905929297208786, 0.03966394439339638, 0.005971095059067011, 0.02094823122024536, 0.0053886123932898045, 0.02059912122786045, 0.03529377281665802, 0.041547004133462906, -0.0003024535544682294, -0.006746125873178244, 0.04238159582018852, 0.00896592065691948, -0.02934224158525467, -0.006302390247583389, -0.005292955785989761, -0.038687970489263535, -0.012750489637255669, 0.012367764487862587, -0.019560331478714943, 0.0412183478474617, -0.007093233987689018, 0.030596181750297546, -0.04578552395105362, 0.024480555206537247, 0.009462589398026466, -0.011191836558282375, 0.004488756414502859, -0.027915721759200096, 0.042509760707616806, 0.0038654913660138845, 0.02765539474785328, -0.015886401757597923, 0.02711728774011135, 0.01937507465481758, -0.012663771398365498, -0.03201412037014961, -0.02789733000099659, -0.06103184074163437, 0.003448380623012781, -0.021230077371001244, 0.001691079349257052, -0.047589968889951706, 0.04432636499404907, -0.007352316752076149, -0.025955216959118843, 0.013969655148684978, 0.025299739092588425, 0.09616288542747498, 0.043603889644145966, 0.004812316969037056, -0.04005999118089676, -0.03141028434038162, 0.02306639403104782, -0.02260606177151203, 0.01871255598962307, -0.04205217957496643, 0.01685919798910618, -0.04284629225730896, -0.034325599670410156, -0.012102349661290646, 0.016532905399799347, -0.01807628944516182, -0.022358043119311333, -0.0029664034955203533, -0.0046627214178442955, -0.03737809509038925, -0.005727134179323912, 0.07164844125509262, -0.05977431684732437, 0.011499580927193165, 0.02303115464746952, -0.04233243316411972, -0.03782304376363754, -0.026251139119267464, -0.04149892181158066, 0.018265927210450172, 0.015252185054123402, -0.016386309638619423, 0.0064976634457707405, 0.009960214607417583, -0.026482095941901207, -0.04105691239237785, 0.00044035306200385094, 0.027881531044840813, 0.022049587219953537, -0.0029628754127770662, -0.03287365660071373, -0.0024837637320160866, 0.06125606596469879, -0.014596790075302124, -0.011759432032704353, 0.00006422054866561666, 0.0036416808143258095, 0.023686794564127922, -0.0317365787923336, 0.014797920361161232, 0.053182538598775864, -0.0020008101128041744, -0.012156411074101925, -0.05232289060950279, 0.007798060774803162, 0.03661695867776871, 0.03328486531972885, 0.051688045263290405, -0.02398321032524109, -0.01974094845354557, 0.022401325404644012, 0.01908945105969906, 0.032979030162096024, 0.0002975703973788768, 0.01264096237719059, 0.01557421125471592, 0.049359239637851715, -0.006431526970118284, 0.03235941380262375, -0.018943240866065025, 0.009147562086582184, 0.0430256612598896, -0.023359807208180428, -0.06827869266271591, -0.07058199495077133, -0.06015246734023094, 0.004696944262832403, -0.007974464446306229, 0.02814170904457569, 0.024690069258213043, 0.06474234163761139, 0.061679642647504807, 0.012393325567245483, -0.011505886912345886, -0.002762305550277233, 0.05462082847952843, -0.025126034393906593, -0.002073315205052495, -0.06828872114419937, -0.00564628466963768, 0.06453452259302139, -0.054408855736255646, -0.018872052431106567, 0.0018716438207775354, 0.009091375395655632, 0.013578196056187153, -0.03300417959690094, -0.06623908132314682, -0.003047807374969125, 0.003976003732532263, -0.010592222213745117, -0.00721264723688364, -0.025878949090838432, 0.018190782517194748, -0.010101424530148506, -0.014818876050412655, 0.013036422431468964, 0.01203695684671402, 0.022076576948165894, -0.04286980256438255, 0.011646709404885769, -0.010677731595933437, 0.019611824303865433, 0.04463944956660271, 0.060190606862306595, 0.009003404527902603, 0.04153727740049362, -0.05420291796326637, 0.06467361003160477, 0.05455430969595909, 0.005875547882169485, 0.0016470585251227021, 0.0004561042587738484, 0.008204314857721329, -0.015736693516373634, -0.0034058757591992617, 0.02016303315758705, 0.03134198859333992, -0.0460505411028862, 0.08528098464012146, 0.02064661681652069, -0.05411095917224884, -0.012646046467125416, 0.017626842483878136, -0.027395227923989296, 0.01791485957801342, -0.0037947939708828926, 0.0019946761894971132, -0.006896501407027245, 0.04973984137177467, 0.01484689675271511, 0.03016921877861023, 0.08102208375930786, 0.01809154450893402, -0.005957573652267456, 0.02639951929450035, 0.08145415782928467, 0.06132466346025467, -0.005082767456769943, 0.004111302550882101, 0.07436753809452057, -0.03935038670897484, -0.03176100179553032, 0.056485895067453384, -0.016543833538889885, 0.0173634123057127, -0.019041458144783974, 0.046725813299417496, 0.08834066241979599, -0.02352195233106613, 0.042879369109869, -0.06816702336072922, -0.01928512565791607, 0.04719896614551544, 0.02303118072450161, 0.024929331615567207, 0.02719736099243164, 0.014511795714497566, 0.05413690581917763, -0.0530073419213295, 0.017944354563951492, -0.01245466060936451, 0.005686501041054726, 0.0019890700932592154, -0.021719785407185555, -0.022650139406323433, 0.007875797338783741, -0.02513119764626026, 0.002923118183389306, 0.07983063161373138, 0.009601819328963757, -0.022665781900286674, -0.0012334492057561874, 0.06727008521556854, 0.0029155879747122526, 0.053635530173778534, 0.0000034719687391771004, -0.010150875896215439, 0.0017844501417130232, -0.01014371495693922, 0.0231129452586174, 0.05175108462572098, 0.008023274131119251, 0.01578666642308235, -0.03255971521139145, -0.018256114795804024, -0.029635963961482048, -0.0005561193102039397, -0.04681237414479256, -0.06474998593330383, -0.039610605686903, -0.05875229835510254, -0.05572279170155525, -0.04714382439851761, 0.004973622038960457, -0.01967395842075348, -0.034751538187265396, -0.02539150044322014, -0.01758221909403801, 0.07194649428129196, -0.0016907990211620927, -0.03336990252137184, 0.01330731250345707, 0.040592774748802185, 0.023930678144097328, 0.021479349583387375, 0.03056460991501808, 0.017318885773420334, -0.0024129089433699846, -0.006527689751237631, 0.029716284945607185, 0.008757902309298515, 0.03432556986808777, 0.03216797858476639, -0.03146924450993538, -0.09304811805486679, 0.020652256906032562, 0.0385364405810833, 0.00652097724378109, -0.0943223088979721, -0.020594170317053795, 0.010426541790366173, 0.05196746811270714, 0.03883722051978111, 0.000374278228264302, 0.03171476721763611, -0.03458400070667267, -0.00920388288795948, -0.013654084876179695, 0.013808529824018478, 0.0306271780282259, -0.05213091894984245, 0.05426423251628876, 0.047078754752874374, -0.0005899317329749465, -0.015841033309698105, 0.038302719593048096, -0.007288927212357521, 0.025929749011993408, -0.010225934907793999, -0.03475046530365944, -0.06375663727521896, -0.10538970679044724, -0.06738372147083282, -0.004729917738586664, -0.03268399089574814, -0.049796365201473236, 0.005582590587437153, -0.004970226902514696, -0.03387756273150444, -0.03447555750608444, -0.005806752946227789, 0.015078336000442505, -0.026941347867250443, -0.054142460227012634, -0.05476409196853638, -0.0063391332514584064, -0.020533831790089607, 0.014681198634207249, 0.004079870879650116, -0.04610002785921097, -0.03185857832431793, 0.014526315033435822, -0.007242758758366108, 0.030050721019506454, 0.0010760212317109108, 0.023551585152745247 ]
5,133
Learning Interactive World Model for Object-based Reinforcement Learning
[ "Fan Feng", "Phillip Lippe", "Sara Magliacane" ]
Agents that can understand and reason about objects and their interactions offer significant potential for robust and generalizable policy learning. While most object-centric reinforcement learning methods focus on object-centric state representations that are factored based on individual objects, they neglect a structured representation of interactions. In this work, we propose Factored Interactive Object-Centric World Model (FIOC-WM), a unified framework for learning structured representations of objects and their interactions within a world model, which can model the dynamics of the environment in a more fine-grained way, enabling more efficient and generalizable policy learning. FIOC-WM first learns object-centric representations with state factorization and object interactions directly from pixels, leveraging pre-trained vision models. Then, we use the learned world model to decompose complex tasks into composable interactions, and learn a hierarchical policy where the high-level decides the interaction order and type, and the low-level learns how to invoke them. We demonstrate the efficacy of FIOC-WM in world model accuracy and policy learning across a set of robotic and embodied AI environments.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.006691572722047567, -0.01869630068540573, 0.004401054698973894, 0.013621729798614979, 0.04133560508489609, 0.016344117000699043, -0.014259284362196922, 0.010600060224533081, -0.011973920278251171, -0.02612427994608879, -0.035084668546915054, 0.00619626184925437, -0.08109448850154877, -0.006994169671088457, 0.0090059544891119, 0.04853794723749161, 0.013871298171579838, -0.016525285318493843, 0.00007271763024618849, 0.020317472517490387, 0.014775467105209827, 0.0018819995457306504, 0.045335035771131516, 0.01534535177052021, 0.02186056226491928, 0.015035917982459068, 0.05546632036566734, 0.023573249578475952, -0.019462939351797104, -0.02949962019920349, 0.007643559481948614, -0.010123640298843384, 0.002113810507580638, -0.04420012608170509, 0.001322448835708201, 0.0008795934845693409, -0.018647262826561928, 0.0011473674094304442, -0.023489292711019516, 0.02364330366253853, -0.024929989129304886, 0.03212025761604309, -0.02123507671058178, -0.018890077248215675, -0.0009977897861972451, 0.0013211144832894206, -0.09188208729028702, 0.0413113571703434, 0.01570565067231655, -0.058568332344293594, -0.10054299980401993, 0.03691418468952179, 0.020549815148115158, -0.013382270000874996, -0.025337491184473038, 0.015463128685951233, 0.048378027975559235, -0.09364558011293411, -0.006310907192528248, -0.05038794130086899, -0.03109928034245968, 0.042089905589818954, 0.007743376307189465, 0.015271754935383797, -0.02455902099609375, -0.005312057211995125, 0.0359668955206871, 0.049784980714321136, -0.0213623084127903, -0.023414239287376404, -0.04646655172109604, -0.0194917693734169, -0.0031318049877882004, 0.04608643427491188, 0.02675846964120865, -0.04780955612659454, 0.021335098892450333, 0.02190237119793892, 0.0692804753780365, -0.0407070554792881, 0.004619319923222065, 0.03396672010421753, 0.004433747846633196, 0.024119572713971138, 0.015656396746635437, 0.005947847384959459, -0.026488564908504486, -0.011224288493394852, -0.07720211148262024, 0.03450705483555794, -0.026307804509997368, -0.05500571429729462, -0.0007499261409975588, 0.04419189319014549, 0.006689236033707857, 0.007570937275886536, 0.01485197339206934, 0.022446125745773315, 0.023648792877793312, 0.006521820090711117, -0.039050232619047165, -0.028795333579182625, 0.015554001554846764, 0.009989922866225243, -0.09423473477363586, -0.02335328422486782, 0.009652803651988506, -0.040064532309770584, -0.006112187635153532, 0.026912415400147438, -0.07521633058786392, -0.011068259365856647, 0.043669477105140686, -0.023887047544121742, -0.06389305740594864, 0.016253968700766563, 0.01996462605893612, 0.05334986001253128, 0.01814079098403454, 0.022672485560178757, 0.03370014950633049, 0.03742968663573265, 0.003805039683356881, 0.05959697812795639, -0.010082987137138844, -0.016501223668456078, -0.0016535158501937985, 0.020279530435800552, -0.03678414225578308, -0.05881081521511078, 0.04516316577792168, 0.025583121925592422, -0.0005337352631613612, -0.01084036286920309, -0.022744009271264076, -0.011465986259281635, 0.011526133865118027, 0.012282940559089184, 0.01751098223030567, 0.006628343835473061, 0.015114640817046165, -0.06499889492988586, 0.08006147295236588, -0.02786690928041935, 0.0688425749540329, -0.014217982068657875, 0.0003017029957845807, 0.011619433760643005, -0.039715129882097244, -0.01742187701165676, -0.004753389861434698, -0.03489804267883301, -0.002907127607613802, -0.051093075424432755, 0.050137486308813095, 0.06177327409386635, 0.024459760636091232, 0.036665864288806915, 0.015997687354683876, 0.02044021710753441, 0.021637659519910812, -0.0073968698270618916, -0.04943693429231644, -0.01835346780717373, 0.002548966556787491, -0.08519235253334045, 0.049826811999082565, 0.010161174461245537, -0.004069492686539888, -0.015162787400186062, -0.03569880872964859, -0.032945238053798676, 0.04512102156877518, -0.007287008687853813, -0.013638278469443321, -0.021457606926560402, 0.06287398189306259, -0.03110465221107006, 0.028522836044430733, 0.010542210191488266, -0.08127450197935104, 0.0004534798499662429, -0.026052847504615784, -0.025373442098498344, 0.02199442684650421, -0.03658827021718025, 0.06200086325407028, -0.04223622381687164, -0.019456909969449043, 0.025311972945928574, -0.05588166043162346, -0.00479589868336916, 0.02405642904341221, -0.015957558527588844, 0.07726240903139114, 0.019195739179849625, -0.04126548767089844, 0.028538502752780914, 0.02453935332596302, 0.05456731840968132, 0.03522615134716034, -0.038985565304756165, 0.05715799331665039, 0.020654896274209023, 0.0009312077891081572, -0.035768453031778336, 0.03164488077163696, -0.005803406238555908, 0.00010129641304956749, 0.007939363829791546, -0.007024753838777542, 0.023237688466906548, 0.008059527724981308, -0.020589005202054977, 0.0397895872592926, -0.0019451386760920286, -0.010478156618773937, 0.019653616473078728, 0.011192788369953632, -0.05734455958008766, -0.005422484595328569, -0.0057507846504449844, -0.030196625739336014, 0.009211963042616844, -0.048173364251852036, 0.0754145160317421, 0.06239735707640648, -0.040433578193187714, -0.004387430846691132, 0.01550258882343769, 0.0032348341774195433, 0.02307221293449402, 0.02805512398481369, -0.039583392441272736, 0.03647547960281372, -0.02040361613035202, 0.011316575109958649, -0.024949677288532257, 0.032215166836977005, -0.023372428491711617, -0.030529828742146492, 0.0527188666164875, -0.01570184715092182, 0.04081020876765251, 0.00009532365220366046, 0.008959151804447174, 0.06045152619481087, 0.012738235294818878, 0.01133077871054411, -0.008680755272507668, -0.05182855203747749, -0.0029823489021509886, 0.024544458836317062, -0.012204564176499844, 0.011674175038933754, -0.060618072748184204, -0.005190766416490078, -0.03678895905613899, 0.08461188524961472, 0.047745298594236374, 0.009435239247977734, 0.06012300029397011, -0.0313933789730072, -0.030190402641892433, -0.026078714057803154, -0.12121845781803131, -0.05087057873606682, -0.011447777971625328, 0.02437211200594902, 0.04018374904990196, 0.005482402630150318, -0.02290116623044014, 0.036562491208314896, -0.04242740571498871, -0.010569881647825241, 0.014430367387831211, 0.0066466666758060455, 0.010552909225225449, -0.020438827574253082, -0.030000057071447372, 0.018045958131551743, 0.04303757846355438, 0.006307509727776051, -0.005345998331904411, 0.010403947904706001, -0.03497938811779022, 0.0023678268771618605, -0.04299580678343773, -0.023005053400993347, -0.008659611456096172, 0.015223434194922447, 0.001793193630874157, -0.03684848174452782, 0.010231261141598225, 0.021820321679115295, 0.07859112322330475, 0.030510511249303818, -0.016205549240112305, -0.009459353052079678, 0.0014483670238405466, -0.023243173956871033, 0.02228688821196556, -0.004144451580941677, 0.015092355199158192, 0.0012281106319278479, 0.010283218696713448, 0.02464796043932438, 0.026366252452135086, -0.24821361899375916, -0.04686520993709564, 0.009848304092884064, 0.016202867031097412, 0.04305751249194145, -0.014992489479482174, 0.0680452510714531, -0.02668721415102482, -0.026304414495825768, 0.0066659399308264256, 0.03429795056581497, 0.013020717538893223, 0.035561371594667435, 0.07982227206230164, 0.05150708928704262, 0.045839376747608185, -0.017307180911302567, -0.026962779462337494, -0.004845812916755676, 0.035209815949201584, -0.04781532660126686, -0.0774436667561531, -0.02322479337453842, 0.025665193796157837, -0.011067884042859077, 0.04138332977890968, -0.08897196501493454, -0.007232185918837786, -0.03172888234257698, -0.0017684537451714277, -0.04633612558245659, -0.014312207698822021, -0.013147729448974133, 0.02084851823747158, 0.03027656301856041, -0.015210306271910667, 0.08093637228012085, 0.00032716908026486635, 0.017564892768859863, 0.0041365427896380424, 0.003781973384320736, -0.02013505809009075, -0.02283531054854393, 0.03734481707215309, 0.06295013427734375, 0.026180239394307137, -0.041325584053993225, -0.042302947491407394, -0.060476258397102356, 0.023172354325652122, -0.006677594967186451, -0.029049599543213844, 0.014548134990036488, 0.010345332324504852, 0.030288146808743477, -0.014559446834027767, 0.005577468313276768, -0.011074013076722622, -0.027229802682995796, 0.0007476274040527642, -0.02057439647614956, -0.04257383570075035, -0.03051932528614998, -0.026675764471292496, 0.002298301085829735, -0.04341498389840126, -0.06942959874868393, -0.03721211105585098, 0.02563796564936638, 0.04248157888650894, -0.0038914622273296118, -0.020445169880986214, -0.035845499485731125, -0.11353546380996704, 0.0422399640083313, 0.022689027711749077, 0.006330398842692375, -0.05694929137825966, 0.03444304317235947, 0.04515727609395981, -0.035024985671043396, -0.04667333886027336, -0.002998312236741185, 0.012188165448606014, 0.020962297916412354, -0.004065349698066711, 0.059067707508802414, -0.036900389939546585, -0.03769420459866524, -0.048522427678108215, 0.041155535727739334, 0.029548335820436478, 0.036184411495923996, -0.03568730503320694, 0.0655221939086914, 0.05001308396458626, 0.032784149050712585, 0.029835566878318787, 0.042156510055065155, -0.006351676303893328, -0.004219379276037216, -0.08773577958345413, -0.02503397688269615, -0.031146718189120293, -0.021838556975126266, 0.020069323480129242, -0.07525239139795303, -0.005774002522230148, 0.05859817564487457, 0.033667873591184616, -0.011636792682111263, -0.023286491632461548, 0.00801377184689045, 0.005583691876381636, -0.0261048823595047, -0.014756429940462112, -0.004358082544058561, 0.052857402712106705, 0.07175420224666595, -0.0008803263772279024, -0.056711457669734955, 0.04234509915113449, -0.030515117570757866, 0.02438346855342388, -0.013676072470843792, -0.014984450303018093, -0.018720831722021103, -0.014899758622050285, 0.016000419855117798, -0.001703687128610909, 0.04998813569545746, 0.05140980705618858, 0.004756164737045765, 0.049058616161346436, 0.04636892303824425, -0.012887587770819664, -0.0025894497521221638, -0.023991571739315987, 0.03783632069826126, -0.04876477271318436, 0.006198957096785307, -0.028130240738391876, 0.042319461703300476, 0.02572973445057869, 0.007661805022507906, 0.0060882424004375935, 0.015214827843010426, 0.04586058855056763, 0.021603209897875786, -0.025216087698936462, 0.030735928565263748, -0.0564078725874424, 0.0169447660446167, -0.024106083437800407, -0.007667405530810356, -0.055397067219018936, 0.028438610956072807, -0.04851404204964638, 0.03785599395632744, -0.07443301379680634, 0.04353700950741768, 0.015621861442923546, -0.0008713798597455025, -0.00485173100605607, 0.04328116029500961, 0.06611067056655884, -0.005528915673494339, 0.011342826299369335, -0.0015300711384043097, 0.006484413053840399, 0.0238468237221241, -0.059027545154094696, -0.016897281631827354, -0.03573885187506676, -0.03448225185275078, -0.026531610637903214, -0.016175689175724983, -0.043471235781908035, -0.03585653007030487, 0.00703658489510417, 0.0005753902951255441, -0.0324237085878849, 0.016844619065523148, -0.03903696686029434, 0.07399708032608032, -0.009398379363119602, 0.03972870856523514, 0.0057848677970469, -0.02719237469136715, 0.03334860876202583, 0.009588560089468956, 0.044666633009910583, -0.04353637993335724, -0.010846092365682125, -0.04018247872591019, -0.016480037942528725, 0.02149038016796112, -0.009432279504835606, -0.04116341471672058, -0.009913232177495956, -0.010204777121543884, 0.030644595623016357, -0.04300829768180847, -0.0007607615552842617, 0.0047784182243049145, -0.06379590183496475, -0.003068252932280302, 0.03922497108578682, 0.015621507540345192, 0.01785164140164852, -0.0673532485961914, -0.014614546671509743, -0.03124103508889675, -0.03652270510792732, -0.00840651337057352, -0.017996348440647125, -0.02086440660059452, -0.039445795118808746, -0.00620429078117013, 0.006339920684695244, 0.013091147877275944, 0.01189279556274414, -0.03847739100456238, -0.04753619059920311, 0.008525648154318333, 0.05608957260847092, -0.025082644075155258, -0.01556305680423975, 0.02764221839606762, 0.0008197249262593687, 0.02111474983394146, -0.020220022648572922, 0.008203794248402119, 0.049461349844932556, -0.006831024307757616, 0.0041373842395842075, -0.042716287076473236, 0.07042721658945084, -0.003643809352070093, -0.02144734375178814, 0.013927311636507511, 0.0303703211247921, -0.02446686662733555, -0.0015963373007252812, 0.004128980915993452, 0.0037490404210984707, 0.028526708483695984, 0.009636431001126766, 0.026256795972585678, -0.0047474694438278675, -0.004255121108144522, -0.0115431509912014, -0.018884925171732903, -0.0000873845856403932, 0.027146078646183014, -0.02350468933582306, 0.002360369311645627, -0.0387510284781456, -0.03877866268157959, 0.029012739658355713, -0.020594099536538124, 0.02596667781472206, -0.055238936096429825, 0.023930156603455544, 0.021675489842891693, 0.03608766570687294, 0.02190765179693699, -0.027253679931163788, 0.04084669426083565, -0.08332518488168716, 0.027704309672117233, -0.05061715096235275, -0.002180021023377776, 0.04596848040819168, -0.022054623812437057, -0.015921471640467644, 0.04092653840780258, -0.028014494106173515, 0.05164414644241333, -0.021186403930187225, -0.06196542829275131, 0.054989855736494064, -0.05114966258406639, -0.01504286378622055, 0.02717433124780655, -0.039133328944444656, -0.032677557319402695, -0.021434692665934563, -0.044195521622896194, 0.012079346925020218, 0.01716620661318302, 0.028495242819190025, -0.043085210025310516, -0.00024183254572562873, 0.0033137237187474966, 0.038629524409770966, 0.024824265390634537, 0.0428038015961647, 0.033502254635095596, 0.052639637142419815, -0.03262397274374962, 0.05460856109857559, 0.04169682040810585, 0.01898600347340107, 0.0012999398168176413, -0.011751692742109299, -0.022311536595225334, -0.029966093599796295, 0.027039039880037308, 0.03422453626990318, -0.012800170108675957, -0.06266872584819794, 0.03331512585282326, -0.006546566728502512, -0.03638539835810661, 0.023652158677577972, 0.022589663043618202, -0.09330656379461288, -0.011434153653681278, 0.006179481744766235, 0.004803395364433527, 0.0021802110131829977, 0.07474075257778168, 0.04819924756884575, 0.05131320655345917, 0.06300012022256851, 0.031863752752542496, -0.015705613419413567, 0.00898368563503027, 0.06479514390230179, 0.05036970227956772, 0.05010370910167694, 0.0007194439531303942, 0.06616652756929398, -0.0491362102329731, -0.04739809036254883, 0.03294141963124275, -0.001511273323558271, -0.006503721233457327, -0.01727101020514965, 0.0017603866290301085, 0.09131558984518051, 0.009717687964439392, 0.036519043147563934, -0.03522741422057152, -0.015504332259297371, 0.057286642491817474, -0.0282463189214468, -0.015212222002446651, 0.030139552429318428, 0.07610573619604111, 0.014777149073779583, -0.027469724416732788, -0.02816377952694893, -0.037297770380973816, -0.04144934564828873, 0.028161628171801567, -0.007114803418517113, -0.02204274944961071, 0.012174583040177822, 0.01499609462916851, 0.03451136499643326, 0.11866087466478348, -0.011160572990775108, 0.0029120738618075848, 0.010668269358575344, -0.02610066346824169, 0.029551450163125992, 0.03510855883359909, -0.006959249265491962, -0.008920141495764256, 0.03511342778801918, -0.024345673620700836, 0.03871605172753334, 0.05740249156951904, 0.008408891037106514, 0.004648684058338404, -0.018574479967355728, -0.01836789771914482, -0.006803593132644892, 0.014777004718780518, -0.011452707462012768, -0.04040508344769478, -0.030442509800195694, -0.03808597847819328, -0.048318780958652496, -0.024745464324951172, 0.04508785530924797, 0.012159764766693115, -0.034350719302892685, -0.00761162955313921, -0.029040317982435226, 0.0074344901368021965, 0.00671968562528491, -0.05453343689441681, -0.005610249005258083, 0.05687369406223297, -0.0025469071697443724, 0.02205931954085827, 0.04354754090309143, 0.014085495844483376, -0.013253130950033665, -0.02884596399962902, -0.008551695384085178, -0.011436288245022297, 0.022418981418013573, -0.04940987750887871, -0.03801074996590614, -0.10391079634428024, 0.012750846333801746, 0.027347326278686523, -0.02665610797703266, -0.06577648222446442, -0.00826034601777792, -0.03186386451125145, 0.019801903516054153, 0.0712340921163559, 0.014322894625365734, 0.01996508799493313, -0.041174035519361496, -0.001294790068641305, -0.00394850829616189, -0.0046335007064044476, 0.05314478278160095, -0.04154777154326439, 0.037859946489334106, 0.0538942925632, -0.05328413471579552, -0.03527751937508583, 0.048297587782144547, 0.0008310004486702383, -0.01783471181988716, -0.014510609209537506, -0.02378183975815773, -0.0002239708264824003, -0.10740689933300018, -0.023252183571457863, 0.04154600203037262, 0.023724647238850594, -0.057575028389692307, -0.03303021565079689, -0.030536290258169174, -0.010197560302913189, -0.011706444434821606, -0.04170391336083412, 0.006015357561409473, -0.010225518606603146, -0.021664069965481758, -0.05345134809613228, 0.01778685487806797, -0.02792147919535637, 0.015240959823131561, -0.04376385733485222, -0.031167935580015182, -0.017041880637407303, -0.010672558099031448, 0.03179612383246422, 0.021192464977502823, 0.032846275717020035, 0.003591441083699465 ]
5,134
How to build a consistency model: Learning flow maps via self-distillation
[ "Nicholas Boffi", "Michael Albergo", "Eric Vanden-Eijnden" ]
We present a systematic approach for learning the flow map associated with a flow or diffusion model. The class of flow map-based models, commonly referred to as consistency models, encompasses a wide range of recent efforts to improve the efficiency of generative models based on the solution of a differential equation. By exploiting a relation between the velocity field underlying a continuous-time flow and the instantaneous rate of change of the flow map, we show how to convert a broad class of existing distillation schemes into single network direct training algorithms via the concept of self-distillation. We empirically study the performance of several instantiations of our framework, where we find that high-dimensional tasks such as image synthesis benefit from the design of objective functions that avoid temporal and spatial derivatives of the flow map, while for low-dimensional tasks requiring precision, objectives with higher-order derivatives can help capture sharp features.
poster
2505.18825
https://github.com/nmboffi/flow-maps
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.005520365200936794, -0.02109132893383503, -0.020052967593073845, 0.05887656658887863, 0.02749587409198284, 0.032134123146533966, 0.04300577566027641, 0.014287173748016357, -0.0217425636947155, -0.05311191454529762, -0.006925196852535009, -0.03195415809750557, -0.06714122742414474, 0.02342545986175537, 0.00713823176920414, 0.04737532511353493, 0.03848496079444885, 0.012142212130129337, 0.028789641335606575, 0.022259986028075218, -0.041876740753650665, -0.029125435277819633, 0.03931610286235809, 0.028643984347581863, -0.00775957340374589, -0.012034484185278416, 0.019854580983519554, 0.003272354369983077, -0.013910409063100815, -0.010049629025161266, 0.03897690773010254, 0.0066445209085941315, 0.0194418802857399, -0.014072508551180363, -0.00008755247108638287, -0.01042122021317482, -0.05040176212787628, 0.010321283712983131, 0.007487391587346792, 0.0016621366376057267, -0.04825001582503319, 0.01692497916519642, -0.0066523561254143715, 0.0014923803973942995, -0.014977342449128628, 0.0022866525687277317, -0.12690821290016174, 0.02591794542968273, -0.025865864008665085, -0.03270771726965904, -0.10325688868761063, 0.021046694368124008, 0.009223157539963722, 0.009250867180526257, -0.018638843670487404, 0.0017758875619620085, 0.04795337840914726, -0.08795660734176636, -0.015579277649521828, -0.028767473995685577, -0.0038052622694522142, 0.029080001637339592, 0.003968038130551577, 0.007281652186065912, -0.016395380720496178, -0.029913367703557014, -0.00341310678049922, 0.041858892887830734, -0.053164564073085785, -0.029387295246124268, -0.008106072433292866, 0.031083615496754646, 0.0008024749113246799, 0.020794041454792023, -0.012857052497565746, -0.05020633712410927, 0.011823422275483608, 0.020994920283555984, 0.038697823882102966, -0.024642787873744965, 0.027723198756575584, 0.007875010371208191, 0.007805814500898123, 0.027818430215120316, 0.021797969937324524, 0.021723419427871704, -0.006938571576029062, -0.0016472111456096172, -0.06177811324596405, 0.004716882947832346, -0.0456535704433918, -0.025449074804782867, -0.007977882400155067, 0.011645352467894554, 0.03947179764509201, -0.03343787044286728, 0.03504890576004982, 0.004314332269132137, 0.041420772671699524, -0.00038950491580180824, -0.030082790181040764, -0.021484442055225372, 0.001588003127835691, 0.026601286605000496, -0.07561755180358887, -0.0552523210644722, -0.019532034173607826, -0.004991116467863321, 0.01796931028366089, 0.009806926362216473, -0.03946712613105774, 0.006351971998810768, 0.027425376698374748, -0.023949285969138145, -0.06553445756435394, 0.023465393111109734, 0.013938193209469318, 0.02183499000966549, 0.007694433908909559, 0.0023384520318359137, 0.03697727248072624, 0.03662514314055443, -0.008078612387180328, 0.07097940146923065, -0.01997709460556507, 0.0162845179438591, 0.002564217895269394, 0.028917212039232254, -0.041556134819984436, -0.033748239278793335, -0.030118120834231377, 0.040281642228364944, 0.002382749691605568, -0.02907687984406948, 0.00193764828145504, -0.03130798414349556, 0.01994660124182701, 0.027655575424432755, 0.035405710339546204, 0.0012199176708236337, 0.0025517859030514956, 0.01876683533191681, 0.0812043696641922, -0.02141536772251129, 0.05279013514518738, -0.0006988879176788032, 0.010718133300542831, -0.04524371773004532, -0.035492897033691406, -0.006431598216295242, 0.0013764119939878583, 0.024116991087794304, 0.008875946514308453, -0.05091198906302452, 0.0242473054677248, 0.049304090440273285, -0.02879914455115795, 0.04469714313745499, -0.013679130002856255, -0.025725314393639565, -0.003874967573210597, 0.024120835587382317, -0.0023421840742230415, -0.012246624566614628, -0.0031094965524971485, -0.056284185498952866, 0.053174976259469986, 0.021269692108035088, -0.04361748322844505, -0.023473940789699554, -0.004349165596067905, -0.044772617518901825, 0.04476666823029518, -0.018226927146315575, 0.0034561550710350275, -0.028080463409423828, 0.03418026119470596, 0.013094158843159676, 0.05801888927817345, 0.01029239036142826, -0.08646055310964584, 0.04841405525803566, 0.0010474363807588816, -0.031449660658836365, 0.005467552691698074, -0.02200077846646309, 0.07304033637046814, -0.031144436448812485, -0.0025448405649513006, 0.03517711162567139, -0.03981064260005951, -0.0022731469944119453, 0.01434379257261753, -0.018952252343297005, 0.05983337387442589, 0.018679413944482803, -0.020322389900684357, 0.022618256509304047, 0.05403769016265869, 0.08149200677871704, 0.06477496027946472, -0.030602548271417618, 0.06488127261400223, -0.03390873596072197, -0.021795736625790596, -0.020021766424179077, 0.05860421434044838, -0.07908955216407776, -0.023827973753213882, -0.004207065794616938, -0.019070275127887726, -0.03349750116467476, 0.015613199211657047, -0.03574710339307785, 0.01980144903063774, 0.012961016967892647, -0.035221464931964874, 0.014873438514769077, 0.048471152782440186, -0.04345449432730675, 0.0422431081533432, 0.04982990026473999, -0.035120610147714615, 0.0472383126616478, -0.012344775721430779, 0.08626165986061096, 0.09239489585161209, -0.02428198605775833, -0.006356579717248678, -0.015015755780041218, 0.01663816161453724, 0.011926021426916122, 0.02696707658469677, -0.01969095878303051, 0.024332623928785324, -0.018694037571549416, 0.014687473885715008, 0.0016987271374091506, 0.055638592690229416, -0.05473412200808525, 0.00013277900870889425, 0.053318627178668976, -0.04883858188986778, 0.06747106462717056, 0.010771162807941437, 0.01488516665995121, 0.06113029643893242, -0.002801569877192378, -0.027654075995087624, -0.01631978712975979, -0.031904421746730804, 0.010831713676452637, 0.0022380659356713295, -0.035259656608104706, 0.01648525521159172, -0.06646740436553955, -0.036776166409254074, -0.01792408525943756, 0.05060563236474991, 0.08198069781064987, 0.02888496220111847, 0.021505674347281456, 0.0025362384039908648, -0.023509925231337547, -0.018068384379148483, -0.12850624322891235, -0.041993677616119385, -0.018082842230796814, 0.05659710615873337, 0.01968071237206459, 0.025025054812431335, -0.001238421187736094, 0.03407697752118111, -0.05862347036600113, -0.008068588562309742, 0.013536007143557072, 0.02341652475297451, 0.016641469672322273, -0.04594382271170616, -0.019442573189735413, 0.0021552052348852158, 0.0643269494175911, -0.012989332899451256, -0.016029024496674538, -0.0311344675719738, -0.0476718470454216, -0.017021458595991135, -0.004847254604101181, 0.0013219327665865421, 0.020379941910505295, 0.008694085292518139, 0.004408008418977261, -0.0128545630723238, 0.014568880200386047, 0.021702928468585014, 0.06559091806411743, 0.023726308718323708, -0.006459217984229326, -0.024606207385659218, 0.04466284438967705, 0.0018529341323301196, 0.02812495268881321, -0.019267234951257706, 0.043710704892873764, -0.010556891560554504, 0.00904217828065157, 0.018834326416254044, 0.007940014824271202, -0.2765365540981293, -0.009112674742937088, 0.008580600842833519, -0.018028059974312782, 0.02770168147981167, 0.007614110130816698, 0.03971360623836517, -0.022287970408797264, -0.048045966774225235, 0.02407383918762207, -0.017520584166049957, 0.010777737945318222, -0.046075720340013504, 0.06622855365276337, 0.049339767545461655, -0.002821616129949689, 0.003026258898898959, -0.04013412818312645, 0.019647039473056793, 0.03630463778972626, -0.0521203950047493, -0.060458485037088394, -0.03695128858089447, 0.027086568996310234, -0.011932161636650562, 0.017005721107125282, -0.08571697771549225, -0.00431017717346549, -0.03899376466870308, -0.007906334474682808, -0.036430925130844116, -0.008140290156006813, -0.026111729443073273, 0.04580455645918846, -0.027523022145032883, -0.01708528771996498, 0.008607222698628902, 0.016644291579723358, 0.06487482041120529, -0.019979039207100868, 0.013137027621269226, 0.00786637794226408, -0.033602260053157806, 0.031113896518945694, 0.06569626927375793, 0.00969444029033184, -0.03456229344010353, -0.03591417893767357, -0.003507331246510148, 0.03812818601727486, -0.0022716992534697056, -0.01830677129328251, 0.010156795382499695, 0.0043451618403196335, 0.01896226964890957, -0.0013587758876383305, 0.014109975658357143, -0.02128767967224121, 0.021191809326410294, 0.033641163259744644, -0.015115109272301197, -0.05761139467358589, -0.009289892390370369, -0.01717245578765869, -0.02137644588947296, -0.02031363919377327, -0.0770030990242958, -0.05622323602437973, 0.026601456105709076, 0.058262649923563004, -0.006984775885939598, 0.04203414544463158, -0.030990060418844223, -0.09399937838315964, 0.021347295492887497, -0.008498662151396275, 0.016195213422179222, -0.00994392391294241, 0.013108679093420506, 0.044603973627090454, -0.06259555369615555, -0.026272866874933243, 0.015912409871816635, 0.02889980934560299, 0.02587401121854782, -0.012801212258636951, 0.03205421566963196, -0.025649985298514366, -0.04319390282034874, -0.03759869560599327, 0.043836142867803574, 0.024532226845622063, 0.05613434687256813, -0.022246282547712326, 0.050580523908138275, 0.06118341535329819, 0.05641645938158035, 0.043017059564590454, 0.030950242653489113, -0.03279093652963638, 0.0366944894194603, -0.0690227597951889, -0.009623498655855656, -0.02817748486995697, -0.01503807958215475, 0.03506477549672127, -0.04884561523795128, -0.011154333129525185, 0.04271252825856209, 0.034170154482126236, -0.025703180581331253, -0.023601751774549484, 0.003545180894434452, -0.03125109151005745, -0.03623587638139725, -0.010734276846051216, -0.019924771040678024, 0.04416336119174957, 0.03808731958270073, 0.011611190624535084, -0.023182976990938187, 0.08987026661634445, -0.013251936063170433, 0.009325291961431503, 0.009173383004963398, 0.0144401416182518, -0.03083564154803753, -0.014139307662844658, 0.04306035488843918, 0.00756486551836133, 0.03314149007201195, 0.03577302396297455, 0.030497103929519653, 0.018142467364668846, 0.05546179413795471, 0.001718749525025487, -0.007556225638836622, -0.004477989859879017, 0.007803963962942362, -0.025902118533849716, 0.01695062965154648, -0.012141103856265545, 0.054375048726797104, -0.006399740930646658, 0.021223394200205803, 0.021206405013799667, -0.00010831011604750529, 0.018295494839549065, -0.02077038586139679, -0.027033822610974312, 0.04794225096702576, -0.03628368675708771, -0.03818437457084656, -0.03855125233530998, 0.032360583543777466, -0.017615249380469322, 0.02002972550690174, -0.0006141642807051539, 0.012951762415468693, -0.04604286327958107, 0.04552832245826721, 0.013896326534450054, -0.03743353858590126, -0.02298882231116295, -0.01870422251522541, 0.07825139164924622, -0.014963168650865555, -0.02316903881728649, 0.0005483041750267148, -0.004871401935815811, 0.033621273934841156, -0.011505656875669956, -0.030718080699443817, -0.014530455693602562, 0.007931764237582684, 0.00952240265905857, -0.005980886984616518, 0.006206616293638945, -0.02576170302927494, 0.03334515541791916, 0.006228302139788866, -0.012381725013256073, 0.00759788928553462, 0.008293810300529003, 0.06402658671140671, 0.00929129496216774, -0.0022884325589984655, -0.015587836503982544, -0.03134508058428764, 0.06811127811670303, 0.0028996288310736418, 0.004254179075360298, -0.044258758425712585, -0.03653077036142349, -0.022137470543384552, -0.05112506076693535, 0.010403351858258247, 0.05753220245242119, -0.0090602682903409, -0.0066086589358747005, -0.003987704403698444, -0.003123136470094323, -0.01798039861023426, -0.007573743350803852, 0.04593978077173233, -0.07171964645385742, 0.0069553907960653305, 0.054071422666311264, -0.010118592530488968, -0.005317028146237135, -0.00812254287302494, -0.004199889954179525, -0.0879010558128357, -0.018328221514821053, -0.0065903328359127045, 0.0032147909514606, -0.03816927224397659, -0.03519587591290474, 0.014897871762514114, 0.013768439181149006, 0.008551961742341518, -0.0049147699028253555, 0.005919496528804302, -0.00423203082755208, -0.010338952764868736, 0.04365339130163193, -0.0470552034676075, 0.010577376000583172, -0.016834726557135582, -0.011554086580872536, 0.015722880139946938, -0.0387757234275341, 0.010806247591972351, 0.038637615740299225, 0.0171743743121624, 0.0077155171893537045, -0.0467565692961216, 0.05319979786872864, -0.02223326824605465, -0.004083664156496525, -0.015423791483044624, 0.0029069934971630573, -0.031690675765275955, -0.002440826268866658, 0.04204240068793297, 0.02540776878595352, 0.024783620610833168, 0.01150314137339592, -0.0032440312206745148, 0.0006900159060023725, 0.03823387622833252, 0.0374247170984745, -0.04345369338989258, -0.014378635212779045, 0.06133264675736427, -0.023483874276280403, -0.00694951880723238, -0.07314950227737427, -0.024847304448485374, 0.006840436719357967, -0.02654189057648182, 0.0214554350823164, -0.06343518942594528, -0.003173175733536482, 0.0382312536239624, 0.007612552493810654, 0.019935671240091324, -0.02106635458767414, 0.022114017978310585, -0.06508363038301468, 0.008827099576592445, -0.05508311837911606, -0.04513711482286453, 0.052742719650268555, -0.021986577659845352, 0.012455778196454048, -0.017120489850640297, -0.019893331453204155, 0.045656077563762665, -0.022298628464341164, -0.07994283735752106, 0.013818859122693539, -0.02216721512377262, 0.004073764197528362, 0.03491795063018799, -0.04081279784440994, -0.007360071409493685, -0.02435547672212124, -0.06806789338588715, 0.0006884614122100174, 0.038019321858882904, 0.03336070850491524, -0.013643818907439709, 0.021199651062488556, -0.009829051792621613, -0.018001627177000046, 0.040817394852638245, 0.06632030755281448, 0.008508555591106415, 0.0318058505654335, -0.0444842092692852, 0.06949035078287125, 0.026677925139665604, 0.01920172944664955, 0.03638119623064995, 0.03212820738554001, 0.0023502071853727102, -0.06168185546994209, 0.03356451541185379, 0.00739890243858099, 0.0068984488025307655, -0.08028778433799744, 0.03067031502723694, 0.03250787407159805, -0.054555460810661316, -0.041691724210977554, 0.034152183681726456, -0.058929648250341415, -0.006170176435261965, 0.017737217247486115, 0.00521936547011137, -0.03199005872011185, 0.05656493455171585, 0.007952021434903145, 0.021217793226242065, 0.03808612748980522, 0.00295129488222301, -0.003914596512913704, 0.001558317570015788, 0.08330212533473969, 0.04824189841747284, 0.021927140653133392, -0.022238735109567642, 0.04305069148540497, -0.04496646672487259, -0.01541140303015709, 0.007179435342550278, 0.03218184784054756, -0.03619949147105217, -0.07122648507356644, 0.027162080630660057, 0.10390910506248474, -0.0006287532160058618, 0.04796590283513069, -0.038102827966213226, -0.019535966217517853, 0.04271572083234787, 0.022532636299729347, -0.02238873392343521, 0.0018558769952505827, -0.0019960328936576843, 0.000019560789951356128, -0.015972120687365532, -0.023599227890372276, -0.024175496771931648, -0.02229771576821804, -0.00007204141729744151, -0.017131594941020012, -0.010726546868681908, 0.04585554823279381, -0.007646020036190748, 0.03675525262951851, 0.08434852957725525, -0.05715867877006531, -0.04619869589805603, 0.004822530318051577, -0.0005553536466322839, -0.0028308015316724777, 0.03702138364315033, 0.03462279215455055, -0.03512968495488167, -0.003225049702450633, -0.06669684499502182, 0.02041606418788433, 0.0356513075530529, 0.03126874193549156, -0.003857335774227977, -0.013286636210978031, -0.025066068395972252, 0.01895870454609394, 0.017066992819309235, -0.03385515138506889, -0.06773334741592407, -0.028504645451903343, -0.06302749365568161, -0.07031098008155823, -0.020976297557353973, 0.026627615094184875, -0.016416136175394058, -0.05479082465171814, -0.018816575407981873, -0.01379475649446249, 0.0025297824759036303, 0.009718618355691433, -0.08307477086782455, 0.003802756778895855, 0.054141972213983536, 0.0024862790014594793, -0.0015116886934265494, 0.0176528487354517, 0.02262818068265915, -0.02665741927921772, 0.0030581685714423656, 0.01799952983856201, -0.012942005880177021, 0.029537653550505638, -0.03982238098978996, 0.0061011421494185925, -0.09205510467290878, 0.02741282805800438, 0.036599040031433105, -0.04041346535086632, -0.08968175202608109, 0.0486232228577137, -0.05400834232568741, -0.007612497545778751, 0.07208321243524551, 0.005185794085264206, 0.012072984129190445, -0.040192861109972, -0.011577830649912357, 0.00449545681476593, 0.007759297266602516, 0.07826360315084457, -0.03719257190823555, 0.05259442701935768, 0.031284868717193604, -0.003749400842934847, -0.029661735519766808, 0.04123150557279587, -0.03249146044254303, -0.009631957858800888, -0.0050512575544416904, -0.026753097772598267, -0.025367626920342445, -0.1002967432141304, -0.03441556915640831, 0.0256809089332819, 0.0010536001063883305, -0.024853624403476715, -0.007690088357776403, 0.003435913473367691, 0.0025322663132101297, -0.024824626743793488, -0.004658219870179892, -0.009090213105082512, -0.02589784748852253, -0.020448148250579834, -0.06890585273504257, 0.008867942728102207, 0.019337086006999016, 0.032775744795799255, -0.06475585699081421, -0.04107584431767464, 0.0008207965292967856, 0.00027238778420723975, 0.0289946049451828, -0.010732951574027538, 0.0038786318618804216, 0.01920955814421177 ]
5,135
ReliabilityRAG: Effective and Provably Robust Defense for RAG-based Web-Search
[ "Zeyu Shen", "Basileal Imana", "Tong Wu", "Chong Xiang", "Prateek Mittal", "Aleksandra Korolova" ]
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances the capabilities of Large Language Models by grounding their outputs in external documents. These systems, however, remain vulnerable to attacks on the retrieval corpus, such as prompt injection. RAG-based search systems (e.g., Google’s Search AI Overview) present an interesting setting for studying and protecting against such threats, as the defense algorithms could benefit from built-in reliability signals — such as document ranking, and represent a non-LLM related challenge for the adversary thanks to decades of work to thwart SEO. Motivated by, but not limited to, this scenario, this work introduces ReliabilityRAG, a framework designed for adversarial robustness that explicitly leverages reliability information of retrieved documents.Our first contribution adopts a graph-theoretic perspective to identify a "consistent majority" among retrieved documents in an effort to filter out malicious ones. We introduce a novel algorithm based on finding Maximum Independent Set (MIS) on a graph of documents in which edges encode contradiction relationships. Our MIS variant explicitly prioritizes higher-ranked or higher-reliability documents during selection and provides provable robustness guarantees against bounded adversarial corruption under natural assumptions. Recognizing the computational cost of exact MIS for large retrieval sets, our second contribution is a general and scalable weighted sample and aggregate framework. It explicitly utilizes reliability information of the retrieved documents, preserving some robustness guarantees while efficiently handling many documents. We present empirical results showing that ReliabilityRAG provides superior robustness against adversarial attacks compared to prior methods, maintains high benign accuracy, and excels in long-form generation tasks where prior robustness-focused methods struggled. Our work represents a significant step towards more effective and provably robust defenses against retrieved corpus corruption in RAG.
poster
2509.23519
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.029073486104607582, -0.014592855237424374, -0.008466525003314018, 0.08703898638486862, 0.0232236385345459, -0.00873220432549715, 0.032125964760780334, -0.005003578960895538, -0.025730179622769356, -0.0515117347240448, -0.03938693925738335, 0.016706187278032303, -0.055174537003040314, -0.010831067338585854, 0.0042350091971457005, 0.05165182799100876, 0.03757457435131073, 0.011522200889885426, 0.0378333181142807, -0.013306992128491402, -0.00563106220215559, -0.009857243858277798, 0.01096459198743105, 0.01218071673065424, 0.08558227866888046, 0.021993452683091164, 0.02617371641099453, -0.007013601250946522, -0.03770426660776138, 0.007615020498633385, 0.035184595733881, -0.004456893540918827, 0.0013952174922451377, -0.010438757948577404, 0.025837788358330727, 0.014639206230640411, -0.058636363595724106, 0.02775690332055092, 0.006536267697811127, 0.020326867699623108, -0.013342557474970818, 0.018183855339884758, -0.016975460574030876, 0.022691670805215836, -0.04822121933102608, 0.03823142126202583, -0.11565937846899033, 0.03812609612941742, 0.01558412704616785, -0.03254019096493721, -0.1064506247639656, 0.05806227773427963, 0.0005734114092774689, -0.016864987090229988, 0.0037926759105175734, 0.03652940317988396, 0.0930810421705246, -0.0727108046412468, -0.000012510001397458836, -0.03972643241286278, -0.0644226148724556, 0.011338354088366032, 0.021607425063848495, 0.022861188277602196, -0.013368339277803898, -0.010196119546890259, 0.021298976615071297, 0.03914281353354454, -0.04415905475616455, -0.051695309579372406, 0.007788774091750383, 0.0077841621823608875, -0.022353801876306534, 0.01708288863301277, -0.01212066225707531, -0.0337018221616745, 0.01853296346962452, 0.021293137222528458, 0.05382561683654785, -0.0025428226217627525, 0.010280727408826351, 0.0003803992585744709, -0.005774365738034248, 0.060639556497335434, 0.00782924983650446, 0.005312520079314709, -0.04989445582032204, -0.024262258782982826, -0.04596191272139549, 0.02711668238043785, -0.0018381165573373437, -0.031902678310871124, 0.02487359195947647, 0.030945656821131706, 0.003684288589283824, 0.01328052394092083, 0.017903951928019524, 0.006471977569162846, -0.015260753221809864, -0.016922371461987495, -0.022711221128702164, -0.014466864988207817, 0.024663550779223442, -0.04296028986573219, -0.13897980749607086, 0.028591355308890343, -0.03336770087480545, 0.019288841634988785, 0.008015621453523636, -0.029439298436045647, -0.015644097700715065, 0.031041359528899193, 0.006926539354026318, 0.006098327226936817, -0.07415395975112915, 0.016930492594838142, -0.003390565514564514, -0.002422918798401952, 0.028510162606835365, 0.019393159076571465, 0.0404379740357399, 0.03249048441648483, 0.002936622127890587, 0.07355895638465881, -0.020517881959676743, 0.009881364181637764, 0.0346888042986393, 0.026629719883203506, -0.05203346908092499, -0.013178152032196522, 0.011805159039795399, 0.03202679380774498, 0.009352857246994972, 0.019451256841421127, -0.032258111983537674, 0.02464221976697445, -0.0015052997041493654, 0.02412121370434761, 0.0405324250459671, 0.0015906979097053409, -0.01007811725139618, -0.05240045115351677, 0.0012683500535786152, -0.039007872343063354, 0.08068202435970306, -0.02395796962082386, -0.007865331135690212, -0.0414765365421772, 0.003409296041354537, 0.0047041443176567554, 0.040038347244262695, -0.02866383269429207, 0.004334540572017431, -0.06885043531656265, -0.0055688838474452496, 0.08067923039197922, 0.019407909363508224, 0.02628961391746998, 0.009931262582540512, -0.005851747002452612, -0.00929285865277052, -0.022313952445983887, -0.07671771943569183, 0.012837008573114872, -0.021214861422777176, -0.04268885403871536, 0.025580162182450294, 0.034764163196086884, -0.05088546872138977, -0.016856538131833076, -0.03763118013739586, -0.029627397656440735, 0.062313422560691833, -0.025356855243444443, -0.046474575996398926, 0.0018171074334532022, 0.06872616708278656, 0.007966861128807068, 0.04150063171982765, 0.012000746093690395, -0.07301045954227448, 0.03921056538820267, 0.013583526946604252, 0.009173254482448101, -0.0006090624374337494, -0.012288588099181652, 0.10041312128305435, -0.029438694939017296, 0.049108654260635376, 0.028102513402700424, -0.11376605182886124, -0.029581204056739807, 0.028225351125001907, -0.022784462198615074, 0.06128234416246414, 0.02244207262992859, 0.022626511752605438, 0.06012098491191864, 0.021280759945511818, 0.025402545928955078, 0.052588481456041336, -0.0038644473534077406, 0.029285775497555733, -0.03380315378308296, -0.04568628966808319, 0.011359160766005516, 0.015820523723959923, -0.0636219009757042, -0.03387650102376938, 0.00775813776999712, 0.0003863412421196699, 0.04318186640739441, -0.01860385574400425, -0.009316890500485897, 0.01006900705397129, 0.008397577330470085, 0.014596045948565006, -0.000580803956836462, 0.028297359123826027, -0.07060889154672623, 0.06693076342344284, 0.00037321378476917744, 0.019567415118217468, 0.028882239013910294, -0.03015737794339657, 0.11563652753829956, 0.051745615899562836, -0.00762631231918931, 0.014561811462044716, 0.04147692769765854, 0.009320490062236786, -0.017812376841902733, 0.009490229189395905, -0.03870200738310814, -0.01745731569826603, 0.011740746907889843, 0.004422018304467201, -0.011065895669162273, 0.059950537979602814, -0.03393886983394623, -0.02864662930369377, 0.06799160689115524, -0.028492353856563568, 0.04633243754506111, 0.009189238771796227, 0.009638389572501183, 0.037191569805145264, -0.011532235890626907, -0.0003195603785570711, -0.03863798454403877, 0.0053900061175227165, -0.0034500944893807173, -0.01094343326985836, -0.03087446838617325, 0.01827523484826088, -0.039052192121744156, -0.002477436326444149, -0.007712467573583126, 0.05672391876578331, 0.07225906103849411, -0.010500749573111534, 0.010930206626653671, 0.00029550475301221013, -0.044741999357938766, -0.016923673450946808, -0.08950687944889069, -0.015382875688374043, -0.021162645891308784, -0.01175934448838234, -0.010176480747759342, 0.04491785913705826, 0.017403937876224518, 0.0010024836519733071, 0.002854968886822462, -0.03230566903948784, 0.012925202026963234, 0.05373719334602356, 0.03730490058660507, -0.04410012811422348, 0.0027607723604887724, 0.031118610873818398, 0.047469981014728546, -0.019121311604976654, -0.016956785693764687, -0.07121490687131882, -0.046921391040086746, 0.01018984243273735, -0.057696469128131866, -0.031028199940919876, 0.027021760120987892, -0.013927705585956573, 0.015059155412018299, -0.016808226704597473, 0.015271605923771858, 0.06167091801762581, 0.05700547993183136, 0.04191751778125763, 0.017733825370669365, -0.0035655249375849962, 0.03009101189672947, -0.008492718450725079, -0.0140495914965868, -0.003812136361375451, 0.018272317945957184, -0.009591624140739441, -0.042779263108968735, -0.0115631939843297, -0.008133471012115479, -0.2576068639755249, -0.011045453138649464, 0.017155056819319725, -0.006932295858860016, 0.009791185148060322, -0.0022025853395462036, 0.02781456895172596, -0.027905134484171867, -0.03477470204234123, -0.03220091387629509, 0.0389995202422142, 0.004934259224683046, 0.019315866753458977, 0.051508162170648575, 0.047243449836969376, 0.0376192182302475, 0.022450830787420273, -0.019296269863843918, 0.02070118486881256, 0.011134058237075806, -0.008862829767167568, -0.0636238381266594, -0.020403672009706497, 0.018776122480630875, -0.003764573484659195, 0.022147856652736664, -0.067756786942482, -0.012133905664086342, -0.028852492570877075, -0.006750680971890688, -0.00019725867605302483, -0.009129585698246956, 0.015521302819252014, 0.03254843130707741, 0.0025335289537906647, 0.01709371991455555, 0.04775499179959297, 0.02352495864033699, 0.015435994602739811, 0.007670554332435131, 0.03497050330042839, -0.01658652350306511, -0.005509485956281424, 0.003947379533201456, 0.07987530529499054, -0.0014465457061305642, -0.025276774540543556, -0.0006726511055603623, -0.017576148733496666, 0.02740943245589733, -0.03394488990306854, -0.05157448723912239, -0.02499549277126789, 0.032595276832580566, 0.011345665901899338, -0.030256621539592743, -0.015551848337054253, -0.027385344728827477, -0.0025417208671569824, 0.00027748875436373055, 0.016472572460770607, -0.02360108122229576, 0.009687718003988266, -0.015423600561916828, -0.049093056470155716, -0.030307695269584656, -0.050354234874248505, -0.08112077414989471, 0.03643262758851051, 0.04915136098861694, -0.0279736015945673, 0.04549639672040939, 0.008220653980970383, -0.08046915382146835, 0.009671928361058235, -0.005354678258299828, -0.015830514952540398, -0.001218048040755093, -0.0048175896517932415, 0.03395317867398262, -0.05607186257839203, -0.054223109036684036, -0.01846923492848873, 0.039503566920757294, 0.030458571389317513, -0.03270183503627777, 0.024240579456090927, -0.021126307547092438, -0.01726427488029003, -0.016753217205405235, 0.06304523348808289, 0.013112237676978111, 0.010363439098000526, 0.02533743344247341, 0.07442741841077805, 0.034085266292095184, 0.03429051861166954, 0.03738008439540863, 0.056366126984357834, 0.027408113703131676, 0.01835748925805092, -0.05771630257368088, 0.010445966385304928, -0.0365096814930439, -0.027246328070759773, 0.04763102903962135, -0.05785371735692024, -0.023417867720127106, 0.03299357742071152, -0.03287263214588165, -0.02902057021856308, -0.009991305880248547, 0.014765007421374321, 0.0017846623668447137, -0.011386018246412277, -0.018778137862682343, 0.014934123493731022, 0.03449869155883789, 0.011033748276531696, -0.06452982127666473, -0.0475422739982605, 0.01544131524860859, -0.0178134236484766, -0.006598519627004862, -0.01755565032362938, -0.03795139119029045, 0.030158109962940216, -0.000645616149995476, 0.023272067308425903, -0.03343276306986809, 0.027068978175520897, 0.02889549545943737, 0.004535494837909937, 0.023175571113824844, 0.06077217310667038, -0.015268560498952866, -0.005862231831997633, -0.0008620411972515285, 0.028822293505072594, -0.009137875400483608, -0.0025042693596333265, -0.021199142560362816, 0.0006860072026029229, 0.02772487699985504, 0.030713552609086037, -0.017432812601327896, 0.026421425864100456, -0.0027355507481843233, 0.010259945876896381, -0.017519401386380196, -0.00784591119736433, -0.03823231905698776, 0.02789001166820526, -0.03996008634567261, 0.007287385407835245, 0.0027985097840428352, 0.05455892160534859, 0.00867788027971983, -0.021812599152326584, -0.06505835056304932, 0.04685742035508156, 0.005260767415165901, 0.009868430905044079, 0.013097520917654037, 0.0010181835386902094, 0.04042351618409157, -0.032746002078056335, 0.005624629557132721, 0.007114435080438852, 0.025889117270708084, 0.0018824763828888535, -0.02796833962202072, -0.01685873419046402, -0.020658867433667183, -0.03963420167565346, 0.014282893389463425, -0.008843030780553818, 0.02412673644721508, -0.05425348877906799, 0.01894383691251278, -0.0072793299332261086, -0.010460465215146542, -0.012735751457512379, 0.025896571576595306, 0.08443336933851242, -0.03389466926455498, -0.009014886803925037, -0.01719564199447632, -0.060731787234544754, 0.03488161414861679, -0.02774123102426529, 0.002933644223958254, -0.0014949506148695946, -0.019613467156887054, -0.01667468063533306, -0.07737929373979568, 0.010720251128077507, -0.009365040808916092, 0.007937433198094368, -0.026813361793756485, 0.01300892885774374, 0.006923670414835215, -0.07776317745447159, -0.004658379592001438, -0.011887435801327229, -0.06245606020092964, -0.004408051259815693, -0.005749107804149389, -0.004758440423756838, 0.023580266162753105, -0.03565747290849686, -0.04729100689291954, -0.03692733123898506, -0.010342265479266644, 0.04936926066875458, -0.009852170012891293, -0.049967143684625626, -0.004759021103382111, -0.0018251752480864525, -0.0144231878221035, -0.006396650802344084, -0.025728300213813782, -0.0019530674908310175, 0.02384926937520504, 0.029243046417832375, 0.05173486843705177, -0.010484050028026104, -0.053620610386133194, -0.002059804042801261, -0.058881308883428574, 0.003912351094186306, -0.02988654375076294, 0.033722106367349625, 0.0022016167640686035, -0.018458757549524307, 0.007798607926815748, -0.03039117529988289, 0.022120531648397446, -0.020631423220038414, -0.016080165281891823, -0.01660415716469288, 0.0011798576451838017, -0.0017803520895540714, 0.02639150805771351, 0.015957288444042206, 0.017053905874490738, 0.004540869500488043, 0.0009442879818379879, 0.005797171965241432, 0.02871316485106945, 0.03380828723311424, 0.04123925417661667, -0.08282788097858429, -0.020313596352934837, 0.0677826777100563, -0.01129369530826807, -0.005391423124819994, -0.0988018810749054, -0.04860488697886467, 0.02263537421822548, 0.005201913416385651, 0.029485031962394714, -0.03616169095039368, 0.012629634700715542, 0.01714629866182804, 0.04234711825847626, -0.006191611289978027, -0.04578329622745514, 0.026655709370970726, -0.06044827029109001, -0.02106410451233387, -0.04084130749106407, 0.03451133891940117, 0.06663293391466141, -0.026413898915052414, 0.012651466764509678, 0.005775404162704945, -0.00789640098810196, 0.008735239505767822, 0.003733122255653143, -0.06861068308353424, -0.022938845679163933, -0.033371035009622574, -0.0452086441218853, 0.02256869710981846, -0.04431857168674469, -0.01124657690525055, 0.00349670578725636, -0.03952345997095108, -0.01062514167279005, 0.02069319225847721, 0.05257320776581764, -0.02159016951918602, 0.006304886657744646, -0.04015155881643295, -0.01652962900698185, 0.008187124505639076, 0.060784392058849335, -0.0114399129524827, 0.060990311205387115, -0.041546303778886795, 0.058062005788087845, 0.049655623733997345, 0.010139593854546547, 0.03883007541298866, 0.012920860201120377, -0.022290540859103203, -0.04304270073771477, 0.05548759549856186, -0.04115815833210945, -0.006576742976903915, -0.04172514006495476, 0.10819035768508911, 0.04171904921531677, -0.10295365005731583, -0.0542898029088974, 0.044778574258089066, -0.023455539718270302, 0.012564222328364849, -0.04369046166539192, -0.0066327303647994995, -0.021938085556030273, 0.08289431035518646, 0.02767934650182724, 0.047558434307575226, 0.07253594696521759, -0.02761053666472435, -0.008546781726181507, -0.010639870539307594, 0.034847088158130646, 0.06692203879356384, 0.05935194715857506, -0.021386323496699333, 0.053030479699373245, -0.008845261298120022, -0.04057794809341431, 0.004659225698560476, -0.0074543422088027, -0.005098146852105856, -0.027202147990465164, -0.013634182512760162, 0.03647845983505249, -0.013764852657914162, 0.09836705029010773, -0.07076285034418106, -0.012336970306932926, -0.0031472118571400642, 0.001334073138423264, 0.011946707032620907, 0.046842996031045914, 0.012617714703083038, 0.0011994366068392992, -0.034644145518541336, -0.02155913971364498, 0.025215288624167442, -0.03057609312236309, 0.0307135172188282, -0.008323654532432556, -0.008128287270665169, 0.013703636825084686, -0.03488917648792267, 0.006432645488530397, 0.09108967334032059, -0.01799762435257435, -0.02601560391485691, 0.02772442251443863, 0.029259419068694115, -0.0004152127949055284, 0.03921391814947128, 0.036832649260759354, -0.007335192058235407, -0.01765046827495098, -0.043202955275774, 0.017277250066399574, 0.01521748211234808, -0.010297474451363087, 0.022516300901770592, -0.008715529926121235, -0.027432860806584358, 0.03156315162777901, -0.010501300916075706, 0.005952442064881325, -0.01323034055531025, -0.03255677968263626, -0.034085463732481, -0.04986344277858734, -0.035402651876211166, -0.013902402482926846, 0.024057982489466667, -0.023932700976729393, 0.03044336661696434, -0.00924799032509327, 0.003376820357516408, 0.0398598276078701, -0.03929787874221802, 0.012857763096690178, 0.03403255715966225, 0.04077848047018051, 0.005445718299597502, 0.046021509915590286, 0.014079757034778595, -0.036499038338661194, -0.0378357395529747, 0.02864215336740017, -0.004169856198132038, 0.027201810851693153, 0.01847926713526249, -0.00813096109777689, -0.08740882575511932, 0.006565207149833441, -0.0021459991112351418, -0.03904324024915695, -0.09663154184818268, 0.02295302227139473, -0.0186458732932806, -0.009688098914921284, 0.06228766590356827, 0.007104567717760801, 0.01755567267537117, -0.059705428779125214, 0.032410431653261185, 0.015441078692674637, 0.005104278214275837, 0.06263288110494614, -0.00646401010453701, 0.05634160339832306, 0.013363166712224483, 0.0071610454469919205, -0.06715960055589676, 0.031058378517627716, -0.017784856259822845, -0.004754501860588789, -0.026518063619732857, -0.033116698265075684, -0.05707600340247154, -0.10459702461957932, -0.031189916655421257, -0.002161838114261627, -0.004142877645790577, -0.022697733715176582, -0.014756281860172749, 0.0010526541154831648, -0.010731014423072338, -0.03496766835451126, -0.0015108046354725957, -0.024433540180325508, -0.020182568579912186, -0.011950388550758362, -0.05107461288571358, 0.03530701994895935, -0.02176172100007534, 0.03425052389502525, 0.0006440470460802317, -0.052536677569150925, 0.0031740881968289614, -0.007496052421629429, 0.01379256509244442, 0.0020247548818588257, 0.029905693605542183, 0.005055563990026712 ]
5,136
Video Perception Model for 3D Scene Synthesis
[ "Rui Huang", "Guangyao Zhai", "Zuria Bauer", "Marc Pollefeys", "Federico Tombari", "Leonidas Guibas", "Gao Huang", "Francis Engelmann" ]
3D scene synthesis has traditionally required expert knowledge and considerable manual effort; automating this process holds the potential to greatly advance applications in architectural design, robotics simulation, virtual reality, and gaming.Most recent 3D scene synthesis models tap into the commonsense knowledge encoded in Large Language Models (LLMs) or leverage strong appearance priors of modern image generation models.However, current LLMs exhibit limited 3D spatial reasoning ability,which hinders their ability to generate realistic and coherent 3D scenes.Meanwhile, image generation-based methods often suffer from multi-view inconsistencies.In this work, we introduce ${\textbf{Vi}}$deo ${\textbf{P}}$erception Models for 3D $\textbf{Scene}$ synthesis ($\textbf{VIPScene}$), a novel framework that uses video generation models to leverage the encoded commonsense knowledge of the 3D physical world. VIPScene accepts both text and image prompts and seamlessly integrates video generation, feedforward 3D reconstruction, and open-vocabulary perception models to semantically and geometrically analyze each object in a scene. This enables flexible scene synthesis with high realism and structural consistency.We further introduce $\textbf{F}$irst-$\textbf{P}$erson $\textbf{V}$iew $\textbf{Score}$ $\textbf{(FPVScore)}$ for consistency and reality evaluation, utilizing continuous first-person perspective to capitalize on the reasoning ability of Multimodal Large Language Models.Extensive experiments show that VIPScene outperforms existing methods on indoor scene generation, and generalizes well to diverse room configurations. The code will be released.
poster
2506.20601
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.03202458843588829, 0.008107129484415054, 0.030333558097481728, 0.0567280575633049, 0.04420965164899826, 0.028919370844960213, 0.023410482332110405, 0.03392448276281357, -0.046803154051303864, -0.046107158064842224, -0.05825558304786682, 0.014488393440842628, -0.05318927392363548, 0.005776518490165472, -0.02547345496714115, 0.042576298117637634, 0.028516508638858795, 0.0044785188511013985, 0.035673871636390686, 0.05767451971769333, -0.00014890145394019783, -0.01255167555063963, 0.05136142298579216, 0.018300818279385567, 0.017058691009879112, -0.014425534754991531, 0.01772787794470787, 0.02710752934217453, -0.03999999910593033, -0.03251950815320015, 0.0018469266360625625, -0.028769424185156822, -0.006961562670767307, -0.08988724648952484, 0.0013943787198513746, -0.008637918159365654, -0.05673602223396301, 0.014830677770078182, 0.0019961537327617407, 0.028040321543812752, -0.03322970122098923, 0.0377424918115139, 0.017575453966856003, -0.041053228080272675, -0.05473185330629349, 0.004615717101842165, -0.08609036356210709, 0.051095232367515564, 0.01864486187696457, -0.009235456585884094, -0.08272013068199158, 0.03766350448131561, -0.0017355064628645778, 0.005300046410411596, 0.008324968628585339, 0.023585613816976547, 0.03611921891570091, -0.06261344254016876, 0.004391834605485201, -0.030844390392303467, -0.003915989771485329, 0.006595262326300144, 0.013419636525213718, 0.03006010875105858, -0.001100247842259705, -0.0456831231713295, -0.009579215198755264, 0.046117138117551804, -0.013148607686161995, -0.005950426682829857, -0.020841732621192932, -0.011077146045863628, 0.023182697594165802, 0.005999308079481125, -0.009727012366056442, -0.04955114424228668, 0.04378629848361015, 0.02522139810025692, 0.05623737350106239, -0.027065055444836617, 0.028808068484067917, 0.025129370391368866, 0.022560324519872665, 0.02735256217420101, -0.004625147674232721, 0.029626604169607162, -0.00542346341535449, -0.027242407202720642, -0.06378529220819473, 0.02142852544784546, -0.036129098385572433, -0.03599358722567558, -0.009615168906748295, 0.03276873752474785, 0.031384337693452835, 0.02431540936231613, -0.0005422288668341935, 0.034803349524736404, -0.003016822738572955, 0.02727624773979187, -0.012522717006504536, -0.02924962528049946, 0.026068557053804398, 0.014783499762415886, -0.07963457703590393, -0.027755342423915863, 0.010952694341540337, -0.013156523928046227, -0.005713925696909428, 0.01908557303249836, -0.05022330954670906, 0.021458514034748077, 0.04662587493658066, -0.028676874935626984, -0.039908476173877716, 0.016489041969180107, -0.0012296801432967186, 0.03772115334868431, -0.041875068098306656, 0.017831072211265564, 0.03306926414370537, 0.019293755292892456, -0.021608911454677582, 0.05814814940094948, -0.034517135471105576, 0.029543012380599976, 0.006202711723744869, 0.013369908556342125, -0.03738928958773613, -0.016281364485621452, 0.043738629668951035, 0.011176209896802902, -0.026251696050167084, 0.01104794628918171, -0.0072770072147250175, -0.02938118949532509, 0.030610384419560432, -0.017115196213126183, 0.02542269229888916, -0.015295220538973808, -0.004731915425509214, 0.002592038130387664, 0.07813944667577744, -0.013526417315006256, 0.06543552875518799, -0.014335650019347668, 0.006913123652338982, 0.0018976686988025904, -0.056432753801345825, -0.004280885215848684, 0.0037373292725533247, -0.00284327263943851, 0.0019301275024190545, -0.08328866213560104, 0.023989897221326828, 0.07288603484630585, 0.07672641426324844, 0.03744175285100937, 0.003098020562902093, -0.007013651076704264, -0.005809487774968147, 0.012772273272275925, -0.008268752135336399, 0.020687581971287727, -0.014494162052869797, -0.04716304689645767, 0.009310598485171795, 0.029768692329525948, -0.0054215625859797, -0.009201928041875362, -0.02753221057355404, -0.021569160744547844, 0.02549516223371029, -0.029917337000370026, -0.015560600906610489, 0.010638470761477947, 0.05054948106408119, 0.012853716500103474, 0.02326362021267414, 0.03008563071489334, -0.07434934377670288, -0.0033238299656659365, -0.024766989052295685, -0.04900261387228966, -0.0018159088212996721, -0.06403588503599167, 0.07751534134149551, 0.004760111682116985, -0.01825171895325184, 0.023716310039162636, -0.07880015671253204, -0.02786947786808014, 0.018562043085694313, -0.01727469079196453, 0.061297059059143066, 0.0017922793049365282, -0.03387276455760002, 0.022433282807469368, 0.049295827746391296, 0.04741289094090462, 0.06710504740476608, 0.010859835892915726, 0.07813438028097153, -0.00947618205100298, -0.01835278421640396, -0.03469449654221535, 0.014367625117301941, 0.011236811988055706, -0.04166865721344948, 0.010154670104384422, 0.02817230485379696, -0.014344772323966026, 0.015111561864614487, 0.000608642993029207, 0.01965842954814434, 0.002752529224380851, -0.027781210839748383, -0.0006923665059730411, 0.0024582913611084223, -0.06356676667928696, 0.03010101616382599, 0.012467878870666027, -0.0224920641630888, -0.010149750858545303, -0.035297635942697525, 0.0864676758646965, 0.04944780096411705, -0.04915710166096687, -0.025242440402507782, -0.004588720388710499, -0.02630320005118847, 0.026388265192508698, 0.006632503587752581, -0.048599760979413986, -0.009521275758743286, -0.047965288162231445, 0.005101804621517658, 0.021224217489361763, 0.03567330166697502, -0.027344463393092155, -0.01468438096344471, 0.0419934019446373, -0.014536443166434765, 0.014347710646688938, -0.0026315762661397457, 0.01237066462635994, 0.039411190897226334, -0.009392078034579754, -0.010862397961318493, 0.0019323494052514434, -0.020031465217471123, 0.004996869247406721, 0.028782106935977936, -0.0013340867590159178, 0.016815224662423134, -0.046670928597450256, 0.0019152613822370768, -0.0490465946495533, 0.06882955133914948, 0.043841708451509476, 0.026372361928224564, 0.017685433849692345, 0.001338099013082683, -0.020692138001322746, -0.040766965597867966, -0.10106618702411652, -0.038346681743860245, -0.031023269519209862, 0.006549679208546877, 0.031185422092676163, 0.036472782492637634, 0.021209662780165672, 0.009832391515374184, -0.029142791405320168, -0.0003434520913287997, 0.014758087694644928, 0.02619834803044796, 0.022474756464362144, -0.016546308994293213, -0.016023000702261925, 0.005902566015720367, 0.04077446460723877, 0.0012879763962700963, -0.001116862171329558, -0.04932470619678497, -0.00729900598526001, -0.010204813443124294, -0.03565427288413048, -0.012568523176014423, -0.015540569089353085, 0.006916114594787359, 0.0060177152045071125, -0.007905500940978527, -0.0011057871161028743, 0.049782585352659225, 0.08717656135559082, 0.02975360117852688, -0.03897098824381828, -0.05863158032298088, 0.026286276057362556, -0.011189384385943413, 0.047135308384895325, -0.005251905880868435, 0.0023774828296154737, -0.020393172279000282, 0.027413135394454002, 0.014905336312949657, -0.013000119477510452, -0.2792448103427887, -0.049041152000427246, 0.01284435112029314, -0.01860816776752472, 0.033049020916223526, -0.036793384701013565, 0.042028747498989105, -0.04655728489160538, -0.016621820628643036, 0.03845418989658356, 0.0017319415928795934, 0.02273746393620968, 0.002395512303337455, 0.06244437023997307, 0.06321166455745697, 0.034210462123155594, 0.015601256862282753, -0.023454837501049042, -0.0039085387252271175, 0.0451107919216156, -0.03470569849014282, -0.07780234515666962, -0.025338441133499146, 0.038487598299980164, -0.02595900371670723, 0.04272807016968727, -0.06703650206327438, -0.020248303189873695, 0.0019373232498764992, -0.002223426941782236, 0.019877269864082336, -0.02071969211101532, -0.016081318259239197, 0.04770525544881821, 0.012091301381587982, 0.021443134173750877, 0.07260976731777191, -0.030761614441871643, 0.012879510410130024, 0.005591553635895252, 0.011577880010008812, -0.023958571255207062, -0.03512955456972122, 0.024244071915745735, 0.07357492297887802, -0.02731596678495407, -0.06497123092412949, -0.003567283507436514, -0.05987224727869034, 0.048844847828149796, 0.017523853108286858, -0.029819969087839127, 0.026001062244176865, 0.03793492913246155, -0.006730644032359123, -0.03743056580424309, 0.06439527124166489, 0.003391432808712125, -0.014593664556741714, -0.019336145371198654, -0.009302064776420593, -0.016152001917362213, -0.07075942307710648, 0.005149995908141136, 0.019780147820711136, -0.04686592519283295, -0.06680381298065186, -0.05117126181721687, 0.01318936888128519, 0.01826717145740986, -0.012182063423097134, -0.006105883978307247, -0.012865867465734482, -0.10474426299333572, -0.0031105896923691034, 0.022613318637013435, -0.025139909237623215, -0.032686781138181686, 0.006002676673233509, 0.033167511224746704, -0.013236535713076591, -0.04826730117201805, 0.021340303122997284, 0.020812617614865303, 0.00744037888944149, 0.007400176953524351, 0.027602264657616615, -0.03592360019683838, 0.013266014866530895, -0.039413921535015106, 0.068208709359169, -0.026813900098204613, 0.03162095695734024, 0.017712241038680077, 0.026943137869238853, 0.03472193703055382, 0.04650477319955826, 0.024722546339035034, 0.06271930038928986, 0.01187314186245203, 0.009741201996803284, -0.09234008193016052, -0.014325493946671486, -0.002967150416225195, -0.02865474298596382, -0.009820794686675072, -0.027913011610507965, -0.037756457924842834, 0.054101552814245224, 0.007617577910423279, -0.033777039498090744, -0.0009320647222921252, 0.02045217901468277, 0.02191304974257946, 0.009751331061124802, -0.005295415874570608, 0.013825887814164162, 0.025614827871322632, 0.018619591370224953, -0.014688714407384396, -0.054474420845508575, 0.033659640699625015, -0.027230357751250267, 0.023187857121229172, 0.007015703711658716, 0.01687002182006836, -0.02172750234603882, 0.00114297098480165, -0.023508144542574883, 0.002063876250758767, 0.017808381468057632, 0.03446798399090767, 0.02640160359442234, 0.04339553043246269, 0.06402689218521118, 0.009325276128947735, -0.016873503103852272, -0.0010573638137429953, 0.025600247085094452, -0.010421102866530418, -0.0039011065382510424, -0.011519969440996647, 0.0005462580593302846, 0.03619241341948509, 0.014063604176044464, -0.004353594500571489, 0.04843051731586456, 0.024451415985822678, -0.0005898767267353833, -0.014953117817640305, 0.042817603796720505, -0.07237567007541656, -0.008398442529141903, -0.021281559020280838, -0.018230395391583443, -0.04508037120103836, -0.012481342069804668, -0.028941186144948006, 0.025721099227666855, -0.06393563002347946, 0.08805318176746368, 0.048184510320425034, -0.017654212191700935, -0.0017374339513480663, 0.02925676852464676, 0.03472008556127548, 0.0350031778216362, 0.004548422060906887, -0.01734645664691925, -0.014116483740508556, 0.020212283357977867, -0.04881707578897476, -0.03278767690062523, -0.04443260282278061, -0.009345565922558308, 0.022544994950294495, 0.00033781465026549995, -0.04540317878127098, -0.042254406958818436, 0.02727944776415825, 0.015036268159747124, -0.039206136018037796, 0.049175746738910675, -0.01584368757903576, 0.052364423871040344, 0.009022469632327557, -0.02759704180061817, -0.02779860980808735, -0.006612441968172789, 0.0045546917244791985, -0.007266006898134947, 0.04567885398864746, -0.03113410994410515, -0.014213341288268566, -0.04379018768668175, -0.048531148582696915, -0.019099218770861626, -0.012881769798696041, -0.014156617224216461, -0.032803986221551895, -0.00040944424108602107, 0.02563854120671749, -0.03274890035390854, 0.017951002344489098, 0.051091812551021576, -0.0588291771709919, 0.03319841995835304, 0.0616251677274704, 0.0011375484755262733, 0.01831553317606449, -0.025178497657179832, 0.01993069425225258, -0.05784790962934494, -0.07097195833921432, -0.027311086654663086, -0.019040817394852638, -0.018868057057261467, -0.02394726686179638, -0.01919466070830822, -0.004360944032669067, 0.01709696091711521, -0.003856097813695669, 0.016223764047026634, -0.03837455064058304, -0.0285927914083004, 0.021031564101576805, -0.021073492243885994, -0.026761766523122787, 0.024571463465690613, -0.029354965314269066, 0.018766986206173897, -0.026628587394952774, 0.011585652828216553, 0.04584703594446182, 0.012172043323516846, -0.005346999038010836, -0.05129663646221161, 0.03089895099401474, 0.016353273764252663, -0.005747580900788307, 0.008436491712927818, 0.026036636903882027, -0.03569580242037773, 0.0632590726017952, 0.00930559542030096, 0.034393467009067535, 0.004267549607902765, -0.0004245674645062536, 0.010401207953691483, 0.015819590538740158, -0.02122771367430687, -0.015516246668994427, -0.04282132536172867, -0.03366190940141678, 0.03826010227203369, -0.053945865482091904, 0.0017494511557742953, -0.03470292687416077, -0.043645817786455154, 0.01378959883004427, -0.04512401297688484, -0.0002926963206846267, -0.026524482294917107, 0.04248024523258209, 0.01867368444800377, 0.024418193846940994, 0.03674747422337532, -0.026861760765314102, 0.02215411886572838, -0.06708548218011856, 0.015134030021727085, -0.07007890939712524, -0.009978322312235832, 0.055740807205438614, -0.0011173461098223925, -0.01633579656481743, -0.0002951268688775599, -0.05232644081115723, 0.05751863867044449, -0.039025627076625824, -0.057986270636320114, 0.022850213572382927, -0.04125918820500374, -0.007981491275131702, 0.005132484715431929, -0.009028295986354351, -0.0211747195571661, -0.015382749028503895, -0.04683706536889076, -0.01244200486689806, 0.006321649067103863, 0.03027741052210331, -0.014789740554988384, 0.029260488227009773, -0.015729615464806557, -0.004067045170813799, 0.03177331015467644, 0.04280351847410202, 0.024904044345021248, 0.015182459726929665, 0.004006409551948309, 0.06806125491857529, 0.0456695631146431, -0.0017847600392997265, 0.0469404011964798, -0.027074376121163368, -0.026100974529981613, -0.027710026130080223, 0.07119599729776382, 0.0245764572173357, -0.03802938386797905, -0.07537340372800827, 0.05088917911052704, 0.015253223478794098, -0.04478168487548828, -0.004226629622280598, 0.04411797598004341, -0.07469085603952408, -0.008986852131783962, -0.03253485634922981, -0.03514813631772995, 0.001526038977317512, 0.06346128135919571, -0.008723416365683079, 0.03390700742602348, 0.04741031304001808, 0.01605616882443428, -0.005997214466333389, -0.005638593342155218, 0.04442350193858147, 0.09174798429012299, 0.07159202545881271, 0.0028781213331967592, 0.07238364964723587, -0.029293132945895195, -0.019215131178498268, -0.0026976217050105333, 0.016315791755914688, -0.017774488776922226, -0.05729247257113457, -0.008261527866125107, 0.10455304384231567, 0.03377724438905716, 0.04108859598636627, -0.048893701285123825, -0.002852681092917919, 0.036325450986623764, 0.007766591850668192, -0.0071928417310118675, 0.039708223193883896, 0.06047431379556656, -0.01826232485473156, -0.007547633722424507, -0.01779928058385849, -0.015252700075507164, -0.030044298619031906, 0.03597897291183472, 0.005138334818184376, 0.0009965315693989396, 0.03511866554617882, -0.017318859696388245, 0.03647621348500252, 0.1037585437297821, -0.03135441243648529, -0.06641064584255219, 0.021349439397454262, -0.008408647030591965, 0.025548040866851807, 0.05084243416786194, 0.02159348875284195, 0.007112042512744665, 0.004240341018885374, -0.0888628289103508, 0.029184699058532715, 0.0330062173306942, 0.009285216219723225, 0.007359648123383522, -0.027733072638511658, -0.02222277596592903, 0.008292915299534798, 0.025166133418679237, -0.06610509753227234, -0.051025453954935074, -0.04079017415642738, -0.04636712744832039, -0.05328934267163277, -0.00660087913274765, 0.041878167539834976, -0.01540158037096262, -0.070957250893116, -0.03177464008331299, -0.02112286351621151, 0.03657380864024162, 0.03779138624668121, -0.07733141630887985, -0.006223722361028194, 0.04301571100950241, -0.009994455613195896, -0.02976815402507782, 0.04578427970409393, 0.03028956614434719, -0.012567246332764626, -0.005358781665563583, 0.007991532795131207, 0.030414516106247902, 0.01797998882830143, -0.015496635809540749, -0.01803014799952507, -0.09313301742076874, -0.0031325118616223335, 0.02725975215435028, -0.03041915036737919, -0.05365190654993057, -0.014338621869683266, -0.03650659695267677, 0.03468850255012512, 0.05708499625325203, 0.021908439695835114, 0.06889443099498749, -0.02693045325577259, 0.003124518319964409, -0.03022586926817894, 0.006894385442137718, 0.04491567239165306, -0.02941916510462761, 0.055052500218153, 0.016598790884017944, -0.012742009945213795, -0.020157767459750175, 0.03988493233919144, 0.006194945890456438, 0.002955010859295726, -0.00871890876442194, -0.031452350318431854, -0.03793252259492874, -0.12343257665634155, -0.024292999878525734, 0.036869704723358154, -0.006387823261320591, -0.05171346664428711, 0.0022207461297512054, -0.0325225368142128, -0.022889282554388046, -0.018146079033613205, -0.0039734202437102795, 0.004477708134800196, -0.03731846064329147, -0.024624468758702278, -0.05963374674320221, -0.015799082815647125, -0.029777957126498222, 0.000026716763386502862, -0.015943877398967743, -0.05060388520359993, -0.020956825464963913, 0.031371086835861206, 0.017179476097226143, 0.020269041880965233, 0.05476989597082138, -0.012961117550730705 ]
5,137
Searching Latent Program Spaces
[ "Matthew Macfarlane", "Clem Bonnet" ]
General intelligence requires systems that acquire new skills efficiently and generalize beyond their training distributions.Although program synthesis approaches have strong generalization power, they face scaling issues due to large combinatorial spaces that quickly make them impractical and require human-generated DSLs or pre-trained priors to narrow this search space.On the other hand, deep learning methods have had high successes, but they lack structured test-time adaptation and rely on heavy stochastic sampling or expensive gradient updates for fine-tuning.In this work, we propose the Latent Program Network (LPN), a new architecture that builds in test-time search directly into neural models.LPN learns a latent space of implicit programs---neurally mapping inputs to outputs---through which it can search using gradients at test time.LPN combines the adaptability of symbolic approaches and the scalability of neural methods.It searches through a compact latent space at test time and bypasses the need for pre-defined domain-specific languages.On a range of programming-by-examples tasks, LPN either outperforms or matches performance compared to in-context learning and test-time training methods.Tested on the ARC-AGI benchmark, we demonstrate that LPN can both learn a compact program space and search through it at test time to adapt to novel tasks.LPN doubles its performance on out-of-distribution tasks when test-time search is switched on.
spotlight
2411.08706
https://github.com/clement-bonnet/lpn
null
[ "clement-bonnet/lpn" ]
[]
[]
[ -0.009415725246071815, -0.028832633048295975, -0.03760772943496704, 0.04630472511053085, 0.05563155561685562, 0.04127814248204231, 0.014531069435179234, 0.017620626837015152, -0.006645187269896269, -0.03472675383090973, 0.0037134061567485332, 0.016016947105526924, -0.05505185201764107, -0.01391096692532301, 0.0044284784235060215, 0.03008284606039524, 0.04178348556160927, -0.026813751086592674, 0.020797213539481163, 0.030469371005892754, 0.004755910020321608, -0.014339325949549675, 0.0025543540250509977, 0.03956293314695358, 0.017162781208753586, 0.005712809972465038, 0.013732916675508022, -0.03243323042988777, -0.022745488211512566, 0.010525930672883987, 0.017284411936998367, -0.014354250393807888, 0.0449720174074173, -0.032605137676000595, -0.011055736802518368, 0.008558889850974083, -0.033156607300043106, 0.03571160510182381, -0.0029563948046416044, 0.010264797136187553, -0.05191236361861229, -0.01284761168062687, -0.01863817498087883, 0.025651898235082626, -0.04088254272937775, 0.03844146430492401, -0.11693886667490005, 0.0402359776198864, -0.005193451419472694, 0.0018536082934588194, -0.12068568170070648, 0.020351335406303406, 0.011156478896737099, -0.033466633409261703, 0.015480884350836277, 0.01258587185293436, 0.07272350788116455, -0.05979550629854202, -0.012453816831111908, -0.04576495289802551, -0.04597066715359688, 0.04485735669732094, 0.047174226492643356, 0.024601005017757416, 0.008657882921397686, -0.018110165372490883, 0.03342946246266365, 0.052508942782878876, -0.07296988368034363, -0.04430524632334709, -0.027118895202875137, 0.004321918357163668, -0.020896058529615402, 0.00043152010766789317, 0.01736876368522644, -0.030742142349481583, 0.0028505553491413593, 0.019305583089590073, 0.08607927709817886, -0.01355474628508091, -0.007162025664001703, 0.0805785283446312, 0.02663504332304001, 0.03501202538609505, 0.024621807038784027, 0.03400598466396332, -0.06061399728059769, -0.00799714308232069, -0.08491925895214081, 0.03691437467932701, -0.0010612219339236617, -0.07046724110841751, 0.03495469316840172, 0.041930992156267166, 0.033447545021772385, 0.016876019537448883, 0.045734699815511703, -0.006364610977470875, 0.011466477066278458, 0.006269977893680334, -0.033843033015728, -0.04843401536345482, -0.000515982392244041, -0.00934662763029337, -0.08695900440216064, -0.0254336129873991, 0.0030759964138269424, -0.03165760636329651, -0.019362660124897957, -0.011638336814939976, -0.04564324766397476, 0.002164909616112709, 0.022153854370117188, -0.01292378455400467, -0.09574781358242035, 0.009883461520075798, -0.005246443673968315, 0.020822137594223022, -0.005002012476325035, 0.002674038987606764, 0.004500009119510651, 0.027375172823667526, -0.0062333205714821815, 0.06573934853076935, -0.02809513732790947, 0.00384644977748394, 0.0015296201454475522, 0.032206904143095016, -0.0407865084707737, -0.03666476532816887, -0.011118088848888874, 0.01681467704474926, 0.01781737059354782, 0.037766676396131516, -0.013857043348252773, -0.0017974971560761333, -0.024924015626311302, 0.005463360343128443, 0.017443135380744934, -0.005451743490993977, -0.014926695264875889, -0.01848171092569828, 0.0768384039402008, -0.05586470291018486, 0.09025370329618454, -0.015711314976215363, 0.0024585037026554346, -0.012952626682817936, -0.027856657281517982, -0.006942532956600189, 0.015790924429893494, 0.015480928122997284, -0.01625104993581772, -0.06559474021196365, 0.013197419233620167, 0.06767862290143967, 0.01882537268102169, 0.05297229811549187, -0.03987952321767807, 0.0025406512431800365, 0.02728927507996559, 0.003074617823585868, -0.05187759920954704, 0.0194062702357769, -0.02439665049314499, -0.05954592674970627, 0.02226441167294979, 0.0324120968580246, -0.035550620406866074, -0.000999515992589295, -0.019863976165652275, 0.005638894625008106, 0.037460990250110626, -0.0035724551416933537, -0.042643796652555466, -0.02446005865931511, 0.06319904327392578, -0.003024598816409707, 0.04255484417080879, 0.001635309192351997, -0.07263849675655365, -0.0022560972720384598, 0.010208659805357456, -0.011606601066887379, -0.0008890401222743094, -0.036144424229860306, 0.0706009790301323, -0.041051700711250305, 0.0021203914657235146, -0.006426574662327766, -0.06266547739505768, -0.023806750774383545, 0.010403741151094437, -0.006623808294534683, 0.0712294802069664, 0.018692513927817345, -0.03200746700167656, 0.05461438372731209, 0.014520649798214436, 0.0310972910374403, 0.04738444462418556, -0.01193709671497345, 0.0253546554595232, -0.01581476256251335, -0.01881800778210163, 0.017674388363957405, 0.03991410881280899, -0.05334828048944473, -0.06664585322141647, 0.022023402154445648, 0.01066746935248375, 0.006954773794859648, 0.041904862970113754, 0.016354423016309738, 0.030720766633749008, 0.04000924527645111, -0.010754330083727837, 0.0161572378128767, 0.04118360951542854, -0.06334728747606277, 0.007966358214616776, -0.00011580793943721801, -0.024371804669499397, -0.01087927632033825, -0.032006651163101196, 0.07726206630468369, 0.06682298332452774, -0.08784445375204086, -0.020434506237506866, 0.04916966333985329, 0.05010303109884262, -0.005369160789996386, 0.022220410406589508, -0.006885203067213297, 0.000657484051771462, -0.014669544994831085, 0.016111765056848526, -0.04659886658191681, 0.04222183674573898, -0.029546013101935387, -0.014064725488424301, 0.07917118072509766, -0.04364725202322006, 0.06239602714776993, -0.02643202245235443, 0.009092742577195168, 0.04018501564860344, -0.029040813446044922, -0.009621025063097477, -0.01354928221553564, -0.01797880418598652, -0.007127474062144756, 0.023314910009503365, -0.029069112613797188, -0.014591007493436337, -0.05997195094823837, -0.03816396743059158, -0.008151775225996971, 0.051258623600006104, 0.06335549801588058, 0.016344839707016945, 0.006544614210724831, -0.00033761755912564695, -0.008836123161017895, -0.023225994780659676, -0.1339317411184311, -0.018451161682605743, 0.01729363203048706, 0.03685085102915764, -0.01275523379445076, 0.021884385496377945, -0.0011402192758396268, 0.03220714256167412, -0.040941208600997925, -0.019660407677292824, -0.0075193303637206554, -0.0026838378980755806, 0.013163674622774124, -0.04641648009419441, -0.054123129695653915, 0.011725429445505142, 0.037308741360902786, -0.047225624322891235, -0.004692997317761183, -0.03849944472312927, -0.04371687397360802, -0.0016844799974933267, -0.050813227891922, -0.009435445070266724, 0.03831162303686142, 0.049323711544275284, 0.02461536042392254, -0.06618517637252808, 0.01772165857255459, 0.06440548598766327, 0.05336299538612366, 0.07916140556335449, 0.02228565141558647, 0.003989639226347208, 0.019023563712835312, 0.011771973222494125, 0.03268149122595787, -0.024333447217941284, 0.04286729171872139, -0.01881454512476921, -0.005058301147073507, 0.020865749567747116, -0.010371077805757523, -0.25089597702026367, 0.0023775158915668726, -0.02213885262608528, -0.02182750590145588, 0.012537116184830666, -0.00701391976326704, 0.017658492550253868, -0.043973568826913834, -0.010523157194256783, -0.01166614517569542, -0.045267973095178604, 0.008082577958703041, 0.018437178805470467, 0.0789458155632019, 0.018239308148622513, 0.014682704582810402, 0.012945630587637424, -0.00809543952345848, 0.015075732953846455, 0.041747208684682846, 0.011949566192924976, -0.08320244401693344, -0.000011415160770411603, 0.045390356332063675, -0.01691340282559395, 0.07237536460161209, -0.10436271876096725, 0.01645669899880886, -0.035918813198804855, 0.0035086716525256634, -0.034825727343559265, -0.03256446123123169, -0.03707282245159149, 0.05482175946235657, -0.008839408867061138, 0.014205371029675007, -0.012382089160382748, -0.04453312233090401, 0.01859198696911335, 0.024884596467018127, 0.0016531312139704823, -0.02731853350996971, -0.02345370687544346, 0.037772081792354584, 0.04653359204530716, -0.013027875684201717, -0.08754049986600876, -0.03641578182578087, 0.001455560326576233, 0.024651695042848587, -0.025072921067476273, -0.010191784240305424, -0.03585873171687126, -0.00807317066937685, 0.0028965622186660767, -0.05925584211945534, 0.00782819464802742, -0.022396031767129898, -0.007595136761665344, 0.008563829585909843, 0.026543140411376953, -0.041976358741521835, -0.007108880672603846, -0.040118150413036346, -0.009766302071511745, -0.014336402527987957, -0.04168255254626274, -0.05848506838083267, 0.03586653620004654, 0.024117376655340195, -0.006135095376521349, 0.0013171195751056075, -0.00843020435422659, -0.10627742111682892, -0.012995313853025436, 0.021913621574640274, -0.012754964642226696, -0.02812330052256584, 0.016214648261666298, 0.050761375576257706, -0.035022445023059845, -0.04300393536686897, -0.007405399344861507, 0.003952370025217533, 0.04504063352942467, 0.001022250740788877, -0.0034055355936288834, -0.05426545441150665, -0.021997377276420593, -0.01674368418753147, 0.027687562629580498, -0.03497616574168205, 0.02832781709730625, -0.018425825983285904, 0.05735727399587631, 0.01738370768725872, 0.0749920904636383, 0.07195740193128586, 0.0392426997423172, -0.002125199418514967, 0.01295930054038763, -0.06884775310754776, -0.01706494390964508, -0.026586875319480896, 0.001633425010368228, 0.02436315082013607, -0.04245587810873985, 0.01929563656449318, 0.03497340530157089, 0.015705004334449768, -0.03977420553565025, -0.04739488288760185, -0.024745183065533638, -0.006053462158888578, -0.006933567114174366, -0.02593100443482399, 0.0006593045545741916, 0.03192945569753647, 0.024625597521662712, -0.014273633249104023, -0.030733158811926842, 0.012219836004078388, -0.013662882149219513, 0.04887121170759201, 0.009757224470376968, -0.049349382519721985, 0.005149644799530506, -0.037751972675323486, 0.01184058003127575, -0.006364178378134966, 0.029518520459532738, 0.06612202525138855, 0.01998535916209221, -0.019604308530688286, 0.027494603767991066, -0.01007313746958971, 0.01647857204079628, 0.009667073376476765, 0.06450168788433075, -0.014243924990296364, -0.008549677208065987, 0.006872445344924927, 0.03668427839875221, 0.007951986975967884, 0.025631133466959, 0.051249030977487564, 0.018941963091492653, -0.022878937423229218, -0.010281218215823174, -0.006409729830920696, 0.0526268295943737, -0.05962575972080231, 0.01649966463446617, -0.015843713656067848, 0.025334304198622704, -0.05775022134184837, 0.018490351736545563, -0.02883302792906761, 0.02838924527168274, -0.05827847495675087, 0.048606935888528824, -0.00897340290248394, -0.02576233260333538, -0.0018190382979810238, 0.02279033325612545, 0.043050285428762436, -0.03601744771003723, 0.02671004831790924, -0.00460190512239933, -0.004091978073120117, 0.004407959990203381, -0.022805623710155487, -0.016693303361535072, 0.0022234770003706217, -0.02130666933953762, 0.012003624811768532, 0.016879083588719368, -0.02951572649180889, -0.03898519277572632, 0.04307134449481964, 0.008266440592706203, -0.0022673008497804403, -0.029755955561995506, 0.03402436524629593, 0.0721842348575592, 0.012327744625508785, -0.007316604722291231, 0.007615513168275356, -0.0672348141670227, -0.0036834438797086477, -0.009535538963973522, -0.0060751172713935375, -0.013644609600305557, -0.04407133162021637, -0.04865514859557152, -0.04066767171025276, -0.01062935870140791, 0.0352020189166069, 0.01786048896610737, -0.014578385278582573, -0.030821381136775017, 0.002027344424277544, -0.04451710730791092, -0.011996080167591572, 0.03999294340610504, -0.06314308941364288, 0.030355608090758324, 0.03751945123076439, 0.01759590394794941, 0.02377542480826378, -0.022596830502152443, -0.03420115262269974, -0.0635157972574234, 0.011285003274679184, -0.0070040528662502766, 0.006724580656737089, -0.015858499333262444, -0.01745609939098358, -0.0204621609300375, -0.020588859915733337, 0.010952488519251347, 0.02198731154203415, 0.014353565871715546, -0.03833530843257904, 0.01551333349198103, 0.040245529264211655, -0.0233264472335577, -0.010216117836534977, 0.015355673618614674, -0.023717684671282768, 0.03869648650288582, -0.0487154945731163, 0.013700013980269432, 0.021774418652057648, -0.0072598629631102085, -0.0008193938410840929, -0.025837009772658348, 0.03816927224397659, 0.009994753636419773, -0.018131740391254425, 0.01669933646917343, -0.030723709613084793, -0.021560650318861008, 0.0051361266523599625, 0.027090884745121002, 0.037775248289108276, 0.014099369756877422, 0.01976386085152626, -0.013613473623991013, 0.004918787162750959, 0.022428316995501518, 0.0012627335963770747, -0.05224715173244476, -0.010036870837211609, 0.06563663482666016, -0.023349585011601448, -0.02649797685444355, -0.09387101233005524, -0.03647774085402489, 0.01187984086573124, -0.002517262240871787, 0.012953908182680607, -0.029890792444348335, 0.053466878831386566, 0.014529142528772354, 0.031070370227098465, 0.020131632685661316, -0.01988832838833332, 0.039691049605607986, -0.05625167861580849, 0.0002491851628292352, -0.049568116664886475, -0.031824611127376556, 0.0643414705991745, -0.03543086722493172, -0.033923737704753876, 0.009307227097451687, -0.03799264132976532, 0.06192503869533539, 0.0013541631633415818, -0.05518108978867531, 0.03643237054347992, -0.002442945260554552, -0.01800411380827427, 0.0343179926276207, -0.036618515849113464, -0.008696837350726128, -0.015091820620000362, -0.04242585226893425, 0.009641793556511402, 0.003695034421980381, 0.02021283656358719, -0.014704287983477116, 0.03150981292128563, -0.02487362176179886, 0.023994682356715202, 0.03975251317024231, 0.0650412067770958, 0.011165210045874119, 0.016949940472841263, -0.037409212440252304, 0.06228073313832283, 0.04635663703083992, 0.015248280949890614, -0.0265241339802742, -0.0027360250242054462, -0.003628266742452979, -0.059956543147563934, 0.010606857016682625, -0.018467145040631294, -0.008642860688269138, -0.05534986034035683, 0.0661412850022316, 0.020681841298937798, -0.06019013002514839, 0.014612560160458088, -0.0029768915846943855, -0.07169295102357864, 0.004034092649817467, -0.0063613709062337875, -0.018576430156826973, -0.006751431617885828, 0.08417530357837677, 0.0213472917675972, 0.03966571018099785, 0.08347093313932419, 0.04064138978719711, -0.03894780948758125, -0.004408450331538916, 0.047974396497011185, 0.05344875156879425, 0.03110376000404358, 0.005009606014937162, 0.07089564949274063, -0.03567308932542801, -0.04439178481698036, 0.041846863925457, -0.009632236324250698, -0.019905008375644684, -0.05873795971274376, 0.03213852643966675, 0.0798521637916565, -0.005745351780205965, 0.06805742532014847, -0.051117658615112305, 0.023808574303984642, 0.030412059277296066, 0.03697635233402252, 0.0031085489317774773, 0.043424736708402634, 0.032928578555583954, 0.01269627083092928, -0.005705023650079966, -0.0118684321641922, 0.018164701759815216, -0.0373026542365551, 0.008563571609556675, 0.024848084896802902, -0.014560962095856667, -0.0045343805104494095, 0.018883375450968742, 0.024343838915228844, 0.09429184347391129, -0.054729532450437546, -0.01475580595433712, 0.019026774913072586, 0.011635981500148773, 0.013599435798823833, 0.03407872095704079, -0.03265426307916641, 0.0033783919643610716, -0.03135862573981285, -0.037959467619657516, 0.031068170443177223, 0.008530785329639912, 0.011647948063910007, 0.01642448641359806, 0.000981252989731729, -0.04599756747484207, 0.00987662747502327, 0.03917871415615082, -0.012522349134087563, -0.05633769556879997, -0.03504946455359459, -0.010868542827665806, -0.0345257967710495, -0.0302860289812088, 0.0058152745477855206, 0.004770463332533836, -0.02990870364010334, 0.01719837822020054, -0.02605644427239895, 0.029144620522856712, 0.04409366846084595, -0.03104705922305584, 0.02085936814546585, 0.025804169476032257, 0.017081208527088165, 0.012907246127724648, 0.02262660674750805, 0.017940664663910866, -0.043467819690704346, -0.01481693983078003, 0.04167003184556961, -0.010174012742936611, -0.01851099170744419, -0.019682588055729866, 0.010204416699707508, -0.07484761625528336, 0.03537879139184952, -0.005076752044260502, -0.00944734551012516, -0.07487449795007706, 0.02045935019850731, -0.021617861464619637, 0.059994786977767944, 0.08036568015813828, 0.034367501735687256, 0.03986449912190437, -0.01318518165498972, 0.007040494121611118, 0.043007079511880875, 0.022028794512152672, 0.039252761751413345, -0.012585246935486794, 0.04434557631611824, 0.04361908882856369, -0.039677925407886505, -0.02562122419476509, 0.027696313336491585, -0.0059312391094863415, -0.01652146317064762, -0.02915354259312153, -0.024799859151244164, -0.009153861552476883, -0.08340200036764145, -0.012520008720457554, 0.017469022423028946, -0.011375123634934425, -0.053005848079919815, -0.009830722585320473, -0.010333076119422913, -0.025134025141596794, 0.015495912171900272, -0.016852043569087982, 0.008644940331578255, -0.027215803042054176, -0.028303803876042366, -0.02719479613006115, 0.01252464298158884, -0.01855108141899109, 0.02180665172636509, -0.031098918989300728, -0.016336563974618912, -0.04192988947033882, -0.020182978361845016, 0.06730852276086807, -0.009844870306551456, -0.0008678450249135494, -0.001737254555337131 ]
5,138
DeepDiver: Adaptive Web-Search Intensity Scaling via Reinforcement Learning
[ "Wenxuan Shi", "Haochen Tan", "Chuqiao Kuang", "Xiaoguang Li", "Hanting Chen", "Xiaozhe Ren", "Yasheng Wang", "Lu Hou", "Lifeng Shang" ]
Information seeking demands iterative evidence gathering and reflective reasoning, yet large language models (LLMs) still struggle with it in open-web question answering. Existing prompting and supervised fine-tuning (SFT) methods remain fixed by prompt rules or training corpora, and are usually benchmarked only on well-structured wiki sources, limiting real-world adaptability. We introduce $\textbf{WebPuzzle}$, a 24k-sample training and 275-sample test benchmark that evaluates information seeking on the live internet, across both wiki and open-domain queries. Leveraging 7k WebPuzzle instances, we develop $\textbf{DeepDiver}$, a reinforcement-learning (RL) framework that cultivates $\textbf{Search Intensity Scaling (SIS)}$—an emergent ability to escalate search frequency and depth instead of settling on overconfident, under-evidenced answers. With SIS, Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct and Pangu-7B-Reasoner attain performance on real-web tasks comparable to the 671B-parameter DeepSeek-R1. We detail DeepDiver’s curriculum from cold-start SFT to a well designed RL procedure, and show that its seeking policy generalized from closed-ended queries to open-ended generation such as long-form writing. Our results advance adaptive information seeking in LLMs and provide a rigorous benchmark for future work.
spotlight
2505.24332
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.048532161861658096, -0.060165923088788986, -0.006447533145546913, 0.050776589661836624, 0.020085133612155914, 0.0050573404878377914, 0.029565593227744102, 0.011088541708886623, 0.004351859912276268, -0.011396427638828754, -0.021077847108244896, 0.03557297959923744, -0.04436865448951721, -0.009750023484230042, 0.008527925238013268, 0.06464192271232605, 0.03505224734544754, 0.004871873650699854, 0.02821965515613556, -0.0050541856326162815, -0.011959867551922798, -0.012880232185125351, -0.0067014931701123714, 0.01142717432230711, 0.06087706610560417, 0.014760681428015232, 0.017891375347971916, -0.0009755021310411394, -0.026874875649809837, -0.013557005673646927, 0.04189791530370712, -0.004021292552351952, 0.019829556345939636, -0.01171520072966814, -0.004109359811991453, -0.00687548890709877, -0.028718385845422745, 0.01981467194855213, 0.010556737892329693, 0.014717936515808105, -0.04640577733516693, 0.012706060893833637, -0.03251524269580841, 0.015178021974861622, -0.0360041968524456, 0.012478256598114967, -0.09542989730834961, 0.03668750077486038, 0.00876940879970789, -0.01972108706831932, -0.11038366705179214, 0.02982773259282112, -0.0019135242328047752, -0.01942930743098259, -0.01815371960401535, 0.02784704603254795, 0.057793308049440384, -0.111914724111557, 0.015773171558976173, -0.04695119708776474, -0.02976830303668976, 0.026294998824596405, 0.031109748408198357, 0.013180742971599102, -0.005098643247038126, 0.0010180043755099177, -0.011764525435864925, 0.05698450654745102, -0.04142511636018753, -0.024163130670785904, -0.01905115321278572, 0.014676057733595371, -0.020626861602067947, 0.03830716386437416, -0.0027629761025309563, -0.028430376201868057, 0.004693750757724047, 0.046416882425546646, 0.0714554563164711, -0.002555547747761011, -0.014621015638113022, 0.03675346076488495, 0.02565545029938221, 0.05494390055537224, -0.005873201414942741, -0.012304188683629036, -0.045320067554712296, -0.021945849061012268, -0.0729316920042038, 0.03865282982587814, -0.009748355485498905, -0.05999856814742088, 0.03726479038596153, 0.011810939759016037, 0.019715124741196632, 0.018605094403028488, 0.02197260968387127, -0.0075354063883423805, -0.009920824319124222, 0.003907123580574989, -0.03726941719651222, -0.05398198217153549, 0.04004795476794243, 0.014249053783714771, -0.0854044109582901, 0.032746654003858566, -0.02619439922273159, 0.007069865241646767, 0.009912964887917042, 0.016286591067910194, -0.02465754933655262, -0.02348289079964161, -0.009529373608529568, -0.02989066205918789, -0.07599443197250366, -0.0003650698345154524, 0.009210952557623386, 0.03720633685588837, 0.00433088606223464, 0.03377903252840042, 0.02308567240834236, 0.0311718937009573, 0.017339644953608513, 0.05967399850487709, -0.0077379182912409306, 0.01353366393595934, 0.03380423039197922, 0.005661504343152046, -0.015481852926313877, -0.027125976979732513, 0.03611268848180771, 0.03202393278479576, 0.013114586472511292, -0.004339682869613171, -0.04016800597310066, 0.018672823905944824, 0.02137926034629345, 0.03692863881587982, 0.043055709451436996, 0.003467923030257225, -0.0109030706807971, -0.03980362415313721, 0.045261871069669724, -0.02573702111840248, 0.08460893481969833, -0.014204905368387699, 0.006465450394898653, -0.00909600779414177, -0.0611770935356617, -0.0009287885040976107, 0.0005966832395642996, -0.028669042512774467, 0.016418220475316048, -0.058221664279699326, 0.018228676170110703, 0.05630265176296234, 0.013788496144115925, -0.017763357609510422, 0.03891666978597641, 0.038853395730257034, 0.008856546133756638, -0.0020682995673269033, -0.07321210205554962, -0.0066027529537677765, -0.0176456980407238, -0.07968661934137344, -0.0029271449893712997, 0.021289635449647903, -0.005730655509978533, 0.000384626880986616, -0.04613018408417702, -0.017586136236786842, 0.06063985079526901, -0.011015236377716064, -0.031325552612543106, -0.011055022478103638, 0.057589709758758545, 0.007975710555911064, 0.04647952690720558, 0.03731093183159828, -0.0773845911026001, 0.019703447818756104, -0.013646922074258327, 0.006277652457356453, 0.0005674573476426303, -0.03198716789484024, 0.09214922785758972, -0.000004464220182853751, 0.014566277153789997, 0.043743688613176346, -0.11231095343828201, -0.01598993130028248, -0.013788627460598946, 0.006131552159786224, 0.07524596154689789, 0.007498420774936676, -0.004892384633421898, 0.06891734153032303, 0.02949107065796852, 0.05460021644830704, 0.0657288208603859, -0.016623450443148613, 0.0429736003279686, -0.0024225597735494375, -0.043990615755319595, -0.0034571117721498013, 0.04167863354086876, -0.06170789152383804, -0.02934706024825573, 0.01948755607008934, -0.023039361461997032, 0.01621723547577858, -0.02478105202317238, 0.009386265650391579, -0.004987864289432764, 0.027576537802815437, 0.02072715573012829, -0.0031509853433817625, 0.018723586574196815, -0.0529705211520195, 0.0665396973490715, -0.0211245808750391, 0.004244527779519558, -0.007541647646576166, -0.032630857080221176, 0.09925079345703125, 0.06626037508249283, -0.02191128395497799, -0.013161717914044857, 0.021437957882881165, -0.008966485969722271, 0.012483611702919006, 0.03238270804286003, -0.04225735366344452, 0.023554068058729172, -0.03582378849387169, 0.014400770887732506, -0.029661264270544052, 0.0559135302901268, -0.024924391880631447, -0.006548957899212837, 0.061663709580898285, 0.010527160950005054, 0.06138266623020172, -0.003262205747887492, 0.011488690972328186, 0.022234860807657242, 0.002356035402044654, -0.010103346779942513, -0.04225463792681694, -0.001401080866344273, 0.01337447576224804, -0.02527298405766487, -0.023702114820480347, 0.023638976737856865, -0.03874342143535614, -0.0026060102973133326, 0.003376925364136696, 0.08484486490488052, 0.05633652210235596, -0.0033451314084231853, 0.014314033091068268, 0.00809294730424881, -0.026885075494647026, 0.02044677920639515, -0.1117415800690651, -0.010485072620213032, -0.022642115131020546, 0.011788958683609962, 0.00027898719417862594, -0.0004057647311128676, 0.006407486274838448, 0.02517094276845455, -0.03523667901754379, -0.023141911253333092, 0.01613030768930912, 0.048064928501844406, -0.0031611372251063585, -0.007556339260190725, -0.034401439130306244, -0.009760547429323196, 0.051574088633060455, -0.02378290705382824, -0.010096343234181404, -0.03532208129763603, -0.06407143920660019, -0.013298212550580502, -0.04929777979850769, -0.013383314944803715, 0.0034785629250109196, 0.021196924149990082, 0.007113834377378225, -0.020661748945713043, 0.02745962142944336, 0.058965232223272324, 0.04588749259710312, 0.0516936257481575, 0.014913453720510006, -0.032040294259786606, 0.016341881826519966, -0.0240390133112669, -0.0019368896028026938, 0.0009776772931218147, 0.06979330629110336, 0.023273754864931107, -0.016147471964359283, 0.04731665551662445, 0.012632380239665508, -0.24043983221054077, -0.0029144445434212685, 0.011819017119705677, 0.007690746802836657, 0.03875156491994858, -0.001197416102513671, 0.0336589440703392, -0.04878469184041023, -0.024719880893826485, -0.02013305015861988, 0.004632404074072838, 0.03822224959731102, 0.008513661101460457, 0.0548306480050087, 0.032816704362630844, 0.0463479682803154, 0.021478572860360146, 0.008285203017294407, -0.018122119829058647, 0.038289010524749756, 0.002590461168438196, -0.07102776318788528, 0.00588855380192399, 0.05078935995697975, 0.025102365761995316, 0.05329519137740135, -0.05878371372818947, 0.007639972493052483, -0.015099973417818546, -0.01967555843293667, 0.004583621863275766, -0.01878402754664421, -0.024104684591293335, 0.0370563305914402, -0.01320149376988411, 0.026782892644405365, 0.06482167541980743, -0.004302497021853924, 0.04288953170180321, -0.00046113133430480957, -0.02002699300646782, -0.01627066731452942, -0.026039863005280495, -0.006679204758256674, 0.07246029376983643, 0.01811581663787365, -0.07701893895864487, -0.02348313294351101, -0.0032340886536985636, 0.03716221824288368, -0.020387856289744377, -0.05801752582192421, -0.043219562619924545, 0.016589991748332977, 0.045831844210624695, -0.028532391414046288, -0.011139758862555027, -0.03305334597826004, -0.014372098259627819, -0.004623329732567072, 0.03225276619195938, -0.03199106082320213, -0.042949460446834564, -0.03000546619296074, -0.0007386616780422628, -0.07048424333333969, -0.06175113469362259, -0.051712289452552795, 0.035054221749305725, 0.03206499293446541, -0.028854822739958763, 0.03317184001207352, -0.0016690964112058282, -0.09886183589696884, 0.012845763936638832, 0.0038542402908205986, -0.020529847592115402, -0.013215701095759869, -0.006522731389850378, 0.03642706200480461, -0.061173852533102036, -0.05231105908751488, -0.03318377956748009, 0.016275491565465927, 0.0480964295566082, -0.036176253110170364, 0.01857246458530426, -0.08133711665868759, -0.037623368203639984, -0.03950727730989456, 0.031987324357032776, -0.03665836527943611, 0.003474612021818757, -0.007468478288501501, 0.05895876884460449, 0.03314566612243652, 0.01726258173584938, 0.059740565717220306, 0.037397921085357666, 0.014549621380865574, 0.025676703080534935, -0.06611154228448868, -0.015750667080283165, -0.05250146612524986, -0.020254794508218765, 0.006548491306602955, -0.058008864521980286, -0.00341586722061038, 0.03340710699558258, -0.012278890237212181, -0.05027373880147934, -0.054999638348817825, -0.019928906112909317, -0.00874362513422966, -0.043149031698703766, -0.021964771673083305, 0.007302192971110344, 0.033433012664318085, 0.00010888628457905725, -0.01511409878730774, -0.026958923786878586, 0.026368657127022743, 0.006735541857779026, 0.01260414719581604, -0.010297523811459541, -0.018148884177207947, 0.01441758032888174, -0.03166124224662781, 0.05706474557518959, -0.006760962773114443, 0.022084442898631096, 0.02769498899579048, -0.021887144073843956, 0.0030290621798485518, 0.036217041313648224, -0.0550747774541378, 0.0212116576731205, -0.00040180134237743914, 0.05090915784239769, -0.0007446984527632594, -0.0255131796002388, -0.0019258386455476284, 0.028164871037006378, 0.027993714436888695, 0.02266645058989525, 0.027475468814373016, 0.0010194351198151708, 0.040186237543821335, 0.001395759405568242, 0.007125819101929665, -0.013073738664388657, -0.03763463720679283, -0.005201702006161213, -0.025185981765389442, 0.021118804812431335, -0.0513518750667572, 0.03337018936872482, -0.02759450301527977, 0.010604575276374817, -0.05621170625090599, -0.00041367608355358243, -0.033382534980773926, 0.0003692914906423539, 0.02720041759312153, 0.03634719178080559, 0.03231078013777733, -0.03653116524219513, 0.034294821321964264, 0.03730321675539017, -0.013563426211476326, 0.01400245912373066, -0.023591656237840652, -0.030479030683636665, -0.005849120672792196, -0.013304488733410835, -0.0011999879498034716, 0.01269686222076416, -0.0010746296029537916, -0.02564723789691925, 0.06400114297866821, -0.00343992724083364, -0.01915651559829712, -0.016142986714839935, 0.011966274119913578, 0.0736081600189209, -0.005418685264885426, 0.017483260482549667, 0.01176607608795166, -0.040644507855176926, 0.008968670852482319, -0.03212059661746025, 0.0015199320623651147, -0.020257843658328056, -0.04652352258563042, -0.02251249924302101, -0.062518410384655, 0.021345239132642746, 0.008276829496026039, -0.011811546050012112, 0.022704780101776123, -0.03175763040781021, 0.00942520797252655, -0.04971221834421158, -0.024476036429405212, -0.01787186600267887, -0.06862697005271912, -0.0020964634604752064, -0.002575877122581005, 0.014341550879180431, 0.03218106925487518, -0.04440320283174515, -0.041277315467596054, -0.048654500395059586, 0.00430795643478632, 0.030306031927466393, -0.010936114937067032, -0.008094116114079952, -0.015247093513607979, 0.026761911809444427, -0.02495669387280941, 0.03808681666851044, -0.015032699331641197, -0.0006120225880295038, -0.019013328477740288, -0.0025961208157241344, 0.042364221066236496, -0.047349102795124054, -0.043822091072797775, -0.0025201484095305204, -0.031335387378931046, 0.022043714299798012, -0.019131897017359734, 0.021043382585048676, 0.03745119273662567, -0.026722459122538567, 0.024418223649263382, -0.05769617483019829, 0.04438409209251404, -0.012637748382985592, -0.012698755599558353, -0.009258341044187546, -0.0011709657264873385, -0.009854774922132492, 0.008756809867918491, -0.019326133653521538, 0.015146344900131226, -0.0017128877807408571, 0.03176140412688255, 0.015317734330892563, 0.006600541528314352, -0.0019586049020290375, 0.001446292968466878, -0.05612567812204361, 0.0028251123148947954, 0.049466557800769806, -0.050636567175388336, -0.02331146039068699, -0.10071656852960587, -0.04870754852890968, 0.032263193279504776, 0.005019124131649733, 0.020611440762877464, -0.0644756332039833, 0.05492830649018288, 0.014972931705415249, 0.010162903927266598, 0.0009042653255164623, -0.026776796206831932, 0.03614386171102524, -0.03653828054666519, -0.031094178557395935, -0.09470593929290771, -0.0430341437458992, 0.07380276173353195, -0.017672238871455193, 0.006033452693372965, 0.038668517023324966, -0.02419934794306755, 0.05482720956206322, -0.012862120755016804, -0.04342322796583176, 0.02353116124868393, -0.03282574936747551, -0.012157812714576721, 0.018270250409841537, -0.04369506612420082, -0.05299457162618637, -0.008758743293583393, -0.0314895324409008, 0.002747545950114727, -0.006328257732093334, 0.05995452404022217, -0.028709610924124718, 0.0010358766885474324, -0.021291056647896767, 0.01144473347812891, -0.0020230121444910765, 0.05186925455927849, 0.006598900072276592, 0.04060038924217224, -0.0165848471224308, 0.05428128316998482, 0.04822775349020958, 0.028248650953173637, 0.028686504811048508, -0.005791222210973501, -0.032181013375520706, -0.041126035153865814, 0.09234380722045898, -0.015961812809109688, -0.0027392548508942127, -0.03309841454029083, 0.0642906054854393, 0.028507031500339508, -0.08023051917552948, -0.022964023053646088, 0.01608569361269474, -0.04391168802976608, -0.0259883850812912, -0.007274803705513477, 0.009204091504216194, -0.003966486547142267, 0.0644071102142334, 0.058569569140672684, 0.03718817979097366, 0.0816458910703659, 0.004762677475810051, -0.03682296350598335, -0.002766614081338048, 0.06815740466117859, 0.056413259357213974, 0.06481878459453583, -0.028273457661271095, 0.07667785882949829, -0.032998379319906235, -0.062143635004758835, 0.04178819805383682, 0.02651217393577099, 0.008029339835047722, -0.03762960061430931, -0.015946123749017715, 0.06880173832178116, -0.02091013453900814, 0.06632991880178452, -0.07250989228487015, -0.01449880376458168, 0.01812511496245861, 0.0026793477591127157, 0.018052704632282257, 0.0486249178647995, 0.03582080453634262, 0.018851440399885178, -0.031273555010557175, -0.03723808750510216, 0.014856452122330666, -0.031403135508298874, -0.009863704442977905, -0.004888150375336409, -0.0014315673615783453, -0.01524279173463583, -0.01620548404753208, 0.03358917310833931, 0.11636145412921906, -0.04369627684354782, 0.00019619222439359874, 0.005742781329900026, -0.004030515905469656, 0.008985405787825584, 0.04344119504094124, -0.00873218011111021, 0.003491339972242713, -0.004597616381943226, -0.05774839222431183, -0.012095404788851738, 0.04261798411607742, -0.013543840497732162, 0.02381359413266182, -0.054154157638549805, -0.02411467954516411, 0.00985016394406557, -0.008120025508105755, -0.029071182012557983, -0.04834805428981781, -0.0270125400274992, -0.0049569252878427505, -0.04783441498875618, -0.028552401810884476, 0.0325927697122097, 0.005361258052289486, -0.02244577929377556, -0.009163149632513523, -0.03389965370297432, 0.00783353578299284, 0.019586708396673203, -0.01951560564339161, 0.010248694568872452, 0.04299720376729965, 0.009006571024656296, -0.017225611954927444, 0.03124929964542389, 0.03704805672168732, -0.03622870147228241, -0.01728171482682228, 0.0030580286402255297, 0.022447628900408745, 0.022727517411112785, 0.007162861526012421, -0.04100150242447853, -0.09068983048200607, -0.002806216711178422, 0.023703191429376602, -0.026129553094506264, -0.07583433389663696, 0.009527396410703659, -0.025488711893558502, 0.036900900304317474, 0.0633341372013092, 0.05047233775258064, 0.03264690935611725, -0.01619095169007778, 0.013204485177993774, 0.04807655140757561, -0.011550801806151867, 0.04059029743075371, -0.012076837942004204, 0.04979238659143448, 0.04423372447490692, 0.005295144394040108, -0.06548929959535599, 0.01240943931043148, -0.015284858644008636, -0.023724723607301712, -0.0020389759447425604, -0.023490233346819878, -0.03946167603135109, -0.10082094371318817, -0.02803712524473667, 0.037469036877155304, -0.015480009838938713, -0.02418202906847, 0.014126718044281006, 0.003664387157186866, -0.003094474785029888, -0.008568910881876945, -0.018167082220315933, -0.001138475607149303, -0.0011036236537620425, -0.018842460587620735, -0.04346216470003128, 0.019754091277718544, 0.0032452859450131655, -0.005645281635224819, -0.037550460547208786, -0.035457659512758255, 0.012341571971774101, 0.011237939819693565, 0.049999695271253586, 0.009687571786344051, 0.03230546787381172, -0.03726109862327576 ]
5,139
Training-Free Efficient Video Generation via Dynamic Token Carving
[ "Yuechen Zhang", "Jinbo Xing", "bin xia", "Shaoteng Liu", "Bohao PENG", "Xin Tao", "Pengfei Wan", "Eric Lo", "Jiaya Jia" ]
Despite the remarkable generation quality of video Diffusion Transformer (DiT) models, their practical deployment is severely hindered by extensive computational requirements. This inefficiency stems from two key challenges: the quadratic complexity of self-attention with respect to token length and the multi-step nature of diffusion models. To address these limitations, we present Jenga, a novel inference pipeline that combines dynamic attention carving with progressive resolution generation. Our approach leverages two key insights: (1) early denoising steps do not require high-resolution latents, and (2) later steps do not require dense attention. Jenga introduces a block-wise attention mechanism that dynamically selects relevant token interactions using 3D space-filling curves, alongside a progressive resolution strategy that gradually increases latent resolution during generation. Experimental results demonstrate that Jenga achieves substantial speedups across multiple state-of-the-art video diffusion models while maintaining comparable generation quality (8.83$\times$ speedup with 0.01\% performance drop on VBench). As a plug-and-play solution, Jenga enables practical, high-quality video generation on modern hardware by reducing inference time from minutes to seconds---without requiring model retraining.
poster
2505.16864
https://github.com/dvlab-research/Jenga
https://julianjuaner.github.io/projects/jenga/
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.008507708087563515, -0.024595946073532104, 0.007504952605813742, 0.05096467584371567, 0.032162297517061234, 0.05551454797387123, 0.02415236458182335, -0.004365347325801849, -0.011257516220211983, -0.0494072288274765, -0.00017348276742268354, -0.01789635792374611, -0.01808147504925728, 0.03512262552976608, -0.008636046200990677, 0.047740351408720016, 0.029427289962768555, -0.010885458439588547, 0.0043637449853122234, 0.04521913081407547, 0.007636813912540674, -0.023208962753415108, 0.059776317328214645, 0.02147054113447666, 0.021614693105220795, -0.0006702194223180413, 0.000049274480261374265, -0.005939326249063015, -0.040910691022872925, -0.03439697250723839, 0.021989041939377785, -0.018749257549643517, 0.01810433529317379, -0.028016190975904465, 0.022767698392271996, -0.006021163892000914, -0.04379372298717499, 0.02671336568892002, 0.020656663924455643, 0.022784847766160965, -0.04134932532906532, -0.008255968801677227, -0.0034584596287459135, -0.005188907030969858, -0.047762978821992874, -0.019289620220661163, -0.09973469376564026, 0.022894397377967834, -0.022607676684856415, -0.0193053986877203, -0.10011205077171326, 0.04245458170771599, 0.03288115933537483, 0.0015622860519215465, 0.0026392785366624594, 0.042944200336933136, 0.06212378293275833, -0.08368498086929321, -0.008467283099889755, -0.050439536571502686, -0.003648208687081933, 0.0066161928698420525, 0.013046054169535637, -0.006621061358600855, 0.012351401150226593, -0.03751898929476738, 0.0034068445675075054, 0.05426957458257675, -0.034983064979314804, -0.07735370099544525, -0.0023181664291769266, 0.027299590408802032, -0.030850902199745178, 0.016562430188059807, 0.01616075448691845, -0.02705446258187294, 0.01790112443268299, 0.004669116344302893, 0.08943601697683334, -0.015393402427434921, 0.037986788898706436, 0.010028356686234474, 0.007541941944509745, 0.05729631334543228, -0.008163508027791977, 0.0187360942363739, -0.015053018927574158, -0.013120883144438267, -0.06330454349517822, 0.036678019911050797, -0.061126235872507095, -0.05099697411060333, 0.007320844568312168, 0.019387520849704742, 0.024180477485060692, -0.011794173158705235, 0.024297330528497696, -0.0018289993749931455, 0.03099673055112362, -0.0045615192502737045, -0.015472403727471828, -0.051078058779239655, 0.013243104331195354, 0.007935365661978722, -0.09560558944940567, -0.009649868123233318, -0.025902939960360527, -0.03104136697947979, 0.016918571665883064, -0.0011177905835211277, -0.024601422250270844, 0.0068961577489972115, 0.028318192809820175, -0.01710127480328083, -0.07358792424201965, 0.04995930939912796, 0.016152359545230865, -0.020901286974549294, -0.010192519053816795, 0.01730998232960701, 0.06510233879089355, 0.05540940538048744, 0.012676555663347244, 0.0745982676744461, -0.03687379136681557, 0.015628011897206306, 0.0366763137280941, 0.03403930366039276, -0.017819499596953392, -0.007617151830345392, 0.03082878887653351, 0.01858101226389408, 0.019977327436208725, 0.01701287366449833, 0.003485505236312747, -0.007022568956017494, 0.013530178926885128, -0.007967125624418259, 0.04701044037938118, -0.0640181452035904, 0.008937973529100418, -0.016434233635663986, 0.044590841978788376, -0.0397755429148674, 0.06928329914808273, -0.006670007482171059, -0.01051511149853468, -0.006348125170916319, -0.039904188364744186, 0.005323414225131273, 0.007378578186035156, 0.001618159469217062, 0.03039214015007019, -0.04503319784998894, -0.005233480129390955, 0.06465687602758408, 0.024628015235066414, -0.010409630835056305, -0.017731614410877228, -0.00006868584750918671, 0.019161485135555267, -0.02782703936100006, -0.032386135309934616, 0.005084707401692867, -0.02296304516494274, -0.02402934618294239, 0.05248892307281494, 0.011051259003579617, -0.059845950454473495, -0.033986274152994156, -0.014083589427173138, -0.00731832766905427, 0.02917560748755932, 0.020586786791682243, -0.016909388825297356, 0.013510155491530895, 0.03539111092686653, 0.011115492321550846, 0.012342141009867191, 0.05156192556023598, -0.08955968171358109, 0.021834721788764, 0.00023622553271707147, -0.009262694045901299, 0.013912459835410118, -0.04836805537343025, 0.07527471333742142, -0.014606009237468243, -0.005707964301109314, 0.015259080566465855, -0.06902223825454712, -0.004142312332987785, 0.038798123598098755, -0.004509433172643185, 0.07246816158294678, 0.015656519681215286, -0.0019890994299203157, 0.004495915956795216, 0.08167272806167603, 0.05050558224320412, 0.005833848379552364, -0.03928542137145996, 0.07617857307195663, -0.02948652021586895, -0.03413678705692291, -0.00615747319534421, 0.026768798008561134, -0.01852675899863243, -0.04705159366130829, -0.012170220725238323, 0.010787478648126125, -0.017479781061410904, 0.004948361311107874, 0.015010409988462925, -0.005775512661784887, 0.011505963280797005, -0.01494617573916912, 0.018517035990953445, 0.014113480225205421, -0.05031516030430794, 0.030782639980316162, 0.016404958441853523, -0.05509075149893761, -0.007538455072790384, -0.04911080747842789, 0.10715100914239883, 0.03206663578748703, -0.06244971603155136, 0.0013476986205205321, 0.01875687763094902, -0.0414586141705513, -0.0024687775876373053, -0.0013991773594170809, -0.04276790842413902, 0.010867543518543243, -0.026033801957964897, 0.00514499144628644, -0.025959571823477745, 0.06603986769914627, -0.0512356236577034, -0.015214649960398674, 0.052501827478408813, -0.0023776462767273188, 0.036738522350788116, 0.018699435517191887, 0.026290660724043846, 0.05777931213378906, -0.008806237019598484, -0.025608886033296585, -0.011095991358160973, -0.00021565270435530692, 0.024955397471785545, 0.029456648975610733, -0.04190300032496452, 0.03535681962966919, -0.03545995056629181, -0.01760627143085003, -0.02446298860013485, 0.04179697483778, 0.06064458563923836, 0.013781793415546417, -0.0008925325819291174, 0.016245638951659203, -0.022706851363182068, -0.053409840911626816, -0.12155948579311371, -0.006689668167382479, -0.003759317798539996, 0.00030035190866328776, -0.002303791930899024, 0.043884605169296265, 0.007872018031775951, 0.0199199877679348, -0.03011227585375309, -0.03549811244010925, -0.0046383896842598915, 0.03002120554447174, 0.009024077095091343, -0.02977890707552433, -0.02063557878136635, 0.016972459852695465, 0.08009295910596848, -0.011228229850530624, 0.007159457076340914, -0.04872121661901474, -0.02804245427250862, -0.02114853262901306, -0.017328424379229546, 0.006514566484838724, 0.009295116178691387, 0.06308477371931076, 0.03477858752012253, -0.03764665871858597, 0.011862221173942089, 0.04841978847980499, 0.04229462891817093, 0.027913430705666542, -0.014203312806785107, -0.02523718774318695, 0.007378534879535437, 0.0002564268361311406, 0.04364028945565224, 0.006587066221982241, 0.03468214347958565, -0.04252518340945244, 0.010210365056991577, 0.020093441009521484, -0.042579278349876404, -0.265792578458786, 0.024417946115136147, 0.013543957844376564, -0.015488573350012302, 0.014035772532224655, -0.021398743614554405, 0.0332648940384388, -0.03642910718917847, -0.023640315979719162, 0.03551824763417244, -0.028720781207084656, 0.02242804504930973, -0.02864639088511467, 0.028648635372519493, 0.03297167271375656, -0.006954394280910492, -0.013821583241224289, -0.01354469545185566, 0.03188228979706764, 0.04284370690584183, -0.000008123572115437128, -0.06725633889436722, -0.02320684678852558, 0.02756497450172901, -0.005730665288865566, -0.013022387400269508, -0.07938843220472336, -0.030040616169571877, -0.007263065315783024, 0.0004889914998784661, -0.008337692357599735, -0.025840604677796364, 0.011782987974584103, 0.04581426829099655, -0.01476423442363739, -0.0005489310133270919, 0.07157102227210999, -0.01780182309448719, 0.031686391681432724, -0.007528806105256081, 0.04076412320137024, -0.026444606482982635, -0.008626805618405342, 0.022404447197914124, 0.05623549222946167, -0.0055962735787034035, -0.07059574872255325, -0.019722895696759224, -0.023312883451581, 0.022102950140833855, 0.021865295246243477, -0.0199054554104805, -0.01985512673854828, -0.008685583248734474, -0.006198793649673462, -0.015645110979676247, 0.006487604696303606, -0.016380397602915764, -0.025782430544495583, 0.005362940952181816, 0.025723328813910484, -0.024386167526245117, -0.027590561658143997, -0.0055953687988221645, -0.01075077150017023, -0.040198639035224915, -0.032030098140239716, -0.04622139409184456, 0.038704629987478256, 0.030823741108179092, -0.018969327211380005, 0.027197986841201782, -0.007748614531010389, -0.08680922538042068, 0.015072042122483253, 0.011281979270279408, -0.018128138035535812, -0.005243976134806871, -0.025428038090467453, 0.07813684642314911, -0.01628894917666912, -0.03325272724032402, 0.01869240589439869, 0.0058435010723769665, -0.0022586900740861893, 0.003481029300019145, 0.015586567111313343, -0.029682788997888565, 0.020740153267979622, -0.023361194878816605, 0.051336776465177536, -0.004009304568171501, 0.03904455900192261, 0.005165420472621918, 0.03858821839094162, 0.0510617271065712, 0.04331300035119057, 0.06105209141969681, 0.022595610469579697, -0.04237841069698334, 0.04856829345226288, -0.05837853625416756, -0.02853997051715851, -0.030386125668883324, -0.028840750455856323, 0.04901626333594322, -0.042336851358413696, -0.023177489638328552, 0.0458657406270504, 0.016921360045671463, -0.052282724529504776, -0.010567926801741123, 0.007757292594760656, 0.00841696746647358, 0.0049075293354690075, -0.014645300805568695, 0.00005406994387158193, 0.024841206148266792, 0.06976328045129776, -0.0317075289785862, -0.02203233353793621, 0.02875605970621109, -0.054797250777482986, 0.00004696872565546073, 0.011200644075870514, 0.02104748785495758, -0.025118762627243996, 0.012545812875032425, 0.004613575525581837, -0.0034749661572277546, 0.04515482857823372, 0.047495368868112564, 0.01065813098102808, 0.03760030120611191, 0.08102233707904816, -0.029525641351938248, -0.019093399867415428, -0.01777711696922779, 0.02131076157093048, 0.0023565138690173626, 0.01639513112604618, -0.006673869211226702, 0.03660600632429123, 0.02991567738354206, 0.05245118960738182, 0.01813685894012451, 0.032285310328006744, 0.048546794801950455, -0.013234910555183887, -0.027927635237574577, 0.061929889023303986, -0.07623918354511261, -0.040842555463314056, -0.04341080039739609, 0.011067464016377926, -0.013047759421169758, 0.004871342331171036, -0.02334374003112316, 0.04039216786623001, -0.06258798390626907, 0.07517647743225098, 0.04336913675069809, -0.03714502975344658, -0.04642407223582268, 0.0010431079426780343, 0.02014925517141819, 0.009605399332940578, 0.01632785052061081, 0.02419562079012394, -0.0004253395018167794, 0.010195273905992508, -0.019100692123174667, -0.05488051474094391, -0.027981411665678024, 0.032995764166116714, 0.02810278907418251, -0.0012578482273966074, -0.0359773114323616, -0.023546213284134865, 0.07233317941427231, 0.01781468465924263, -0.011409531347453594, 0.03782529756426811, 0.0032556161750108004, 0.07550762593746185, -0.011692254804074764, -0.03435740992426872, 0.004847743082791567, -0.059199973940849304, 0.031982697546482086, -0.010779843665659428, -0.017971167340874672, -0.03358742222189903, -0.030487587675452232, -0.03687843680381775, -0.05442358925938606, -0.010555041022598743, 0.011727457866072655, -0.016742033883929253, -0.04206132888793945, -0.01681186445057392, 0.0129684554412961, -0.03922094404697418, -0.0003799066471401602, 0.03667160123586655, -0.050291284918785095, -0.0015586592489853501, 0.02394995652139187, -0.027277488261461258, 0.01057217363268137, -0.005056214053183794, -0.01937440223991871, -0.04716384783387184, -0.04520038142800331, 0.01396157220005989, -0.006900136824697256, -0.011690637096762657, -0.03556790202856064, 0.037192653864622116, 0.006358841434121132, 0.02195005863904953, -0.0013057304313406348, -0.007271905895322561, 0.012594976462423801, -0.018769001588225365, 0.029523687437176704, -0.04076113924384117, -0.0142915528267622, -0.0008012165781110525, -0.030028462409973145, 0.028615351766347885, -0.03689131140708923, 0.022191328927874565, 0.08617410063743591, 0.00886416994035244, 0.014899038709700108, -0.035182952880859375, 0.01969376765191555, 0.0068856715224683285, 0.01253211498260498, -0.008079500868916512, 0.015677856281399727, -0.07401780039072037, 0.044500529766082764, -0.002994663082063198, 0.0313156433403492, -0.0191044844686985, 0.009836968965828419, 0.016413956880569458, 0.04393541440367699, 0.02051175758242607, 0.011614125221967697, -0.015279741957783699, -0.014777611941099167, 0.06056823208928108, -0.08203544467687607, -0.009847387671470642, -0.07463914155960083, -0.04300256818532944, 0.015405886806547642, -0.041302330791950226, 0.0264469925314188, -0.017538676038384438, 0.02573470212519169, 0.0268598273396492, 0.004940208978950977, -0.028408925980329514, -0.016364211216568947, 0.03457118943333626, -0.0210584606975317, -0.013891422189772129, -0.06348522752523422, -0.019157662987709045, 0.05807799845933914, -0.020988909527659416, 0.0003487459325697273, -0.01640402153134346, -0.04641072452068329, 0.01947844959795475, -0.02732114866375923, -0.05310440436005592, 0.028979554772377014, -0.03435513749718666, 0.016379760578274727, 0.004662783816456795, -0.046635016798973083, -0.025296997278928757, -0.005875648930668831, -0.030355826020240784, 0.0017559017287567258, -0.009500396437942982, 0.03991631418466568, -0.005840890575200319, -0.004028245806694031, -0.02416985295712948, -0.016488486900925636, 0.034477587789297104, 0.04394284635782242, -0.005156431347131729, 0.016246894374489784, -0.01433094497770071, 0.07049868255853653, 0.05515589565038681, 0.018939120694994926, 0.04373185336589813, -0.002086062915623188, -0.01968238316476345, -0.047657761722803116, 0.03661457449197769, -0.01704704761505127, -0.027296070009469986, -0.07198828458786011, 0.060573603957891464, 0.042879868298769, -0.05966440588235855, -0.034421734511852264, 0.030785756185650826, -0.00966313574463129, -0.01344619132578373, -0.03780306503176689, -0.009539440274238586, 0.03568301722407341, 0.055256642401218414, -0.03616003319621086, 0.04251875728368759, 0.051518648862838745, 0.048742301762104034, 0.004713615868240595, -0.005531006492674351, 0.05763301998376846, 0.03343572840094566, 0.0329897366464138, -0.003869381733238697, 0.07873817533254623, -0.014931135810911655, -0.02901327982544899, 0.03633211553096771, 0.052135612815618515, -0.027013106271624565, -0.07338514924049377, 0.041186533868312836, 0.08613406121730804, -0.02404477633535862, 0.04789447411894798, -0.06932461261749268, -0.02595575526356697, 0.050358545035123825, 0.004216520581394434, 0.014176934026181698, 0.02882026880979538, 0.04505547136068344, -0.017505208030343056, -0.02501600794494152, 0.0005723449285142124, 0.0042840540409088135, -0.031208842992782593, 0.007399205584079027, 0.0076422612182796, -0.003770515089854598, 0.04601490497589111, 0.004308205563575029, 0.014833868481218815, 0.08492925763130188, -0.04701395332813263, -0.05280650779604912, -0.01010799314826727, -0.0050620948895812035, 0.017413169145584106, 0.03983687609434128, 0.00012364369467832148, -0.013843825086951256, -0.00811588205397129, -0.03224598616361618, 0.028821375221014023, 0.02458653599023819, 0.007928607985377312, 0.033456314355134964, -0.0018017201218754053, -0.004008862189948559, 0.018333803862333298, -0.009050230495631695, -0.04270565137267113, -0.053858958184719086, -0.050088781863451004, -0.048321764916181564, -0.044730495661497116, -0.019086359068751335, 0.021013204008340836, -0.012364907190203667, -0.059951141476631165, -0.03237537667155266, -0.046318452805280685, 0.014738952741026878, 0.020935310050845146, -0.08941403031349182, -0.053438954055309296, 0.05434371903538704, -0.026228148490190506, -0.036080989986658096, 0.01732178032398224, 0.015764545649290085, -0.027250448241829872, 0.0074819521978497505, 0.011770318262279034, 0.05983743071556091, 0.002260328270494938, -0.02492976002395153, -0.02940831333398819, -0.087753526866436, 0.0248115174472332, 0.022347521036863327, -0.035555291920900345, -0.08184829354286194, 0.0353982076048851, -0.04586651548743248, 0.02196027711033821, 0.09327764064073563, 0.0024193928111344576, 0.026329101994633675, -0.07185713946819305, -0.0017178441630676389, -0.005154752638190985, -0.004023000597953796, 0.06381261348724365, -0.011262600310146809, 0.08101879805326462, 0.033128272742033005, -0.013550317846238613, -0.01410290040075779, 0.056077539920806885, -0.05256113037467003, 0.01653255894780159, -0.0018979243468493223, -0.0002523725270293653, -0.02739613689482212, -0.09931717813014984, -0.03236818313598633, 0.02291514351963997, -0.00759943388402462, -0.037513624876737595, 0.004205354489386082, -0.013508529402315617, 0.03142845258116722, -0.026767881587147713, -0.03575212135910988, -0.022360030561685562, -0.013669880107045174, -0.014876272529363632, -0.03400896489620209, -0.006330044008791447, -0.03813594952225685, -0.002906670793890953, -0.0007387419464066625, -0.054154761135578156, -0.007405238226056099, -0.012820080853998661, 0.020708344876766205, 0.010917470790445805, 0.014776501804590225, -0.04422725364565849 ]
5,140
LABridge: A Text–Image Latent Alignment Framework via OU Diffusion Bridge
[ "Huiyang Shao", "Xin Xia", "Yuxi Ren", "XING WANG", "Xuefeng Xiao" ]
Diffusion models have emerged as state‑of‑the‑art in image synthesis.However, it often suffer from semantic instability and slow iterative denoising. We introduce LABridge (Latent Alignment Bridge), a novel Text–Image Latent Alignment Framework via an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) bridge, which explicitly preserves and aligns textual and visual semantics in a aligned latent space. LABridge employs a Text-Image Alignment Encoder (TIAE) to encode text prompts into structured priors that are directly aligned with image latents. Instead of a homogeneous Gaussian, OU diffusion bridge smoothly interpolates between these text‑conditioned priors and image latents, improving stability and reducing the number of denoising steps. Extensive experiments on standard text-to-image benchmarks show that LABridge achieves better text–image alignment metric, and competitive FID scores compared to leading diffusion baselines. By unifying text and image representations through principled latent alignment, LABridge paves the way for more efficient, semantically consistent, and high‑fidelity text to image generation.
spotlight
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.020462138578295708, -0.017054341733455658, -0.017950352281332016, 0.06262411922216415, 0.053768835961818695, 0.03071107156574726, 0.012185249477624893, 0.03782389312982559, 0.009758523665368557, -0.0662982240319252, -0.009639673866331577, -0.018012238666415215, -0.03618725761771202, 0.01542065478861332, -0.0014683519257232547, 0.035126570612192154, 0.02891160175204277, -0.00036815062048844993, 0.0003117740561719984, 0.010651768185198307, 0.0040558865293860435, -0.03511182963848114, 0.007617085240781307, 0.004928461275994778, 0.02815089002251625, -0.02005433477461338, 0.004061322193592787, 0.0033801915124058723, -0.024989832192659378, 0.023006794974207878, 0.04103367030620575, 0.01801943965256214, -0.014423728920519352, -0.0204850435256958, 0.0290754996240139, -0.0003889633808284998, -0.037436023354530334, -0.0001404631620971486, 0.011674528010189533, 0.01569431461393833, -0.05126042664051056, 0.00091547955526039, -0.012009975500404835, 0.007491857744753361, -0.08052252978086472, -0.044300489127635956, -0.14417967200279236, 0.025271600112318993, -0.02631327509880066, -0.0062611899338662624, -0.0813560038805008, 0.03610263392329216, -0.014437519013881683, 0.001674264669418335, 0.003431091783568263, 0.04118670895695686, 0.018292952328920364, -0.041646458208560944, -0.002005162416025996, -0.03469911217689514, -0.03915662318468094, 0.007410630118101835, -0.0005832620081491768, -0.008005416020751, 0.009051432833075523, -0.03687518090009689, -0.041175488382577896, 0.03356882557272911, -0.07143101841211319, -0.04435179382562637, -0.019011661410331726, 0.02903580479323864, 0.032040733844041824, -0.012473898939788342, 0.004607812035828829, -0.03788243606686592, -0.0069643305614590645, -0.003415358019992709, 0.11103475838899612, -0.01831143908202648, 0.03077022172510624, 0.02747499942779541, 0.010563397780060768, 0.039904508739709854, -0.009109091013669968, 0.010761907324194908, -0.02052188292145729, -0.003166814800351858, -0.055896349251270294, 0.051665425300598145, -0.05159873887896538, -0.04687437415122986, 0.02771023102104664, 0.031463466584682465, 0.037257589399814606, -0.006648854352533817, 0.025672486051917076, 0.04796542227268219, 0.013045623898506165, -0.009688854217529297, -0.04620019346475601, -0.03913571313023567, 0.030690917745232582, 0.021818749606609344, -0.08836590498685837, -0.018094483762979507, -0.04358793795108795, -0.016737669706344604, -0.007909271866083145, 0.008911837823688984, 0.0040219868533313274, -0.0030626447405666113, -0.002609411021694541, -0.004311590921133757, -0.07974409312009811, 0.021933596581220627, 0.03529329225420952, 0.0027342955581843853, 0.0011676688445731997, -0.015551529824733734, 0.0035703699104487896, 0.03406368941068649, 0.0031807792838662863, 0.07692761719226837, 0.0020205541513860226, 0.025620052590966225, 0.019929122179746628, 0.056754354387521744, -0.07829605787992477, 0.010712666437029839, 0.002236147876828909, 0.04360346123576164, 0.018512459471821785, -0.009707408025860786, 0.013827609829604626, 0.01769460365176201, 0.03435662016272545, -0.0020133343059569597, 0.04677950218319893, -0.034607332199811935, 0.028271706774830818, -0.015384557656943798, 0.013197031803429127, 0.003686346113681793, 0.04628225788474083, -0.03242901712656021, -0.003426981158554554, -0.020370900630950928, -0.03638095408678055, 0.015325590036809444, 0.011777780018746853, -0.02933552861213684, 0.05704743415117264, -0.05862952023744583, 0.01988498494029045, 0.06491327285766602, 0.046347592025995255, 0.021686598658561707, -0.01543782465159893, 0.026902826502919197, 0.019614197313785553, -0.021569760516285896, -0.04744665324687958, 0.01222922746092081, -0.00911033060401678, -0.06978451460599899, 0.005426169838756323, -0.008089520037174225, -0.05126555636525154, -0.03949559107422829, -0.011638307943940163, -0.052905794233083725, 0.03696724772453308, 0.01874793879687786, 0.014763068407773972, -0.005457053426653147, 0.06203286349773407, 0.04737037792801857, 0.024760350584983826, 0.031605351716279984, -0.08150426298379898, 0.005719996057450771, 0.027874549850821495, -0.010947895236313343, 0.04316497594118118, -0.015953512862324715, 0.07705532014369965, -0.01789364032447338, 0.01635095104575157, 0.03582986816763878, -0.07877757400274277, -0.011706441640853882, 0.0043368046171963215, -0.013517964631319046, 0.05272167548537254, 0.014742995612323284, -0.03608156368136406, 0.04240277037024498, 0.05427916720509529, 0.04913562908768654, 0.031612053513526917, -0.04601120576262474, 0.04705505445599556, -0.045986294746398926, -0.011660798452794552, 0.020074140280485153, 0.017960643395781517, -0.03649936988949776, -0.02339794859290123, -0.004186203237622976, -0.012732523493468761, 0.01034460961818695, 0.01757867820560932, 0.030245475471019745, 0.0294793713837862, -0.006686605513095856, -0.02180718630552292, 0.0028225684072822332, 0.00976763665676117, -0.060916051268577576, 0.0216694213449955, 0.013784938491880894, -0.015121120028197765, 0.028463978320360184, -0.03410889953374863, 0.07780428230762482, 0.03776492923498154, -0.05445865914225578, -0.008517120033502579, 0.021426497027277946, -0.007062593474984169, -0.018978845328092575, 0.043923862278461456, -0.02712290920317173, 0.031007427722215652, -0.05771099403500557, 0.03211904317140579, -0.05479583144187927, 0.092234306037426, -0.03350861743092537, 0.00865037739276886, 0.05560850352048874, -0.030001863837242126, 0.04636428877711296, 0.007851452566683292, 0.014118614606559277, 0.04187626391649246, -0.037160709500312805, -0.01734454557299614, -0.022107785567641258, 0.026834310963749886, 0.007033238187432289, -0.027669129893183708, -0.059689752757549286, 0.025977538898587227, -0.06520864367485046, -0.01383284293115139, -0.005747353192418814, 0.029105786234140396, 0.030842537060379982, -0.0189205352216959, 0.01612098328769207, 0.012597854249179363, -0.03771793097257614, -0.017438804730772972, -0.1006721705198288, -0.008749080821871758, -0.020410116761922836, 0.006267801392823458, -0.018023300915956497, 0.02922796458005905, -0.011134148575365543, 0.009718065150082111, -0.007023550104349852, 0.01641499437391758, -0.0006828216137364507, 0.01629837416112423, 0.01026159804314375, -0.023857485502958298, -0.05935908854007721, 0.016250375658273697, 0.06168011948466301, -0.03420343995094299, -0.010735737159848213, -0.03463742882013321, -0.06498496979475021, -0.0200369730591774, 0.011909933760762215, -0.003911327570676804, 0.010910151526331902, 0.04068369045853615, 0.0046735103242099285, -0.008174804970622063, 0.013161984272301197, -0.00928169023245573, 0.060383327305316925, 0.057020045816898346, -0.012017720378935337, -0.04584241658449173, 0.010995031334459782, 0.029238976538181305, 0.02333894371986389, 0.041608527302742004, 0.022990304976701736, -0.008835474029183388, 0.0004955322365276515, -0.0034249115269631147, -0.023128068074584007, -0.26674723625183105, 0.02142425999045372, 0.004625581670552492, -0.03387466445565224, 0.012273948639631271, -0.028836822137236595, 0.05001579970121384, -0.05917267128825188, -0.03403657302260399, -0.007783409673720598, -0.02856985665857792, 0.03107793629169464, 0.031891267746686935, 0.04122370854020119, 0.01862754113972187, 0.02704033814370632, -0.0063893748447299, -0.02487984485924244, 0.016460424289107323, 0.059754885733127594, -0.02201678417623043, -0.06838709115982056, -0.022670652717351913, 0.035632725805044174, -0.02549257129430771, 0.04198900982737541, -0.05855635553598404, -0.011454982683062553, 0.0028754635713994503, 0.009671106934547424, -0.0006641735672019422, -0.051016371697187424, 0.005326584447175264, 0.05539754778146744, -0.03882341459393501, 0.017832482233643532, 0.04103761911392212, 0.00640235235914588, 0.0030593713745474815, 0.019299883395433426, 0.0033873796928673983, 0.001205580192618072, -0.005314474925398827, -0.02286817878484726, 0.031603943556547165, -0.005297929514199495, -0.05798666551709175, -0.017057104036211967, -0.005625087767839432, 0.0038540393579751253, 0.012926940806210041, 0.011556902900338173, -0.005621934309601784, 0.01087129581719637, -0.012764893472194672, -0.02627832628786564, 0.008415380492806435, 0.00463828956708312, -0.007607560139149427, -0.013564077205955982, -0.028877200558781624, -0.03769038990139961, -0.05816454067826271, -0.02558145672082901, 0.006892526987940073, -0.018600406125187874, -0.05579882487654686, -0.02744906023144722, 0.028448978438973427, 0.048308175057172775, 0.0009979379829019308, 0.017915919423103333, 0.0075805713422596455, -0.09215319901704788, 0.00041680358117446303, 0.03669941797852516, 0.018984921276569366, -0.009051376953721046, -0.04995591938495636, 0.00790955126285553, -0.019701572135090828, -0.029502127319574356, 0.03125688433647156, 0.03920672461390495, 0.004809224512428045, -0.039037056267261505, 0.0014552123611792922, -0.029018711298704147, -0.0022656067740172148, -0.07027214020490646, 0.0381709560751915, 0.023007912561297417, 0.005668331868946552, 0.025676390156149864, 0.044199299067258835, -0.004748220089823008, 0.05688684433698654, 0.08130145817995071, 0.017732352018356323, -0.00624698493629694, 0.050934698432683945, -0.0709357038140297, -0.049087751656770706, -0.039263222366571426, -0.04387931898236275, 0.058028824627399445, -0.051400769501924515, 0.007015482522547245, 0.0302747655659914, 0.01205237116664648, -0.07301629334688187, -0.0038818316534161568, 0.040620893239974976, 0.0022475202567875385, -0.013995211571455002, -0.04109839349985123, 0.00369626609608531, 0.01357073150575161, 0.02594098635017872, 0.0034469179809093475, 0.023302428424358368, 0.04117434844374657, -0.0035147659946233034, 0.007904954254627228, 0.015001699328422546, 0.022232092916965485, -0.045210547745227814, -0.021739570423960686, 0.0003446396440267563, -0.006472461856901646, 0.05913872644305229, 0.035435158759355545, 0.003857121104374528, 0.02379310317337513, 0.06883948296308517, -0.006192794069647789, -0.015772821381688118, -0.019477542489767075, 0.043148770928382874, -0.003360687056556344, 0.03998947516083717, -0.016713768243789673, 0.018592767417430878, 0.020077845081686974, 0.025020910426974297, -0.0007830170216038823, -0.0011664154008030891, 0.007694992236793041, -0.010900847613811493, 0.02485566772520542, -0.007171464618295431, -0.022423584014177322, -0.07175073027610779, -0.006617230828851461, 0.04178276285529137, -0.018239865079522133, -0.028434963896870613, -0.005717813037335873, 0.03697865828871727, -0.04263903200626373, 0.03623649477958679, 0.04514041543006897, -0.03690211847424507, -0.012025191448628902, 0.003974625375121832, 0.015953166410326958, 0.009249718859791756, -0.032785892486572266, 0.012308099307119846, -0.017673518508672714, 0.03614623844623566, 0.02835015580058098, -0.023812688887119293, -0.05484345555305481, -0.0009071403183043003, -0.005992439575493336, -0.009263511747121811, -0.022445717826485634, -0.047576311975717545, 0.09394190460443497, -0.007851989939808846, -0.036633241921663284, 0.012390464544296265, 0.031408973038196564, 0.0880531519651413, 0.01049827691167593, -0.03386421129107475, -0.010618207044899464, -0.050362758338451385, 0.014543994329869747, -0.00041790990508161485, 0.008219300769269466, -0.08985994011163712, -0.017832916229963303, -0.06819754838943481, -0.06869080662727356, -0.0006466060876846313, 0.011960134841501713, -0.025946324691176414, -0.0013961935183033347, -0.02267724834382534, 0.015507879666984081, -0.07637643814086914, -0.014325440861284733, 0.016176849603652954, -0.07725570350885391, 0.029859958216547966, 0.024248743429780006, -0.05349063500761986, 0.029141055420041084, 0.023526392877101898, -0.06161158159375191, -0.04889451339840889, -0.01612410694360733, 0.010691475123167038, -0.02875477634370327, -0.02210562862455845, -0.05781742185354233, 0.015158860012888908, -0.019136564806103706, -0.002181321382522583, 0.0013299385318532586, -0.027702467516064644, 0.02233964391052723, 0.023561351001262665, 0.028668610379099846, -0.03241083398461342, -0.021424494683742523, 0.029854681342840195, -0.018561922013759613, 0.019152125343680382, -0.04334891214966774, 0.022903982549905777, 0.060677990317344666, 0.01978987827897072, 0.02336857281625271, -0.06376491487026215, -0.01109642256051302, 0.000895071541890502, 0.006033321842551231, 0.049745287746191025, 0.0014318643370643258, -0.04506612569093704, 0.01540631614625454, 0.004135218448936939, 0.05583053082227707, -0.008657773956656456, 0.014055094681680202, -0.013248654082417488, 0.043273478746414185, 0.008429015055298805, 0.004981511738151312, -0.04783869907259941, 0.0073766279965639114, 0.044443804770708084, -0.041925810277462006, -0.002830582670867443, -0.06779821217060089, -0.07776858657598495, 0.01629958115518093, 0.02728085033595562, 0.01114746369421482, -0.03140733391046524, 0.03466309607028961, 0.025745242834091187, 0.016777561977505684, 0.014675194397568703, 0.01323553454130888, 0.04693986102938652, -0.026753244921565056, -0.009577195160090923, -0.04283789545297623, 0.003154336242005229, 0.05030738189816475, -0.02003096602857113, -0.015771670266985893, -0.015851441770792007, -0.004332442302256823, 0.0028057273011654615, -0.04429659619927406, -0.0491316094994545, 0.025099413469433784, -0.01936488226056099, 0.004912010859698057, 0.007266906090080738, -0.024143043905496597, 0.04654308035969734, -0.044092025607824326, -0.05900033563375473, -0.005225901026278734, -0.0016366327181458473, 0.03820699080824852, -0.012217759154736996, -0.001901616808027029, -0.03224806487560272, 0.00887732207775116, 0.032011207193136215, 0.05402278155088425, 0.005275238770991564, 0.026072004809975624, -0.056300368160009384, 0.06484175473451614, 0.045828938484191895, 0.010582652874290943, 0.03679824247956276, 0.001279118238016963, -0.009773386642336845, -0.05081269145011902, 0.038552068173885345, -0.013589882291853428, 0.00799539964646101, -0.06656275689601898, 0.03545774146914482, 0.029825035482645035, -0.038168374449014664, -0.052254997193813324, 0.034959085285663605, 0.020845932886004448, 0.02787547931075096, -0.022166315466165543, 0.03398647904396057, -0.016514379531145096, 0.0648338794708252, -0.004023097455501556, 0.030819861218333244, 0.06894012540578842, 0.023472340777516365, 0.009440068155527115, 0.01357513852417469, 0.06679785996675491, 0.05655874311923981, 0.03169391676783562, -0.03493663668632507, 0.09513480216264725, -0.01064955722540617, -0.05621400848031044, 0.020866835489869118, 0.029867462813854218, 0.0030816730577498674, -0.056790415197610855, -0.014604084193706512, 0.09516365081071854, -0.029916994273662567, 0.047750409692525864, -0.04212138429284096, -0.010497555136680603, 0.02674536406993866, 0.024992886930704117, -0.021444031968712807, -0.013637934811413288, 0.0034070806577801704, 0.0040914928540587425, -0.009558134712278843, 0.040454208850860596, 0.009199833497405052, -0.02339138649404049, 0.01681722328066826, 0.022165361791849136, 0.001159346429631114, -0.00031084896181710064, -0.023099616169929504, 0.030392488464713097, 0.09769083559513092, -0.05642571672797203, -0.06594512611627579, 0.01735682226717472, 0.0036354023031890392, 0.02187996916472912, 0.01937401294708252, -0.013635299168527126, 0.00886591151356697, -0.019045231863856316, -0.037532154470682144, 0.031140873208642006, 0.029926585033535957, 0.02039596624672413, 0.028171513229608536, -0.027969371527433395, -0.008766766637563705, 0.04084082320332527, 0.0066993567161262035, -0.06687048077583313, -0.02067401073873043, -0.010054714977741241, -0.04413957893848419, -0.07561127841472626, 0.0026426955591887236, 0.03365044668316841, 0.005272301845252514, -0.046017125248909, -0.006833635736256838, -0.06674191355705261, 0.01934710144996643, 0.026403943076729774, -0.07096164673566818, 0.021298320963978767, 0.039029523730278015, 0.019167685881257057, -0.05157321318984032, 0.006858927197754383, 0.03740307688713074, -0.04831791669130325, -0.012202291749417782, 0.04676609858870506, -0.002215420827269554, -0.007723968476057053, -0.03916497528553009, 0.00466118473559618, -0.09765926003456116, 0.023765483871102333, 0.016506744548678398, -0.021249335259199142, -0.0862843468785286, 0.05009285360574722, -0.015936734154820442, 0.004796986933797598, 0.04152893275022507, 0.015185247175395489, 0.013455459848046303, -0.03127783536911011, -0.004531428217887878, -0.011915051378309727, 0.020212307572364807, 0.05372932553291321, -0.023122340440750122, 0.0715654194355011, 0.026768771931529045, 0.014217277057468891, -0.02792700007557869, 0.0362822450697422, 0.004335727076977491, 0.0369456447660923, -0.0025651066098362207, -0.021317364647984505, -0.04348135367035866, -0.09338586032390594, -0.03712327405810356, 0.02927405759692192, -0.019785409793257713, -0.02398032136261463, -0.003838892327621579, 0.022381659597158432, -0.012875443324446678, 0.01856565661728382, 0.005985389929264784, -0.004050313960760832, -0.04001681134104729, -0.01880587264895439, -0.03974691033363342, -0.006330559030175209, 0.007996896281838417, 0.03519114851951599, -0.003801175858825445, -0.04001564159989357, -0.009438805282115936, 0.032344114035367966, 0.029960766434669495, 0.0058184401132166386, 0.04825839772820473, -0.02090263180434704 ]
5,141
Deployment Efficient Reward-Free Exploration with Linear Function Approximation
[ "Zihan Zhang", "Yuxin Chen", "Jason Lee", "Simon Du", "Lin Yang", "Ruosong Wang" ]
We study deployment-efficient reward-free exploration with linear function approximation, where the goal is to explore a linear Markov Decision Process (MDP) without revealing the reward function, while minimizing the number of distinct policies implemented during learning. By ``deployment efficient'', we mean algorithms that require few policies deployed during exploration -- crucial in real-world applications where such deployments are costly or disruptive. We design a novel reinforcement learning algorithm that achieves near-optimal deployment efficiency for linear MDPs in the reward-free setting, using at most $O(H)$ exploration policies during execution (where $H$ is the horizon length), while maintaining sample complexity polynomial in feature dimension and horizon length. Unlike previous approaches with similar deployment efficiency guarantees, our algorithm's sample complexity is independent of the reachability or explorability coefficients of the underlying MDP, which can be arbitrarily small and lead to unbounded sample complexity in certain cases -- directly addressing an open problem from prior work. Our technical contributions include a data-dependent method for truncating state-action pairs in linear MDPs, efficient offline policy evaluation and optimization algorithms for these truncated MDPs, and a careful integration of these components to implement reward-free exploration with linear function approximation without sacrificing deployment efficiency.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.02712929993867874, 0.0007210721378214657, 0.010815526358783245, 0.03822680935263634, 0.07502433657646179, 0.01416283193975687, 0.005577724426984787, -0.018275147303938866, -0.033350322395563126, -0.03024081513285637, -0.0267310980707407, -0.01984013244509697, -0.06813601404428482, -0.0037362731527537107, 0.020117882639169693, 0.07092567533254623, 0.004174522589892149, -0.03456255793571472, 0.01663823612034321, -0.0009794514626264572, -0.015614967793226242, 0.03691904619336128, 0.02175302244722843, 0.030703432857990265, 0.043435536324977875, -0.006874539889395237, 0.04308163747191429, 0.021173138171434402, -0.010190093889832497, -0.03151451423764229, 0.017316434532403946, -0.03157497197389603, 0.008563844487071037, -0.04626825824379921, -0.01651197485625744, 0.018485264852643013, -0.019969996064901352, 0.016373515129089355, 0.0052895015105605125, -0.028247233480215073, -0.0425603911280632, 0.014755509793758392, -0.012281376868486404, 0.018519360572099686, -0.03636839985847473, 0.014819423668086529, -0.06831534951925278, 0.0003207407717127353, 0.03004208393394947, -0.03392715007066727, -0.09047369658946991, 0.04410644248127937, 0.009221469052135944, -0.013565368950366974, -0.020173242315649986, 0.04753221198916435, 0.02860899083316326, -0.0866379365324974, 0.006812566891312599, -0.0556194968521595, -0.032046571373939514, 0.002788773039355874, 0.019794613122940063, 0.029702678322792053, 0.012772561982274055, 0.016329849138855934, 0.0238536037504673, 0.04388456046581268, -0.022406447678804398, -0.0023639288265258074, -0.042511098086833954, -0.015209155157208443, 0.00124434067402035, -0.006206232123076916, -0.005506815854460001, -0.04237595200538635, -0.00019340761355124414, 0.02943478338420391, 0.041066333651542664, 0.020847711712121964, 0.030445940792560577, 0.03595111891627312, 0.005403781309723854, 0.008723597973585129, -0.006463279947638512, 0.008553734049201012, -0.037540409713983536, -0.02663709782063961, -0.09127846360206604, 0.039078086614608765, -0.02394581399857998, -0.05084303021430969, 0.01429948303848505, 0.04627613723278046, 0.03592899441719055, -0.01304890401661396, -0.001789130736142397, 0.05601771920919418, 0.0328168161213398, -0.01837935671210289, -0.025194749236106873, -0.014239387586712837, -0.04105610400438309, -0.02742118015885353, -0.10980620980262756, -0.01901644840836525, -0.005842964164912701, -0.0020268664229661226, -0.006720338016748428, 0.027431407943367958, -0.040166955441236496, -0.027729665860533714, 0.013353588990867138, -0.027538668364286423, -0.07711298018693924, 0.035603273659944534, -0.015035166405141354, 0.017912602052092552, 0.02746444195508957, -0.0075116571970283985, 0.05366512015461922, 0.04001356661319733, -0.015012189745903015, 0.05563857778906822, -0.007597888354212046, 0.009392431937158108, 0.02349959686398506, 0.034830253571271896, -0.02077941596508026, -0.0651305541396141, 0.0418417826294899, 0.027992013841867447, -0.011333046481013298, 0.008360091596841812, -0.018903765827417374, -0.005060920026153326, 0.015011188574135303, 0.031023522838950157, 0.012609140947461128, -0.024915894493460655, -0.03006708435714245, -0.03938174620270729, 0.09094829857349396, -0.009455932304263115, 0.08112835884094238, -0.0349508672952652, 0.016537616029381752, -0.017384206876158714, -0.07855626940727234, -0.014695092104375362, 0.014928989112377167, 0.00954195111989975, -0.0034909530077129602, -0.03984683007001877, 0.023138942196965218, 0.05278075486421585, 0.05213262140750885, 0.012473532930016518, -0.02601802907884121, -0.006962498649954796, 0.012461482547223568, 0.0144524946808815, -0.034198421984910965, -0.015995487570762634, 0.022567231208086014, -0.05245653912425041, 0.063633993268013, 0.0479452945291996, -0.01665954291820526, -0.03722959756851196, -0.0018367405282333493, -0.011901839636266232, 0.04941551387310028, 0.03041275031864643, -0.02007976919412613, 0.010054212994873524, 0.06072164326906204, -0.018224140629172325, 0.027463871985673904, 0.02222900092601776, -0.08266392350196838, 0.02931494638323784, -0.0022121358197182417, -0.00738685205578804, 0.005701206624507904, -0.0203495342284441, 0.06065383180975914, -0.02704901434481144, 0.010057440027594566, -0.01488177664577961, -0.06261690706014633, -0.04965614899992943, 0.04340085759758949, -0.020405592396855354, 0.049021292477846146, -0.007191802375018597, -0.04557255655527115, 0.012034785002470016, 0.007088976912200451, 0.05548916384577751, 0.05024481937289238, 0.029795609414577484, 0.016298819333314896, -0.04156550019979477, -0.030198151245713234, 0.011948318220674992, 0.02532871626317501, -0.04465075582265854, -0.03823438286781311, 0.007187763694673777, 0.0007071507861837745, 0.02375863678753376, -0.00739361671730876, -0.00041130807949230075, 0.04581156000494957, 0.0016131800366565585, -0.02732517197728157, -0.000809666293207556, 0.04749789834022522, -0.05685705691576004, 0.02185589075088501, 0.01224581804126501, -0.04728052020072937, 0.03558746352791786, -0.017728880047798157, 0.08090828359127045, 0.07276718318462372, -0.0204948578029871, -0.014839058741927147, 0.03892866149544716, 0.0003046615165658295, -0.003548633074387908, -0.003422279143705964, -0.03170229122042656, 0.045775946229696274, 0.006642855238169432, 0.024485992267727852, -0.029610758647322655, 0.04548325762152672, -0.029120104387402534, -0.025827238336205482, 0.05434480682015419, 0.02825392410159111, 0.0717744454741478, -0.009613155387341976, 0.0022096706088632345, 0.03033430688083172, -0.0031931698322296143, -0.015129403211176395, -0.03698784112930298, -0.05624541640281677, -0.011642111465334892, 0.04243449866771698, 0.01796618103981018, 0.004363466985523701, -0.07475985586643219, -0.004281018394976854, 0.018075909465551376, 0.0658743754029274, 0.04098821058869362, 0.022225230932235718, 0.0449150875210762, 0.00010600548557704315, -0.0207351204007864, -0.003172503551468253, -0.11318982392549515, -0.03163009136915207, 0.026469042524695396, 0.03628823533654213, 0.04817177727818489, 0.005055576097220182, -0.027725351974368095, 0.03652818128466606, -0.010793688707053661, -0.04986322671175003, -0.009790483862161636, 0.03497123345732689, 0.01153037790209055, -0.037253692746162415, -0.014292526058852673, 0.023304589092731476, 0.07049304991960526, 0.002354668453335762, -0.02219824306666851, -0.02238069474697113, -0.040695078670978546, -0.009990640915930271, -0.04485277459025383, 0.0013894954463467002, 0.012085451744496822, 0.020010584965348244, -0.00627480074763298, -0.0484432652592659, 0.03091660514473915, 0.029732834547758102, 0.055770691484212875, 0.027439985424280167, 0.039422933012247086, 0.017639437690377235, -0.025850262492895126, -0.023060254752635956, -0.015965530648827553, -0.04406910017132759, -0.01863565482199192, 0.0012625000672414899, -0.0037294449284672737, 0.026110412552952766, 0.021690791472792625, -0.2664027512073517, -0.03633233159780502, -0.008448947221040726, 0.008988610468804836, -0.011726523749530315, 0.014999886974692345, 0.02842874452471733, -0.02082034759223461, -0.03417107090353966, -0.0076517146080732346, 0.015046517364680767, 0.014439322985708714, 0.03186608850955963, 0.05124577134847641, 0.05556871369481087, 0.021675921976566315, 0.034019242972135544, 0.012398992665112019, -0.01670142263174057, 0.0035663859453052282, -0.013383598998188972, -0.09730177372694016, 0.024743910878896713, -0.017413409426808357, 0.017187755554914474, 0.050797972828149796, -0.05986330658197403, 0.0316726490855217, -0.04879308119416237, -0.006615082733333111, -0.05233398452401161, -0.029511818662285805, -0.05690758302807808, -0.009339060634374619, 0.006282325368374586, 0.012620078399777412, 0.022277671843767166, -0.010901672765612602, 0.04344217851758003, 0.021954985335469246, 0.0051647089421749115, -0.017223531380295753, -0.04691421985626221, 0.013483167625963688, 0.035605236887931824, -0.0012548752129077911, -0.05345510318875313, -0.01632668823003769, 0.005786460358649492, 0.02114519663155079, 0.02979224920272827, -0.005610717460513115, -0.00019724205776583403, 0.003384409239515662, 0.014140056446194649, -0.04715653136372566, -0.02673196606338024, -0.017411813139915466, -0.009032540023326874, 0.03801818564534187, 0.03129272907972336, -0.05501861870288849, -0.037337061017751694, -0.028752999380230904, 0.015185331925749779, -0.040882423520088196, -0.050037283450365067, -0.039438646286726, 0.0282087754458189, 0.02417590841650963, 0.01751457154750824, -0.027046047151088715, -0.0026283729821443558, -0.08948714286088943, 0.005078264512121677, -0.011198809370398521, -0.042640287429094315, -0.055040422827005386, 0.033001407980918884, 0.055945392698049545, -0.0545145645737648, -0.04645994305610657, -0.010355617851018906, 0.01949623040854931, 0.01730171963572502, -0.027464531362056732, 0.009144212119281292, -0.045425791293382645, -0.031247258186340332, -0.043025024235248566, -0.012358736246824265, 0.022969165816903114, 0.026622353121638298, -0.019734647125005722, 0.05722462385892868, 0.0016428674571216106, 0.0383252389729023, 0.035951241850852966, 0.021298151463270187, -0.008202916011214256, 0.009427701123058796, -0.06959782540798187, 0.0035193355288356543, -0.01757858134806156, -0.035998862236738205, 0.02781018242239952, -0.0618317574262619, -0.05063618719577789, 0.04556960612535477, 0.01244249939918518, -0.012202342040836811, -0.048203956335783005, -0.003805780317634344, -0.015464603900909424, 0.0010198241798207164, -0.0020493725314736366, 0.007657915819436312, 0.04155239835381508, 0.04110776633024216, -0.003155661979690194, -0.062420736998319626, 0.025630692020058632, -0.03102688491344452, 0.02553250454366207, -0.021675756201148033, 0.002294908044859767, 0.03607716038823128, -0.003946852870285511, 0.035821251571178436, -0.014784249477088451, 0.04602281004190445, 0.057900652289390564, -0.005616267677396536, -0.0027681319043040276, 0.06211787462234497, -0.001137085841037333, -0.02131892368197441, -0.02213805913925171, 0.04012666642665863, -0.021095294505357742, 0.014569323509931564, -0.004533629864454269, 0.03483716771006584, 0.042954571545124054, 0.007616137154400349, 0.03375649452209473, 0.02495773695409298, 0.01655641756951809, 0.0077745323069393635, 0.01933102309703827, 0.0021711084991693497, -0.07421354204416275, 0.023540977388620377, -0.027722932398319244, 0.05752681568264961, -0.0351274348795414, 0.019521843641996384, -0.04837978258728981, 0.007863865233957767, -0.07068946212530136, 0.023564090952277184, -0.010516063310205936, -0.029517218470573425, -0.0018818731186911464, 0.028897302225232124, 0.07854261249303818, -0.056663259863853455, 0.006883116904646158, 0.00028511957498267293, 0.010067759081721306, 0.011662745848298073, -0.05204892158508301, -0.04186110571026802, -0.018293725326657295, -0.034434299916028976, -0.025221379473805428, 0.006881255190819502, -0.03502383828163147, -0.025094566866755486, 0.019406313076615334, -0.0011750441044569016, -0.04118737578392029, 0.008034723810851574, -0.017169281840324402, 0.06638924777507782, -0.01564040035009384, 0.010364135727286339, 0.009422602131962776, -0.036540668457746506, 0.03168148174881935, 0.01061383169144392, 0.031457457691431046, -0.04302176088094711, -0.029398493468761444, -0.02615424618124962, -0.02984687127172947, -0.008147059939801693, 0.02303515560925007, 0.003042540978640318, 0.002730055246502161, -0.023273782804608345, -0.030341818928718567, -0.010052572004497051, 0.01673739030957222, 0.045051343739032745, -0.03698527440428734, 0.0033704277593642473, 0.05569908022880554, 0.010780577547848225, 0.06632113456726074, -0.07748395949602127, -0.04621942341327667, -0.026860157027840614, -0.01973140798509121, 0.03367909789085388, -0.0023141547571867704, -0.01294836588203907, 0.006199044641107321, -0.028099190443754196, 0.023870859295129776, 0.005999577231705189, -0.002918723737820983, -0.0012753951596096158, -0.04256238043308258, 0.013858076184988022, 0.0633520781993866, -0.025877011939883232, -0.04996001720428467, 0.017467470839619637, -0.026861708611249924, 0.025465084239840508, -0.07717790454626083, 0.01143973134458065, 0.01629997044801712, -0.0033794697374105453, 0.047499898821115494, -0.036001332104206085, 0.058341946452856064, -0.02397448942065239, -0.01966964639723301, -0.03269273415207863, 0.027602853253483772, -0.010978800244629383, -0.040501534938812256, -0.007806535344570875, -0.007166470400989056, 0.03647804632782936, 0.01940850354731083, 0.01580299437046051, 0.01006875280290842, -0.0013960879296064377, 0.02690030448138714, -0.041903138160705566, 0.000007697792170802131, 0.07649660110473633, 0.0042501757852733135, -0.017602240666747093, -0.027110397815704346, -0.014506359584629536, 0.0147098945453763, -0.015690693631768227, 0.027249470353126526, -0.02407095581293106, -0.006093684583902359, 0.021263685077428818, 0.016886016353964806, 0.0006331035401672125, -0.02520081214606762, 0.032873522490262985, -0.0808296799659729, 0.03146975487470627, -0.0698794275522232, -0.019096678122878075, 0.06968101114034653, -0.049392715096473694, 0.02780461125075817, 0.05869977921247482, -0.02556222304701805, 0.024097703397274017, -0.020842408761382103, -0.0650414451956749, 0.046823274344205856, -0.03453469276428223, -0.02301643230021, 0.0396837517619133, -0.05796762555837631, -0.03754984214901924, -0.011375678703188896, -0.021920623257756233, 0.0146122295409441, 0.04789148271083832, 0.015838589519262314, -0.017469309270381927, -0.0108702527359128, -0.033636435866355896, 0.046333592385053635, 0.012103504501283169, 0.02320742979645729, 0.007415780331939459, 0.029919186607003212, -0.03707820922136307, 0.06164303049445152, 0.053944770246744156, 0.019106188789010048, -0.018250280991196632, 0.011378833092749119, -0.0019117544870823622, -0.012687457725405693, 0.04877931997179985, -0.023943748325109482, 0.007091831881552935, -0.06982462853193283, 0.07137681543827057, 0.033246904611587524, -0.05766123905777931, -0.029586797580122948, 0.024363212287425995, -0.0520150251686573, 0.02043439820408821, 0.0005073990905657411, 0.004094499163329601, 0.019048746675252914, 0.07905091345310211, 0.01684427820146084, 0.04825089871883392, 0.08398614078760147, 0.03205849230289459, -0.01776730827987194, 0.004408053122460842, 0.056790661066770554, 0.05972713604569435, 0.02812722884118557, -0.025716247037053108, 0.06599872559309006, -0.05466001480817795, -0.052711062133312225, 0.0169253870844841, 0.017215002328157425, -0.04143507406115532, -0.024469289928674698, 0.05220223590731621, 0.050104256719350815, -0.0035840680357068777, 0.05982745811343193, -0.048601601272821426, -0.020127644762396812, 0.060043808072805405, 0.010060359723865986, 0.0038845627568662167, 0.026445765048265457, 0.04801546782255173, 0.04259048402309418, 0.004538224544376135, -0.03728650137782097, 0.009708501398563385, -0.019503647461533546, 0.028502997010946274, 0.025076087564229965, -0.004097381141036749, -0.023219363763928413, 0.023514579981565475, 0.007688041776418686, 0.10524506121873856, -0.04674793407320976, 0.003886045655235648, -0.0013555084588006139, 0.008231356739997864, 0.003233426483348012, 0.04173358157277107, 0.02735268324613571, 0.01908012107014656, 0.00988632533699274, -0.02210855856537819, 0.013066594488918781, 0.04085920751094818, 0.0022712377831339836, 0.003938927780836821, -0.01673036441206932, -0.019559798762202263, 0.002677679993212223, 0.032221537083387375, -0.0545816570520401, -0.027149159461259842, -0.04938030615448952, -0.057649824768304825, -0.06145608052611351, -0.04496593773365021, 0.0015278070932254195, 0.002757339272648096, -0.05391622334718704, 0.015097572468221188, -0.027557168155908585, -0.004970943555235863, -0.021453622728586197, -0.04111840948462486, -0.024119464680552483, 0.04542896896600723, 0.016190703958272934, 0.04914318770170212, 0.030859077349305153, 0.03333675116300583, 0.0020570303313434124, -0.02842022106051445, -0.0005672803963534534, 0.005212028045207262, 0.020734991878271103, -0.015084438025951385, -0.004754866939038038, -0.07994503527879715, -0.015301128849387169, 0.05065856873989105, -0.004285531584173441, -0.08071071654558182, 0.004840373527258635, -0.027418583631515503, 0.0174094270914793, 0.08688419312238693, 0.005824462976306677, 0.022826526314020157, -0.055580753833055496, 0.0018927492201328278, 0.03740054368972778, -0.027305984869599342, 0.012045292183756828, -0.04422130435705185, 0.03610306233167648, 0.04584893584251404, -0.030771370977163315, -0.05638677254319191, 0.08670730143785477, 0.005754067562520504, -0.0037883110344409943, -0.03627955541014671, -0.04645642265677452, -0.008439783938229084, -0.09488996863365173, -0.00837877206504345, 0.038808226585388184, 0.007213012780994177, -0.04091830179095268, 0.0030627823434770107, 0.004346956964582205, -0.008299301378428936, 0.0022762103471904993, -0.04104655236005783, -0.00892975926399231, -0.02620095945894718, -0.011010615155100822, -0.05704277381300926, 0.015170671045780182, -0.060206927359104156, 0.009397575631737709, -0.016485346481204033, -0.03942987695336342, 0.0059441449120640755, 0.002532197628170252, 0.019000757485628128, -0.0008617559215053916, 0.0007422718335874379, 0.014460163190960884 ]
5,142
Synergy Between the Strong and the Weak: Spiking Neural Networks are Inherently Self-Distillers
[ "Yongqi Ding", "Lin Zuo", "Mengmeng Jing", "Kunshan Yang", "Pei He", "Tonglan Xie" ]
Brain-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise to be a low-power alternative to computationally intensive artificial neural networks (ANNs), although performance gaps persist. Recent studies have improved the performance of SNNs through knowledge distillation, but rely on large teacher models or introduce additional training overhead. In this paper, we show that SNNs can be naturally deconstructed into multiple submodels for efficient self-distillation. We treat each timestep instance of the SNN as a submodel and evaluate its output confidence, thus efficiently identifying the strong and the weak. Based on this strong and weak relationship, we propose two efficient self-distillation schemes: (1) Strong2Weak: During training, the stronger "teacher" guides the weaker "student", effectively improving overall performance. (2) Weak2Strong: The weak serve as the "teacher", distilling the strong in reverse with underlying dark knowledge, again yielding significant performance gains. For both distillation schemes, we offer flexible implementations such as ensemble, simultaneous, and cascade distillation. Experiments show that our method effectively improves the discriminability and overall performance of the SNN, while its adversarial robustness is also enhanced, benefiting from the stability brought by self-distillation. This ingeniously exploits the temporal properties of SNNs and provides insight into how to efficiently train high-performance SNNs.
poster
2510.07924
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.0031156428158283234, -0.01175849512219429, 0.0034261364489793777, 0.05478644743561745, 0.03058689460158348, -0.012226719409227371, 0.043178312480449677, 0.008311694487929344, -0.048939384520053864, -0.020041637122631073, 0.02102898620069027, -0.025695035234093666, -0.06402014940977097, 0.005551423877477646, 0.0006048123468644917, 0.047338590025901794, 0.08006136119365692, -0.016854824498295784, 0.007668595295399427, 0.01966594159603119, -0.016518523916602135, -0.018059872090816498, 0.02816031314432621, 0.02580251358449459, -0.0018601202173158526, -0.01937004178762436, -0.011612502858042717, -0.013986347243189812, 0.010194636881351471, 0.0011860185768455267, 0.060026634484529495, 0.00738809397444129, 0.010585151612758636, -0.0471518449485302, 0.04748041555285454, 0.03340737149119377, -0.05456468090415001, -0.014530804939568043, -0.018600372597575188, 0.01054098829627037, -0.05464999005198479, 0.017080556601285934, -0.007219039835035801, -0.009462645277380943, -0.028727607801556587, 0.030767837539315224, -0.10259418934583664, 0.03785364702343941, -0.006175447255373001, 0.00013578287325799465, -0.10059434175491333, 0.02464386448264122, 0.03721926361322403, -0.018176386132836342, 0.00016284828598145396, 0.010884498246014118, 0.03150647133588791, -0.03415362909436226, -0.010708204470574856, -0.06768588721752167, -0.03077305480837822, 0.009815850295126438, 0.022859802469611168, -0.00012869585771113634, 0.015452008694410324, -0.01934046484529972, 0.03095903806388378, 0.045423492789268494, -0.024303657934069633, 0.007369302213191986, -0.022428913041949272, -0.009277822449803352, -0.011280442588031292, -0.018792128190398216, 0.010559335350990295, -0.053027667105197906, 0.020245036110281944, 0.018002623692154884, 0.10418844223022461, -0.00045146705815568566, 0.021206939592957497, 0.03368980810046196, 0.02133307419717312, 0.055896587669849396, 0.008821247145533562, 0.005198221653699875, -0.03290209546685219, -0.03200867772102356, -0.07170093804597855, 0.03374027460813522, -0.06837166100740433, -0.002909360220655799, 0.03454397991299629, 0.02882451005280018, 0.015759870409965515, 0.021109849214553833, 0.038059353828430176, -0.04282708466053009, 0.015686577185988426, 0.033332642167806625, 0.020385241135954857, -0.018593670800328255, 0.020450878888368607, 0.021499603986740112, -0.08073656260967255, -0.016512753441929817, -0.027731895446777344, -0.0443703755736351, -0.002191215520724654, 0.012602240778505802, -0.056784775108098984, -0.0022472247947007418, 0.026513146236538887, 0.0024655060842633247, -0.08829294890165329, 0.014239395037293434, 0.006074559409171343, 0.028970910236239433, -0.009973419830203056, -0.023881124332547188, 0.05342257395386696, 0.051946427673101425, -0.021944256499409676, 0.04229538515210152, 0.018480179831385612, -0.006224607117474079, -0.00921890139579773, 0.0579359196126461, 0.016630252823233604, -0.028658676892518997, -0.03388246148824692, 0.021817835047841072, -0.015327993780374527, -0.009452315978705883, 0.004274741280823946, -0.016788948327302933, 0.003725356189534068, 0.021560125052928925, 0.02684585377573967, 0.049358464777469635, -0.015117792412638664, -0.007328457664698362, 0.06000889837741852, -0.043972406536340714, 0.07806403189897537, -0.025082886219024658, 0.010925383307039738, -0.017782608047127724, -0.010424036532640457, -0.02519521676003933, -0.00968836061656475, 0.0022906477097421885, -0.008703574538230896, -0.06174357235431671, 0.019818680360913277, 0.059705350548028946, -0.003924967255443335, 0.03031066805124283, -0.007765264715999365, 0.0026887140702456236, 0.017221515998244286, -0.025444284081459045, -0.004575804341584444, -0.017901403829455376, 0.015462675131857395, -0.036130115389823914, 0.021538037806749344, 0.017622070387005806, -0.029802104458212852, 0.019763212651014328, -0.034824006259441376, -0.03299069404602051, 0.03233635798096657, 0.0003754350764211267, -0.013925274834036827, -0.01718052290380001, 0.036659400910139084, 0.016356375068426132, 0.038361549377441406, 0.01869564689695835, -0.08437950164079666, 0.03996262326836586, 0.008689187467098236, 0.00750273372977972, -0.03459489718079567, -0.030410747975111008, 0.08117681741714478, -0.04901308938860893, 0.01624136045575142, 0.026547156274318695, -0.049551766365766525, -0.008316158317029476, -0.010545107536017895, -0.022258270531892776, 0.09210503101348877, 0.00749786663800478, -0.018166931346058846, -0.00043522584019228816, 0.039844248443841934, 0.04257519170641899, 0.07826132327318192, -0.06223500519990921, 0.0343027263879776, 0.007356954272836447, -0.048318736255168915, -0.012860330753028393, 0.0494343526661396, -0.05912841111421585, -0.023576265200972557, -0.005884846206754446, -0.015366964973509312, -0.04870902746915817, 0.015155799686908722, -0.031092070043087006, 0.019443029537796974, -0.02139328606426716, -0.019441677257418633, 0.0005634637782350183, 0.024308130145072937, -0.0179121270775795, 0.031600140035152435, 0.020587777718901634, -0.01758670248091221, 0.029219595715403557, -0.007356046698987484, 0.1234254539012909, 0.044023022055625916, -0.0462690144777298, -0.008471083827316761, -0.010101589374244213, 0.0089711369946599, 0.0053930035792291164, 0.008669596165418625, 0.012952265329658985, 0.01274803001433611, -0.010111993178725243, 0.00705919973552227, -0.01277550682425499, 0.05819207429885864, -0.05375007539987564, -0.014608532190322876, 0.07317839562892914, -0.05004529654979706, 0.07786980271339417, -0.01021245215088129, -0.0009794714860618114, 0.04756179451942444, -0.020368175581097603, -0.012686463072896004, -0.033868979662656784, -0.0222855843603611, 0.003301450051367283, -0.014694171026349068, -0.00902817863970995, 0.030273130163550377, -0.07237502932548523, -0.04204415902495384, -0.04050055146217346, 0.07211326062679291, 0.021479982882738113, -0.01675528846681118, 0.020993486046791077, -0.012325993739068508, -0.013041987083852291, -0.031215142458677292, -0.12566803395748138, -0.021199394017457962, 0.01839791052043438, 0.03241688758134842, 0.006283563561737537, 0.041348155587911606, -0.008935222402215004, 0.03742048144340515, -0.025006994605064392, -0.04083343967795372, 0.044926583766937256, 0.009978985413908958, 0.014012717641890049, -0.034667808562517166, -0.028919963166117668, 0.012846256606280804, 0.09526535868644714, 0.017450306564569473, -0.0009894645772874355, -0.05159750208258629, -0.0769672840833664, -0.02436513639986515, -0.020102351903915405, -0.03300461918115616, -0.02473083697259426, 0.033250853419303894, 0.016470253467559814, 0.006059601902961731, 0.01621692068874836, 0.021729502826929092, 0.08961381018161774, 0.04862704873085022, 0.041498247534036636, -0.009222365915775299, 0.03504567965865135, -0.012243974953889847, 0.020153598859906197, -0.03076816350221634, 0.03183816745877266, -0.015678804367780685, -0.000556862389203161, 0.03428848460316658, 0.0025398870930075645, -0.2557116448879242, 0.003000088967382908, 0.016895679756999016, -0.034671127796173096, 0.02143903449177742, -0.0028714784421026707, 0.03234502300620079, -0.008604040369391441, -0.00981591921299696, 0.028324538841843605, -0.00657843379303813, 0.015557164326310158, -0.023270823061466217, 0.03961758688092232, 0.03421000763773918, -0.023710308596491814, -0.015713650733232498, -0.028359977528452873, 0.010181695222854614, 0.02045544423162937, -0.01820162869989872, -0.044192325323820114, -0.0003206566325388849, 0.042478110641241074, 0.007185015361756086, 0.036918580532073975, -0.09195113182067871, 0.001912702340632677, -0.017810681834816933, -0.003452070290222764, -0.014694321900606155, -0.01976947858929634, -0.012383622117340565, 0.029909919947385788, 0.0011573038063943386, -0.012111653573811054, 0.008352546021342278, -0.010747806169092655, 0.01424588356167078, -0.005064279306679964, 0.00028777806437574327, -0.02267032489180565, -0.007576892618089914, 0.04870249330997467, 0.09358890354633331, 0.028662821277976036, -0.033454980701208115, 0.0034083814825862646, -0.03977898508310318, 0.027596548199653625, -0.033126816153526306, -0.03546500578522682, -0.016365285962820053, -0.002840664703398943, -0.003214283613488078, 0.0035170060582458973, 0.016332844272255898, 0.00378641695715487, 0.00019330211216583848, 0.01614392362535, -0.03550930321216583, -0.011774449609220028, 0.0015925181796774268, -0.0058548301458358765, -0.013710369355976582, -0.008741765283048153, -0.05269493907690048, -0.05326235666871071, 0.040904588997364044, 0.021402206271886826, -0.01867801323533058, -0.011150527745485306, -0.031623031944036484, -0.10105840861797333, 0.06527945399284363, 0.011101511307060719, -0.033094510436058044, -0.010451127775013447, -0.0013111608568578959, 0.06141086667776108, -0.01961510069668293, -0.020216509699821472, -0.02550470642745495, 0.027982361614704132, 0.037557173520326614, 0.005479701794683933, -0.00021586331422440708, 0.0040679569356143475, -0.033024996519088745, -0.007140490226447582, 0.06917303800582886, 0.003250662935897708, 0.03923754766583443, -0.029771866276860237, 0.03916266933083534, 0.07872659713029861, 0.06349078565835953, 0.04067479446530342, 0.01950259506702423, -0.004096086136996746, 0.03688149154186249, -0.055363979190588, -0.05051104351878166, -0.048049941658973694, -0.04181928560137749, 0.03310556337237358, -0.06231081113219261, -0.019667373970150948, 0.02528218924999237, 0.002622123807668686, -0.008012502454221249, -0.05088699981570244, -0.01871015690267086, -0.015030810609459877, -0.014148158952593803, -0.02105008251965046, 0.015756232663989067, 0.02485775388777256, -0.004052760545164347, -0.02383476495742798, -0.04085239768028259, 0.06225399300456047, -0.008658165112137794, 0.02270549349486828, 0.016017140820622444, -0.0068375300616025925, -0.02868283912539482, -0.0019542379304766655, 0.018201427534222603, -0.018511541187763214, 0.01927901618182659, 0.03305560722947121, -0.007361704017966986, 0.02022586390376091, 0.06446138024330139, 0.006549029145389795, 0.0005980246933177114, -0.006854357197880745, 0.023577386513352394, -0.01825103536248207, 0.03411290422081947, -0.027944127097725868, 0.04594384878873825, 0.004389551002532244, 0.00009878010314423591, 0.032612428069114685, 0.02988194115459919, -0.019207429140806198, -0.033106930553913116, -0.008832328021526337, 0.027542702853679657, -0.04269171878695488, -0.038399092853069305, -0.03968394920229912, -0.029019571840763092, -0.016622452065348625, 0.04105844721198082, 0.01092922780662775, 0.010760359466075897, -0.04971776157617569, 0.04339472949504852, 0.007274099625647068, -0.01386642549186945, -0.0315123051404953, 0.0059660207480192184, 0.07779952883720398, -0.03072885423898697, -0.013807163573801517, 0.015994857996702194, -0.0047970907762646675, 0.006989507935941219, -0.007449233904480934, -0.026960333809256554, 0.00042917460086755455, -0.01725134439766407, 0.008078034967184067, 0.010385151952505112, -0.025435524061322212, -0.005682854913175106, 0.007497725076973438, 0.019478391855955124, -0.0008169393404386938, -0.0066305166110396385, 0.01214356254786253, 0.08278228342533112, 0.0037440217565745115, 0.007061243522912264, -0.005948791746050119, -0.01419354323297739, 0.025915203616023064, -0.032569706439971924, 0.01417701318860054, -0.033325906842947006, -0.042041342705488205, -0.01863514818251133, -0.023888137191534042, -0.028878653421998024, 0.06329254060983658, -0.020461630076169968, -0.029582835733890533, 0.009454033337533474, -0.007930582389235497, -0.038377780467271805, -0.04493385925889015, 0.061643924564123154, -0.06699596345424652, 0.03889935836195946, 0.036427512764930725, -0.004817288368940353, 0.004040966276079416, 0.004093718249350786, 0.0093973558396101, -0.04163328558206558, 0.006967511493712664, 0.02940671145915985, 0.018915731459856033, -0.03511044383049011, -0.021760163828730583, -0.013682406395673752, -0.014587797224521637, 0.02090359851717949, -0.04288610443472862, -0.0018389387987554073, -0.026880571618676186, -0.009447462856769562, 0.03604801371693611, -0.0054771616123616695, 0.04836111515760422, 0.013603285886347294, -0.0304300244897604, 0.01482972502708435, -0.04772163927555084, -0.01732569932937622, 0.054020997136831284, -0.004122398793697357, -0.012403861619532108, -0.037774305790662766, 0.029352623969316483, -0.007271052338182926, -0.01073404774069786, -0.015294606797397137, 0.0115972850471735, -0.06655152142047882, 0.01646152138710022, -0.0007345881313085556, 0.02965667098760605, 0.01522041391581297, 0.017649220302700996, -0.0010497213806957006, 0.0023063740227371454, 0.039277199655771255, 0.013525169342756271, -0.04211679473519325, 0.021636486053466797, 0.07161840051412582, -0.05515388771891594, 0.00032012455631047487, -0.09733601659536362, -0.04396406188607216, -0.01697767898440361, -0.02958078682422638, 0.01382705569267273, -0.046463023871183395, 0.03483136370778084, 0.016943063586950302, 0.02479800023138523, -0.011614266782999039, -0.05415869876742363, 0.02100367285311222, -0.03491789847612381, 0.022994356229901314, -0.027469955384731293, -0.05310147628188133, 0.04174242541193962, -0.04240748658776283, 0.014781417325139046, -0.020863115787506104, -0.010356539860367775, 0.01583014614880085, -0.03806379437446594, -0.02822878025472164, 0.02823633700609207, -0.03490399941802025, -0.0053518544882535934, 0.019227296113967896, -0.05435521900653839, -0.018295062705874443, -0.09099802374839783, -0.06337551027536392, 0.009584007784724236, 0.015243842266499996, 0.050999730825424194, 0.023095954209566116, 0.017768578603863716, 0.0014394820900633931, -0.01025211438536644, 0.03846048563718796, 0.05382925644516945, 0.0045811510644853115, 0.03707227110862732, -0.05066943168640137, 0.06048095226287842, 0.05247367173433304, 0.023531850427389145, -0.0012699044309556484, -0.011020736768841743, -0.010250085033476353, -0.08329456299543381, 0.0341985858976841, -0.011701100505888462, 0.013124068267643452, -0.0691833347082138, 0.05058052018284798, -0.003239029785618186, -0.03885751962661743, -0.021797971799969673, 0.04276708886027336, -0.046150028705596924, -0.013897438533604145, 0.0109522370621562, 0.0048545775935053825, -0.02692280150949955, 0.05542344972491264, 0.014173269271850586, 0.03901346027851105, 0.04487645998597145, 0.02640669047832489, -0.0468544065952301, 0.008544045500457287, 0.07594156265258789, 0.04768717661499977, 0.03589081019163132, -0.005750320386141539, 0.09095592051744461, -0.026815572753548622, -0.04278603568673134, 0.020587967708706856, 0.05027996376156807, -0.025696618482470512, -0.04324420168995857, 0.040387026965618134, 0.07404081523418427, -0.0053123109973967075, 0.08905114233493805, -0.047252874821424484, -0.020124271512031555, 0.06433527171611786, 0.018671350553631783, -0.02921122871339321, 0.03386367857456207, 0.02873578853905201, 0.005205726251006126, -0.003742796601727605, -0.03139364346861839, -0.0019301587017253041, -0.05668415501713753, 0.01854381151497364, -0.002351370407268405, -0.025045404210686684, 0.04377536475658417, 0.029533743858337402, 0.04871530830860138, 0.0996917262673378, -0.019609490409493446, -0.03198095038533211, -0.0060802120715379715, 0.018880421295762062, -0.005799759645015001, 0.010734675452113152, -0.005983166862279177, 0.020564856007695198, -0.01738271489739418, -0.03400823473930359, 0.01863453909754753, -0.002046311041340232, 0.037209652364254, 0.03391329199075699, -0.03582921624183655, -0.037051647901535034, -0.006544473115354776, 0.013500333763659, -0.02830905094742775, -0.05598820373415947, -0.03874167799949646, -0.03923680633306503, -0.04806061461567879, -0.06237812340259552, 0.029606729745864868, -0.028335824608802795, -0.04233379289507866, 0.005977891385555267, 0.009047266095876694, 0.01811649650335312, 0.020850062370300293, -0.05378398299217224, -0.025292228907346725, 0.04278752952814102, -0.0012867505429312587, -0.0331110842525959, 0.027805395424365997, 0.050877831876277924, -0.020716940984129906, -0.016614438965916634, 0.04784586280584335, 0.012692570686340332, 0.03966498002409935, -0.021522363647818565, -0.013464887626469135, -0.09454132616519928, 0.01905750297009945, 0.0008919871761463583, -0.03754550591111183, -0.07676097005605698, 0.04071914777159691, -0.015959013253450394, 0.028595227748155594, 0.06354403495788574, -0.029330436140298843, -0.006053432822227478, -0.07137981802225113, -0.0268868301063776, 0.009199476800858974, 0.027114983648061752, 0.06491722166538239, -0.01646849885582924, 0.0643349215388298, 0.057675279676914215, -0.012534498237073421, -0.015885867178440094, 0.016040343791246414, -0.008490572683513165, -0.012144162319600582, 0.015131820924580097, -0.03867749869823456, -0.03173985704779625, -0.10317660868167877, -0.016822168603539467, 0.021017558872699738, -0.027215581387281418, -0.04975086450576782, -0.011165572330355644, -0.006952023599296808, 0.021050790324807167, -0.032728489488363266, -0.01696925424039364, -0.014167556539177895, -0.018103646114468575, -0.051691874861717224, -0.03578563407063484, 0.00965700764209032, -0.02431810460984707, 0.0328504703938961, -0.05585021898150444, -0.03328320384025574, -0.00456268759444356, 0.027102552354335785, 0.03852482885122299, 0.02118775062263012, -0.00044124675332568586, 0.010210394859313965 ]
5,143
Generalizable Reasoning through Compositional Energy Minimization
[ "Alexandru Oarga", "Yilun Du" ]
Generalization is a key challenge in machine learning, specifically in reasoning tasks, where models are expected to solve problems more complex than those encountered during training. Existing approaches typically train reasoning models in an end-to-end fashion, directly mapping input instances to solutions. While this allows models to learn useful heuristics from data, it often results in limited generalization beyond the training distribution. In this work, we propose a novel approach to reasoning generalization by learning energy landscapes over the solution spaces of smaller, more tractable subproblems. At test time, we construct a global energy landscape for a given problem by combining the energy functions of multiple subproblems. This compositional approach enables the incorporation of additional constraints during inference, allowing the construction of energy landscapes for problems of increasing difficulty. To improve the sample quality from this newly constructed energy landscape, we introduce Parallel Energy Minimization (PEM). We evaluate our approach on a wide set of reasoning problems. Our method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating its ability to generalize to larger and more complex problems.
spotlight
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.00000812754387879977, -0.0024388376623392105, -0.008893726393580437, 0.061782605946063995, 0.04691994562745094, 0.021311763674020767, 0.020379584282636642, 0.0009588509565219283, -0.02604338899254799, -0.021802986040711403, 0.002495327964425087, 0.029291674494743347, -0.08578271418809891, -0.004564021714031696, -0.010316120460629463, 0.05792200565338135, 0.017787402495741844, 0.020999083295464516, -0.007930697873234749, 0.012722833082079887, 0.013655202463269234, 0.00430883327499032, 0.04332682862877846, -0.006848622113466263, 0.037254609167575836, 0.006118438672274351, 0.02907317318022251, 0.02104274369776249, -0.005834035109728575, 0.0015362974954769015, 0.00867123156785965, 0.008739904500544071, 0.02078131027519703, -0.022587379440665245, 0.0003957180888392031, -0.002450936706736684, -0.054873526096343994, -0.011263669468462467, 0.00854150578379631, 0.0071419947780668736, -0.0329408273100853, 0.011065276339650154, 0.002526223426684737, 0.026104245334863663, -0.01808146946132183, 0.024108989164233208, -0.08151677250862122, 0.02188599295914173, 0.005792954005300999, -0.023402364924550056, -0.08532843738794327, 0.03640385717153549, -0.0129591915756464, -0.015035663731396198, -0.03397876396775246, 0.046147532761096954, 0.03869243338704109, -0.0636904165148735, -0.01598174311220646, -0.03128884360194206, -0.038688212633132935, 0.06312458217144012, -0.019342392683029175, 0.021325090900063515, -0.0219992995262146, 0.01544101256877184, 0.014799756929278374, 0.039699945598840714, -0.0307625662535429, -0.000024051751097431406, -0.029640784487128258, -0.040432367473840714, 0.00416577560827136, 0.0173278097063303, 0.01566961035132408, -0.02299659699201584, 0.03179614245891571, 0.011868591420352459, 0.051528915762901306, 0.004056889563798904, 0.012464538216590881, 0.05648438259959221, 0.013304534368216991, 0.054871514439582825, 0.03230142965912819, 0.02078329212963581, -0.03251153230667114, -0.03331253305077553, -0.09278714656829834, 0.036173976957798004, -0.0011814734898507595, -0.048407893627882004, -0.02506338804960251, 0.052018988877534866, 0.028347475454211235, -0.011810875497758389, 0.04324647784233093, 0.0008380119688808918, 0.016207914799451828, 0.011433310806751251, -0.014265009202063084, -0.02877466380596161, 0.002688576001673937, -0.01670834794640541, -0.08602103590965271, -0.020996486768126488, -0.044493090361356735, -0.04007667303085327, 0.021999584510922432, 0.0027419112157076597, -0.03970996290445328, -0.005801167339086533, 0.016571227461099625, -0.007588975131511688, -0.07922837138175964, 0.013707896694540977, -0.0024656541645526886, 0.006433646194636822, -0.024172013625502586, 0.018424017354846, 0.049789391458034515, 0.03830042853951454, -0.014712621457874775, 0.06731068342924118, -0.006790617480874062, 0.021122213453054428, 0.01145209651440382, 0.03731634095311165, -0.053468093276023865, -0.03890344873070717, 0.007148123811930418, 0.037850070744752884, 0.025477973744273186, -0.010687503032386303, -0.013846935704350471, -0.035903140902519226, -0.009559852071106434, 0.004016221035271883, 0.05108114331960678, -0.004505828954279423, -0.010612698271870613, -0.022245263680815697, 0.09762334823608398, -0.016604792326688766, 0.061925772577524185, -0.04579291120171547, -0.00044083004468120635, -0.014096129685640335, -0.0018459175480529666, 0.008610944263637066, 0.013355851173400879, -0.0034112748689949512, -0.0016163854161277413, -0.06414856761693954, 0.008252265863120556, 0.06136201694607735, 0.001805714564397931, 0.0024737399071455, 0.003185167908668518, -0.0019386326894164085, 0.004154108930379152, -0.020695403218269348, -0.05013241246342659, 0.03123369626700878, 0.010351967066526413, -0.06008555367588997, 0.04575749486684799, 0.0338992103934288, -0.038215119391679764, -0.0009158722823485732, -0.03417419269680977, -0.05965571850538254, 0.07462110370397568, -0.006209501065313816, -0.008881808258593082, -0.0036503933370113373, 0.06821203976869583, -0.006803604308515787, 0.06441564857959747, 0.0007472849683836102, -0.06583411246538162, -0.005749738775193691, 0.0027397514786571264, -0.028137777000665665, 0.01066421065479517, -0.04025481641292572, 0.06458931416273117, -0.03740432485938072, 0.0038537338841706514, 0.020662004128098488, -0.058466605842113495, -0.018698962405323982, 0.061068978160619736, -0.019405819475650787, 0.07004979252815247, 0.0013425721554085612, -0.03176985681056976, 0.02768591232597828, 0.013264336623251438, 0.03733488917350769, 0.059469882398843765, -0.015521276742219925, 0.037502337247133255, 0.009626461192965508, -0.037287503480911255, -0.0060757845640182495, 0.06453495472669601, -0.045313093811273575, -0.048612549901008606, 0.027134450152516365, -0.01370674092322588, 0.007484529633074999, 0.010352174751460552, -0.012787511572241783, -0.006494352128356695, 0.007496683858335018, -0.02309880405664444, -0.021793166175484657, 0.03213735669851303, -0.041020240634679794, 0.015505535528063774, 0.029004575684666634, -0.0159539133310318, 0.004067413508892059, -0.037814777344465256, 0.08403610438108444, 0.07795120775699615, -0.055278729647397995, -0.0003230902075301856, 0.011734784580767155, 0.01878180541098118, 0.030814625322818756, 0.02026626467704773, -0.03960202634334564, 0.010422280989587307, -0.02989533357322216, 0.01176434475928545, -0.009736674837768078, 0.06500349938869476, -0.07213471829891205, -0.011437050998210907, 0.07426933199167252, -0.02299264445900917, 0.06591518968343735, -0.009880843572318554, 0.02392122521996498, 0.029914358630776405, 0.006376306060701609, -0.013859495520591736, -0.034775201231241226, -0.04224107787013054, 0.013867649249732494, 0.01604311540722847, 0.0029826429672539234, 0.015457247383892536, -0.06084827333688736, -0.0175030417740345, -0.009754662401974201, 0.07349683344364166, 0.06831981241703033, -0.012626392766833305, 0.0046942224726080894, 0.0245364997535944, -0.01459004357457161, -0.00030823980341665447, -0.10706121474504471, -0.050273504108190536, -0.015182559378445148, 0.037258394062519073, -0.004236090462654829, 0.0414985790848732, -0.018940456211566925, 0.04674722999334335, -0.011195185594260693, -0.06896274536848068, 0.009070887230336666, 0.0011021177051588893, -0.0023082424886524677, -0.03341775760054588, -0.007332134060561657, 0.0071770320646464825, 0.05730785056948662, -0.042909856885671616, -0.01847703941166401, -0.02069871686398983, -0.03464023023843765, -0.014671405777335167, -0.04927511140704155, -0.010744105093181133, 0.033110104501247406, 0.022730892524123192, -0.0005788175039924681, -0.020582236349582672, 0.00792640820145607, 0.06849105656147003, 0.06544610112905502, 0.050135236233472824, -0.01063605211675167, -0.005041667725890875, 0.03054756671190262, -0.007692432496696711, -0.0007194143254309893, -0.028947675600647926, 0.021205607801675797, -0.00920981913805008, 0.009099273942410946, 0.011244753375649452, 0.010800282470881939, -0.26166844367980957, -0.01803361065685749, -0.00878042634576559, 0.011264242231845856, 0.030687442049384117, -0.0242864191532135, 0.046864986419677734, -0.0347604863345623, -0.03952203691005707, 0.01092492789030075, 0.04833211749792099, 0.0036189169622957706, 0.033495135605335236, 0.05523906648159027, 0.06039886921644211, 0.012384065426886082, -0.003743753070011735, -0.0031486693769693375, 0.005905806552618742, 0.02510790340602398, -0.015528103336691856, -0.07063442468643188, -0.02355300821363926, 0.02552005462348461, -0.0031867679208517075, 0.02991049364209175, -0.07515963912010193, -0.0006119562895037234, -0.03656909242272377, -0.013666915707290173, -0.031054673716425896, -0.03259566053748131, -0.0163557231426239, 0.042535606771707535, 0.011729439720511436, 0.04170661047101021, 0.005168796516954899, -0.025153135880827904, 0.008379238657653332, 0.059921905398368835, 0.026236260309815407, 0.0003209834103472531, -0.02815074473619461, 0.020221751183271408, 0.041557151824235916, -0.0016530059510841966, -0.050655096769332886, -0.04727839678525925, 0.0028321004938334227, 0.03846656158566475, 0.01097050029784441, -0.0036521870642900467, -0.00004577430081553757, 0.003789619542658329, 0.014395753853023052, -0.01918944902718067, 0.01512119174003601, -0.024295706301927567, 0.002682032296434045, -0.009751684032380581, 0.050925251096487045, -0.049858614802360535, -0.02776443213224411, -0.010789942927658558, 0.003956807777285576, -0.015102896839380264, -0.07390466332435608, -0.06114611402153969, 0.05325501784682274, 0.040818314999341965, -0.017957646399736404, 0.00957437977194786, 0.00009295739437220618, -0.10286805778741837, -0.0010929680429399014, -0.0028447951190173626, 0.006590451579540968, -0.03932321071624756, 0.007895983755588531, 0.019503775984048843, -0.03339700773358345, -0.032916359603405, -0.038795169442892075, 0.020937355235219002, 0.03564092889428139, -0.018102873116731644, 0.019397582858800888, -0.04041960462927818, -0.01074642688035965, -0.008640977554023266, 0.03382529318332672, 0.019089804962277412, 0.045195940881967545, -0.011570040136575699, 0.07843033969402313, 0.04867636039853096, 0.012493078596889973, 0.055953267961740494, 0.033988989889621735, -0.014704576693475246, -0.008274450898170471, -0.07871763408184052, 0.008957230485975742, -0.01946880854666233, -0.06036222726106644, -0.00757418991997838, -0.03505481779575348, -0.016917219385504723, 0.02067951112985611, 0.015143001452088356, -0.0466814748942852, -0.054864805191755295, 0.0011045725550502539, 0.008518771268427372, -0.017801012843847275, 0.01651681959629059, -0.004011212848126888, 0.0348670594394207, 0.045431047677993774, -0.024771690368652344, -0.020412322133779526, 0.0498904287815094, -0.03598586842417717, 0.007085737772285938, -0.007534275762736797, -0.008790581487119198, -0.002560843015089631, -0.03188217803835869, -0.004351354669779539, 0.004084764514118433, 0.02261289395391941, 0.013754770159721375, -0.016538962721824646, 0.029654353857040405, 0.05841929465532303, -0.0037977781612426043, 0.005271653179079294, -0.019655680283904076, 0.021946899592876434, -0.023583456873893738, 0.022852784022688866, -0.02116525173187256, 0.08638706058263779, 0.01382494904100895, 0.04119022190570831, 0.03495839238166809, 0.01703621633350849, 0.00439885538071394, -0.013302693143486977, -0.011237154714763165, 0.038147471845149994, -0.038779355585575104, 0.017575711011886597, -0.01800154149532318, 0.003465685062110424, -0.024363074451684952, 0.025104660540819168, -0.03682127222418785, 0.016975242644548416, -0.06215353310108185, 0.04594535380601883, 0.0018135127611458302, -0.011628981679677963, -0.0137791121378541, 0.03403841331601143, 0.07334934175014496, -0.023939035832881927, 0.006574539002031088, -0.022398149594664574, 0.0011902390979230404, 0.017883311957120895, -0.056575145572423935, -0.04778096824884415, -0.0030177209991961718, -0.015653610229492188, 0.007348130457103252, 0.019049054011702538, -0.01944599859416485, -0.05250076577067375, 0.012030092068016529, 0.002156258560717106, -0.029330575838685036, 0.026368699967861176, -0.029165729880332947, 0.08046261966228485, 0.009391112253069878, 0.013981903903186321, 0.01187033299356699, -0.0258227176964283, 0.014491422101855278, -0.0051323426887393, 0.000652174698188901, -0.011593909002840519, -0.04639577493071556, -0.024820076301693916, -0.052570078521966934, 0.02793464995920658, 0.002605595625936985, -0.020610706880688667, -0.026631515473127365, -0.0007130129379220307, -0.0034232856705784798, -0.054529979825019836, 0.005904045421630144, 0.05009375512599945, -0.07201525568962097, -0.0027638499159365892, 0.03392237797379494, 0.032834697514772415, 0.026535525918006897, -0.052101194858551025, -0.04428798705339432, -0.06729909032583237, -0.0449284091591835, 0.028339097276329994, -0.015944315120577812, 0.01864243857562542, -0.004289853386580944, -0.03333529084920883, -0.02353074960410595, 0.016752399504184723, -0.013289638794958591, -0.0027907160110771656, -0.043910227715969086, 0.009552025236189365, 0.05381680279970169, -0.026351479813456535, -0.016149181872606277, 0.018949350342154503, -0.052868105471134186, 0.01625724323093891, -0.026791401207447052, 0.028707245364785194, 0.020070461556315422, 0.03526966646313667, 0.010164838284254074, -0.03045402653515339, 0.04231564700603485, -0.009704897180199623, -0.0394669845700264, 0.004403767175972462, -0.04356653615832329, -0.014089771546423435, -0.02498788572847843, -0.003236087504774332, 0.030529115349054337, 0.02035319060087204, -0.0011266239453107119, 0.012902665883302689, -0.002454147906973958, 0.003535229479894042, -0.02136920392513275, -0.033540029078722, -0.02287125773727894, 0.05728178098797798, -0.020006177946925163, -0.018198559060692787, -0.06237777695059776, -0.010990716516971588, 0.006210604682564735, -0.02451217919588089, 0.02249416708946228, -0.04061487317085266, 0.038578201085329056, 0.003511599497869611, 0.04618106782436371, 0.010241733863949776, -0.04429797828197479, 0.04753247648477554, -0.058319490402936935, 0.003195719327777624, -0.07577916234731674, -0.04266287758946419, 0.04577881470322609, -0.042686544358730316, -0.028078334406018257, -0.011846877634525299, -0.06813376396894455, 0.05524933710694313, -0.029268179088830948, -0.05651390552520752, 0.01435641385614872, -0.003144493093714118, -0.010040770284831524, 0.04412498325109482, -0.025882354006171227, -0.02374461106956005, -0.0119345523416996, -0.050976164638996124, 0.0001274382375413552, 0.013675343245267868, 0.03241242840886116, -0.01679011434316635, -0.007284598425030708, -0.015074267983436584, 0.052224528044462204, 0.03913336619734764, 0.08001501858234406, 0.032391563057899475, 0.024549981579184532, -0.037427328526973724, 0.07906066626310349, 0.04597105458378792, 0.046601422131061554, -0.018319876864552498, 0.008168998174369335, -0.02642683871090412, -0.06989213824272156, 0.02891973964869976, 0.0018485040636733174, -0.0013233823701739311, -0.07021846622228622, 0.057997219264507294, -0.00859076902270317, -0.037078551948070526, -0.04045762121677399, 0.01917571760714054, -0.06976427882909775, -0.0015306647401303053, 0.021906893700361252, -0.0033875047229230404, 0.0005442365654744208, 0.06680335104465485, -0.01636822707951069, 0.04281702637672424, 0.07604328542947769, 0.03556126728653908, -0.00871533527970314, -0.01207317691296339, 0.059106022119522095, 0.027319245040416718, 0.032665498554706573, 0.01676083914935589, 0.06414474546909332, -0.03422972932457924, -0.05471083149313927, 0.009045001119375229, 0.010911915451288223, -0.050268467515707016, -0.041041675955057144, 0.045522574335336685, 0.08110521733760834, 0.01730293594300747, 0.08318202197551727, -0.047852907329797745, -0.0031669940799474716, 0.046380456537008286, 0.017335034906864166, -0.001728944480419159, 0.06561443209648132, 0.03845575079321861, 0.015918586403131485, -0.010594903491437435, -0.013987476006150246, -0.0077712563797831535, -0.030801380053162575, -0.00951466616243124, 0.011197259649634361, -0.019533872604370117, 0.008162282407283783, 0.019019680097699165, 0.03592824190855026, 0.10477194935083389, -0.06041319668292999, -0.031826622784137726, 0.023661047220230103, 0.022834962233901024, 0.0015743570402264595, 0.02784700319170952, -0.00729914428666234, -0.029108945280313492, -0.009964773431420326, -0.04500909149646759, 0.030406171455979347, 0.03392547369003296, -0.0007329578511416912, 0.0147841302677989, -0.03633153438568115, -0.04609890282154083, 0.04231363534927368, 0.04552609100937843, -0.06094531714916229, -0.06251366436481476, -0.02600008435547352, -0.0438103973865509, -0.03944395110011101, -0.007928753271698952, 0.01404921617358923, -0.02721531316637993, -0.009009170345962048, -0.006164103280752897, -0.025729499757289886, -0.010915067046880722, 0.00802790466696024, -0.04374116659164429, 0.013334672898054123, 0.06292037665843964, 0.0037932449486106634, 0.000352054979884997, 0.02909609116613865, 0.03405781462788582, -0.004257804248481989, -0.005050492472946644, 0.053813762962818146, -0.00510295107960701, -0.023190420120954514, -0.020549064502120018, -0.01309149619191885, -0.08921939134597778, 0.003916654270142317, 0.0023635043762624264, -0.05022106692194939, -0.06010685861110687, 0.015222380869090557, -0.020437393337488174, 0.03294893726706505, 0.07494383305311203, 0.03562524914741516, 0.03397510573267937, -0.025704538449645042, -0.008921119384467602, 0.007735231891274452, 0.025434035807847977, 0.06311863660812378, -0.02260078676044941, 0.052503619343042374, 0.03313383832573891, -0.041067082434892654, -0.02761627733707428, 0.03212783485651016, -0.021477272734045982, -0.0289443489164114, -0.025796176865696907, -0.034090254455804825, -0.017835095524787903, -0.10099447518587112, -0.029570696875452995, 0.0292750783264637, -0.012001873925328255, -0.040765050798654556, 0.008166596293449402, 0.0036103869788348675, -0.003957075998187065, 0.00504481652751565, -0.048601821064949036, -0.004051541443914175, -0.03612654283642769, -0.05941767618060112, -0.059570033103227615, 0.044427599757909775, 0.00792639795690775, 0.011576059274375439, -0.05182678997516632, -0.04641520231962204, -0.022187497466802597, -0.022583255544304848, 0.058018382638692856, 0.030976552516222, 0.019973313435912132, -0.03767244145274162 ]
5,144
Contextual Tokenization for Graph Inverted Indices
[ "Pritish Chakraborty", "Indradyumna Roy", "Soumen Chakrabarti", "Abir De" ]
Retrieving graphs from a large corpus, that contain a subgraph isomorphic to a given query graph, is a core operation in many real-world applications. While recent multi-vector graph representations and scores based on set alignment and containment can provide accurate subgraph isomorphism tests, their use in retrieval remains limited by their need to score corpus graphs exhaustively.We introduce CoRGII (COntextual Representation of Graphs for Inverted Indexing), a graph indexing framework in which, starting with a contextual dense graph representation, a differentiable discretization module computes sparse binary codes over a learned latent vocabulary. This text document-like representation allows us to leverage classic, highly optimized inverted indexes, while supporting soft (vector) set containment scores. Improving on this paradigm further, we replace the classical impact score of a `word' on a graph (such as defined by TFIDF or BM25) with a data-driven, trainable impact score.Crucially, CoRGII is trained end-to-end using only binary relevance labels, without fine-grained supervision of query-to-document set alignments. Extensive experiments show that CoRGII provides better trade-offs between efficiency and accuracy, compared to several baselines.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.007380376104265451, -0.021553877741098404, 0.0013236318482086062, 0.03376878425478935, 0.018260717391967773, 0.0087197944521904, 0.010388486087322235, 0.025801800191402435, 0.009464524686336517, -0.0315854549407959, -0.0049043926410377026, 0.004892933648079634, -0.07445759326219559, -0.008044314570724964, 0.015173816122114658, 0.058679599314928055, 0.015702245756983757, -0.020894231274724007, 0.017375003546476364, -0.024949930608272552, 0.009859182871878147, -0.030253684148192406, 0.012858179397881031, 0.019907189533114433, 0.053118880838155746, 0.0026795724406838417, 0.009710192680358887, 0.0083312364295125, -0.04374391958117485, 0.004511358216404915, 0.033404868096113205, -0.004316926002502441, 0.0272890143096447, -0.03391627222299576, 0.035912755876779556, 0.004522084258496761, -0.04835876449942589, 0.004908054135739803, 0.009669688530266285, -0.006933237425982952, -0.02816733717918396, -0.00016748708731029183, 0.015875115990638733, 0.05012067034840584, -0.020769668743014336, 0.019914722070097923, -0.11785632371902466, 0.04385190084576607, -0.0008439407683908939, -0.03324824571609497, -0.0957677960395813, 0.07153688371181488, 0.006024965550750494, -0.009266500361263752, 0.0004901610664092004, 0.06275072693824768, 0.036207813769578934, -0.05337515100836754, 0.031125931069254875, -0.03849850594997406, -0.03421131521463394, 0.02880481258034706, 0.019106969237327576, 0.04434511810541153, -0.0006002566660754383, -0.03547680005431175, -0.03503921255469322, 0.04478248581290245, -0.057338934391736984, -0.03699323162436485, -0.004534119740128517, 0.030619356781244278, -0.02941218577325344, 0.04850092902779579, 0.026905866339802742, -0.028966806828975677, -0.014446821995079517, 0.037748176604509354, 0.06158984825015068, -0.0038989491295069456, -0.002582068322226405, 0.031875353306531906, -0.0008743653888814151, 0.008843101561069489, -0.011808392591774464, -0.0013212276389822364, -0.06994074583053589, -0.030604399740695953, -0.078524149954319, 0.0157888513058424, -0.015558704733848572, -0.04739173501729965, 0.013303622603416443, 0.03982582688331604, 0.012349476106464863, -0.016918856650590897, 0.04282421991229057, 0.0022774236276745796, 0.014796574600040913, -0.015894103795289993, -0.0007539410726167262, -0.0466780848801136, 0.03085666336119175, -0.0019199367379769683, -0.10151542723178864, -0.02305584028363228, -0.03175005689263344, 0.008768524043262005, 0.00920801516622305, -0.03614841401576996, -0.030599424615502357, -0.004536035005003214, -0.021250296384096146, 0.011527013964951038, -0.06167037412524223, 0.03713206946849823, 0.03535012528300285, 0.026971029117703438, -0.002385667059570551, 0.02052287571132183, 0.032158538699150085, 0.06242208555340767, 0.03152070567011833, 0.08662602305412292, -0.008125253021717072, 0.01855102740228176, 0.011296405456960201, 0.012366578914225101, -0.06247003749012947, -0.04134949669241905, -0.009753607213497162, 0.04416884481906891, 0.008088977076113224, -0.01451200246810913, -0.00414477800950408, 0.0018417802639305592, 0.01845613680779934, 0.005599037278443575, 0.07236166298389435, -0.014794943854212761, 0.017374329268932343, -0.07468729466199875, 0.016279278323054314, -0.04057713598012924, 0.09228977560997009, -0.023014890030026436, -0.01680634543299675, -0.01072386372834444, -0.015189852565526962, 0.005275718402117491, 0.015863167122006416, -0.02339320071041584, 0.015830736607313156, -0.03584865853190422, -0.004427941516041756, 0.072921521961689, 0.0032480061054229736, 0.018567213788628578, 0.0037309080362319946, 0.003506798529997468, 0.016442200168967247, -0.017795704305171967, -0.050677958875894547, 0.034662626683712006, 0.0005316800670698285, -0.05592181161046028, 0.0007263988954946399, 0.0348195917904377, -0.07646992802619934, 0.008283914998173714, -0.02402128279209137, -0.06468139588832855, 0.03864194080233574, -0.03912322595715523, -0.018578577786684036, 0.00876771192997694, 0.04584860801696777, 0.0005923351272940636, 0.034809987992048264, -0.000042057756218127906, -0.07323471456766129, 0.04098258167505264, -0.01716913841664791, 0.003069458296522498, 0.010471112094819546, 0.013945712707936764, 0.06476683169603348, -0.009613045491278172, 0.023327531293034554, 0.011544209904968739, -0.09425471723079681, -0.04849303513765335, 0.005233852192759514, -0.020159758627414703, 0.0439365990459919, -0.01084768958389759, 0.031222283840179443, 0.05882202461361885, 0.009934217669069767, 0.015036053955554962, 0.011415606364607811, -0.02668755128979683, 0.06323850154876709, -0.019401313737034798, -0.05654030665755272, 0.015974368900060654, 0.018403422087430954, -0.053301725536584854, -0.05733979120850563, 0.015555044636130333, -0.010690503753721714, 0.025895683094859123, -0.005916791036725044, -0.034884802997112274, -0.0007239290280267596, 0.024412382394075394, 0.003479071194306016, 0.031030897051095963, 0.008990372531116009, -0.03568604961037636, 0.09756488353013992, -0.005320606753230095, 0.010899812914431095, 0.014618707820773125, -0.019826585426926613, 0.12353993207216263, 0.07603487372398376, -0.024014418944716454, 0.009019539691507816, 0.012951879762113094, 0.03151482343673706, 0.006170530803501606, 0.039120152592659, -0.07892823219299316, -0.03290712460875511, -0.011185381561517715, -0.013852537609636784, -0.03296614810824394, 0.0671943873167038, -0.04319357872009277, 0.0085639962926507, 0.04710554704070091, -0.014979423955082893, 0.024251725524663925, -0.0028599901124835014, -0.001825887942686677, 0.032082293182611465, -0.02639889158308506, -0.026289723813533783, -0.01794631965458393, 0.002542042639106512, 0.006792758591473103, -0.026255259290337563, -0.028240647166967392, 0.013736849650740623, -0.011800632812082767, 0.002807377837598324, -0.03192006051540375, 0.05262370780110359, 0.07026032358407974, 0.01853317767381668, 0.0023652235977351665, 0.009676959365606308, -0.05322820693254471, -0.0062793646939098835, -0.08906729519367218, -0.03895431384444237, -0.024851378053426743, 0.02189798280596733, -0.023767219856381416, 0.05360529199242592, 0.019148020073771477, 0.00229494902305305, 0.0004002111090812832, -0.0340726375579834, 0.007330672349780798, 0.022107167169451714, -0.001516832155175507, -0.044984571635723114, -0.032062456011772156, -0.009959652088582516, 0.0310101006180048, 0.0009864983148872852, -0.04713195562362671, -0.05672182887792587, -0.04680093005299568, 0.01579432189464569, -0.015809323638677597, 0.00002135993963747751, 0.023187803104519844, 0.052282579243183136, 0.021737687289714813, -0.052184298634529114, 0.0010127214482054114, 0.02442963235080242, 0.028945568948984146, 0.03258940204977989, 0.03681902587413788, 0.0031509960535913706, 0.01984933763742447, 0.009475336410105228, 0.022315096110105515, 0.035843875259160995, 0.00513519998639822, -0.006796865724027157, -0.01809840090572834, -0.008999350480735302, -0.0014621084555983543, -0.2574827969074249, 0.0030246612150222063, -0.0052993702702224255, 0.0067642671056091785, 0.022150596603751183, -0.03855365887284279, 0.034028030931949615, -0.03569778800010681, -0.02090006321668625, -0.007005784194916487, 0.021115168929100037, 0.019496165215969086, 0.008564857766032219, 0.013204089365899563, 0.03209958225488663, 0.030968455597758293, -0.002038851846009493, -0.04104513302445412, -0.0007595355273224413, 0.04838801547884941, 0.006877806968986988, -0.049571506679058075, -0.03164158761501312, 0.02070113830268383, 0.009867027401924133, 0.020578673109412193, -0.12330514192581177, -0.02020629122853279, -0.021536584943532944, -0.02276039682328701, 0.01898769848048687, -0.025862835347652435, 0.025660479441285133, 0.04923423007130623, -0.021146463230252266, 0.0013007251545786858, 0.07061879336833954, 0.001705435337498784, -0.012269416823983192, 0.016870325431227684, 0.004714458715170622, 0.0068260314874351025, -0.02312410995364189, -0.024856820702552795, 0.06820770353078842, -0.028231972828507423, -0.03075285814702511, -0.01972910203039646, -0.005061003379523754, 0.03438311815261841, -0.013402048498392105, -0.026871906593441963, -0.050732530653476715, 0.015546940267086029, 0.012134064920246601, -0.061428848654031754, 0.0006776192458346486, -0.021802011877298355, -0.03261528164148331, -0.00744083896279335, 0.019135281443595886, -0.04856414720416069, 0.031415559351444244, -0.06083888188004494, -0.04514060541987419, -0.04595549404621124, -0.07069383561611176, -0.05480916053056717, -0.002199266804382205, 0.039440885186195374, -0.012418288737535477, 0.07731614261865616, 0.011742966249585152, -0.07963907718658447, -0.005317516624927521, -0.03273734077811241, 0.0148744722828269, 0.0029550802428275347, 0.004239956848323345, 0.03302033618092537, -0.03039812669157982, -0.054782286286354065, -0.015189998783171177, 0.04046804457902908, 0.005929949693381786, -0.019666511565446854, -0.010538455098867416, -0.0511682890355587, 0.004096958786249161, 0.000038588535971939564, 0.03402843326330185, -0.011698197573423386, 0.002728363499045372, 0.04407837241888046, 0.031516313552856445, 0.033565688878297806, 0.03734312951564789, 0.050032563507556915, 0.040171340107917786, 0.012718524783849716, 0.032320793718099594, -0.06029120087623596, -0.026150153949856758, 0.0009671113220974803, -0.038166292011737823, 0.05066218599677086, -0.055963002145290375, -0.0031313037034124136, 0.04891081899404526, -0.034551333636045456, -0.04548482596874237, -0.040288493037223816, 0.02894865721464157, -0.04514814913272858, -0.03291502594947815, -0.011330829933285713, 0.0231226347386837, 0.020509345456957817, 0.04294062778353691, -0.0175973791629076, -0.010199532844126225, 0.03516017645597458, -0.0022605406120419502, -0.009225796908140182, -0.050782669335603714, -0.014418546110391617, -0.0012637559557333589, -0.012135258875787258, 0.015849074348807335, 0.006662942934781313, 0.017233284190297127, 0.039949335157871246, -0.02451539970934391, 0.026660175994038582, 0.0425705648958683, -0.03018891252577305, 0.03059235028922558, -0.029361890628933907, 0.02054096758365631, -0.018849095329642296, 0.0029561263509094715, -0.000611542840488255, 0.021229634061455727, 0.05026843026280403, 0.05828024819493294, -0.007938762195408344, 0.03169110044836998, 0.009051102213561535, -0.00000971317058429122, 0.029246311634778976, 0.0012134258868172765, -0.015469174832105637, -0.0019442761549726129, -0.03256559744477272, 0.018496975302696228, -0.004258541390299797, 0.0210360586643219, 0.027270374819636345, 0.02054431475698948, -0.0640365481376648, 0.07145519554615021, -0.01973923295736313, 0.014736133627593517, -0.03424325957894325, 0.014357339590787888, 0.03904946520924568, 0.0031565455719828606, 0.021297644823789597, 0.02572448179125786, -0.0060591017827391624, 0.017091449350118637, 0.018103832378983498, -0.015828855335712433, -0.007885996252298355, -0.05342604219913483, 0.01779007725417614, -0.022008376196026802, 0.02234705723822117, -0.014226396568119526, 0.02215510979294777, -0.006026755552738905, -0.019465386867523193, -0.0056174444034695625, 0.0211098100990057, 0.08042729645967484, 0.02471715211868286, 0.023992285132408142, -0.007105177268385887, -0.026001235470175743, 0.02010899968445301, -0.008001618087291718, 0.008702987805008888, -0.017261730507016182, -0.041135843843221664, -0.021856622770428658, -0.03538794815540314, -0.00015732784231659025, -0.025517981499433517, -0.026789646595716476, -0.015165550634264946, -0.033652085810899734, 0.042053353041410446, -0.04445873200893402, -0.016116658225655556, 0.026093527674674988, -0.07097285985946655, -0.019839022308588028, -0.024283774197101593, -0.05142662674188614, -0.010173805989325047, -0.02792666107416153, -0.06785780936479568, -0.06314384192228317, -0.002449997700750828, 0.051251377910375595, -0.0226066205650568, 0.003657163120806217, -0.037465523928403854, 0.005587938707321882, -0.01889907568693161, 0.026089731603860855, -0.013233260251581669, -0.0005004047998227179, -0.011742347851395607, 0.036295969039201736, 0.09704110026359558, -0.010564066469669342, -0.02135060727596283, -0.01712946593761444, -0.0012349593453109264, 0.030049381777644157, -0.0013698514085263014, 0.062305524945259094, 0.03622017428278923, -0.01760154403746128, 0.011555571109056473, -0.06481841951608658, 0.03443051502108574, 0.017937058582901955, 0.02250918745994568, 0.0310031920671463, -0.014180246740579605, -0.030658869072794914, 0.020167483016848564, -0.0014256408903747797, 0.009857549332082272, 0.046429235488176346, 0.004560371860861778, -0.008109284564852715, -0.0004455780435819179, 0.01865548826754093, 0.04903985932469368, -0.026712816208600998, -0.026012634858489037, 0.06114890053868294, -0.02809690311551094, -0.043188974261283875, -0.07422845810651779, -0.027619587257504463, -0.009738788940012455, -0.022218434140086174, 0.019895195960998535, 0.03772306069731712, 0.052100323140621185, 0.03316253051161766, 0.044989340007305145, 0.0007813714328221977, -0.0271782074123621, 0.013051352463662624, -0.025041652843356133, -0.0013331538066267967, -0.0648060292005539, -0.02066987007856369, 0.04825204238295555, -0.01628941297531128, -0.008522246964275837, -0.008238670416176319, -0.042102135717868805, 0.022755470126867294, -0.010716370306909084, -0.0659652054309845, 0.008574252016842365, -0.015169091522693634, 0.038592640310525894, 0.016731543466448784, -0.026293473318219185, -0.014562983997166157, -0.017272304743528366, -0.05330595746636391, -0.0321723073720932, 0.00111268344335258, 0.06595557928085327, -0.06143989413976669, 0.014707839116454124, 0.0012604460353031754, -0.01735254004597664, 0.023501653224229813, 0.06326191127300262, 0.002679217141121626, 0.048623427748680115, -0.039661869406700134, 0.025364555418491364, 0.033389557152986526, -0.040179621428251266, 0.017906401306390762, 0.013901856727898121, -0.01621258817613125, -0.019236426800489426, 0.040045347064733505, 0.020742785185575485, -0.012835646979510784, -0.0725506916642189, 0.10167044401168823, 0.03412919491529465, -0.05301516130566597, -0.02356509119272232, 0.029952745884656906, -0.028189929202198982, -0.0018265298567712307, -0.0051439194940030575, -0.022376755252480507, -0.023133356124162674, 0.0914178118109703, 0.017573190852999687, 0.033669475466012955, 0.06423547118902206, -0.007455745246261358, -0.00691427243873477, -0.0006769492174498737, 0.10934313386678696, 0.0517331138253212, 0.048429571092128754, -0.012830818071961403, 0.06269622594118118, -0.049475863575935364, -0.03075275383889675, 0.032185737043619156, 0.038953281939029694, 0.0027248964179307222, -0.007501573767513037, -0.0088606933131814, 0.08428242802619934, -0.03621528297662735, 0.10077224671840668, -0.052898306399583817, -0.018823085352778435, 0.018440239131450653, 0.001662944327108562, 0.014067791402339935, 0.05124432593584061, 0.00015045813051983714, 0.05545263737440109, -0.06115102767944336, -0.0011205454356968403, 0.0087478281930089, -0.015527993440628052, 0.01880209892988205, -0.0012902464950457215, -0.04003511741757393, 0.005619420204311609, -0.014279471710324287, 0.035263948142528534, 0.09307735413312912, -0.030709324404597282, -0.04205268993973732, 0.01572246663272381, -0.005580832250416279, 0.03399278596043587, 0.05651910603046417, -0.023958181962370872, -0.016859348863363266, -0.03448321297764778, -0.049720969051122665, -0.0014629928627982736, 0.024938475340604782, -0.0012859663693234324, 0.009719088673591614, 0.019486509263515472, -0.02107580378651619, -0.0032302499748766422, 0.0052374317310750484, -0.03965769708156586, -0.05311140790581703, -0.02271679788827896, -0.023571018129587173, -0.08052971959114075, -0.0372055247426033, 0.026988143101334572, 0.01838989183306694, -0.010866486467421055, -0.008072850294411182, -0.020862620323896408, 0.021483905613422394, 0.004582666326314211, -0.04143744334578514, 0.036197200417518616, 0.013253005221486092, 0.02997608482837677, -0.020164210349321365, 0.019114824011921883, 0.0030439971014857292, -0.06462343037128448, -0.01052611880004406, 0.06311296671628952, 0.04311426356434822, 0.029260266572237015, 0.009370442479848862, -0.03813585266470909, -0.10028349608182907, 0.0012798310490325093, -0.01065436378121376, -0.04900204390287399, -0.08419274538755417, 0.02719876356422901, 0.010861738584935665, 0.01229833997786045, 0.036148834973573685, 0.020801430568099022, -0.002562985522672534, -0.011588728986680508, 0.03478013724088669, 0.01585923694074154, 0.016026044264435768, 0.014793873764574528, -0.024983154609799385, 0.05391290411353111, 0.015584158711135387, 0.0245156679302454, -0.0030902891885489225, -0.0015227838885039091, -0.0017308234237134457, 0.023976724594831467, -0.03007403016090393, -0.0014037314103916287, -0.05713573470711708, -0.08915875107049942, -0.03756660595536232, 0.00930118840187788, -0.012601874768733978, -0.013296810910105705, -0.014275356195867062, -0.007144392002373934, -0.03339342027902603, 0.008880937471985817, -0.003041970543563366, 0.014573839493095875, 0.0019838958978652954, -0.03542958199977875, -0.06586849689483643, -0.011114618740975857, -0.036587804555892944, 0.024557078257203102, -0.02479439228773117, -0.03535870090126991, 0.0255271103233099, -0.017100099474191666, 0.02506503090262413, 0.018321910873055458, -0.002095406409353018, -0.016202105209231377 ]
5,145
CLEAR: Conv-Like Linearization Revs Pre-Trained Diffusion Transformers Up
[ "Songhua Liu", "Zhenxiong Tan", "Xinchao Wang" ]
Diffusion Transformers (DiT) have become a leading architecture in image generation. However, the quadratic complexity of attention mechanisms, which are responsible for modeling token-wise relationships, results in significant latency when generating high-resolution images. To address this issue, we aim at a linear attention mechanism in this paper that reduces the complexity of pre-trained DiTs to linear. We begin our exploration with a comprehensive summary of existing efficient attention mechanisms and identify four key factors crucial for successful linearization of pre-trained DiTs: locality, formulation consistency, high-rank attention maps, and feature integrity. Based on these insights, we introduce a convolution-like local attention strategy termed CLEAR, which limits feature interactions to a local window around each query token, and thus achieves linear complexity. Our experiments indicate that, by fine-tuning the attention layer on merely 10K self-generated samples for 10K iterations, we can effectively transfer knowledge from a pre-trained DiT to a student model with linear complexity, yielding results comparable to the teacher model. Simultaneously, it reduces attention computations by 99.5% and accelerates generation by 6.3 times for generating 8K-resolution images. Furthermore, we investigate favorable properties in the distilled attention layers, such as zero-shot generalization across various models and plugins, and improved support for multi-GPU parallel inference. Models and codes will be available.
poster
2412.16112
https://github.com/Huage001/CLEAR
null
[]
[ "Huage001/CLEAR" ]
[]
[ 0.0071538835763931274, -0.005411873571574688, 0.019901951774954796, 0.03638994321227074, 0.026377612724900246, 0.04163088649511337, 0.006941220257431269, 0.012682057917118073, -0.017411714419722557, -0.031035449355840683, 0.002008647657930851, -0.015914862975478172, -0.04738423973321915, 0.022069435566663742, -0.0017126862658187747, 0.05956729128956795, 0.04010104015469551, 0.013415112160146236, -0.024987395852804184, 0.028500504791736603, 0.009693841449916363, -0.033664021641016006, 0.046331703662872314, 0.011340764351189137, 0.018568966537714005, -0.033286526799201965, 0.0215027816593647, 0.01995055563747883, -0.021703464910387993, -0.022534433752298355, 0.0441259928047657, -0.0037697788793593645, 0.004404816310852766, -0.03167886659502983, 0.017828557640314102, -0.005575260613113642, -0.04484611377120018, -0.0031332417856901884, 0.049331776797771454, 0.012687147594988346, -0.04592340812087059, -0.02136393077671528, -0.0055152177810668945, 0.0009263345273211598, -0.06519658118486404, -0.01107409130781889, -0.11930720508098602, 0.009247834794223309, -0.033569466322660446, -0.030568445101380348, -0.10721082985401154, 0.02728375792503357, -0.019096825271844864, 0.0027461955323815346, -0.024650130420923233, 0.037648871541023254, 0.042926423251628876, -0.07100533694028854, -0.0072816526517271996, -0.04284299910068512, -0.019854463636875153, 0.011762263253331184, 0.01089105661958456, -0.0072737401351332664, -0.0003543672210071236, -0.04615586996078491, -0.024375664070248604, 0.04911484941840172, -0.053455501794815063, -0.06939437985420227, -0.02276591584086418, 0.030402423813939095, -0.012696437537670135, -0.014642269350588322, 0.019504299387335777, -0.012714983895421028, 0.0017288824310526252, 0.005221799947321415, 0.08561260253190994, -0.01624133624136448, 0.013410935178399086, 0.03796091303229332, 0.007941733114421368, 0.04487399756908417, -0.02507706731557846, 0.012041248381137848, -0.00967264361679554, -0.004449795465916395, -0.07787511497735977, 0.0343487523496151, -0.03173195570707321, -0.0585467554628849, 0.008031890727579594, 0.02622770518064499, 0.03701145574450493, -0.010555646382272243, 0.02681959606707096, 0.017360089346766472, 0.020069817081093788, 0.005668288562446833, -0.007443297188729048, -0.06976372748613358, 0.007513212040066719, 0.010956291109323502, -0.09541398286819458, 0.009506366215646267, -0.0005691450787708163, -0.011224078014492989, 0.01820462942123413, 0.013186427764594555, -0.04105093702673912, -0.021249115467071533, 0.008424605242908001, -0.022845381870865822, -0.11879829317331314, 0.011939609423279762, 0.006196428555995226, -0.009668677113950253, 0.007976089604198933, -0.0007758188294246793, 0.031394246965646744, 0.07054353505373001, -0.0014723801286891103, 0.06268260627985, -0.0095113730058074, 0.019222918897867203, 0.02093733847141266, 0.030216960236430168, -0.041864074766635895, -0.00994468666613102, 0.010293732397258282, 0.024219216778874397, 0.013523842208087444, -0.002051222138106823, -0.009008114226162434, -0.03280297666788101, -0.004261528607457876, 0.024855272844433784, 0.0590270459651947, -0.04111040383577347, 0.00681688729673624, -0.02603130415081978, 0.04462101310491562, -0.028858741745352745, 0.04665512591600418, -0.03748297691345215, -0.005599074065685272, 0.02382577583193779, -0.037715740501880646, 0.026396896690130234, 0.010557913221418858, 0.0020275802817195654, 0.017560720443725586, -0.06633687764406204, 0.0156704131513834, 0.04920423403382301, -0.002661782782524824, 0.0234034676104784, -0.008514037355780602, -0.0010506636463105679, 0.025027213618159294, -0.021327760070562363, -0.01781417615711689, -0.0017783433431759477, 0.005651810672134161, -0.03745563328266144, 0.029121140018105507, 0.01778922975063324, -0.005622218828648329, -0.028540387749671936, -0.004372638184577227, -0.0045450483448803425, 0.018342165276408195, 0.030054235830903053, 0.0023458898067474365, 0.01786961778998375, 0.041554275900125504, 0.02745901048183441, 0.028849823400378227, 0.04545576497912407, -0.09882280230522156, 0.036083754152059555, 0.0019029269460588694, -0.02043238654732704, 0.0186256505548954, -0.04981541633605957, 0.0721144750714302, 0.017155127599835396, 0.008788802661001682, 0.008597254753112793, -0.0773315280675888, 0.002948123961687088, 0.00557702174410224, -0.0009690735605545342, 0.08251507580280304, 0.026985954493284225, -0.01520333532243967, 0.019858429208397865, 0.0857636108994484, 0.05419166013598442, 0.041486017405986786, -0.025676338002085686, 0.05714386701583862, -0.0330728143453598, -0.0048246486112475395, -0.006049145478755236, 0.044098738580942154, -0.015955669805407524, -0.031925953924655914, -0.010109810158610344, 0.004167674109339714, -0.03243659809231758, 0.004082131199538708, 0.024495674297213554, 0.015390044078230858, 0.029736259952187538, -0.006739209406077862, 0.008911287412047386, 0.017450755462050438, -0.0443086177110672, 0.04350658506155014, 0.05196813493967056, -0.017607104033231735, 0.027301765978336334, -0.03901763632893562, 0.08495989441871643, 0.06320678442716599, -0.05631961673498154, -0.031212307512760162, -0.004325842019170523, -0.004274397622793913, -0.0008215642301365733, -0.00243771867826581, -0.03216523304581642, -0.005993454717099667, -0.055985476821660995, 0.006553282495588064, -0.01884523592889309, 0.08542647212743759, -0.0545806884765625, -0.020768610760569572, 0.059314221143722534, -0.003073822008445859, 0.05550427362322807, -0.005547660402953625, 0.025935187935829163, 0.03217223286628723, -0.03204842284321785, -0.01227616984397173, -0.025733252987265587, -0.026985617354512215, 0.02355249784886837, 0.006593287456780672, -0.04123269021511078, 0.04884275048971176, -0.03811284899711609, -0.01284819096326828, -0.012590356171131134, 0.06776173412799835, 0.047848839312791824, -0.005206590052694082, 0.03834110125899315, -0.005787234753370285, -0.02351926639676094, -0.027606282383203506, -0.12936225533485413, -0.012076787650585175, -0.001876347465440631, 0.03865985944867134, -0.006928992923349142, 0.045465972274541855, 0.026348816230893135, 0.024804387241601944, -0.05223339423537254, -0.04002092406153679, -0.0334785170853138, 0.04641439765691757, 0.014616978354752064, -0.044292423874139786, -0.02812383323907852, 0.013917353935539722, 0.08128339797258377, -0.023188499733805656, -0.007946168072521687, -0.05269721895456314, -0.03168637305498123, 0.0027584864292293787, -0.009539863094687462, 0.008249938488006592, -0.03576003015041351, 0.03711729124188423, 0.013542446307837963, -0.022834524512290955, 0.037764113396406174, 0.017103176563978195, 0.08240877836942673, 0.04127616062760353, 0.009446127340197563, -0.014042593538761139, -0.0037929369136691093, -0.006208108738064766, 0.02299783192574978, 0.023469923064112663, 0.025209572166204453, -0.03599884733557701, -0.018513131886720657, 0.028673993423581123, -0.010405459441244602, -0.2570624053478241, 0.01165701448917389, -0.0023371486458927393, -0.00992381852120161, 0.008774139918386936, -0.01604551635682583, 0.022585034370422363, -0.015285567380487919, -0.018596718087792397, 0.011056259274482727, -0.025682315230369568, 0.02289278246462345, -0.017159612849354744, 0.019986992701888084, 0.02850637026131153, 0.00977296382188797, 0.017333751544356346, -0.0074730911292135715, 0.0019566172268241644, 0.061845846474170685, 0.00184882921166718, -0.08700587600469589, -0.026581794023513794, 0.021602343767881393, -0.024189608171582222, 0.009878807701170444, -0.06213466450572014, -0.004096152260899544, -0.011030972935259342, -0.02196781150996685, 0.0052316212095320225, -0.02305467426776886, -0.0024264848325401545, 0.07242882251739502, -0.012106661684811115, -0.014166215434670448, 0.056977201253175735, 0.003287586849182844, 0.040134184062480927, -0.002061918145045638, 0.032267265021800995, -0.03083154186606407, -0.01031337957829237, 0.004423424601554871, 0.061766646802425385, -0.01474462915211916, -0.06793482601642609, -0.047832559794187546, -0.023089470341801643, 0.04511043429374695, 0.0031521774362772703, -0.0323459655046463, -0.04280603677034378, 0.035414453595876694, 0.022989023476839066, -0.011917670257389545, -0.006171909626573324, -0.01774427853524685, 0.013550647534430027, 0.018457915633916855, -0.013194479048252106, -0.0680825263261795, -0.045479435473680496, -0.036348022520542145, -0.03712433576583862, -0.04359940066933632, -0.06666606664657593, -0.03407668322324753, 0.038822539150714874, 0.020027633756399155, -0.003100787289440632, 0.025475813075900078, -0.009764673188328743, -0.08527514338493347, 0.015047009103000164, 0.00734732998535037, 0.00026433944003656507, -0.02174292877316475, -0.018081383779644966, 0.042514603585004807, -0.025559771806001663, -0.08386321365833282, 0.03196972608566284, 0.02091379091143608, -0.0006737232324667275, -0.01324681006371975, 0.008848057128489017, -0.0343998447060585, -0.01967344619333744, -0.05684196203947067, 0.04448534548282623, -0.008109688758850098, 0.03141375631093979, -0.035278622061014175, 0.03932013735175133, 0.0451560840010643, 0.05014371871948242, 0.04683448001742363, 0.016213025897741318, -0.003050408558920026, 0.06261929869651794, -0.04104096442461014, -0.041336070746183395, -0.031136872246861458, -0.03545568883419037, 0.023220136761665344, -0.06100998446345329, 0.003667348762974143, 0.05581669136881828, 0.028700118884444237, -0.04250752180814743, -0.0374554768204689, -0.010062387213110924, 0.01645435206592083, -0.006768521852791309, -0.010646755807101727, 0.017869234085083008, 0.038946107029914856, 0.04032622277736664, -0.007304226979613304, 0.0015937755815684795, 0.04784363880753517, -0.05932801961898804, 0.000595712335780263, 0.011221588589251041, 0.03315694257616997, -0.038363266736269, -0.002103972714394331, 0.013966429978609085, 0.014534905552864075, 0.028770657256245613, 0.04140276834368706, 0.008714843541383743, 0.005912013351917267, 0.07823876291513443, -0.03303913399577141, 0.026480264961719513, 0.003765174886211753, 0.042767640203237534, -0.01276145875453949, 0.02748778834939003, 0.004882134962826967, 0.011977039277553558, 0.030194448307156563, 0.024528656154870987, 0.024381281808018684, 0.018559711053967476, 0.015290205366909504, -0.006845210213214159, -0.029217423871159554, 0.027873188257217407, -0.0570756271481514, -0.047383036464452744, -0.03563361242413521, 0.015168685466051102, -0.02706250548362732, 0.007475968450307846, -0.025345979258418083, 0.01667129062116146, -0.05531136319041252, 0.054784294217824936, 0.0287946704775095, -0.02227173000574112, -0.02592102251946926, 0.022201823070645332, 0.023453542962670326, 0.014355978928506374, -0.02030280791223049, 0.003956432919949293, -0.014570332132279873, 0.008040346205234528, 0.010615089908242226, -0.04959370568394661, -0.020017269998788834, 0.01242393720895052, 0.01850789226591587, 0.016362430527806282, -0.03486621752381325, -0.0005374501924961805, 0.06305932253599167, 0.03678863123059273, -0.025298478081822395, 0.0355231836438179, 0.02162902057170868, 0.0741477683186531, 0.02371819317340851, -0.00638705026358366, 0.027018563821911812, -0.03933155536651611, 0.047402963042259216, -0.022945649921894073, -0.004267423879355192, -0.05826995149254799, -0.03180088475346565, -0.0508388988673687, -0.040143128484487534, -0.01708074100315571, 0.03627431020140648, 0.00245977146551013, 0.0017559356056153774, -0.05097789689898491, 0.042220339179039, -0.03685063123703003, -0.006082142237573862, 0.026115532964468002, -0.06731431186199188, 0.02399800717830658, 0.026166390627622604, -0.044790126383304596, -0.0011915320064872503, -0.004586371593177319, -0.03492603823542595, -0.04445343837141991, -0.05226030573248863, -0.0083619998767972, -0.004505963996052742, 0.010220382362604141, -0.012688460759818554, 0.021395346149802208, -0.017140455543994904, 0.02265876904129982, 0.01486522238701582, 0.001343059935607016, 0.003849583677947521, -0.0035857316106557846, 0.01909460313618183, -0.028729725629091263, 0.007327941711992025, -0.01035650260746479, -0.027598440647125244, 0.020317407324910164, -0.01951517164707184, 0.028508324176073074, 0.0694049820303917, 0.0005457699298858643, 0.001953971339389682, -0.017816944047808647, 0.01729682646691799, -0.005663198418915272, 0.023205624893307686, 0.0006339214160107076, 0.015490703284740448, -0.047648102045059204, 0.04702336713671684, 0.022755270823836327, 0.03586506471037865, 0.02014775015413761, 0.005008004140108824, -0.014008197002112865, 0.015222392976284027, 0.0035432269796729088, 0.029606197029352188, -0.04451007768511772, -0.006435553543269634, 0.04205545783042908, -0.0698491707444191, 0.012134069576859474, -0.08817290514707565, -0.05800392106175423, -0.0013455901062116027, -0.025628389790654182, 0.02397998236119747, -0.01565319485962391, 0.0224608201533556, 0.03771435469388962, 0.020088689401745796, -0.04094816371798515, 0.010460328310728073, 0.04072285816073418, -0.020788894966244698, -0.006059287581592798, -0.06849756836891174, -0.02776835300028324, 0.06611397117376328, -0.049847088754177094, 0.021645672619342804, -0.02767769619822502, -0.03160422667860985, 0.04341546446084976, -0.040466614067554474, -0.052632711827754974, 0.021776840090751648, -0.02506660670042038, 0.014842522330582142, 0.010024198330938816, -0.06431448459625244, -0.02071714773774147, -0.017969578504562378, -0.04209110513329506, -0.01169061940163374, 0.004399065859615803, 0.02660364657640457, -0.015480393543839455, -0.009461803361773491, -0.02334427461028099, 0.02701968513429165, 0.017600232735276222, 0.0641481876373291, 0.00894472748041153, 0.026719070971012115, 0.007155973464250565, 0.07644432783126831, 0.03589387238025665, 0.02478766068816185, 0.03605698049068451, 0.030478879809379578, -0.004625742323696613, -0.02706240676343441, 0.05150994285941124, -0.0069831861183047295, 0.006965968757867813, -0.10335167497396469, 0.040844786912202835, 0.040712349116802216, -0.03953885659575462, -0.02695305086672306, 0.060657862573862076, -0.042243488132953644, 0.019702276214957237, -0.019992170855402946, -0.007340789772570133, 0.04101209342479706, 0.05109758302569389, -0.004571059253066778, 0.020734772086143494, 0.07980602979660034, 0.015965240076184273, -0.004418087191879749, 0.006981728598475456, 0.07812107354402542, 0.059050146490335464, 0.05139477923512459, -0.03258620947599411, 0.05472103878855705, -0.012822119519114494, -0.049074430018663406, 0.03551411256194115, 0.030561085790395737, -0.018473785370588303, -0.06330402195453644, 0.021604489535093307, 0.10383564978837967, -0.0036973096430301666, 0.062116049230098724, -0.057425204664468765, -0.011980477720499039, 0.020627235993742943, 0.006929356604814529, 0.005740287248045206, 0.02378915436565876, 0.04887017607688904, -0.021390512585639954, 0.0038659851998090744, -0.009132550098001957, 0.006450549699366093, -0.034659478813409805, 0.014640005305409431, 0.018072977662086487, -0.020921703428030014, 0.02296515926718712, -0.004272505175322294, 0.01863098330795765, 0.08896534144878387, -0.024910910055041313, -0.03568463400006294, -0.010865493677556515, -0.0062812394462525845, -0.0009285783162340522, -0.006171534303575754, -0.026221662759780884, -0.0364108569920063, -0.02531932294368744, -0.02859431505203247, 0.05000309646129608, 0.034919220954179764, 0.01116142887622118, 0.025005213916301727, -0.01934683695435524, -0.015773192048072815, 0.02996237762272358, 0.03127897158265114, -0.026805967092514038, -0.05790045112371445, -0.06691600382328033, -0.0396152064204216, -0.06584550440311432, -0.026833461597561836, 0.03446733206510544, -0.0028605815023183823, -0.061163678765296936, -0.05063577741384506, -0.03055279329419136, -0.009534870274364948, 0.022982157766819, -0.07065770775079727, -0.023584140464663506, 0.03961025923490524, -0.005550287663936615, -0.04615180566906929, 0.0028257903177291155, -0.0024930047802627087, 0.0003458588616922498, -0.0006766384467482567, 0.03581304848194122, 0.020183643326163292, 0.00990369264036417, -0.022546961903572083, -0.009594186209142208, -0.08313901722431183, 0.002793160267174244, 0.05983160063624382, -0.04373805969953537, -0.0913228765130043, 0.035125698894262314, -0.021037504076957703, 0.01842210628092289, 0.04139159619808197, 0.010511206462979317, 0.01361803337931633, -0.031631503254175186, -0.019174227491021156, 0.021017057821154594, 0.011757762171328068, 0.057325609028339386, -0.002739361487329006, 0.07530897110700607, 0.040778838098049164, 0.007866584695875645, -0.01839275099337101, 0.04738539457321167, -0.01709049567580223, 0.018307069316506386, -0.018755227327346802, -0.008487822487950325, -0.03815729171037674, -0.094016894698143, -0.027801798656582832, 0.006504370365291834, -0.019774198532104492, -0.03369661048054695, -0.009711763821542263, -0.05941140279173851, 0.028867332264780998, -0.010964728891849518, -0.021083815023303032, -0.014475023373961449, -0.021626831963658333, -0.030996784567832947, -0.025392305105924606, -0.015063000842928886, -0.012954848818480968, 0.028642956167459488, -0.01532677561044693, -0.041661474853754044, -0.009400032460689545, -0.01123890932649374, 0.01689009554684162, -0.021724123507738113, 0.04098813235759735, -0.027919774875044823 ]
5,146
Training Language Models to Reason Efficiently
[ "Daman Arora", "Andrea Zanette" ]
Scaling model size and training data has led to great advances in the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the diminishing returns of this approach necessitate alternative methods to improve model capabilities, particularly in tasks requiring advanced reasoning. Large reasoning models, which leverage long chain-of-thoughts, bring unprecedented breakthroughs in problem-solving capabilities but at a substantial deployment cost associated to longer generations. Reducing inference costs is crucial for the economic feasibility, user experience, and environmental sustainability of these models.In this work, we propose to train large reasoning models to reason efficiently. Our method incentivizes models to minimize unnecessary computational overhead while largely maintaining accuracy, thereby achieving substantial deployment efficiency gains. It enables the derivation of a family of reasoning models with varying efficiency levels, controlled via a single hyperparameter. Experiments on two open-weight large reasoning models demonstrate significant reductions in inference cost while preserving most of the accuracy.
poster
2502.04463
https://github.com/Zanette-Labs/efficient-reasoning
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.03608338534832001, 0.010437488555908203, -0.015416153706610203, 0.03939240425825119, 0.052704598754644394, 0.01357217039912939, 0.016312364488840103, 0.008943099528551102, -0.03451593965291977, 0.0047709746286273, -0.026708900928497314, 0.04800267517566681, -0.05992491543292999, 0.006863813381642103, -0.009837600402534008, 0.04163665696978569, 0.004483822267502546, -0.0035415547899901867, 0.01973676308989525, 0.009825651533901691, 0.0031122430227696896, -0.0071039702743291855, 0.029043952003121376, 0.01568184420466423, 0.05821128189563751, -0.008300096727907658, 0.04176147282123566, 0.023427335545420647, -0.02606678009033203, -0.005847781430929899, 0.0477786548435688, -0.029879918321967125, 0.004907458554953337, -0.02826855331659317, -0.004923238884657621, 0.008490623906254768, -0.06206025555729866, 0.003820698941126466, 0.011402018368244171, 0.01495346985757351, -0.04002363607287407, 0.06330361217260361, 0.00030785976559855044, 0.022333510220050812, -0.07472328841686249, -0.005450931377708912, -0.1092114970088005, 0.014255202375352383, 0.007345043122768402, -0.03099311888217926, -0.1192215085029602, 0.015109230764210224, -0.05242316052317619, -0.022089745849370956, 0.0032410649582743645, 0.05257970467209816, 0.03414224460721016, -0.10774149000644684, 0.016887150704860687, -0.03133871406316757, -0.03765591233968735, 0.013391848653554916, 0.0021625678054988384, -0.017374146729707718, -0.008382410742342472, -0.04670729860663414, -0.01416455116122961, 0.04500975459814072, -0.06449156254529953, -0.035631678998470306, -0.021432874724268913, 0.011593997478485107, -0.03165433555841446, -0.0003072432882618159, -0.01237426046282053, -0.04261258989572525, 0.02013000287115574, 0.02119361236691475, 0.04719116911292076, 0.006629235111176968, -0.020584693178534508, 0.03992432355880737, 0.004016480874270201, 0.021504681557416916, 0.04397951439023018, 0.01909804530441761, -0.02325858362019062, -0.029700251296162605, -0.0794331505894661, 0.02869999036192894, 0.009586644358932972, -0.04977334290742874, -0.005990096367895603, 0.043313782662153244, 0.021128445863723755, 0.024075204506516457, 0.01881762407720089, 0.030918452888727188, -0.005709114018827677, 0.005648056045174599, -0.029237231239676476, -0.04476704075932503, 0.03698505833745003, -0.00454598618671298, -0.09954994171857834, 0.006192510947585106, -0.007942218333482742, -0.03294513002038002, -0.01550108939409256, 0.0034831142984330654, -0.023752538487315178, -0.008742746897041798, 0.013722757808864117, -0.011154704727232456, -0.06572258472442627, 0.028593113645911217, 0.015524540096521378, 0.014916145242750645, 0.011948003433644772, 0.023943599313497543, 0.04537783935666084, 0.02762606367468834, 0.004307120572775602, 0.0558994859457016, -0.032401151955127716, 0.0078204944729805, -0.021662835031747818, 0.03420537710189819, -0.04522275552153587, -0.04285665601491928, 0.013964774087071419, 0.021472696214914322, 0.0022978009656071663, 0.0034570551943033934, -0.0020725068170577288, 0.009374148212373257, 0.01569892279803753, 0.006807462777942419, 0.04953088238835335, -0.012306534685194492, 0.014756537042558193, -0.0160000529140234, 0.09259536862373352, -0.007170423399657011, 0.04076749086380005, 0.0033511824440211058, -0.03305688872933388, 0.001737179234623909, -0.014709243550896645, -0.011810271069407463, -0.00001751709532982204, 0.016326898708939552, -0.0031527087558060884, -0.04261727258563042, 0.03966401889920235, 0.07492054253816605, 0.01261195819824934, -0.01175362803041935, 0.023249726742506027, 0.007531538140028715, 0.01053385529667139, 0.007839874364435673, -0.04858102649450302, -0.0026035450864583254, -0.011818628758192062, -0.07289183884859085, 0.022614970803260803, 0.006309789605438709, -0.07095344364643097, 0.02939959056675434, -0.021274389699101448, -0.027295805513858795, 0.10486073046922684, -0.039260901510715485, -0.012655915692448616, -0.01007190253585577, 0.069734126329422, -0.0018274413887411356, 0.0537426695227623, 0.021863358095288277, -0.06103226915001869, 0.004766401369124651, 0.004829279147088528, -0.0005089509068056941, 0.004286192357540131, -0.029294684529304504, 0.0972386822104454, -0.038425710052251816, 0.01357406284660101, 0.018884137272834778, -0.07924389094114304, -0.012538030743598938, 0.04592147469520569, 0.021716386079788208, 0.08376520872116089, -0.01840033568441868, 0.019709615036845207, 0.060315314680337906, 0.02798701636493206, 0.059098344296216965, 0.06877859681844711, 0.006728197447955608, 0.07809486985206604, -0.01639297604560852, -0.01610909216105938, 0.001480505452491343, 0.016272401437163353, -0.03948049247264862, -0.03655024245381355, 0.03280216082930565, -0.03681660443544388, 0.00544817466288805, 0.04241757094860077, -0.014914540573954582, -0.013566317968070507, -0.018325595185160637, 0.005089990794658661, -0.017272427678108215, 0.01327070314437151, -0.043502528220415115, 0.019586000591516495, 0.020730407908558846, -0.010185180231928825, 0.00011598494165809825, -0.04762161523103714, 0.05984824523329735, 0.05908222123980522, -0.012737601064145565, -0.018157636746764183, 0.024449050426483154, 0.00419954489916563, 0.01137272734194994, -0.006141518708318472, -0.029379725456237793, 0.024344759061932564, -0.024709347635507584, -0.02600555680692196, -0.027930300682783127, 0.032112255692481995, -0.0398465059697628, 0.004284880124032497, 0.04827307164669037, -0.013022703118622303, 0.07041870057582855, -0.0032302788458764553, -0.004270124714821577, 0.04184141755104065, 0.008910228498280048, -0.01996474154293537, -0.04580611735582352, -0.01595577783882618, 0.008001244626939297, 0.03409551829099655, 0.00007294095848919824, 0.0030528518836945295, -0.04822874069213867, 0.013791694305837154, 0.0005907023441977799, 0.04867427796125412, 0.04983726143836975, -0.022922830656170845, 0.033701688051223755, 0.008146815001964569, -0.02765374258160591, 0.022568583488464355, -0.084415003657341, -0.03774812072515488, -0.044116586446762085, 0.010242534801363945, 0.0007688557379879057, 0.060070812702178955, -0.007695664186030626, 0.0495317243039608, -0.027668554335832596, -0.04142335057258606, 0.014397348277270794, 0.01933452859520912, -0.013059322722256184, -0.0585915744304657, -0.015034917742013931, -0.01953866146504879, 0.04746616259217262, -0.017567899078130722, -0.021333277225494385, -0.03223167732357979, -0.03370630741119385, -0.009820645675063133, -0.07184448093175888, 0.02027866058051586, 0.053859204053878784, 0.03686293959617615, 0.012075332924723625, 0.0013303166488185525, 0.008798989467322826, 0.06029709801077843, 0.04261050745844841, 0.03443839028477669, -0.028153104707598686, -0.0030411689076572657, 0.05245615541934967, -0.04448091611266136, 0.011010418646037579, -0.01825890690088272, 0.04904890060424805, -0.021234087646007538, 0.008726072497665882, 0.008893230929970741, 0.01018232200294733, -0.2612448036670685, 0.012338883243501186, -0.0038142565172165632, -0.04287954047322273, 0.03167605772614479, -0.014356748200953007, 0.062494996935129166, -0.08139883726835251, -0.043341707438230515, 0.02719733491539955, 0.025331487879157066, 0.04236556962132454, -0.012833771295845509, 0.04221002757549286, 0.047469962388277054, 0.05359634757041931, 0.0013408992672339082, -0.03133626654744148, 0.004337589256465435, 0.027642754837870598, 0.020577289164066315, -0.0581238679587841, -0.04332578927278519, 0.048532478511333466, 0.004687249194830656, 0.05825875699520111, -0.08878420293331146, 0.009914963506162167, -0.03419603407382965, -0.007758916821330786, -0.011607516556978226, -0.0371534489095211, -0.006286563817411661, 0.029607169330120087, 0.0016318069538101554, 0.023912563920021057, 0.03465177118778229, -0.021596994251012802, 0.04299181327223778, 0.029446730390191078, 0.012428372167050838, -0.02916339412331581, 0.0035379293840378523, 0.011098809540271759, 0.0445622019469738, -0.003044986631721258, -0.0692705363035202, -0.027290906757116318, -0.008448977954685688, 0.05987169221043587, -0.02636110596358776, -0.027553165331482887, 0.0029335590079426765, -0.0296182744204998, -0.0014642057940363884, -0.02657170221209526, 0.0376058854162693, -0.03216172754764557, -0.02346615493297577, -0.00335653405636549, 0.02531779184937477, -0.023903103545308113, -0.03876498341560364, -0.03330152854323387, -0.026078322902321815, -0.03245721012353897, -0.0582592710852623, -0.03314032405614853, 0.034933798015117645, 0.05094818398356438, -0.03840235620737076, 0.032316386699676514, 0.010267404839396477, -0.08754221349954605, -0.019523780792951584, 0.023696132004261017, -0.018057551234960556, -0.015649914741516113, 0.009577170945703983, 0.04776899144053459, -0.04588950797915459, -0.031547367572784424, -0.022989653050899506, 0.004790614824742079, 0.025497617200016975, -0.03228403255343437, 0.016376318410038948, -0.03777126967906952, -0.008281362242996693, -0.023355169221758842, 0.015107017010450363, 0.03290878236293793, -0.012985420413315296, 0.05063161626458168, 0.06725899130105972, 0.03433529660105705, 0.024918798357248306, 0.053448256105184555, 0.04792485013604164, -0.00990450382232666, 0.0058778272941708565, -0.044295698404312134, -0.001522282836958766, -0.034905046224594116, -0.052269041538238525, -0.011433981359004974, -0.04835498705506325, -0.007453710772097111, 0.014802503399550915, -0.004789975006133318, -0.03961193189024925, -0.018890902400016785, 0.007252581417560577, -0.0011811578879132867, -0.05555284023284912, 0.022823767736554146, -0.026044812053442, 0.03910532221198082, -0.0017157228430733085, -0.015857314690947533, -0.01668456941843033, 0.04459187760949135, -0.035402920097112656, 0.0012161092599853873, -0.0010941877262666821, -0.008166825398802757, 0.035289421677589417, -0.03788042441010475, -0.0215699914842844, -0.011667435988783836, 0.0025965943932533264, -0.0014687738148495555, 0.004317177925258875, 0.022210150957107544, 0.053012002259492874, -0.014914640225470066, -0.012124182656407356, -0.02427150122821331, 0.014076811261475086, 0.010998125188052654, -0.008540155366063118, -0.009387203492224216, 0.02488468401134014, 0.02971675805747509, 0.015087802894413471, 0.002749265870079398, 0.013124370016157627, 0.01717028021812439, 0.023199087008833885, 0.00045513108489103615, 0.04075467586517334, -0.05554242804646492, 0.012463357299566269, -0.02979562059044838, -0.0033729325514286757, -0.009100106544792652, 0.03498634323477745, -0.022497164085507393, 0.019003737717866898, -0.07910564541816711, 0.04881519079208374, -0.00910758227109909, -0.024789830669760704, 0.009609900414943695, 0.016970785334706306, 0.03273966908454895, -0.03057093359529972, 0.02224155329167843, -0.0003177696780767292, 0.006501851137727499, 0.02430829592049122, -0.04343928024172783, -0.04956894740462303, 0.009086237289011478, 0.000045718206820311025, 0.024669071659445763, 0.024990931153297424, 0.004490434192121029, -0.032447610050439835, 0.03597521781921387, -0.0010422433260828257, -0.04543939232826233, -0.01696503534913063, -0.018544472754001617, 0.07596250623464584, 0.018029890954494476, 0.015672046691179276, 0.022437000647187233, -0.044562794268131256, 0.007463387213647366, -0.02383451908826828, 0.014560136012732983, 0.002608619863167405, -0.013587018474936485, -0.05128771439194679, -0.04882129654288292, 0.022971753031015396, 0.008207571692764759, -0.0012861135182902217, 0.003126142779365182, -0.005459109786897898, -0.0274342130869627, -0.0629931390285492, -0.01598111167550087, 0.03431161120533943, -0.068206287920475, -0.02064124308526516, 0.01588241383433342, 0.044965215027332306, 0.030807508155703545, -0.04883187264204025, -0.03749798238277435, -0.05690211430191994, -0.012030606158077717, 0.03975607082247734, -0.0038599034305661917, -0.018929533660411835, 0.00047286786139011383, 0.012679873034358025, -0.024088462814688683, 0.013281304389238358, -0.006523710675537586, -0.018790794536471367, -0.03088865801692009, -0.009055480360984802, 0.0682973638176918, -0.0022444126661866903, -0.04582192748785019, 0.00327702215872705, -0.07801263779401779, 0.028751151636242867, -0.054837554693222046, 0.011470052413642406, 0.05142725259065628, 0.020321650430560112, 0.004762211814522743, 0.0037959746550768614, 0.07681474089622498, 0.023997751995921135, -0.011749985627830029, 0.018739834427833557, -0.024980125948786736, 0.0035660031717270613, 0.0068821837194263935, -0.022708378732204437, 0.05361991003155708, 0.0006221520598046482, 0.016922345384955406, 0.026554562151432037, 0.007735223043709993, 0.004806399345397949, 0.006381643936038017, -0.02790425345301628, 0.009322253055870533, 0.061214566230773926, -0.033487819135189056, -0.03690874204039574, -0.05295430123806, -0.05787276104092598, 0.007235521916300058, -0.02223997376859188, 0.04016672074794769, -0.04731716588139534, 0.06007370725274086, -0.006592735182493925, 0.030144840478897095, 0.005048767197877169, -0.013116652145981789, 0.055466484278440475, -0.04461263120174408, 0.011384405195713043, -0.06371355056762695, -0.005136300344020128, 0.05876820161938667, -0.04527069628238678, 0.001959668006747961, -0.01020430214703083, -0.04691862687468529, 0.0551333986222744, 0.010551921091973782, -0.021726984530687332, 0.017262931913137436, -0.003045914927497506, -0.039673302322626114, 0.04343188926577568, -0.034192297607660294, -0.020349331200122833, -0.006828350946307182, -0.0422971136868, -0.001974071841686964, 0.008903192356228828, 0.04822679981589317, -0.03225754201412201, 0.024782655760645866, -0.03486248478293419, -0.006651116069406271, 0.012629236094653606, 0.0554632693529129, 0.03327200561761856, 0.0530407689511776, -0.01903168112039566, 0.0666462779045105, 0.015033437870442867, 0.017354002222418785, -0.0051928493194282055, -0.010852831415832043, -0.024061497300863266, -0.06789883226156235, 0.06773807853460312, 0.005274814087897539, 0.0000504646850458812, -0.04699913039803505, 0.08212947845458984, 0.03309699520468712, -0.029261957854032516, -0.019839685410261154, 0.01047979760915041, -0.042169056832790375, 0.013623860664665699, -0.01211509108543396, -0.009949482046067715, 0.026049235835671425, 0.053867995738983154, 0.0024563553743064404, 0.06239974498748779, 0.07266721874475479, -0.0027812556363642216, -0.04094713553786278, -0.015549334697425365, 0.042410872876644135, 0.043019916862249374, 0.0775018259882927, 0.007854975759983063, 0.061410099267959595, -0.03279536962509155, -0.03455682471394539, 0.020466646179556847, 0.017632722854614258, -0.028321050107479095, -0.04528823867440224, 0.04641666263341904, 0.05056706443428993, -0.0040768045000731945, 0.04739956557750702, -0.04990893229842186, 0.02076934650540352, 0.045298799872398376, 0.0070699770003557205, -0.014170932583510876, 0.06710100919008255, 0.03687652572989464, 0.012436962686479092, -0.03832617774605751, -0.015924843028187752, 0.005822454113513231, -0.029563238844275475, -0.013840041123330593, -0.0016263462603092194, -0.023882606998085976, -0.00572179164737463, 0.002283236011862755, 0.06174670159816742, 0.10871679335832596, -0.04530741274356842, -0.04801902920007706, 0.031167980283498764, 0.010207024402916431, -0.006550487596541643, 0.022185729816555977, 0.019481301307678223, -0.030407017096877098, 0.018015580251812935, -0.021771995350718498, -0.007979895919561386, 0.011141212657094002, -0.004172945395112038, 0.007918532006442547, -0.011394791305065155, -0.061135612428188324, 0.014396999031305313, 0.031093820929527283, -0.0934029296040535, -0.04950471594929695, -0.021663639694452286, -0.05295722559094429, -0.021989265456795692, -0.05415372550487518, 0.013978125527501106, -0.005845182575285435, 0.00266254018060863, 0.008164502680301666, -0.05132870003581047, -0.01881246082484722, 0.009293066337704659, -0.047376204282045364, -0.0012613770086318254, 0.05128472298383713, 0.00613843509927392, -0.036852333694696426, 0.055113960057497025, 0.011578007601201534, 0.01172949094325304, 0.004140234552323818, 0.04633539170026779, 0.02379206381738186, -0.007114800624549389, 0.011415015906095505, -0.020400406792759895, -0.08142990618944168, -0.01805446296930313, 0.001897509559057653, -0.021258404478430748, -0.05424579605460167, 0.013962242752313614, -0.009801404550671577, 0.055175524204969406, 0.06859241425991058, 0.027919340878725052, 0.04125829041004181, -0.007456647697836161, -0.0006045756745152175, 0.010041662491858006, 0.0244508758187294, 0.02571413293480873, -0.0255131796002388, 0.05736211687326431, 0.03873596340417862, -0.03468354791402817, -0.0789714902639389, 0.03182606399059296, -0.009300466626882553, -0.010282669216394424, -0.02438357286155224, -0.030501801520586014, 0.011075012385845184, -0.10073227435350418, -0.004753813613206148, -0.006962741259485483, -0.01692214235663414, -0.018959764391183853, 0.003906720317900181, -0.025204725563526154, -0.0440538227558136, 0.00014369878044817597, -0.04884284734725952, -0.01376083679497242, -0.026156635954976082, -0.05460648611187935, -0.0536164715886116, 0.019250323995947838, -0.01573699153959751, -0.017612233757972717, -0.04393186792731285, -0.04498128220438957, -0.01784707047045231, 0.027301473543047905, 0.05246463418006897, 0.0024530054070055485, 0.026527926325798035, -0.037932585924863815 ]
5,147
Posterior Sampling by Combining Diffusion Models with Annealed Langevin Dynamics
[ "Zhiyang Xun", "Shivam Gupta", "Eric Price" ]
Given a noisy linear measurement $y = Ax + \xi$ of a distribution $p(x)$, and a good approximation to the prior $p(x)$, when can we sample from the posterior $p(x \mid y)$? Posterior sampling provides an accurate and fair framework for tasks such as inpainting, deblurring, and MRI reconstruction, and several heuristics attempt to approximate it. Unfortunately, approximate posterior sampling is computationally intractable in general.To sidestep this hardness, we focus on (local or global) log-concave distributions $p(x)$. In this regime, Langevin dynamics yields posterior samples when the exact scores of $p(x)$ are available, but it is brittle to score--estimation error, requiring an MGF bound (sub‑exponential error). By contrast, in the unconditional setting, diffusion models succeed with only an $L^2$ bound on the score error. We prove that combining diffusion models with an *annealed* variant of Langevin dynamics achieves conditional sampling in polynomial time using merely an $L^4$ bound on the score error.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.017584441229701042, 0.022467000409960747, 0.006629376206547022, 0.04431438073515892, 0.053444672375917435, 0.04644748568534851, 0.032295677810907364, -0.02686510607600212, -0.03501106798648834, -0.08536878973245621, 0.030041402205824852, -0.008753797970712185, -0.050093427300453186, 0.003941098693758249, 0.018740257248282433, 0.06273708492517471, 0.06492775678634644, -0.018965765833854675, -0.011677132919430733, 0.0380980409681797, -0.0036528229247778654, -0.02011989802122116, 0.035317543894052505, 0.011172919534146786, 0.009114225395023823, -0.011344734579324722, -0.0019357128767296672, 0.007409332320094109, -0.02809678576886654, -0.010203379206359386, 0.0035314965061843395, 0.02598639763891697, 0.00035229281638748944, -0.04624374210834503, -0.008884829469025135, -0.0032140251714736223, -0.006553555838763714, -0.005542449187487364, 0.007246340624988079, 0.025912350043654442, -0.051500916481018066, 0.015723658725619316, 0.010040635243058205, 0.03608400747179985, -0.06886712461709976, 0.013056118041276932, -0.05843507871031761, 0.037243735045194626, 0.010044972412288189, -0.038909487426280975, -0.07351716607809067, 0.020518530160188675, 0.016659768298268318, -0.008063090965151787, -0.012053236365318298, 0.0386730395257473, 0.04401164501905441, -0.07151037454605103, 0.001470515737310052, -0.07565879076719284, -0.014879471622407436, -0.00917063932865858, 0.008227351121604443, 0.011276193894445896, -0.013414819724857807, 0.004182854667305946, 0.013197475112974644, 0.051329147070646286, -0.029780399054288864, -0.013957402668893337, -0.046769656240940094, -0.038020726293325424, 0.005699499975889921, -0.01135239563882351, 0.0077139344066381454, -0.04539486765861511, 0.015698447823524475, 0.0332125723361969, 0.06854814291000366, 0.00466162757948041, 0.03175585716962814, -0.018836423754692078, 0.016608333215117455, 0.04158034175634384, -0.006536761298775673, 0.004539858549833298, -0.03834374248981476, -0.02154158055782318, -0.061072640120983124, 0.06373242288827896, -0.058950573205947876, -0.06127135083079338, 0.010672974400222301, 0.03314501792192459, 0.04521826654672623, -0.030078785493969917, 0.013640847988426685, 0.03929964825510979, 0.025602977722883224, -0.005561840254813433, -0.01598016731441021, -0.04754192382097244, 0.02146330289542675, 0.008124192245304585, -0.09594125300645828, -0.03860616311430931, -0.029815295711159706, 0.013717878609895706, -0.02327575907111168, 0.02155863679945469, -0.006620276253670454, 0.008141210302710533, -0.018106723204255104, -0.018244389444589615, -0.0918712466955185, 0.030367450788617134, 0.004105289466679096, -0.011007166467607021, -0.0009503464680165052, -0.021458225324749947, 0.02342408150434494, 0.08592929691076279, 0.0006091261166147888, 0.06463205069303513, -0.009442994371056557, 0.03723982349038124, 0.029772985726594925, 0.04755810275673866, -0.026786403730511665, -0.020605331286787987, 0.017301689833402634, 0.04738780856132507, 0.016002584248781204, -0.009822691790759563, 0.007832853123545647, -0.05255366489291191, 0.0009284019470214844, 0.020952140912413597, -0.006425715982913971, -0.010901445522904396, 0.030633099377155304, -0.03695302829146385, 0.03446878492832184, 0.0017890374874696136, 0.04674699157476425, -0.013609289191663265, -0.0021699685603380203, -0.03437260165810585, -0.05394376814365387, -0.0046515753492712975, 0.01805996149778366, 0.007196459919214249, 0.03237781301140785, -0.061403900384902954, -0.015251043252646923, 0.008459528908133507, -0.0016376781277358532, 0.014104331843554974, -0.0036127108614891768, -0.016540315002202988, 0.04678932949900627, -0.0025873840786516666, 0.010049560107290745, -0.0049650901928544044, -0.0029899110086262226, -0.06959107518196106, 0.06618038564920425, 0.05769192799925804, 0.002130247186869383, -0.006849084980785847, -0.03558872640132904, -0.02482585795223713, 0.04156436771154404, 0.011139551177620888, -0.01612180471420288, 0.03701013699173927, 0.05858200788497925, 0.0177158173173666, 0.03798115998506546, 0.003973872400820255, -0.09019383043050766, 0.011585777625441551, 0.024355046451091766, -0.006612932775169611, 0.003055666107684374, -0.03329230844974518, 0.07277818024158478, -0.025012336671352386, -0.028772376477718353, 0.01629350520670414, -0.07430951297283173, -0.0011307653039693832, 0.03300030156970024, -0.024122828617691994, 0.054532844573259354, 0.022297868505120277, -0.017918409779667854, 0.039026711136102676, 0.044016290456056595, 0.007969707250595093, 0.04618891328573227, -0.04607022926211357, 0.04807199537754059, -0.01872037909924984, -0.017081186175346375, -0.013894954696297646, 0.05960170552134514, -0.0390966422855854, -0.003151622135192156, 0.041570086032152176, -0.006127453409135342, 0.027275897562503815, -0.005788622889667749, 0.01451028510928154, 0.018357381224632263, 0.00636826828122139, 0.011016982607543468, -0.0018972881371155381, 0.012794123962521553, -0.03058827854692936, -0.006377643905580044, 0.028625397011637688, -0.02246922440826893, 0.026267744600772858, 0.008199521340429783, 0.10380575805902481, 0.09901806712150574, -0.014181426726281643, -0.012295113876461983, 0.009537598118185997, -0.004676719196140766, 0.013557647354900837, 0.023521512746810913, -0.0017425876576453447, 0.027484793215990067, 0.0016146778361871839, 0.005274499300867319, -0.03393101692199707, 0.045314572751522064, -0.05597300827503204, 0.0071650100871920586, 0.05294175446033478, 0.023037031292915344, 0.062334634363651276, -0.011747614480555058, 0.011902824975550175, 0.03972199559211731, -0.0007309516076929867, -0.04072905704379082, -0.0006180499913170934, -0.03475052863359451, -0.008743610233068466, 0.00992634054273367, -0.02078842930495739, 0.010938392020761967, -0.04865645617246628, -0.012825308367609978, 0.015963494777679443, 0.07175900787115097, 0.06153470650315285, 0.043767306953668594, 0.0056741200387477875, 0.014617353677749634, -0.032653797417879105, -0.05363042652606964, -0.1193658709526062, -0.03729935362935066, -0.01762981154024601, 0.05246349424123764, 0.01822865940630436, 0.01605800911784172, -0.021603984758257866, 0.020102212205529213, 0.004153470508754253, -0.010928819887340069, -0.0018920316360890865, 0.006178458221256733, 0.024835847318172455, -0.025575311854481697, -0.025432905182242393, 0.016103176400065422, 0.09896668791770935, -0.02076832205057144, -0.03412872552871704, -0.03587326779961586, -0.06627167016267776, -0.008994920179247856, 0.007985414937138557, 0.02392643503844738, 0.023524027317762375, 0.02698669023811817, 0.02267579734325409, 0.004512316547334194, 0.02454129420220852, 0.010029309429228306, 0.04083747789263725, 0.029561102390289307, -0.0029397078324109316, -0.02625860832631588, -0.012329496443271637, -0.01818017289042473, 0.0007093285676091909, -0.027987243607640266, -0.019183645024895668, -0.005642364267259836, -0.002476021181792021, 0.050689712166786194, 0.008746103383600712, -0.253665030002594, 0.01266112644225359, 0.03577722981572151, -0.004350133240222931, 0.02883695438504219, 0.0015700312796980143, 0.05486051365733147, -0.05909781530499458, -0.035634804517030716, 0.04051058739423752, 0.012619612738490105, 0.029929006472229958, -0.013795279897749424, 0.10329774767160416, 0.050017520785331726, -0.011696484871208668, -0.00462711276486516, -0.012381915003061295, 0.02269842103123665, 0.01390549261122942, -0.003431107150390744, -0.05808180943131447, 0.004983571358025074, -0.02731863223016262, 0.000633782590739429, 0.03638138622045517, -0.06693045049905777, 0.013460280373692513, -0.03883425146341324, 0.008158436976373196, -0.05850857123732567, -0.045170173048973083, -0.000360404810635373, 0.03603316470980644, 0.008538158610463142, 0.008425422012805939, 0.03447698429226875, 0.007044318597763777, -0.007955877110362053, 0.0022081308998167515, -0.003495017532259226, 0.038701124489307404, -0.0330052375793457, 0.0095726503059268, 0.06263281404972076, 0.0017216588603332639, 0.001338569913059473, -0.003517372300848365, -0.006108259316533804, 0.023028090596199036, 0.0027078029233962297, -0.023672284558415413, -0.03787824884057045, 0.0038448404520750046, -0.019459573552012444, -0.024994853883981705, -0.0087285116314888, 0.005254216957837343, 0.0034467719960957766, 0.02611537091434002, -0.008064339868724346, -0.07303453981876373, 0.0028285158332437277, -0.01893654465675354, 0.0008215489215217531, -0.04540017619729042, -0.053184110671281815, -0.036465246230363846, 0.031973645091056824, 0.008757931180298328, 0.0022617867216467857, -0.04112856090068817, -0.002770280698314309, -0.09419699013233185, 0.03285079076886177, -0.019571928307414055, 0.003136326326057315, -0.05191383138298988, -0.028620267286896706, 0.03443411737680435, -0.028610682114958763, -0.0274374857544899, 0.006088927388191223, 0.03570641204714775, 0.02528848871588707, -0.002781570190563798, -0.013651286251842976, -0.04236193746328354, -0.0068937730975449085, -0.05484916269779205, 0.03625398129224777, 0.00013059905904810876, 0.05164436250925064, -0.008215755224227905, 0.018991639837622643, 0.02798096276819706, 0.02698952704668045, 0.0664173886179924, 0.029018256813287735, -0.017971070483326912, 0.030535638332366943, -0.08237875252962112, -0.03302156552672386, -0.03294961899518967, -0.014675367623567581, 0.021766362711787224, -0.07411044836044312, -0.0027860100381076336, -0.0038293099496513605, -0.0010168736334890127, -0.027743523940443993, 0.004475734196603298, 0.024063196033239365, -0.004252910148352385, 0.0007205887231975794, -0.04507629945874214, 0.014575246721506119, 0.06264160573482513, 0.0313495509326458, -0.02545926347374916, -0.03126274421811104, 0.05588962137699127, -0.056639112532138824, -0.003460103180259466, 0.012385551817715168, -0.0016297304537147284, -0.003356659784913063, -0.003097750246524811, -0.015977689996361732, 0.0022703756112605333, 0.010486367158591747, 0.0581594780087471, 0.03354013338685036, 0.029593797400593758, 0.08233077824115753, 0.024883287027478218, -0.016002964228391647, -0.019341936334967613, 0.03623323515057564, -0.012253857217729092, 0.041206300258636475, -0.0096521507948637, 0.007188123185187578, 0.03564434126019478, 0.02901403047144413, 0.010897014290094376, 0.022344527766108513, 0.01633240096271038, -0.019521310925483704, -0.006959307007491589, 0.0162579957395792, -0.049761440604925156, -0.030605806037783623, -0.012114384211599827, 0.0004772866959683597, -0.01955561339855194, 0.007187741342931986, -0.0073605612851679325, 0.033739686012268066, -0.07254374772310257, 0.04338886961340904, 0.03419593349099159, -0.07515863329172134, -0.0003149086842313409, 0.030060414224863052, 0.0540570430457592, -0.04999598488211632, 0.010903306305408478, 0.02062448486685753, -0.006832488346844912, 0.014897880144417286, -0.02115626633167267, -0.035666726529598236, -0.0354839451611042, -0.011973937973380089, 0.01150634977966547, 0.018147632479667664, -0.026928294450044632, -0.05378418415784836, 0.013530045747756958, 0.028553560376167297, -0.027516456320881844, -0.0225725919008255, -0.0027944480534642935, 0.06793513894081116, -0.012471023015677929, -0.022492140531539917, -0.021729592233896255, -0.04295270889997482, 0.06516888737678528, -0.008066697977483273, 0.012679771520197392, -0.021773895248770714, -0.04315962642431259, -0.021117720752954483, -0.02980795130133629, -0.03439148887991905, 0.0320136696100235, -0.001568307401612401, -0.0004702935984823853, 0.012742518447339535, -0.002948451554402709, -0.007975551299750805, 0.04325161874294281, 0.007164138834923506, -0.055800046771764755, 0.019291194155812263, 0.04496512562036514, -0.07006797939538956, 0.05496416613459587, -0.040022511035203934, -0.02555137686431408, -0.04201456531882286, 0.0006935977726243436, 0.005029675550758839, -0.01875501312315464, -0.01925564371049404, -0.00788227841258049, 0.0174136683344841, 0.004806391894817352, 0.022703245282173157, 0.014380166307091713, 0.007030431646853685, -0.01241756696254015, 0.016597533598542213, 0.0275168064981699, -0.055049680173397064, -0.017759915441274643, 0.01159580796957016, -0.007648742292076349, 0.010590584017336369, -0.05673214793205261, -0.014197294600307941, 0.047599583864212036, -0.029786404222249985, 0.009710283018648624, -0.0581372007727623, 0.04659060761332512, -0.014749817550182343, -0.0002447522128932178, 0.02697204425930977, 0.039547521620988846, -0.04370006546378136, 0.022618643939495087, -0.021279821172356606, 0.036881688982248306, 0.024042468518018723, 0.018319666385650635, 0.020196732133626938, 0.04700660705566406, 0.009574567899107933, 0.04519909992814064, -0.05495240539312363, 0.012285439297556877, 0.04753850772976875, 0.00460384227335453, -0.025173645466566086, -0.10722290724515915, -0.026240909472107887, 0.011637161485850811, -0.019932297989726067, 0.00297184893861413, -0.028950994834303856, 0.03191294148564339, 0.028366180136799812, 0.006911258678883314, 0.013374801725149155, -0.011506610549986362, 0.018042806535959244, -0.058398500084877014, 0.016272781416773796, -0.049736179411411285, 0.0002241380570922047, 0.0443563386797905, -0.04131685197353363, 0.029237937182188034, 0.054338693618774414, -0.022682901471853256, 0.028867870569229126, -0.06475698947906494, -0.06802411377429962, 0.01367664523422718, -0.02792542800307274, -0.007769507355988026, 0.007735935039818287, -0.06744436919689178, -0.005726583302021027, -0.0299177635461092, -0.08282981812953949, -0.00943821296095848, 0.026537146419286728, 0.033653583377599716, 0.0020562640856951475, 0.006985182873904705, -0.03572670742869377, 0.01823318749666214, 0.016931599006056786, 0.06375839561223984, 0.004323470871895552, 0.007783162873238325, -0.049386657774448395, 0.0676070898771286, 0.035908378660678864, 0.030859852209687233, 0.040002141147851944, 0.017253447324037552, 0.0038597441744059324, -0.057330675423145294, 0.020402325317263603, -0.004604947753250599, -0.017995329573750496, -0.06087278202176094, 0.038431260734796524, 0.030772961676120758, -0.0570281520485878, -0.05671711266040802, 0.05998761206865311, -0.060446932911872864, 0.003276633797213435, 0.0009548840462230146, -0.0009540839237160981, 0.013825971633195877, 0.08586171269416809, 0.003067366313189268, 0.034004468470811844, 0.04296272248029709, 0.0027715875767171383, 0.010151016525924206, -0.01259397342801094, 0.07930143177509308, 0.06342829018831253, 0.048776477575302124, -0.0229264497756958, 0.07515515387058258, -0.050449926406145096, -0.03812194615602493, -0.004299229010939598, -0.02191491611301899, -0.030030973255634308, -0.04794372618198395, -0.003485475666821003, 0.08924847841262817, -0.011604689061641693, 0.06062629073858261, -0.05143168941140175, -0.009993764571845531, 0.025931622833013535, 0.0015832403441891074, 0.015362081117928028, 0.021042456850409508, 0.022262895479798317, -0.005906015168875456, -0.028024975210428238, -0.004677438177168369, 0.008509749546647072, -0.02076485939323902, 0.03651310130953789, 0.01678384467959404, -0.016214514151215553, 0.009609545581042767, 0.021892255172133446, -0.010700300335884094, 0.08752792328596115, -0.040261413902044296, -0.05205223709344864, -0.007333493325859308, -0.000730087689589709, 0.018261099234223366, 0.0367865227162838, 0.04151478037238121, -0.02286389470100403, -0.0056818886660039425, -0.024792449548840523, 0.020348500460386276, 0.0365106537938118, -0.03688410669565201, -0.0035287581849843264, -0.026371818035840988, 0.008044966496527195, 0.02746201679110527, -0.02153346687555313, -0.0750177726149559, -0.03786285221576691, -0.01743980124592781, -0.0728289857506752, -0.06453893333673477, -0.04904100298881531, 0.036581993103027344, 0.00707434443756938, -0.03769901767373085, 0.0008062336128205061, -0.0315278135240078, 0.028506183996796608, 0.02620391547679901, -0.05166096240282059, -0.047066494822502136, 0.059160199016332626, -0.021739773452281952, -0.0025006886571645737, 0.006514696404337883, 0.052916813641786575, -0.012961098924279213, -0.039776697754859924, 0.04380243644118309, -0.0017016141209751368, 0.045349687337875366, -0.04788414388895035, 0.026908664032816887, -0.08730629086494446, -0.025491775944828987, 0.0451805479824543, -0.029965363442897797, -0.09165093302726746, 0.018849631771445274, -0.04199397936463356, -0.018972687423229218, 0.03640888258814812, 0.004397493787109852, 0.02420271746814251, -0.03213542327284813, -0.03670668601989746, -0.00991626176983118, 0.03646964207291603, 0.049031998962163925, -0.025478310883045197, 0.06706833839416504, 0.035085707902908325, -0.028628595173358917, -0.055909961462020874, 0.029028812423348427, -0.014628526754677296, 0.02074836753308773, -0.035486117005348206, 0.002096680225804448, -0.043555136770009995, -0.1065412312746048, -0.022642796859145164, 0.013351600617170334, -0.004300541710108519, -0.026149604469537735, 0.015218965709209442, -0.005565635394304991, -0.0028307915199548006, 0.008820779621601105, -0.01930427923798561, -0.033870063722133636, -0.04137798398733139, -0.024262381717562675, -0.05573326349258423, 0.0017345792148262262, -0.01969694159924984, -0.007892469875514507, -0.00923739280551672, -0.04972060024738312, -0.024653535336256027, 0.013897038996219635, 0.01759391278028488, 0.04230831190943718, 0.01707688719034195, -0.0021454428788274527 ]
5,148
What Expressivity Theory Misses: Message Passing Complexity for GNNs
[ "Niklas Kemper", "Tom Wollschläger", "Stephan Günnemann" ]
Expressivity theory, characterizing which graphs a GNN can distinguish, has become the predominant framework for analyzing GNNs, with new models striving for higher expressivity. However, we argue that this focus is misguided: First, higher expressivity is not necessary for most real-world tasks as these tasks rarely require expressivity beyond the basic WL test. Second, expressivity theory's binary characterization and idealized assumptions fail to reflect GNNs' practical capabilities.To overcome these limitations, we propose Message Passing Complexity (MPC): a continuous measure that quantifies the difficulty for a GNN architecture to solve a given task through message passing.MPC captures practical limitations like over-squashing while preserving the theoretical impossibility results from expressivity theory, effectively narrowing the gap between theory and practice.Through extensive validation on fundamental GNN tasks, we show that MPC's theoretical predictions correlate with empirical performance, successfully explaining architectural successes and failures. Thereby, MPC advances beyond expressivity theory to provide a more powerful framework for understanding and developing GNN architectures.
spotlight
2509.01254
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.040124788880348206, -0.031214654445648193, 0.0021639876067638397, 0.05623887851834297, 0.026080075651407242, 0.04230903089046478, 0.030427729710936546, 0.031481675803661346, -0.039774712175130844, -0.03613846376538277, 0.025024153292179108, -0.016826389357447624, -0.05406126752495766, 0.008137173019349575, 0.022530989721417427, 0.06571303308010101, 0.02556772157549858, -0.014465667307376862, 0.019190886989235878, 0.003906411584466696, -0.011120263487100601, -0.015635251998901367, 0.03817247971892357, 0.00943466741591692, 0.023159097880125046, 0.02256530150771141, 0.022836795076727867, -0.010916899889707565, -0.023846490308642387, 0.003330208593979478, 0.03905760869383812, 0.007325298618525267, 0.037336524575948715, -0.023648692294955254, 0.015693727880716324, 0.02483157068490982, -0.04465911164879799, 0.047057799994945526, 0.03179784119129181, 0.01892106421291828, -0.04883301258087158, -0.027513282373547554, -0.03258731588721275, 0.01577255129814148, -0.07432272285223007, 0.01789041794836521, -0.09431461989879608, 0.02049299329519272, 0.007871762849390507, 0.005002743564546108, -0.10870980471372604, 0.055512528866529465, 0.0015477269189432263, 0.04493943229317665, 0.026709523051977158, 0.017443787306547165, 0.04806724190711975, -0.055858176201581955, 0.010848470032215118, -0.057236116379499435, -0.04611232131719589, 0.010738201439380646, 0.031033074483275414, 0.0030414729844778776, -0.03769915923476219, -0.004020100459456444, 0.05290072038769722, 0.03315580636262894, -0.060783956199884415, -0.03259824588894844, -0.029124436900019646, -0.002771483501419425, 0.017486663535237312, 0.00740935979411006, 0.009480360895395279, -0.026153821498155594, 0.039220184087753296, 0.0008468725718557835, 0.057847559452056885, -0.018254874274134636, -0.010894150473177433, 0.023504534736275673, 0.003143801586702466, 0.04854550212621689, -0.0018306730780750513, 0.014691125601530075, 0.001213895040564239, -0.036302126944065094, -0.07323125749826431, 0.04828346148133278, -0.02460211142897606, -0.05345072224736214, 0.008601686917245388, 0.013418029993772507, 0.014342292211949825, -0.007762488443404436, 0.010515479370951653, 0.014994545839726925, 0.0316404365003109, -0.00791582278907299, -0.002131611807271838, -0.018839770928025246, -0.02949170023202896, -0.012297009117901325, -0.11696197092533112, -0.03908321261405945, -0.028782786801457405, -0.011140841990709305, 0.016830194741487503, -0.022390535101294518, -0.024034781381487846, -0.016476521268486977, 0.010543516837060452, -0.013786258175969124, -0.08795607835054398, 0.026030054315924644, 0.005931687541306019, -0.023809414356946945, -0.009763401933014393, -0.010727910324931145, 0.06718525290489197, 0.06639636307954788, 0.0018530689412727952, 0.06637292355298996, -0.02819008193910122, 0.034383129328489304, -0.003613126929849386, 0.025659801438450813, -0.03765053674578667, -0.03097314015030861, -0.018430059775710106, 0.0351758673787117, 0.025864800438284874, 0.028051035478711128, 0.011996819637715816, -0.024561678990721703, 0.014112667180597782, -0.0003887972270604223, 0.025839971378445625, 0.0017853766912594438, -0.010044809430837631, -0.02264520898461342, 0.06449763476848602, -0.03760537877678871, 0.09166599810123444, -0.0034457689616829157, 0.0023429403081536293, -0.04441791772842407, -0.013764598406851292, -0.016581909731030464, -0.0034867320209741592, -0.011812803335487843, -0.005627007689327002, -0.06855861842632294, 0.03767573833465576, 0.05987798795104027, -0.012070076540112495, 0.03967047855257988, 0.004159516654908657, 0.008706477470695972, 0.023137273266911507, -0.005309505388140678, -0.03513335809111595, -0.009840235114097595, -0.008417023345828056, -0.026700429618358612, 0.02491144835948944, 0.017696863040328026, -0.035511285066604614, -0.00033260040800087154, -0.017135947942733765, -0.05291729047894478, 0.040055837482213974, 0.012101003900170326, -0.01961396634578705, -0.00943533331155777, 0.07057857513427734, 0.011012021452188492, 0.02041010372340679, 0.010680761188268661, -0.08420243859291077, 0.04734751209616661, -0.0162001084536314, -0.009968489408493042, -0.030624059960246086, -0.011949446052312851, 0.06497162580490112, -0.041981492191553116, -0.02516293153166771, 0.013974250294268131, -0.0796160027384758, -0.009290377609431744, 0.03875364363193512, -0.026007134467363358, 0.05016716942191124, 0.0009183833026327193, -0.013558365404605865, 0.020029159262776375, 0.033874329179525375, 0.018099399283528328, 0.06889645010232925, -0.0272459015250206, 0.04161990433931351, -0.016398588195443153, -0.04461447149515152, 0.057814713567495346, 0.04703979194164276, -0.06469577550888062, -0.06605783104896545, 0.01708301715552807, 0.005851315334439278, -0.03299197182059288, 0.0184390377253294, 0.012081601656973362, 0.019300226122140884, -0.01800714060664177, -0.017690200358629227, 0.0038896065670996904, 0.030938969925045967, -0.060945380479097366, 0.030714882537722588, 0.031344763934612274, -0.013582445681095123, 0.044507578015327454, -0.03438370302319527, 0.08863047510385513, 0.07153385132551193, -0.007140540983527899, 0.009246326982975006, 0.05633668228983879, 0.010796135291457176, 0.010372340679168701, 0.0018993187695741653, 0.000524244038388133, 0.0074651106260716915, 0.008133801631629467, 0.016753217205405235, -0.007155087310820818, 0.05434867739677429, -0.04432995989918709, -0.016933007165789604, 0.05856018140912056, -0.030665509402751923, 0.051207151263952255, -0.026411673054099083, 0.02882024087011814, 0.024010198190808296, -0.04078065976500511, -0.00916106253862381, 0.006002076901495457, -0.03869837149977684, 0.0060709756799042225, 0.031934354454278946, -0.021935222670435905, 0.005356119945645332, -0.04176594689488411, 0.014378261752426624, -0.01526095811277628, 0.07309649139642715, 0.03911241143941879, 0.004503398202359676, 0.018007300794124603, -0.018684232607483864, -0.04536264017224312, -0.040907833725214005, -0.12969210743904114, -0.04676716402173042, -0.0057996404357254505, 0.053705137223005295, 0.019696418195962906, 0.030446024611592293, -0.026462234556674957, 0.010285583324730396, -0.01283359806984663, -0.002556400839239359, -0.0068967631086707115, 0.007566249929368496, -0.01989227905869484, -0.052130963653326035, 0.006307967938482761, -0.009883265011012554, 0.04255128651857376, -0.0255056694149971, 0.0022536544129252434, -0.01620759442448616, -0.03553806245326996, -0.007384134456515312, -0.029857829213142395, 0.00024284374376293272, 0.03160937875509262, 0.014958834275603294, 0.03502383828163147, -0.005056680180132389, 0.01746465638279915, 0.06029238551855087, 0.06284509599208832, 0.06744024157524109, -0.0021032991353422403, -0.02975478023290634, 0.011306888423860073, -0.01392513606697321, 0.009691227227449417, -0.00015828591131139547, 0.003060676157474518, -0.037688203155994415, -0.00830703042447567, 0.03272873908281326, 0.0085911238566041, -0.2697089612483978, 0.006250978913158178, 0.012485340237617493, -0.033124685287475586, 0.0056792255491018295, -0.015272291377186775, 0.03990123048424721, -0.005203030072152615, -0.0181769710034132, 0.001902438118122518, 0.011097078211605549, -0.0026346067897975445, -0.010334078222513199, 0.028836818411946297, 0.0186808742582798, 0.007701550610363483, -0.02115453965961933, -0.035912055522203445, 0.010022861883044243, 0.01620960794389248, -0.00844996515661478, -0.08077481389045715, -0.0043183290399611, 0.0005496132071129978, 0.0007200950058177114, 0.016426725313067436, -0.10202586650848389, 0.020051758736371994, -0.04888826981186867, -0.007102076895534992, -0.010564538650214672, -0.00938478484749794, -0.013573567382991314, 0.04958421364426613, -0.016109079122543335, 0.0057728043757379055, 0.027918962761759758, -0.005090951919555664, 0.01926521584391594, 0.04288370534777641, 0.030366996303200722, -0.008146444335579872, -0.028139105066657066, 0.008143926039338112, 0.07546734064817429, 0.022668099030852318, -0.04953185096383095, -0.01118310447782278, -0.02391687221825123, 0.021546127274632454, -0.023829618468880653, -0.041297782212495804, -0.0260176919400692, 0.012514946982264519, -0.029345044866204262, -0.04172588139772415, -0.0033813826739788055, -0.024756425991654396, -0.023648740723729134, -0.007368321064859629, 0.019568931311368942, -0.046753719449043274, 0.00024911033688113093, -0.004281424451619387, -0.040814608335494995, -0.025987083092331886, -0.06820626556873322, -0.0459478460252285, 0.05886758491396904, 0.037511132657527924, 0.01149375643581152, 0.031861789524555206, -0.02123347483575344, -0.08162474632263184, 0.008581109344959259, -0.015304726548492908, -0.04977749288082123, -0.00035349163226783276, -0.006953866686671972, 0.051889315247535706, -0.02222193032503128, -0.04617391154170036, -0.034675419330596924, 0.007911930792033672, 0.04726368561387062, 0.009203199297189713, 0.008942116051912308, -0.02630261704325676, -0.04069437459111214, -0.017129933461546898, 0.0257194172590971, -0.0023687907960265875, 0.01942320726811886, -0.010857339948415756, 0.04951896890997887, 0.003166260663419962, 0.0654861107468605, 0.06183512881398201, 0.012825570069253445, 0.031256720423698425, 0.0006699742516502738, -0.07929462194442749, -0.013601129874587059, -0.026000171899795532, -0.035799238830804825, 0.024253487586975098, -0.05987495929002762, -0.010433649644255638, 0.045105159282684326, 0.018970906734466553, -0.03566427901387215, -0.05752426013350487, 0.002914874814450741, -0.02351601980626583, -0.007522433064877987, -0.012535645626485348, -0.018351489678025246, 0.02595827542245388, 0.024894490838050842, -0.042856715619564056, -0.012888498604297638, 0.05440033972263336, -0.025712596252560616, 0.02542709931731224, -0.013690096326172352, 0.0004597697115968913, -0.013934471644461155, -0.0169895701110363, -0.005060235969722271, -0.009152032434940338, 0.033323340117931366, 0.03202802315354347, 0.02600596845149994, 0.001165385590866208, 0.04397201910614967, 0.01166054792702198, -0.028859790414571762, -0.006116154603660107, 0.022747419774532318, -0.02601822465658188, 0.026316240429878235, 0.00037016780697740614, 0.018372317776083946, 0.0050706565380096436, 0.010694178752601147, 0.0033075441606342793, 0.03605565056204796, 0.00003198869671905413, -0.008473443798720837, -0.024124393239617348, 0.04183431714773178, -0.09055694192647934, -0.01640245132148266, -0.024434754624962807, 0.010302410461008549, 0.008683811873197556, 0.011828001588582993, -0.02632049471139908, 0.02922973223030567, -0.06049205735325813, 0.06122265383601189, 0.0005592149100266397, -0.02060682699084282, -0.026915324851870537, 0.010290092788636684, 0.0479431226849556, -0.028766846284270287, 0.008081046864390373, 0.03318280354142189, 0.003714002436026931, -0.004738965537399054, -0.0005681613110937178, -0.023345835506916046, 0.029370667412877083, -0.012865955010056496, 0.0010139583609998226, 0.0037489926908165216, -0.012965924106538296, -0.012620898894965649, 0.024580366909503937, 0.011311687529087067, -0.026819877326488495, -0.004454505629837513, 0.03182816877961159, 0.09548071771860123, 0.03412335738539696, 0.03798036277294159, 0.024091308936476707, -0.04297935217618942, 0.04667707905173302, -0.005406651645898819, 0.007851189002394676, -0.023367447778582573, -0.04833447188138962, -0.020475376397371292, -0.023331347852945328, 0.013598289340734482, 0.027208874002099037, 0.01566261611878872, -0.023761361837387085, 0.018189197406172752, 0.01743973419070244, -0.052284661680459976, -0.006666370201855898, 0.02697429247200489, -0.04497064650058746, 0.0030402399133890867, 0.01573209837079048, 0.003079208778217435, 0.032418470829725266, -0.03068835660815239, -0.02316289395093918, -0.056613821536302567, 0.019621383398771286, 0.033110082149505615, 0.0187151487916708, -0.02845712937414646, 0.0031265283469110727, 0.00497599458321929, 0.023835381492972374, 0.007019553333520889, -0.00454241968691349, -0.0010630994802340865, -0.0329822339117527, -0.002009230898693204, 0.046917736530303955, -0.010225431062281132, 0.004977699834853411, -0.005119740962982178, -0.010778861120343208, 0.01799779385328293, -0.0297514908015728, 0.022695839405059814, 0.0521215982735157, 0.006672930903732777, -0.019505035132169724, -0.03264794126152992, 0.03289223462343216, -0.03157418221235275, 0.006230953149497509, -0.017985627055168152, -0.02104625105857849, -0.037854958325624466, -0.013192004524171352, -0.0021709564607590437, 0.026800336316227913, 0.003044489771127701, 0.0029906220734119415, 0.012907295487821102, 0.010520323179662228, 0.022804362699389458, 0.034324176609516144, -0.045802559703588486, -0.010156126692891121, 0.06659740209579468, -0.05393057316541672, -0.014264130033552647, -0.05484183505177498, -0.01410084217786789, 0.017640141770243645, -0.02637573704123497, 0.005700463894754648, 0.011611182242631912, 0.01869490183889866, 0.016734912991523743, 0.03954106196761131, 0.02235068567097187, -0.019282396882772446, 0.019845834001898766, -0.0229351706802845, 0.01958828791975975, -0.07698572427034378, -0.034058451652526855, 0.05510200560092926, -0.055161453783512115, 0.003566509112715721, -0.009015107527375221, -0.020772598683834076, 0.02779347263276577, -0.00802037212997675, -0.07279793173074722, 0.0008026837022043765, -0.011508525349199772, 0.0069836038164794445, 0.029162190854549408, -0.05742095410823822, -0.0002936796227004379, -0.033635202795267105, -0.05924838036298752, 0.015814991667866707, 0.008367309346795082, 0.03779980540275574, -0.0016695410013198853, 0.021679330617189407, -0.00836283341050148, -0.020571071654558182, 0.04532213136553764, 0.04952545836567879, 0.047537487000226974, 0.027309274300932884, -0.045848216861486435, 0.06554756313562393, 0.03535905107855797, 0.004473922774195671, 0.005280249752104282, 0.03606165945529938, -0.04118736833333969, -0.07316400110721588, 0.04005742073059082, -0.016393544152379036, -0.04333197697997093, -0.07250802218914032, 0.07832465320825577, 0.004036969039589167, -0.043426014482975006, -0.0398402065038681, 0.032663434743881226, -0.04490375518798828, -0.003440433880314231, -0.0006926307687535882, 0.0007573071052320302, 0.0005804025568068027, 0.07256419956684113, 0.02096378430724144, 0.04016565531492233, 0.07808184623718262, 0.001551969675347209, -0.04360203072428703, -0.017170364037156105, 0.07149055600166321, 0.056532345712184906, 0.036945272237062454, 0.016187621280550957, 0.057122603058815, -0.020323630422353745, -0.05010104551911354, 0.008247917518019676, 0.044843703508377075, -0.03401614725589752, -0.028515662997961044, 0.03170179948210716, 0.0845215767621994, -0.02371218614280224, 0.10067407041788101, -0.04693027585744858, -0.012895485386252403, 0.054370395839214325, 0.015691708773374557, -0.01747683249413967, 0.06077069044113159, 0.028486743569374084, 0.029491296038031578, -0.01466353703290224, -0.0001795554271666333, -0.033218588680028915, -0.016851846128702164, 0.006758638191968203, 0.03822930157184601, -0.023986000567674637, 0.017701303586363792, 0.018265733495354652, 0.04274318367242813, 0.1194363385438919, -0.042641427367925644, -0.021427137777209282, 0.006421924568712711, 0.020227059721946716, 0.018300818279385567, 0.03322520852088928, 0.013816969469189644, -0.049736153334379196, -0.027439240366220474, -0.03508599102497101, -0.005936832632869482, -0.015889903530478477, -0.024900613352656364, -0.009473064914345741, 0.00880030170083046, -0.03464387729763985, -0.023181593045592308, 0.007722707465291023, -0.012326295487582684, -0.039692461490631104, -0.035771094262599945, -0.06214665621519089, -0.03746333345770836, -0.08162791281938553, -0.01718970201909542, -0.032773859798908234, -0.046046238392591476, -0.0029675564728677273, -0.007248107809573412, 0.0016014671418815851, 0.03421202674508095, -0.04347173869609833, 0.027870062738656998, 0.0563456155359745, 0.010848168283700943, -0.02331480197608471, 0.045945893973112106, 0.02993241511285305, -0.011708631180226803, 0.01707371510565281, 0.035935793071985245, 0.020951826125383377, -0.014880537055432796, -0.02601310797035694, -0.004610083531588316, -0.11914151906967163, 0.005937493871897459, 0.012754169292747974, -0.05571015551686287, -0.08732695877552032, 0.021547477692365646, -0.010421340353786945, 0.017687974497675896, 0.08900707960128784, 0.027278579771518707, 0.01299530453979969, -0.040540821850299835, 0.017436401918530464, -0.006528682075440884, 0.013135048560798168, 0.043680161237716675, -0.003085126867517829, 0.06133941933512688, 0.07068264484405518, -0.05767310783267021, -0.018751200288534164, 0.01991521567106247, -0.010991339571774006, 0.01659299060702324, -0.006260872818529606, -0.006847094278782606, -0.03252607583999634, -0.09558477997779846, -0.012337972410023212, 0.008731172420084476, -0.01876968704164028, -0.01763485185801983, 0.01064214762300253, -0.03704417124390602, 0.003312001470476389, 0.02070491760969162, -0.056061599403619766, -0.01290101744234562, -0.008636864833533764, -0.05343712493777275, -0.06315071135759354, 0.008843193762004375, -0.030831798911094666, -0.0066097755916416645, -0.02468259446322918, -0.07002998888492584, -0.0032659312710165977, 0.01570254936814308, 0.06427619606256485, 0.003170464653521776, 0.03610175475478172, -0.007745118346065283 ]
5,149
Consistently Simulating Human Personas with Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning
[ "Marwa Abdulhai", "Ryan Cheng", "Donovan Clay", "Tim Althoff", "Sergey Levine", "Natasha Jaques" ]
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to simulate human users in interactive settings such as therapy, education, and social role-play. While these simulations enable scalable training and evaluation of AI agents, off-the-shelf LLMs often drift from their assigned personas, contradict earlier statements, or abandon role-appropriate behavior. We introduce a unified framework for evaluating and improving persona consistency in LLM-generated dialogue. We define three automatic metrics—prompt-to-line consistency, line-to-line consistency, and Q\&A consistency—that capture different types of persona drift and validate each against human annotations. Using these metrics as reward signals, we apply multi-turn reinforcement learning to fine-tune LLMs for three user roles: a patient, a student, and a social chat partner. Our method reduces inconsistency by over 55\%, resulting in more coherent, faithful, and trustworthy simulated users.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.024873418733477592, -0.02341662161052227, -0.007446369156241417, 0.03335730358958244, 0.051614951342344284, 0.032828763127326965, 0.023622944951057434, 0.02683238685131073, -0.011057470925152302, -0.017872298136353493, -0.04856017231941223, 0.04349807649850845, -0.06357578188180923, -0.030899591743946075, 0.012643721885979176, 0.0309273824095726, 0.0030159996822476387, 0.010902258567512035, -0.006861023139208555, -0.016570409759879112, -0.010998654179275036, 0.00463279290124774, 0.05824524536728859, 0.009073629043996334, 0.043107736855745316, 0.012435791082680225, 0.04189359024167061, 0.005242788232862949, -0.039155006408691406, 0.008277562446892262, 0.02294616401195526, -0.014512291178107262, 0.02128707990050316, -0.007534024305641651, -0.005492500029504299, -0.02279825508594513, -0.03539329394698143, 0.0190249253064394, 0.01757870614528656, 0.023711541667580605, -0.04057091474533081, 0.01779845729470253, -0.008917054161429405, -0.0202363021671772, -0.027678266167640686, -0.01843329146504402, -0.10270529240369797, 0.03695359826087952, 0.04057643935084343, -0.039347924292087555, -0.12120033800601959, 0.023877298459410667, 0.017221439629793167, -0.004550502169877291, 0.00499681057408452, 0.020468231290578842, 0.0646103024482727, -0.11367601901292801, -0.005093280225992203, -0.03954003006219864, -0.028085796162486076, 0.0423523411154747, 0.014998582191765308, -0.00035595736699178815, -0.016173258423805237, 0.011664887890219688, 0.035871751606464386, 0.013366363942623138, -0.06035619601607323, -0.03787080943584442, -0.0532454177737236, 0.015718676149845123, -0.006668292451649904, 0.004119879566133022, 0.00008682027691975236, -0.07181823998689651, 0.023232556879520416, 0.0410468615591526, 0.04409777373075485, -0.021187130361795425, -0.01870507374405861, 0.023966386914253235, 0.0017853777389973402, 0.047405436635017395, -0.01716437377035618, 0.015952877700328827, 0.021860146895051003, -0.02544688619673252, -0.07717972248792648, 0.0001938376371981576, -0.02765456773340702, -0.05599464103579521, -0.007395962718874216, 0.038753196597099304, 0.0009876390686258674, 0.018662430346012115, 0.004743074998259544, 0.019129687920212746, -0.036178477108478546, 0.012014457024633884, -0.02434191107749939, -0.01302851177752018, 0.00873411726206541, 0.004667329136282206, -0.10882021486759186, 0.0016447508241981268, 0.006240585818886757, 0.002113634953275323, -0.019088568165898323, 0.025647522881627083, -0.06883543729782104, -0.020120810717344284, 0.04965385049581528, -0.00016232575580943376, -0.07499689608812332, 0.033140525221824646, 0.01868123933672905, 0.04011353850364685, 0.003016634378582239, 0.013514901511371136, 0.04520757123827934, 0.002459988696500659, 0.021568331867456436, 0.07131590694189072, -0.03767777606844902, -0.0032552082557231188, -0.013660226948559284, 0.024874407798051834, -0.025570426136255264, -0.03565574809908867, 0.013084439560770988, 0.042981673032045364, -0.00699828052893281, 0.016482600942254066, -0.007522519212216139, 0.0025567428674548864, 0.040312670171260834, 0.030327580869197845, 0.06105005741119385, 0.012919407337903976, 0.02032393589615822, 0.0034080224577337503, 0.09356852620840073, -0.020009692758321762, 0.09264742583036423, -0.026307210326194763, -0.012726793065667152, -0.006462643854320049, -0.04966229200363159, -0.014577739872038364, 0.006099526770412922, -0.00811903364956379, 0.0348922535777092, -0.05310183763504028, 0.04898391291499138, 0.02185426466166973, 0.004043615888804197, -0.020396295934915543, 0.005019212141633034, 0.014472517184913158, -0.002470124512910843, 0.022900089621543884, -0.07873518019914627, -0.015260300599038601, 0.038586895912885666, -0.06860212236642838, 0.029200486838817596, -0.02132127247750759, -0.009884301573038101, 0.0035788726527243853, -0.028075285255908966, 0.0015876732068136334, 0.0209161639213562, -0.027842480689287186, -0.039155665785074234, 0.003513468662276864, 0.06704997271299362, 0.008731518872082233, 0.03844622150063515, -0.0037211396265774965, -0.06923620402812958, 0.03871994465589523, 0.012068659998476505, -0.01355910487473011, 0.025427721440792084, -0.012670832686126232, 0.055356111377477646, -0.018790971487760544, -0.019670458510518074, 0.04077870398759842, -0.0657586008310318, 0.00422860961407423, 0.024939818307757378, 0.027649933472275734, 0.0768127590417862, -0.023522725328803062, 0.004593541380017996, 0.05983314290642738, 0.03973298892378807, 0.04525895416736603, 0.02965324930846691, 0.004716724157333374, 0.057871121913194656, 0.008931579068303108, -0.012892862781882286, -0.013736873865127563, 0.031182076781988144, -0.0319787859916687, -0.029357299208641052, 0.01974097266793251, -0.04366458207368851, 0.012544372119009495, 0.02425505593419075, -0.0027303246315568686, 0.0009773466736078262, -0.0066121420823037624, -0.01289297267794609, -0.008499886840581894, 0.020714377984404564, -0.02914908528327942, 0.029032085090875626, 0.007591624744236469, -0.0032169788610190153, -0.0015823369612917304, -0.03409898653626442, 0.10387299954891205, 0.05385323986411095, -0.038406115025281906, -0.02730673737823963, 0.005379273556172848, -0.010492566972970963, 0.011901278048753738, 0.025301493704319, 0.00099808385130018, 0.005385736934840679, -0.024231737479567528, 0.02338370308279991, -0.031455956399440765, 0.04990139231085777, -0.0361754335463047, -0.02378150075674057, 0.0595121905207634, -0.013069389387965202, 0.07066723704338074, -0.008022542111575603, 0.038397688418626785, 0.021172791719436646, 0.009947817772626877, -0.004320095293223858, -0.024134555831551552, -0.025710340589284897, -0.011137803085148335, 0.04356151819229126, -0.008884885348379612, -0.009709686040878296, -0.046560853719711304, -0.006735861301422119, -0.02430112287402153, 0.035064224153757095, 0.04143416881561279, 0.01938178576529026, 0.029983043670654297, -0.024247385561466217, -0.03702346608042717, -0.0017744189826771617, -0.11031898111104965, -0.03122559003531933, -0.027511877939105034, -0.021788867190480232, 0.010197188705205917, 0.03592381253838539, -0.03198416903614998, 0.016938285902142525, -0.05759366974234581, 0.0070898947305977345, 0.031096983700990677, 0.027876608073711395, 0.015441236086189747, -0.026608314365148544, -0.004196259193122387, -0.0047913347370922565, 0.03890368342399597, -0.02311350591480732, -0.024414576590061188, -0.009219487197697163, -0.047954123467206955, -0.003702075919136405, -0.05549553781747818, 0.020764343440532684, 0.018691804260015488, -0.0032842543441802263, 0.024337349459528923, 0.0006438831333070993, 0.0014112306525930762, 0.041931264102458954, 0.0433182455599308, 0.04169805347919464, 0.0002594582620076835, -0.02118300274014473, 0.05045837536454201, -0.026844600215554237, 0.004710867069661617, 0.01126553863286972, 0.05166538804769516, 0.014813561923801899, -0.024712074548006058, 0.010339587926864624, -0.011557359248399734, -0.2740998864173889, -0.04997923597693443, 0.02578902803361416, -0.010703972540795803, 0.05646916851401329, -0.0002899563405662775, 0.08035417646169662, -0.060623615980148315, -0.03025287762284279, 0.041384387761354446, 0.0087175527587533, 0.07809103280305862, -0.0005052706110291183, 0.06473278254270554, 0.0593092143535614, 0.03808891028165817, -0.034605782479047775, -0.02487451396882534, 0.009979654103517532, 0.04310157150030136, -0.028475439175963402, -0.08211947232484818, -0.04085434228181839, 0.05306585133075714, 0.008181250654160976, 0.05447277054190636, -0.06037852540612221, -0.015759781002998352, -0.02330428920686245, -0.007357465103268623, -0.00936493556946516, -0.012667825445532799, -0.03823559731245041, 0.031105762347579002, 0.0019293510122224689, 0.0024990916717797518, 0.043642882257699966, 0.007135252468287945, 0.05101637542247772, -0.0005035433568991721, 0.010931954719126225, -0.03482721373438835, -0.030837861821055412, 0.018316838890314102, 0.06860776990652084, 0.030116014182567596, -0.07710839062929153, -0.010065118782222271, -0.015522410161793232, 0.03756957873702049, 0.010394752025604248, -0.02487819641828537, -0.01261051557958126, 0.002989331493154168, 0.020163381472229958, 0.007464118301868439, 0.01436417642980814, -0.022718163207173347, -0.03176401928067207, -0.006812776438891888, 0.007114801090210676, -0.009381233714520931, -0.06572630256414413, -0.021769467741250992, -0.009636630304157734, -0.052474863827228546, -0.06743285059928894, -0.0439593680202961, 0.02674446627497673, 0.06317630410194397, -0.029977785423398018, -0.014602761715650558, 0.0015322588151320815, -0.09785614907741547, 0.003799296682700515, 0.009467032738029957, -0.013460843823850155, -0.0374990850687027, -0.007180121261626482, 0.038110677152872086, -0.04956753924489021, -0.04628703370690346, -0.01345344539731741, -0.016397390514612198, 0.04003928229212761, -0.00786240492016077, 0.03707228600978851, -0.018395092338323593, -0.020393723621964455, -0.04034656286239624, 0.053558457642793655, 0.0038874736055731773, 0.0012973267585039139, 0.0009150819387286901, 0.06008666753768921, 0.04440516605973244, 0.022142203524708748, 0.043570853769779205, 0.018180234357714653, -0.007668076548725367, 0.027218610048294067, -0.08629197627305984, -0.0018623244250193238, -0.03728104382753372, -0.021755728870630264, 0.024919798597693443, -0.07866109907627106, -0.03690112382173538, 0.015643708407878876, 0.02416759915649891, -0.02535027451813221, -0.006832645274698734, 0.02002747543156147, 0.00087307597277686, -0.03256060555577278, -0.006016583181917667, -0.01659909263253212, 0.05372917279601097, 0.030515523627400398, -0.005083911586552858, -0.05575600266456604, 0.044279664754867554, -0.011071083135902882, 0.00920299906283617, 0.011325807310640812, -0.010230520740151405, 0.006061017047613859, -0.02149343490600586, 0.018569208681583405, -0.007739967666566372, 0.02870151959359646, 0.00713733583688736, -0.006153429392725229, 0.003306189551949501, 0.03116682730615139, 0.0051140571013092995, -0.012098249979317188, -0.006846064236015081, 0.00600290996953845, -0.0042912643402814865, 0.013432873412966728, -0.03724225237965584, 0.03255394846200943, 0.012660287320613861, 0.01132203359156847, -0.02553826943039894, 0.019302930682897568, 0.0049782563000917435, 0.023288732394576073, 0.01313550304621458, 0.07262507826089859, -0.053705524653196335, -0.012376134283840656, 0.0011291267583146691, 0.02702331356704235, -0.021183473989367485, 0.011036853305995464, -0.010865367949008942, 0.02878011204302311, -0.06350231915712357, 0.0465962290763855, -0.0004908217233605683, -0.029766617342829704, -0.0005057506496086717, 0.005074536893516779, 0.021097812801599503, -0.016100356355309486, 0.002570374868810177, 0.0040676468051970005, 0.0006618939805775881, 0.022784817963838577, -0.03935879468917847, -0.003883787663653493, -0.007180903572589159, -0.007817697711288929, -0.0033706477843225002, 0.012158717028796673, -0.042328543961048126, -0.01967325061559677, 0.030802860856056213, 0.0017766753444448113, -0.041896652430295944, -0.0018174966098740697, -0.016443544998764992, 0.07413814961910248, 0.002408948726952076, 0.005151323974132538, 0.024373872205615044, -0.0400003120303154, 0.005908370949327946, 0.006698578596115112, 0.02945052459836006, -0.020284811034798622, -0.05578544735908508, -0.05070624500513077, -0.037399765104055405, 0.035962723195552826, -0.022842278704047203, 0.004965631291270256, 0.02424844168126583, -0.010798944160342216, -0.010236100293695927, -0.032411497086286545, -0.025493917986750603, 0.03942320495843887, -0.08974477648735046, -0.01299537718296051, 0.006859828718006611, 0.008981120772659779, 0.038679108023643494, -0.05730539560317993, -0.022795768454670906, -0.047154881060123444, -0.05009203031659126, -0.01860739476978779, -0.021101804450154305, -0.05869437754154205, -0.056974850594997406, -0.026823965832591057, 0.02800746262073517, 0.007665213663130999, -0.039836667478084564, -0.01858435571193695, -0.021074797958135605, -0.0026978328824043274, 0.030524443835020065, -0.04095396026968956, -0.04210803657770157, 0.04076820984482765, -0.02516421303153038, 0.04821547865867615, -0.03828180581331253, 0.02617337554693222, 0.028834659606218338, -0.012308444827795029, -0.009619655087590218, -0.04560306295752525, 0.039996322244405746, 0.014616783708333969, -0.019232943654060364, -0.003383612958714366, -0.000083095372247044, -0.050491269677877426, -0.017706649377942085, 0.02940051630139351, 0.04803576320409775, 0.008184385485947132, 0.0012851867359131575, -0.0035682565066963434, 0.012141679413616657, 0.0014742520870640874, 0.0014916283544152975, -0.012328444980084896, 0.018386343494057655, 0.03580737113952637, -0.016403676941990852, -0.02432335913181305, -0.0574520006775856, -0.04555647447705269, -0.0011181209702044725, -0.008527235127985477, 0.01663428358733654, -0.07084735482931137, 0.027116233482956886, 0.02978125773370266, 0.011247538030147552, 0.0439949668943882, -0.010431448929011822, 0.02297316864132881, -0.053395241498947144, -0.008701873011887074, -0.05605537071824074, 0.009840589016675949, 0.06568429619073868, -0.05558987706899643, -0.012901839800179005, 0.029010385274887085, -0.025346973910927773, 0.06487900763750076, -0.0048202830366790295, -0.029832210391759872, 0.036188989877700806, -0.021484840661287308, -0.018039753660559654, 0.0821216031908989, -0.06023170053958893, -0.0012747127329930663, -0.02895081229507923, -0.031216606497764587, 0.0032060379162430763, 0.02304896153509617, 0.0427682064473629, -0.011704999953508377, 0.03322576358914375, -0.03877171501517296, 0.018786238506436348, -0.0053622242994606495, 0.036529988050460815, 0.0022937345784157515, 0.024510327726602554, -0.015597565099596977, 0.07231906801462173, 0.03184113651514053, 0.028157364577054977, 0.027066735550761223, 0.0006350931944325566, -0.01788002997636795, -0.05429929494857788, 0.05989254638552666, 0.011057973839342594, -0.007964440621435642, -0.04448560252785683, 0.05918599292635918, 0.037685222923755646, -0.04607544466853142, -0.029246728867292404, 0.024229127913713455, -0.05112549290060997, -0.01929328590631485, -0.00784170813858509, 0.0010595850180834532, 0.013072486035525799, 0.07545290887355804, 0.02738538570702076, 0.062326785176992416, 0.04953787103295326, 0.021561702713370323, -0.010547880083322525, -0.009256463497877121, 0.06400105357170105, 0.06866036355495453, 0.06807661801576614, 0.016029469668865204, 0.06713356822729111, -0.046149253845214844, -0.056663546711206436, 0.022860290482640266, 0.062353216111660004, -0.023421674966812134, -0.050721678882837296, -0.0015770775498822331, 0.04694712162017822, 0.010731903836131096, 0.03853432834148407, -0.037650786340236664, 0.0033725101966410875, 0.045946747064590454, 0.01813211664557457, -0.009425385855138302, 0.031143037602305412, 0.03926652669906616, 0.01466589979827404, -0.027347523719072342, -0.022378087043762207, 0.02627379447221756, -0.03967192396521568, 0.001601819065399468, 0.008421601727604866, -0.03680190443992615, 0.018103379756212234, -0.040595609694719315, 0.03997752070426941, 0.13587196171283722, -0.024442067369818687, -0.0056120241060853004, 0.02971571311354637, -0.005923194345086813, 0.008782663382589817, 0.04408949241042137, 0.018186550587415695, -0.013037745840847492, 0.020731670781970024, -0.046942610293626785, 0.0009380136034451425, 0.04050711542367935, -0.032854098826646805, 0.018770908936858177, -0.021953484043478966, -0.013673366978764534, 0.02097141556441784, 0.02839008904993534, -0.05645836889743805, -0.04768442362546921, -0.024762582033872604, -0.04459846019744873, -0.024448171257972717, -0.029652206227183342, 0.02880150079727173, 0.005682854447513819, -0.051084719598293304, 0.04013829678297043, -0.023748217150568962, 0.024638071656227112, -0.013988109305500984, -0.06423039734363556, 0.01495436578989029, 0.04944673925638199, -0.005365402903407812, -0.004593933932483196, 0.012565973214805126, 0.03295273333787918, 0.020934531465172768, -0.010387774556875229, 0.0026252197567373514, 0.01726812683045864, 0.013736829161643982, -0.038653336465358734, -0.021854689344763756, -0.10805810987949371, -0.014888610690832138, 0.01997646503150463, -0.023548658937215805, -0.06829424947500229, 0.01253919955343008, -0.058390699326992035, 0.051327574998140335, 0.0548103004693985, 0.05270877480506897, 0.010058028623461723, -0.018459759652614594, 0.014605928212404251, 0.025412898510694504, 0.018884308636188507, 0.04319633170962334, -0.04747770354151726, 0.05716418847441673, 0.0114999208599329, -0.05115550756454468, -0.03562425449490547, 0.036765847355127335, -0.002980327233672142, -0.051883526146411896, -0.0016497840406373143, -0.03426644951105118, 0.015127184800803661, -0.08961724489927292, -0.015550791285932064, 0.03839556872844696, 0.004853011108934879, -0.01691548153758049, -0.01691332459449768, -0.02011701464653015, -0.023009544238448143, -0.00802678894251585, -0.03327545151114464, -0.013585231266915798, -0.027262557297945023, -0.014011862687766552, -0.0384020172059536, -0.0012154096039012074, -0.02664637565612793, 0.0011489373864606023, -0.026474615558981895, -0.023555267602205276, 0.002206955337896943, 0.007363168988376856, 0.01592543162405491, -0.01852930150926113, 0.01056754868477583, -0.04652181267738342 ]
5,150
Self-Challenging Language Model Agents
[ "Yifei Zhou", "Sergey Levine", "Jason Weston", "Xian Li", "Sainbayar Sukhbaatar" ]
Large language models are quickly becoming the foundation for intelligent agents that are capable of using tools. However, training such agents is challenging because it requires human creation and annotation of a diverse set of tasks, tools, and evaluation criteria. In this paper, we propose the Self-Challenging Agent framework for training an agent on high-quality tasks that are generated by itself. The agent first plays the role of challenger and generates a task after interacting with the given tools. The tasks take the form of a novel general class of problems termed Code-as-Task, which are defined by an instruction, a verification function and solution and failure cases which serve as tests, allowing to filter only for high-quality tasks. The agent then takes an executor role and trains on those tasks with reinforcement learning using the evaluation feedback as a reward. We show our method improves the performance of Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct on two existing multi-turn tool-use agent benchmarks, M$^3$ToolEval and TauBench, with a two-fold average success rate increase, despite using only self-generated training data.
poster
2506.01716
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.034298039972782135, -0.03897201642394066, -0.024996547028422356, 0.04580453410744667, 0.03293345496058464, 0.027695680037140846, 0.027341363951563835, 0.014712539501488209, -0.022415556013584137, -0.010718105360865593, -0.038839228451251984, 0.05869263783097267, -0.05349688604474068, -0.021530086174607277, 0.003846766659989953, 0.05742254480719566, 0.020682070404291153, 0.008934041485190392, 0.02272728458046913, -0.005856486968696117, -0.011772348545491695, -0.003375991713255644, 0.05095002055168152, 0.010438716970384121, 0.035442810505628586, 0.026735931634902954, 0.0470258891582489, 0.017437279224395752, -0.03023863397538662, -0.006562640890479088, 0.03358863294124603, -0.04134313762187958, 0.029332801699638367, -0.019752394407987595, -0.01816747523844242, -0.021005453541874886, -0.05043606460094452, 0.01948338747024536, 0.01726747862994671, -0.012994141317903996, -0.03882943466305733, 0.0353974923491478, -0.01191467884927988, 0.03061392344534397, -0.03928647190332413, 0.0182950459420681, -0.1026601791381836, -0.0034693835768848658, 0.04547946900129318, -0.04817582294344902, -0.10802402347326279, 0.014406378380954266, -0.006771058775484562, -0.02628779038786888, 0.00852598063647747, 0.026419732719659805, 0.06414225697517395, -0.12176402658224106, -0.012964106164872646, -0.040266044437885284, -0.03561170771718025, 0.005253402981907129, 0.0026130664627999067, 0.0023639481514692307, -0.03378967195749283, -0.0032542257104068995, 0.035677362233400345, 0.016319889575242996, -0.07159948348999023, -0.02971683442592621, -0.04211413860321045, 0.00033036249806173146, -0.047767847776412964, -0.012100252322852612, 0.014929884113371372, -0.07501199841499329, 0.00747278518974781, 0.049429770559072495, 0.03239050880074501, 0.014116926118731499, 0.004909547511488199, 0.04588420316576958, 0.021114110946655273, 0.03856506198644638, 0.004508757498115301, 0.025787098333239555, -0.010925164446234703, -0.030285635963082314, -0.07794751971960068, 0.024723956361413002, 0.0159101951867342, -0.045829322189092636, 0.009703513234853745, 0.016291052103042603, 0.03801439702510834, 0.034768685698509216, 0.00670660799369216, 0.02489282563328743, -0.008697186596691608, 0.011251145042479038, -0.021784938871860504, -0.02358214743435383, 0.02120915800333023, -0.003721468383446336, -0.09955811500549316, 0.01529538445174694, 0.01719227060675621, -0.00483701191842556, 0.007760012988001108, 0.005309895146638155, -0.018865879625082016, -0.03804705664515495, 0.024060003459453583, -0.006042267195880413, -0.08140487968921661, 0.03681767359375954, 0.0020232258830219507, 0.056004635989665985, 0.016316844150424004, 0.019125958904623985, 0.048732515424489975, 0.04645731300115585, 0.006074477452784777, 0.09402619302272797, -0.02394629828631878, 0.016134386882185936, 0.022806594148278236, 0.03985906392335892, -0.020583827048540115, -0.04022585228085518, 0.009712557308375835, 0.046244729310274124, 0.010238067246973515, 0.015348306857049465, -0.007628907449543476, 0.011731834150850773, 0.0030317066702991724, 0.004482931457459927, 0.02754664421081543, 0.02821023389697075, -0.018748436123132706, 0.012950662523508072, 0.08888387680053711, 0.0030485126189887524, 0.06389789283275604, 0.020206265151500702, -0.030903976410627365, -0.019549453631043434, -0.054526522755622864, 0.0006719130324199796, 0.008514066226780415, -0.020436283200979233, -0.005849463865160942, -0.05179052799940109, 0.017307884991168976, 0.04515007883310318, 0.024389568716287613, 0.016343174502253532, -0.019728820770978928, 0.010225038975477219, -0.015397220849990845, -0.0030174809508025646, -0.04038079455494881, -0.010882340371608734, 0.002677729818969965, -0.044474221765995026, 0.0254435483366251, 0.001039817463606596, -0.02365366369485855, 0.009508214890956879, -0.023372603580355644, -0.01958412304520607, 0.05092490091919899, -0.02258695289492607, -0.03610847517848015, -0.022398877888917923, 0.0703132376074791, -0.010528759099543095, 0.058236926794052124, 0.039945706725120544, -0.0654647946357727, 0.01762964203953743, 0.0033414759673178196, -0.004134546499699354, 0.010919519700109959, -0.020852159708738327, 0.07088018208742142, -0.04018924757838249, -0.018455903977155685, 0.02397731877863407, -0.08230952173471451, -0.01938437856733799, 0.03642966225743294, -0.005183924455195665, 0.06535223126411438, -0.010691308416426182, -0.009801280684769154, 0.03662675619125366, 0.025815289467573166, 0.060013387352228165, 0.046552836894989014, -0.019509203732013702, 0.03427472338080406, 0.002050315262749791, -0.024183712899684906, 0.02753952331840992, 0.016700634732842445, -0.06278212368488312, -0.017030593007802963, 0.022748611867427826, -0.02535962499678135, 0.013364988379180431, 0.014537355862557888, 0.007854280062019825, 0.0065434956923127174, 0.01044705230742693, 0.0017737157177180052, 0.010952520184218884, 0.011712120845913887, -0.05344105884432793, 0.0353018082678318, -0.0017884093103930354, -0.026125682517886162, 0.0006505729397758842, -0.025265630334615707, 0.09344407916069031, 0.05605139955878258, -0.06256921589374542, 0.0048070624470710754, 0.015975140035152435, 0.002049866830930114, -0.0026229172945022583, 0.027845948934555054, -0.020812569186091423, 0.02297527715563774, -0.007758410181850195, -0.0023789890110492706, -0.039705902338027954, 0.02530078962445259, -0.02343829907476902, -0.014328505843877792, 0.06548459827899933, -0.03077063336968422, 0.07168199867010117, -0.017443539574742317, 0.03290408477187157, 0.040419772267341614, -0.002067861147224903, -0.008810784667730331, -0.036816101521253586, -0.031287822872400284, -0.0040989043191075325, 0.013904090039432049, -0.03312354534864426, -0.03009612113237381, -0.03632286190986633, -0.012567811645567417, -0.0310383178293705, 0.05625708028674126, 0.04795936867594719, 0.004618082195520401, 0.020767640322446823, -0.024517467245459557, -0.03181164339184761, 0.020542392507195473, -0.12930625677108765, -0.0032728298101574183, -0.003474117023870349, 0.00033160968450829387, 0.016691746190190315, 0.005185154266655445, -0.021038761362433434, 0.04813430830836296, -0.04310505837202072, -0.02977753058075905, 0.03198224678635597, 0.022105500102043152, 0.009805413894355297, -0.015150188468396664, -0.002819160232320428, -0.01175348274409771, 0.055605147033929825, -0.022153930738568306, -0.0014697411097586155, -0.027862485498189926, -0.03227697312831879, 0.0017285484354943037, -0.09008876979351044, -0.025247814133763313, 0.0013701905263587832, 0.02358827367424965, 0.025971610099077225, -0.04242052510380745, 0.023311253637075424, 0.033657271414995193, 0.04057668149471283, 0.037080734968185425, 0.0019930654671043158, -0.017624441534280777, 0.025205006822943687, -0.012499873526394367, 0.011520503088831902, -0.04256940633058548, 0.05708185210824013, -0.005503301043063402, -0.013937022536993027, 0.013630125671625137, 0.012195837683975697, -0.26165902614593506, -0.04301104322075844, 0.009715298190712929, -0.0037322589196264744, 0.03474820405244827, -0.007143066730350256, 0.06515780836343765, -0.024479718878865242, -0.031343214213848114, 0.01052957121282816, 0.0030970152001827955, 0.030923273414373398, 0.020887114107608795, 0.047404900193214417, 0.04771047830581665, 0.045096032321453094, -0.011607528664171696, -0.014761222526431084, -0.0008019241504371166, 0.030100945383310318, -0.027190661057829857, -0.053373098373413086, -0.02617386355996132, 0.038127582520246506, 0.016856301575899124, 0.07849739491939545, -0.08521785587072372, 0.00018190039554610848, -0.010848043486475945, -0.006189387291669846, -0.046634066849946976, -0.0021477360278367996, -0.023589350283145905, 0.0047192699275910854, 0.011145506054162979, 0.00539885088801384, 0.05800274759531021, -0.009967716410756111, 0.04495779797434807, 0.015467207878828049, 0.007757528219372034, -0.021949274465441704, -0.016975244507193565, 0.012781299650669098, 0.06997469067573547, 0.026656851172447205, -0.058091625571250916, -0.03128323331475258, 0.005372616928070784, 0.027211466804146767, -0.017595767974853516, -0.026902249082922935, -0.01070405263453722, 0.016963675618171692, 0.04647257551550865, -0.004938596393913031, -0.005590407643467188, -0.04137900471687317, -0.033100422471761703, 0.011974574066698551, -0.010137360543012619, -0.05484546720981598, -0.03740735352039337, -0.02590625174343586, -0.02571582794189453, -0.04821282625198364, -0.032514624297618866, -0.043978508561849594, 0.05327910557389259, 0.02207387052476406, -0.023097069934010506, -0.006458100862801075, -0.011353611014783382, -0.10113834589719772, 0.035074252635240555, -0.00733141740784049, -0.017126068472862244, -0.043563272804021835, 0.0032328555826097727, 0.06090060994029045, -0.05456860363483429, -0.0767599567770958, -0.011458607390522957, -0.02418416552245617, 0.03412644937634468, -0.02227015607059002, 0.035070162266492844, -0.04318777099251747, -0.01614675112068653, -0.03711991012096405, 0.04036220163106918, 0.026772290468215942, 0.004444105550646782, 0.024238169193267822, 0.08567653596401215, 0.05454135686159134, 0.05349348485469818, 0.03582370653748512, 0.018816331401467323, 0.017458463087677956, 0.006705243140459061, -0.08936405926942825, 0.04204072803258896, -0.020691674202680588, -0.01503560971468687, 0.04207271710038185, -0.04858265072107315, -0.006955035496503115, 0.0318160280585289, 0.03617691993713379, -0.011701035313308239, -0.057549942284822464, 0.008084061555564404, -0.009442581795156002, -0.01810508780181408, -0.0037160685751587152, -0.0028359286952763796, 0.048908863216638565, 0.03756113350391388, -0.0010041778441518545, -0.05395404249429703, 0.029708649963140488, -0.019491704180836678, -0.008633825927972794, -0.006466459482908249, 0.012467879801988602, 0.02494669146835804, 0.010066937655210495, 0.028445016592741013, -0.019694149494171143, 0.017672568559646606, 0.006867061834782362, -0.016649048775434494, 0.014764354564249516, 0.05390537902712822, 0.0035292403772473335, -0.01776253618299961, -0.01261660922318697, 0.012425347231328487, -0.0014782134676352143, -0.009649135172367096, -0.01296291034668684, 0.036273758858442307, 0.028839146718382835, 0.014090705662965775, -0.015692640095949173, 0.02870800904929638, -0.007068381179124117, 0.017009001225233078, 0.025104589760303497, 0.0366116464138031, -0.04233129695057869, 0.03129163384437561, -0.03956935182213783, 0.00985848531126976, -0.04047500714659691, 0.02695615589618683, -0.040652889758348465, 0.02503149025142193, -0.05407589301466942, 0.012462645769119263, -0.03815038129687309, -0.011084784753620625, -0.011652912013232708, 0.05700134485960007, 0.037620846182107925, -0.03145618736743927, -0.010893278755247593, 0.0032674449030309916, 0.013004184700548649, 0.0017333258874714375, -0.008112222887575626, -0.02867073006927967, -0.010557964444160461, -0.03218640387058258, -0.016213366761803627, 0.0184192918241024, -0.022778380662202835, -0.03220094367861748, 0.024737648665905, 0.006376621313393116, -0.04095899686217308, -0.00959440041333437, -0.024044539779424667, 0.07243651896715164, -0.031049681827425957, 0.04893888533115387, 0.013178559951484203, -0.040131159126758575, 0.012245060876011848, -0.00968712754547596, 0.011717710644006729, -0.009358102455735207, -0.01619640178978443, -0.03746604546904564, -0.035103458911180496, 0.021276455372571945, 0.01139614824205637, 0.018006134778261185, 0.012859859503805637, 0.008576641790568829, -0.013828347437083721, -0.05910836532711983, -0.011057356372475624, 0.04120011255145073, -0.0828070193529129, 0.002737676491960883, -0.012234451249241829, 0.03607665002346039, 0.030703933909535408, -0.05153512582182884, -0.03909336403012276, -0.05098350718617439, -0.02859438583254814, 0.006107905879616737, -0.032805558294057846, -0.030632397159934044, -0.03456047549843788, -0.002096663461998105, -0.00021251449652481824, -0.012223420664668083, -0.01255981344729662, -0.00999870989471674, -0.022742165252566338, 0.010389569215476513, 0.03673805296421051, -0.04654860869050026, -0.03616790100932121, 0.014566904865205288, -0.030759625136852264, 0.04811004176735878, -0.039759084582328796, 0.011475425213575363, 0.01993687078356743, 0.0016667983727529645, -0.01997099071741104, -0.050357747822999954, 0.024045588448643684, 0.002179266419261694, -0.027535177767276764, 0.007480943575501442, 0.0036691096611320972, -0.011182430200278759, 0.003577983006834984, -0.003342301119118929, 0.016788125038146973, 0.013317503966391087, 0.008003358729183674, 0.02629663608968258, 0.011840499006211758, 0.02654346078634262, 0.023598654195666313, -0.03233207017183304, 0.01863761618733406, 0.06869243085384369, -0.029650019481778145, -0.024797428399324417, -0.05127139762043953, -0.055019401013851166, 0.0019229502649977803, -0.026444798335433006, 0.024070143699645996, -0.06452790647745132, 0.045760154724121094, 0.01393266674131155, 0.010294832289218903, 0.011736895889043808, -0.028629546985030174, 0.029101049527525902, -0.049632079899311066, -0.0005280291079543531, -0.07116444408893585, -0.004827423486858606, 0.0728163868188858, -0.040268901735544205, -0.004844116047024727, 0.0006021209992468357, -0.05248412862420082, 0.033984746783971786, 0.006369256414473057, -0.03651849925518036, 0.04940512403845787, -0.009552935138344765, -0.012862146832048893, 0.03827061504125595, -0.04011702537536621, -0.030698316171765327, -0.010359217412769794, -0.03965790569782257, 0.011587241664528847, -0.002736352849751711, 0.04841380566358566, -0.022708669304847717, 0.016784699633717537, -0.031409259885549545, -0.03449806943535805, 0.013930055312812328, 0.02297159843146801, 0.024192554876208305, 0.047625306993722916, -0.015452592633664608, 0.07887972891330719, 0.027057427912950516, 0.04040804132819176, 0.003369269659742713, 0.01008237898349762, -0.04289465770125389, -0.02245689369738102, 0.0524420365691185, -0.016813747584819794, -0.031938496977090836, -0.05012929439544678, 0.07542485743761063, 0.026357460767030716, -0.04782557487487793, -0.00754196522757411, 0.026771824806928635, -0.10088537633419037, -0.028386838734149933, -0.014154717326164246, 0.013868177309632301, -0.00822484865784645, 0.07146546244621277, 0.050418004393577576, 0.037979498505592346, 0.06142686679959297, -0.020495304837822914, -0.017670420929789543, -0.018082693219184875, 0.06780657172203064, 0.058878857642412186, 0.06993120163679123, -0.018546443432569504, 0.042228277772665024, -0.06287553906440735, -0.038271769881248474, 0.03968591243028641, 0.05728884041309357, -0.00683623319491744, -0.0494697242975235, 0.019224077463150024, 0.06054134666919708, -0.03505907580256462, 0.05202531814575195, -0.05939004197716713, -0.05382710322737694, 0.05329866707324982, -0.0037201528903096914, 0.0033602709881961346, 0.06472847610712051, 0.03365255519747734, 0.03898240253329277, -0.0134002435952425, -0.025358393788337708, 0.030958985909819603, -0.05593837797641754, -0.00559480395168066, -0.001169198309071362, -0.005245129112154245, -0.0038166882004588842, 0.004901790525764227, 0.036638617515563965, 0.1237378790974617, -0.022056428715586662, 0.019565463066101074, 0.0060163154266774654, 0.00729976873844862, 0.023086093366146088, 0.037229184061288834, -0.01354687288403511, -0.02082613669335842, -0.005735363811254501, -0.0362868458032608, 0.014802597463130951, 0.02660689502954483, 0.0016904103104025126, 0.05490325763821602, -0.011962680146098137, -0.02915874682366848, -0.007792370393872261, 0.026249488815665245, -0.06324655562639236, -0.034505341202020645, -0.03395000845193863, -0.038313835859298706, -0.040245216339826584, -0.03591334447264671, 0.013989295810461044, 0.0019308134214952588, -0.03362366184592247, 0.01478445716202259, -0.0208118949085474, -0.01141759566962719, 0.011147601529955864, -0.04013870656490326, -0.017375009134411812, 0.03331717103719711, -0.009075612761080265, -0.01723698154091835, 0.024187780916690826, 0.0450834184885025, 0.00847888458520174, 0.0038856398314237595, -0.013763842172920704, 0.024383878335356712, 0.009287038818001747, 0.010930124670267105, -0.0015317922225221992, -0.08375117927789688, -0.0008751328568905592, 0.04114876687526703, -0.02728753723204136, -0.07502284646034241, 0.019437039270997047, -0.039381105452775955, 0.03694748505949974, 0.09355044364929199, 0.04524165391921997, 0.026247430592775345, -0.011128999292850494, 0.02057356759905815, 0.007083163131028414, 0.001520917285233736, 0.050731364637613297, -0.009554121643304825, 0.07277633994817734, 0.015431131236255169, -0.04032857343554497, -0.07348309457302094, 0.04066586121916771, 0.01036947313696146, -0.03541601821780205, -0.004454628564417362, -0.028894230723381042, 0.01075104158371687, -0.08213171362876892, 0.011603671126067638, 0.029984524473547935, 0.013138760812580585, -0.04963141307234764, -0.00702452240511775, -0.04483998939394951, -0.020144008100032806, -0.0070208352990448475, -0.04696841537952423, 0.011182424612343311, -0.008094368502497673, -0.04414134472608566, -0.03635559603571892, -0.007153694052249193, -0.03644121065735817, 0.024778535589575768, -0.04626937583088875, -0.03521304205060005, 0.018479205667972565, 0.009103596210479736, 0.023034628480672836, 0.015646526589989662, -0.0061373463831841946, 0.0012100059539079666 ]
5,151
Distributionally Robust Feature Selection
[ "Maitreyi Swaroop", "Tamar Krishnamurti", "Bryan Wilder" ]
We study the problem of selecting a limited number of features to observe such that models trained on those features can perform well simultaneously across multiple subpopulations. This problem has applications in settings where collecting each feature is costly, e.g. requiring adding survey questions or physical sensors, and we must be able to use the selected features to create high-quality downstream models for different populations. Our method frames the problem as a continuous relaxation of traditional variable selection using a noising mechanism, without requiring backpropagation through model training processes. By optimizing over the variance of a Bayes-optimal predictor, we develop a model-agnostic framework that balances overall performance of downstream prediction across populations. We validate our approach through experiments on both synthetic datasets and real-world data.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.0031376162078231573, 0.002333110198378563, 0.020691920071840286, 0.03585520014166832, 0.05178825929760933, 0.06862295418977737, 0.039045706391334534, -0.03818302974104881, 0.006123386789113283, -0.04193089157342911, -0.009044709615409374, -0.005286612082272768, -0.08460456877946854, 0.006464408244937658, -0.0022570437286049128, 0.045125238597393036, 0.016763489693403244, 0.019028600305318832, -0.008092589676380157, 0.023049507290124893, -0.007117593660950661, -0.022407906129956245, 0.04878096282482147, 0.015753204002976418, 0.002611333504319191, -0.01415066234767437, 0.03570424020290375, 0.02263452298939228, -0.02612949162721634, 0.0039073629304766655, 0.006326517090201378, 0.006955531891435385, 0.01347209420055151, -0.021271957084536552, -0.023065991699695587, 0.011796027421951294, 0.004350114148110151, 0.007478100247681141, -0.0043041883036494255, 0.025279352441430092, -0.03653780370950699, -0.0024678613990545273, -0.003083128947764635, 0.004066921304911375, -0.07047194242477417, 0.017632391303777695, -0.11199191957712173, 0.030167076736688614, 0.023937342688441277, -0.046333443373441696, -0.07675091922283173, 0.056845150887966156, -0.016333632171154022, -0.020813047885894775, 0.008748838678002357, 0.05286278948187828, 0.05263702943921089, -0.045461226254701614, -0.02480996400117874, -0.07282961159944534, -0.04466291889548302, 0.028969809412956238, 0.018475467339158058, 0.007702588569372892, 0.007174255326390266, 0.003890752559527755, 0.004289484117180109, 0.0901472270488739, -0.029027357697486877, -0.039581552147865295, -0.04231424629688263, -0.01890091598033905, 0.009529698640108109, -0.014040456153452396, 0.0010243515716865659, -0.025193965062499046, 0.017352325841784477, 0.010857521556317806, 0.09078686684370041, -0.0023621965665370226, 0.027582304552197456, -0.026752887293696404, 0.003973456099629402, 0.04841672256588936, 0.03397873789072037, -0.00826294906437397, -0.006443829275667667, -0.04826666787266731, -0.10077401995658875, 0.07408600300550461, -0.010224479250609875, -0.059833377599716187, 0.02802261710166931, 0.04503326863050461, 0.013128342106938362, 0.020305752754211426, 0.010037392377853394, -0.033898960798978806, -0.01083310041576624, -0.01305332314223051, -0.015342618338763714, -0.02140328660607338, 0.015581117011606693, -0.010753050446510315, -0.1284993290901184, -0.024572132155299187, -0.0038951346650719643, 0.001109531382098794, -0.03533026576042175, 0.03018849529325962, -0.006944155320525169, 0.014437497593462467, -0.005594035144895315, 0.01517455093562603, -0.08238743245601654, 0.04752938076853752, 0.005793686956167221, -0.0014413599856197834, 0.02101140283048153, -0.055612098425626755, 0.04015343636274338, 0.026393771171569824, -0.04279562458395958, 0.060102660208940506, -0.016502736136317253, 0.02145387977361679, 0.021815180778503418, 0.011448132805526257, -0.01592284068465233, -0.032211024314165115, 0.02003558538854122, 0.015220730565488338, 0.02247737906873226, -0.004693843424320221, 0.005512382369488478, -0.00533587671816349, 0.004608611110597849, 0.02822348289191723, 0.03345245495438576, -0.010370967909693718, 0.00002374435462115798, -0.012404987588524818, 0.033680807799100876, -0.02697264589369297, 0.06319887936115265, -0.0005031528417021036, 0.0025988395791500807, -0.02375328354537487, -0.029875852167606354, -0.030057713389396667, 0.047296639531850815, 0.01737101562321186, 0.017307613044977188, -0.045635074377059937, 0.010676342993974686, 0.029763419181108475, -0.018327035009860992, 0.021149469539523125, 0.006034297868609428, -0.021979637444019318, 0.03530218079686165, -0.0023099423851817846, -0.005144771654158831, 0.0017707239603623748, 0.017443740740418434, -0.06950463354587555, 0.08206392824649811, 0.03455829992890358, -0.0308663472533226, 0.0016768653877079487, -0.03685973957180977, -0.041594699025154114, 0.05098993703722954, 0.033095166087150574, 0.0027647088281810284, -0.0071624587289988995, 0.05212376266717911, 0.018863139674067497, 0.03837725892663002, 0.02201349288225174, -0.08125760406255722, 0.028161020949482918, 0.01150625478476286, 0.0037362847942858934, 0.028976982459425926, -0.015067479573190212, 0.06947995722293854, -0.022083928808569908, 0.028647052124142647, -0.005570683162659407, -0.06788654625415802, -0.02052362821996212, 0.028348958119750023, 0.02893895097076893, 0.04699242487549782, 0.034862492233514786, -0.04854828491806984, 0.043261539191007614, 0.0205287653952837, 0.005013861693441868, 0.04852281138300896, -0.025587784126400948, 0.026630312204360962, -0.006094089709222317, -0.03244054690003395, -0.05078461766242981, 0.0032237297855317593, -0.05514639616012573, -0.012712509371340275, 0.019788509234786034, -0.004610138013958931, -0.0001773205876816064, 0.00852199736982584, 0.0005859397351741791, 0.042879100888967514, 0.009757994674146175, -0.017346203327178955, 0.008392365649342537, 0.013616018928587437, -0.0455952063202858, 0.01935281604528427, 0.034454841166734695, -0.022780518978834152, 0.020574335008859634, -0.017982440069317818, 0.0862874835729599, 0.05908798798918724, 0.010792250744998455, 0.024835122749209404, -0.011247942224144936, -0.002949671121314168, 0.02518630027770996, 0.03015805594623089, -0.022528331726789474, 0.01197824813425541, 0.01695205643773079, -0.007190895266830921, -0.016807088628411293, 0.035920336842536926, -0.042814746499061584, -0.0032758042216300964, 0.07687774300575256, -0.01628192514181137, 0.04353325068950653, 0.016226669773459435, 0.040970683097839355, 0.07216230779886246, 0.012487546540796757, -0.024320950731635094, -0.03517335653305054, 0.015421107411384583, 0.0029719406738877296, 0.0034775950480252504, -0.02715407684445381, 0.01216925773769617, -0.04191716015338898, -0.0027495636604726315, 0.026084786280989647, 0.08609931915998459, 0.04965405911207199, 0.014753766357898712, 0.0019461069023236632, -0.005051312502473593, -0.020018411800265312, -0.004544726572930813, -0.11392657458782196, -0.0655888244509697, -0.014600086957216263, 0.02918311394751072, 0.031447071582078934, 0.06560809165239334, 0.0038100583478808403, 0.031688421964645386, -0.01121305488049984, -0.0329023152589798, -0.00867478922009468, 0.05095529556274414, 0.04126593470573425, -0.022859031334519386, -0.03671926259994507, 0.02715783752501011, 0.05762981250882149, 0.022200919687747955, 0.006125039421021938, -0.0291106216609478, -0.05652803182601929, 0.0014709120150655508, -0.02679632045328617, -0.011214414611458778, 0.016048694029450417, 0.01656189374625683, 0.020397666841745377, 0.0010201092809438705, 0.014221195131540298, 0.03710687905550003, 0.02253727987408638, 0.043372347950935364, -0.01132158376276493, -0.0032319440506398678, 0.023216361179947853, -0.027605736628174782, 0.0003718949155882001, -0.004004708491265774, -0.020862096920609474, -0.005701398476958275, 0.0003848927153740078, -0.0017700283788144588, -0.02060616761445999, -0.2876664996147156, -0.00828501582145691, 0.044420093297958374, -0.021110037341713905, 0.030411750078201294, -0.04822995886206627, 0.04890286922454834, -0.019197847694158554, -0.03683016076683998, -0.003285527927801013, 0.0015071263769641519, 0.017776532098650932, 0.010243760421872139, 0.06132380664348602, 0.06006871163845062, 0.026102188974618912, -0.0011345483362674713, -0.01378873735666275, 0.022605814039707184, 0.012182525359094143, -0.0071182046085596085, -0.045044008642435074, -0.008805015124380589, 0.0008880372624844313, -0.04836367070674896, 0.04881300404667854, -0.05176222324371338, 0.011364845559000969, -0.038322288542985916, 0.0010991257149726152, -0.010423080064356327, -0.005377422086894512, -0.006322888657450676, 0.04222678765654564, 0.032045137137174606, 0.009415758773684502, 0.02305583469569683, 0.009878208860754967, 0.03860187157988548, 0.04158903658390045, -0.006126461550593376, -0.009153127670288086, -0.048159483820199966, -0.018923750147223473, 0.03280599042773247, -0.003985608462244272, -0.01038154773414135, -0.011433381587266922, -0.026382334530353546, -0.005012819543480873, -0.011005292646586895, -0.023871082812547684, -0.043413855135440826, -0.009382535703480244, -0.025631876662373543, -0.03952964395284653, -0.01161381509155035, 0.02102046273648739, -0.03166735917329788, 0.02811022661626339, 0.012230726890265942, -0.06023724377155304, 0.022776249796152115, -0.061377134174108505, 0.002387208864092827, -0.05276714637875557, -0.07349509745836258, -0.0666721984744072, 0.057028938084840775, 0.02491646446287632, 0.005613194312900305, -0.020495731383562088, 0.02592100389301777, -0.10890142619609833, 0.015945540741086006, -0.007625156082212925, 0.003974422812461853, 0.009577478282153606, 0.003114036750048399, 0.03395942971110344, -0.010500275529921055, -0.019921451807022095, 0.025016574189066887, -0.00852101482450962, 0.02159654162824154, 0.0026561738923192024, 0.01845298893749714, -0.00835616048425436, -0.02278694324195385, -0.01447234209626913, 0.013879270292818546, -0.026072893291711807, 0.037198808044195175, 0.012177656404674053, 0.039804331958293915, 0.06934333592653275, 0.018481554463505745, 0.03077116422355175, 0.01981777511537075, 0.03682219982147217, 0.008734623901546001, -0.09211411327123642, -0.050634048879146576, -0.05846085399389267, -0.026187943294644356, 0.03468763083219528, -0.06364598870277405, -0.00211053597740829, 0.014269915409386158, -0.05062994733452797, -0.003324319375678897, -0.044447094202041626, -0.012220924720168114, -0.012512198649346828, 0.0027346215210855007, -0.029716484248638153, -0.023945948109030724, 0.015608134679496288, 0.058454547077417374, -0.03039560280740261, -0.04313081502914429, 0.05398133024573326, 0.01291635911911726, -0.0038111747708171606, 0.004265724215656519, -0.052160318940877914, 0.016293175518512726, -0.029020627960562706, 0.0011628314387053251, -0.04020119458436966, 0.016037967056035995, 0.037382397800683975, -0.007697648368775845, 0.0018124683992937207, 0.055391572415828705, 0.03810683637857437, -0.02233213186264038, -0.03467728570103645, 0.0538618378341198, -0.0020251364912837744, 0.025810062885284424, -0.00637489790096879, 0.0068196444772183895, 0.05887265503406525, 0.05414237827062607, -0.0071968622505664825, -0.0028054972644895315, 0.019692586734890938, -0.013482501730322838, -0.023523220792412758, -0.007761692628264427, -0.05393211916089058, -0.03291867673397064, -0.009947621263563633, -0.018447384238243103, 0.020234987139701843, 0.0420079305768013, -0.011651502922177315, -0.008038866333663464, -0.07672862708568573, 0.044441040605306625, -0.0007427510572597384, 0.008878435008227825, -0.0015946612693369389, 0.032582275569438934, 0.05368955805897713, -0.01212813425809145, -0.02213636226952076, 0.009149661287665367, 0.035729434341192245, 0.04068119451403618, -0.014393718913197517, -0.013234267942607403, -0.014376855455338955, -0.02334410697221756, -0.03082948736846447, -0.01991904526948929, -0.01815190725028515, -0.07345221191644669, 0.051749374717473984, 0.018771441653370857, -0.003524856176227331, -0.02143005095422268, 0.020708873867988586, 0.07322508841753006, 0.006231394130736589, -0.01706029660999775, -0.027257833629846573, -0.019370002672076225, 0.048750266432762146, -0.02509625069797039, 0.033330488950014114, -0.006570451892912388, -0.03983195498585701, -0.014932602643966675, -0.014855458401143551, 0.00116413040086627, 0.015908585861325264, -0.009351799264550209, -0.03544718772172928, -0.008853908628225327, 0.026420436799526215, -0.025289742276072502, -0.026830952614545822, 0.024537665769457817, -0.05852292478084564, 0.01700618490576744, 0.0349915474653244, -0.06233566999435425, 0.014846757054328918, -0.04951776564121246, -0.08118885010480881, -0.03954270854592323, 0.028357872739434242, 0.014652234502136707, -0.023511379957199097, -0.026004908606410027, -0.005083498079329729, 0.024481797590851784, -0.026673048734664917, 0.011787339113652706, -0.01567208394408226, -0.009793447330594063, 0.005330931860953569, 0.01957337185740471, 0.08092302829027176, -0.03391436114907265, -0.006671789102256298, 0.025695398449897766, -0.004398296121507883, 0.005896565970033407, -0.040299851447343826, 0.010877947323024273, 0.05486582592129707, -0.0126806003972888, 0.0009329555905424058, -0.0038739098235964775, 0.019616683945059776, -0.01257417444139719, -0.01352763082832098, -0.007662215270102024, -0.007937484420835972, -0.028290942311286926, -0.019075745716691017, 0.00312472484074533, 0.012488842941820621, -0.03226625174283981, -0.018214065581560135, -0.0031587088014930487, 0.02314995601773262, 0.01290978118777275, -0.005481609143316746, -0.05976954847574234, -0.014809787273406982, 0.02637447789311409, 0.0016281765419989824, -0.03701968863606453, -0.06485588848590851, 0.004928297828882933, 0.052693769335746765, 0.011920253746211529, 0.036989983171224594, 0.0006246684934012592, 0.0017161810537800193, 0.023306332528591156, 0.03401920944452286, -0.018415912985801697, -0.03796127811074257, 0.04848024249076843, -0.08012117445468903, 0.015534239821135998, -0.05239544063806534, -0.02479250729084015, 0.04613448306918144, -0.046999599784612656, 0.037747353315353394, 0.016706766560673714, -0.027687041088938713, 0.039016127586364746, -0.019589951261878014, -0.07270568609237671, 0.010455681011080742, -0.021346479654312134, -0.03351912274956703, 0.033402975648641586, -0.022031448781490326, 0.01295356173068285, 0.015342442318797112, -0.03497055917978287, 0.008557912893593311, 0.02687803842127323, 0.0557587631046772, -0.029692713171243668, 0.011713292449712753, -0.0327441431581974, 0.035912998020648956, 0.02630608156323433, 0.07456865161657333, -0.01920790784060955, 0.02548481896519661, -0.04758291319012642, 0.07102777063846588, 0.03787386789917946, -0.005423682741820812, -0.02100437507033348, 0.023081660270690918, 0.04269915074110031, -0.03254498913884163, 0.01594102568924427, 0.005186886060982943, -0.03445211425423622, -0.05270690470933914, 0.060355812311172485, 0.01444918755441904, -0.07536239176988602, -0.04277282953262329, 0.0214365366846323, -0.06491754204034805, 0.03590479865670204, -0.0237677413970232, -0.04071803763508797, 0.010063914582133293, 0.07060921937227249, -0.006841381546109915, 0.052321117371320724, 0.06486307084560394, -0.007191638462245464, 0.01588677056133747, -0.002347132656723261, 0.03978545963764191, 0.048748183995485306, 0.06396999210119247, -0.0047811646945774555, 0.03906800225377083, -0.03930553421378136, -0.05569716915488243, -0.005515820812433958, 0.011302202939987183, -0.025027310475707054, -0.03722211718559265, 0.0073036132380366325, 0.042425863444805145, 0.0542895570397377, 0.07718208432197571, -0.0447053499519825, -0.023948607966303825, 0.01607360690832138, 0.021231919527053833, -0.0019273963989689946, 0.019897684454917908, 0.0349402129650116, 0.005206142086535692, -0.019697241485118866, 0.008121619932353497, -0.018324915319681168, -0.012832761742174625, -0.023109445348381996, 0.033506475389003754, -0.008187295868992805, 0.03143884241580963, -0.021566117182374, 0.04176989942789078, 0.08643034845590591, -0.04673769697546959, -0.048919614404439926, -0.004533468745648861, 0.08023551851511002, -0.01532653160393238, 0.0461551807820797, 0.021003982052206993, -0.027328545227646828, 0.010602172464132309, -0.02499767392873764, -0.018777042627334595, 0.020418481901288033, 0.016764482483267784, -0.015085944905877113, -0.04834384098649025, -0.025282682850956917, 0.014936976134777069, 0.02540884166955948, -0.03740326315164566, -0.07005687803030014, -0.01920095458626747, -0.02488909661769867, -0.05326254665851593, -0.07755808532238007, -0.009920650161802769, 0.01663401536643505, 0.0016593667678534985, -0.015337610617280006, -0.03994482755661011, 0.011550746858119965, 0.034988146275281906, -0.05137030407786369, -0.00869301613420248, 0.057562921196222305, -0.007437789812684059, 0.0005909947794862092, -0.003218945814296603, -0.0023560982663184404, -0.0181795172393322, -0.0395350381731987, 0.04051614925265312, 0.017019368708133698, 0.0250606220215559, 0.025468148291110992, 0.02364068292081356, -0.09043833613395691, 0.011949854902923107, -0.012094860896468163, -0.04036331549286842, -0.08005714416503906, 0.02806071750819683, -0.038056716322898865, 0.020630134269595146, 0.06802945584058762, 0.014012989588081837, -0.02492530830204487, -0.04841736704111099, -0.004715548362582922, -0.051772456616163254, 0.03798689693212509, 0.03317154198884964, -0.024494362995028496, 0.05602308362722397, 0.0437377467751503, -0.03503018245100975, -0.03646492585539818, 0.05149124190211296, 0.006312692072242498, -0.004367883782833815, -0.013481447473168373, -0.04911738261580467, -0.02267838828265667, -0.10168161243200302, -0.0009946258505806327, 0.013498916290700436, -0.01523397583514452, -0.011693655513226986, -0.03074238821864128, 0.014011983759701252, 0.007203273940831423, -0.021406561136245728, -0.026313263922929764, -0.012548726052045822, -0.01833738200366497, -0.03379158303141594, -0.06886972486972809, 0.031312495470047, -0.032881297171115875, 0.01491058524698019, -0.049105893820524216, -0.054493557661771774, -0.02550387568771839, -0.0231146439909935, 0.017811806872487068, 0.042620204389095306, 0.01997397094964981, 0.01249175239354372 ]
5,152
FedRACE: A Hierarchical and Statistical Framework for Robust Federated Learning
[ "Gang Yan", "Sikai Yang", "Wan Du" ]
Integrating large pre-trained models into federated learning (FL) can significantly improve generalization and convergence efficiency. A widely adopted strategy freezes the pre-trained backbone and fine-tunes a lightweight task head, thereby reducing computational and communication costs. However, this partial fine-tuning paradigm introduces new security risks, making the system vulnerable to poisoned updates and backdoor attacks. To address these challenges, we propose FedRACE, a unified framework for robust FL with partially frozen models. FedRACE comprises two core components: HStat-Net, a hierarchical network that refines frozen features into compact, linearly separable representations; and DevGuard, a server-side mechanism that detects malicious clients by evaluating statistical deviance in class-level predictions modeling generalized linear models (GLMs). DevGuard further incorporates adaptive thresholding based on theoretical misclassification bounds and employs randomized majority voting to enhance detection reliability. We implement FEDRACE on the FedScale platform and evaluate it on CIFAR-100, Food-101, and Tiny ImageNet under diverse attack scenarios. FedRACE achieves a true positive rate of up to 99.3% with a false positive rate below 1.2%, while preserving model accuracy and improving generalization.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.006637208629399538, -0.05446406826376915, 0.0010139094665646553, 0.06984192132949829, 0.02850792184472084, 0.0121803293004632, 0.01775136962532997, -0.017479270696640015, -0.02785506285727024, -0.04351795092225075, 0.0033627876546233892, -0.03708866983652115, -0.053646788001060486, 0.007185932714492083, 0.0038862954825162888, 0.04576927050948143, 0.03338717296719551, -0.007164735812693834, 0.025108329951763153, 0.025408342480659485, -0.026587344706058502, -0.061708975583314896, 0.008022916503250599, 0.04113838076591492, -0.021600501611828804, -0.0012761018006131053, 0.029178667813539505, 0.01251303032040596, -0.02937312237918377, 0.0393160842359066, 0.059310149401426315, 0.018101541325449944, 0.00010509302228456363, -0.04664130508899689, 0.02662021853029728, 0.03589510917663574, -0.0275130532681942, 0.04084645211696625, -0.011608593165874481, 0.03203888610005379, -0.018001629039645195, 0.01977865770459175, -0.007326681166887283, 0.03399771824479103, -0.06685280054807663, 0.009320037439465523, -0.12461436539888382, 0.04107159748673439, 0.026552753522992134, -0.016995957121253014, -0.11362878978252411, 0.017173517495393753, 0.005802340339869261, -0.015101623721420765, 0.044357992708683014, 0.03452540934085846, 0.046541884541511536, -0.08366406708955765, -0.017012396827340126, -0.04067530855536461, -0.03198013827204704, 0.010620230808854103, 0.029831377789378166, -0.021464863792061806, -0.007843542844057083, -0.024148784577846527, 0.03393692895770073, 0.04602975770831108, -0.028494942933321, -0.04705750569701195, 0.02615112066268921, 0.04567472264170647, -0.012418053112924099, 0.009863398969173431, 0.008627397008240223, -0.04841260239481926, -0.0059023830108344555, 0.018565580248832703, 0.11279884725809097, 0.00011189051292603835, 0.0022726738825440407, -0.021295903250575066, 0.02372477762401104, 0.050674065947532654, -0.006630644202232361, -0.0047619035467505455, -0.021608427166938782, -0.05012096092104912, -0.05785447731614113, 0.09632167965173721, -0.025399185717105865, 0.010090649127960205, 0.024422524496912956, 0.007785033900290728, -0.011149007827043533, 0.012450383976101875, 0.016829395666718483, -0.010371574200689793, -0.006984748877584934, 0.04355818033218384, -0.010491705499589443, -0.010377484373748302, -0.006399889476597309, -0.0014576923567801714, -0.10009405016899109, 0.008397918194532394, -0.05109799653291702, -0.05315687879920006, -0.025596408173441887, -0.007251725532114506, -0.006441269535571337, 0.028987420722842216, 0.018755465745925903, -0.005626678932458162, -0.08681778609752655, 0.04357348755002022, -0.03725156560540199, -0.00429776543751359, 0.03580138832330704, -0.025636401027441025, 0.04581054672598839, 0.05257061496376991, -0.012036442756652832, 0.05614206939935684, 0.019859811291098595, 0.010274208150804043, 0.016353173181414604, 0.015045666135847569, -0.011360992677509785, -0.02234850451350212, 0.008964262902736664, 0.030712150037288666, 0.02847573347389698, 0.024366293102502823, -0.0004081366932950914, 0.022037824615836143, -0.029911501333117485, 0.02754664234817028, 0.04990770295262337, -0.006051039323210716, 0.008106756955385208, -0.022265160456299782, 0.02820916473865509, -0.047338806092739105, 0.04527796059846878, 0.008787551894783974, 0.019667919725179672, -0.0033647832460701466, -0.029831428080797195, -0.011523340828716755, 0.021271705627441406, 0.01529697049409151, 0.0133541040122509, -0.08132081478834152, 0.017426656559109688, 0.01943298429250717, 0.022200245410203934, -0.01621062681078911, -0.029143420979380608, 0.007810425478965044, 0.021036425605416298, -0.042763203382492065, -0.048030413687229156, -0.0055441781878471375, 0.005036032292991877, -0.04581717029213905, 0.04125082865357399, -0.0006197839393280447, -0.011728178709745407, 0.009400664828717709, -0.031791698187589645, -0.03366678208112717, 0.04961720108985901, 0.0034651393070816994, 0.0073204501532018185, -0.014908426441252232, 0.043982915580272675, -0.008143739774823189, 0.03651246055960655, 0.01799403876066208, -0.0750935971736908, 0.024577274918556213, 0.04789160192012787, 0.01936318166553974, -0.049097638577222824, 0.024068558588624, 0.1054149717092514, -0.028665313497185707, -0.015011670999228954, 0.023220162838697433, -0.09054429829120636, -0.015599698759615421, 0.026891745626926422, -0.013662584125995636, 0.050121426582336426, 0.037764281034469604, -0.011916238814592361, -0.010684847831726074, 0.019081730395555496, 0.024719281122088432, 0.08035390079021454, -0.05121118202805519, 0.04334134981036186, -0.011620763689279556, -0.07082565128803253, 0.014949329197406769, 0.008933487348258495, -0.03229144588112831, -0.0613955482840538, 0.0012909400975331664, -0.04165593907237053, 0.01195021066814661, -0.0005428874865174294, -0.0024856850504875183, 0.05352729931473732, -0.011236018501222134, -0.014983362518250942, 0.04077470675110817, -0.0015350838657468557, -0.05271460488438606, 0.04127092286944389, -0.02135126106441021, -0.014566528610885143, 0.057547908276319504, -0.050151899456977844, 0.0933648869395256, 0.06575934588909149, -0.031373217701911926, 0.024573136121034622, 0.013259905390441418, 0.0175869632512331, -0.025125661864876747, 0.011857178062200546, -0.040882401168346405, 0.00608915276825428, -0.00986400991678238, 0.019109437242150307, -0.04195588454604149, 0.07723937183618546, -0.027189034968614578, 0.01732294075191021, 0.07416196912527084, -0.026809517294168472, 0.054390985518693924, 0.008327437564730644, 0.0004163338744547218, 0.04943793639540672, -0.017880156636238098, -0.004523708950728178, -0.05135771259665489, 0.013704244047403336, 0.003786335699260235, 0.0004952166345901787, -0.05709116905927658, 0.03586694225668907, -0.04960433393716812, 0.005202879663556814, 0.004653757903724909, 0.05353395640850067, 0.055749207735061646, -0.009187545627355576, -0.03049422800540924, -0.030046623200178146, -0.034851424396038055, -0.0027268249541521072, -0.11885052174329758, 0.0015005274908617139, -0.011345366947352886, 0.06186523288488388, -0.0009218676132149994, 0.02174033410847187, -0.027176182717084885, -0.001512262038886547, -0.007405036129057407, -0.014834586530923843, 0.01679600216448307, -0.00035491035669110715, 0.004907956812530756, -0.043940991163253784, -0.01909521594643593, -0.004293293692171574, 0.07392241805791855, -0.014312610030174255, -0.011491052806377411, -0.02427605912089348, -0.02294650301337242, 0.027248790487647057, -0.0536549910902977, -0.014188882894814014, 0.005437139421701431, 0.016730589792132378, 0.01985740289092064, -0.028046151623129845, 0.012683228589594364, 0.03755338862538338, 0.0721268281340599, 0.018261471763253212, 0.03177611902356148, -0.022508127614855766, 0.0328725166618824, -0.01111611258238554, 0.015409210696816444, -0.006225369405001402, 0.0027562903705984354, -0.015496728010475636, -0.027628840878605843, 0.012260177172720432, -0.03735235333442688, -0.2902185916900635, 0.00931695569306612, 0.02634587325155735, -0.005010785069316626, 0.006398638244718313, -0.008641479536890984, 0.025969123467803, -0.0003160172200296074, 0.00584791786968708, -0.015064574778079987, 0.014743683859705925, 0.0020072562620043755, 0.04101931303739548, 0.03395210579037666, 0.020207049325108528, 0.04428509995341301, -0.010521700605750084, -0.04634220898151398, 0.02471262589097023, -0.0035210647620260715, -0.014130648225545883, -0.05667663365602493, 0.02112189494073391, 0.02145744487643242, -0.00568463746458292, 0.01917068287730217, -0.054598964750766754, 0.001969872275367379, -0.024674557149410248, 0.011650683358311653, -0.006687995512038469, -0.03105963207781315, -0.005267664790153503, 0.022250747308135033, 0.006864333525300026, 0.0077384402975440025, 0.014347209595143795, 0.05396536365151405, 0.008063193410634995, 0.006491844076663256, 0.0313752256333828, -0.0381912961602211, 0.02114265039563179, 0.006368009373545647, 0.09541373699903488, 0.026415904983878136, -0.05207597836852074, -0.002417042851448059, -0.03187534585595131, 0.013847348280251026, -0.02413097396492958, -0.04607691243290901, -0.054339807480573654, 0.000035295739508001134, -0.017326490953564644, -0.02641013264656067, -0.01783037558197975, 0.0045307897962629795, -0.016853250563144684, 0.04091900587081909, 0.020622296258807182, -0.05143900588154793, -0.012913630343973637, -0.028812812641263008, -0.003771491814404726, -0.030666332691907883, -0.0471956841647625, -0.07577507197856903, 0.024880290031433105, 0.04041994735598564, -0.016543688252568245, 0.03058479353785515, 0.005927044432610273, -0.1120576336979866, 0.027752267196774483, -0.015211359597742558, -0.006632137577980757, -0.02058718353509903, 0.015217212960124016, 0.07591173052787781, -0.021220263093709946, -0.060232214629650116, 0.009074913337826729, -0.01818552426993847, 0.027631785720586777, -0.020598730072379112, 0.030337534844875336, -0.036893412470817566, 0.011722988449037075, -0.023475071415305138, 0.025975842028856277, 0.02133304998278618, 0.04632365703582764, -0.015416272915899754, 0.055175017565488815, 0.052222784608602524, 0.025223469361662865, 0.05239608883857727, 0.010992741212248802, 0.0017799192573875189, 0.025829991325736046, -0.05617976561188698, -0.02531437575817108, -0.0743376687169075, 0.0014748061075806618, 0.034880802035331726, -0.049220021814107895, -0.03400908783078194, 0.07225766777992249, -0.010690860450267792, -0.00143113499507308, -0.042973194271326065, 0.014632304199039936, -0.03312148153781891, -0.019952673465013504, -0.00341396383009851, 0.015874242410063744, 0.027612172067165375, 0.03115823306143284, -0.00654949015006423, -0.05974755808711052, 0.0428103469312191, 0.00019238264940213412, 0.026289882138371468, -0.001490956754423678, -0.023055890575051308, -0.016848089173436165, -0.0028309074696153402, 0.0014027843717485666, -0.01856025494635105, 0.021165622398257256, 0.04708639532327652, -0.008732590824365616, -0.0025542653165757656, 0.06288014352321625, 0.01603449508547783, 0.011132507584989071, -0.012567233294248581, 0.027715852484107018, -0.009941879659891129, 0.010248715057969093, -0.02295731194317341, 0.04436013847589493, 0.016938574612140656, 0.015693502500653267, 0.025574568659067154, 0.016165046021342278, 0.016913941130042076, 0.03458471968770027, 0.009472057223320007, 0.0008512281347066164, -0.03251481428742409, -0.010433417744934559, -0.02583710104227066, -0.011698856949806213, -0.011771618388593197, 0.05649679899215698, -0.00520783057436347, -0.05078192427754402, -0.06424008309841156, 0.04459967091679573, -0.0031353579834103584, -0.0072713326662778854, -0.008359982632100582, 0.025570251047611237, 0.05497090145945549, -0.015173731371760368, -0.0171107929199934, 0.003781270468607545, 0.01636195182800293, 0.008447840809822083, -0.0014873170293867588, -0.012235109694302082, 0.005107523407787085, -0.01522452849894762, 0.008344974368810654, 0.005262076389044523, -0.004146541003137827, -0.04209715500473976, 0.02487310953438282, -0.008127166889607906, 0.02378992922604084, -0.004353041294962168, 0.03270287066698074, 0.07312574982643127, 0.021022934466600418, -0.0021608134265989065, -0.00761974323540926, -0.04797079414129257, 0.07263895124197006, -0.015437108464539051, 0.018231727182865143, -0.026975926011800766, 0.0069800629280507565, -0.00572453998029232, -0.04980596899986267, -0.023702464997768402, 0.03547488898038864, -0.0012075640261173248, -0.05103326588869095, -0.018011538311839104, 0.023315440863370895, -0.03583658114075661, 0.00654213223606348, 0.007149626966565847, -0.06661952286958694, 0.006798900198191404, 0.02932649478316307, -0.013669324107468128, 0.03267306089401245, -0.01815730892121792, -0.036867983639240265, -0.01720825396478176, -0.020483773201704025, 0.02094356343150139, -0.04630080610513687, -0.029675977304577827, 0.023940932005643845, -0.02409989759325981, -0.014863215386867523, 0.014551687985658646, -0.020182499662041664, -0.017183572053909302, -0.0196587722748518, -0.004238730762153864, 0.03231518715620041, -0.03146855905652046, -0.018553007394075394, -0.0009213826269842684, 0.006498423870652914, 0.020248964428901672, -0.04082717001438141, 0.02542940527200699, 0.01987317204475403, -0.022170614451169968, 0.02749810740351677, -0.04184916242957115, 0.01844264380633831, -0.01623382978141308, -0.0364309586584568, -0.011654927395284176, -0.02837011218070984, -0.03398679941892624, -0.011841623112559319, 0.005353196989744902, 0.005750645883381367, 0.04064776003360748, 0.037636611610651016, 0.009604204446077347, -0.0029114673379808664, 0.020423786714673042, -0.003200710052624345, -0.041325997561216354, 0.012716676108539104, 0.05799582228064537, -0.025048168376088142, 0.01712249033153057, -0.07105107605457306, -0.01464171800762415, -0.00660967780277133, -0.02668343111872673, 0.026921985670924187, -0.02302733063697815, 0.02531655691564083, 0.00795819889754057, 0.04670305550098419, 0.005215223878622055, -0.06085642799735069, 0.04590625315904617, -0.03441973775625229, -0.00927780568599701, -0.048540376126766205, 0.02450473979115486, 0.03147503733634949, -0.04253203421831131, 0.05015527084469795, -0.014406027272343636, -0.05965082719922066, -0.015316983684897423, -0.016162659972906113, -0.070124551653862, -0.0015563474735245109, -0.04099755361676216, -0.012095313519239426, -0.02066628262400627, -0.025943629443645477, -0.023829255253076553, -0.03398868441581726, -0.04595047980546951, -0.012762701138854027, 0.023515751585364342, 0.03454180061817169, -0.024707116186618805, -0.004432405810803175, -0.0419185496866703, 0.0022092554718255997, 0.0038545969873666763, 0.02454633079469204, -0.0018214687006548047, 0.033615842461586, -0.04937070980668068, 0.06468294560909271, 0.0067930384539067745, -0.011403804644942284, 0.021853281185030937, 0.00024171922996174544, -0.010684696026146412, -0.03743354603648186, 0.08283256739377975, -0.0182183887809515, -0.03419879823923111, -0.05138392746448517, 0.057351745665073395, 0.007111907005310059, -0.03325050696730614, -0.011889930814504623, 0.007674003951251507, -0.03314822539687157, 0.010929856449365616, -0.01026887260377407, 0.02436063624918461, -0.009543661028146744, 0.05700298026204109, 0.011549415066838264, 0.029746517539024353, 0.06087447330355644, 0.02243121899664402, -0.004380241502076387, 0.0289108008146286, 0.06092099845409393, 0.06622365862131119, 0.024544332176446915, -0.02625713311135769, 0.08847362548112869, -0.033354148268699646, -0.0685967430472374, -0.014727596193552017, 0.009699403308331966, -0.018816286697983742, -0.03088594228029251, 0.03628172352910042, 0.08328838646411896, 0.01956874132156372, 0.05979790538549423, -0.07540857791900635, 0.02524663880467415, 0.03738059848546982, 0.05028984323143959, -0.017757002264261246, 0.049209557473659515, 0.021425900980830193, 0.004480978008359671, -0.02050624042749405, -0.014193887822329998, -0.007812818512320518, -0.03228374198079109, 0.026091158390045166, -0.0011179548455402255, -0.017166394740343094, 0.022196419537067413, -0.015977678820490837, -0.018513604998588562, 0.07798817753791809, -0.052121445536613464, -0.03448595106601715, -0.003270224668085575, 0.021234292536973953, 0.021942518651485443, 0.014093207195401192, 0.006508501246571541, -0.041071947664022446, -0.014147969894111156, -0.023704903200268745, 0.0024196687154471874, 0.005508831236511469, 0.02019638568162918, 0.01921604946255684, -0.025143971666693687, -0.03011925145983696, 0.008652476593852043, -0.02764640748500824, -0.02644600160419941, -0.026726065203547478, -0.03065105900168419, -0.027301551774144173, -0.04510265961289406, -0.023820342496037483, 0.0010776787530630827, 0.014640484005212784, -0.025337016209959984, -0.019563399255275726, -0.04433508962392807, 0.028865747153759003, 0.03669045865535736, -0.0204913392663002, 0.011317737400531769, 0.031435973942279816, 0.007716355845332146, 0.03730931133031845, 0.03866540640592575, 0.0077920048497617245, -0.005633619148284197, -0.02168993093073368, 0.029768390581011772, -0.02009844221174717, 0.03159105405211449, -0.0059617264196276665, -0.015702443197369576, -0.08910579979419708, 0.05059196427464485, 0.02132032997906208, -0.037284787744283676, -0.06078491359949112, 0.04351533204317093, -0.02899222820997238, 0.03313968703150749, 0.07475503534078598, -0.027612701058387756, -0.00861682090908289, -0.05334857106208801, -0.06205695867538452, 0.011964739300310612, 0.019603140652179718, 0.0598193034529686, 0.006950021255761385, 0.061300862580537796, 0.05511333793401718, -0.0009457137202844024, -0.031068652868270874, 0.04745454713702202, 0.002631580224260688, -0.036246705800294876, -0.04295499995350838, -0.026319470256567, -0.026438552886247635, -0.09095070511102676, 0.04881717264652252, 0.010327705182135105, -0.018459854647517204, -0.05025700107216835, -0.011371520347893238, -0.0023333197459578514, -0.005625536665320396, -0.04495663195848465, 0.010765749961137772, -0.0044182478450238705, -0.04118059575557709, -0.03855009377002716, -0.05954591929912567, 0.022292863577604294, -0.04976465180516243, 0.03389974683523178, -0.014891127124428749, -0.0894094854593277, -0.01876307837665081, 0.032815784215927124, 0.04672505706548691, 0.04274303838610649, -0.00441069295629859, 0.02833407185971737 ]
5,153
Differentiable Cyclic Causal Discovery Under Unmeasured Confounders
[ "Muralikrishnna Guruswamy Sethuraman", "Faramarz Fekri" ]
Understanding causal relationships between variables is fundamental across scientific disciplines. Most causal discovery algorithms rely on two key assumptions: (i) all variables are observed, and (ii) the underlying causal graph is acyclic. While these assumptions simplify theoretical analysis, they are often violated in real-world systems, such as biological networks. Existing methods that account for confounders either assume linearity or struggle with scalability. To address these limitations, we propose DCCD-CONF, a novel framework for differentiable learning of nonlinear cyclic causal graphs in the presence of unmeasured confounders using interventional data. Our approach alternates between optimizing the graph structure and estimating the confounder distribution by maximizing the log-likelihood of the data. Through experiments on synthetic data and real-world gene perturbation datasets, we show that DCCD-CONF outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both causal graph recovery and confounder identification. Additionally, we also provide consistency guarantees for our framework, reinforcing its theoretical soundness.
spotlight
2508.08450
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.010024052113294601, -0.03348059207201004, -0.03519372269511223, 0.026909293606877327, 0.05013393983244896, 0.019368015229701996, 0.04977954551577568, 0.01868552342057228, -0.012059398926794529, -0.030706414952874184, 0.03871619328856468, 0.0072569590993225574, -0.06156038120388985, 0.0043202536180615425, 0.026273228228092194, 0.044746533036231995, 0.03423365578055382, -0.010882046073675156, 0.017464762553572655, 0.021630173549056053, -0.005045915488153696, -0.01509163063019514, -0.011704182252287865, 0.051102202385663986, 0.037966903299093246, 0.018149029463529587, 0.03393764793872833, -0.003981476183980703, -0.04692119359970093, 0.02515113726258278, 0.042036231607198715, 0.043529994785785675, 0.03303930163383484, -0.031975239515304565, 0.0025657545775175095, 0.03349411487579346, -0.030434558168053627, -0.026001792401075363, -0.015367142856121063, 0.01455622911453247, -0.0678887665271759, -0.006498366594314575, -0.026485413312911987, 0.03395651653409004, -0.03533752262592316, 0.03041337989270687, -0.11284470558166504, 0.060113273561000824, 0.027078699320554733, -0.02344277687370777, -0.07016009837388992, 0.0002718849864322692, 0.04731915146112442, -0.005490083713084459, 0.008213242515921593, 0.052376892417669296, 0.057158343493938446, -0.05498795956373215, -0.0010889256373047829, -0.06345507502555847, -0.04511382803320885, 0.05263269692659378, 0.012988240458071232, 0.005575895309448242, -0.024079522117972374, 0.013945803977549076, -0.000939663965255022, 0.05278405547142029, -0.0258958637714386, -0.028173407539725304, -0.036426838487386703, -0.005763670429587364, -0.007305006962269545, 0.024805502966046333, 0.013999619521200657, -0.027852026745676994, -0.0014158167177811265, -0.04063239321112633, 0.06458711624145508, 0.0011486655566841364, 0.002721082419157028, -0.00024310369917657226, 0.010483846068382263, 0.016382558271288872, 0.005419424269348383, -0.022316081449389458, -0.0073968591168522835, -0.01319805532693863, -0.09732018411159515, 0.04230508208274841, -0.017064230516552925, -0.03311799466609955, 0.027010058984160423, 0.020494425669312477, 0.007657238282263279, -0.03104133903980255, 0.07300350069999695, -0.024180177599191666, -0.013072743080556393, -0.04050528258085251, -0.012872127816081047, -0.012352409772574902, -0.01250266470015049, 0.00011903303675353527, -0.10701046139001846, -0.01678594946861267, -0.021561911329627037, -0.05939335376024246, -0.022526917979121208, -0.014749947004020214, -0.017309552058577538, 0.0074450490064918995, -0.00003264241240685806, 0.005866824649274349, -0.05799482762813568, 0.07793883234262466, 0.009051298722624779, 0.020475471392273903, 0.024065619334578514, -0.011827952228486538, 0.014853817410767078, 0.033765021711587906, 0.00809070561081171, 0.07918377220630646, -0.028022540733218193, 0.0231636930257082, 0.0204466599971056, -0.008834294974803925, -0.01761438325047493, -0.018352756276726723, 0.010654907673597336, 0.03164203092455864, -0.030171358957886696, -0.06155732646584511, 0.009802109561860561, -0.01388088334351778, 0.01035232562571764, 0.03518305718898773, 0.01065303385257721, 0.0013785914052277803, 0.034581273794174194, -0.03962438181042671, 0.03620029613375664, -0.047742556780576706, 0.04712866246700287, -0.04472251981496811, 0.0033194725401699543, -0.040204115211963654, -0.035738687962293625, 0.009178644977509975, 0.009916113689541817, 0.026410840451717377, 0.006214942317456007, -0.05188853666186333, 0.007952312007546425, 0.03809916600584984, -0.006178535521030426, -0.006863809656351805, -0.022094106301665306, 0.024854304268956184, 0.05107637494802475, 0.0009927217615768313, 0.0008786632679402828, 0.02725927345454693, 0.006063231732696295, -0.06414342671632767, 0.08509313315153122, 0.0287709292024374, -0.05140029639005661, -0.008251100778579712, -0.07816549390554428, -0.024638954550027847, 0.07286426424980164, -0.020278528332710266, 0.0022836739663034678, -0.014041428454220295, 0.04596180468797684, -0.001141456887125969, 0.011564504355192184, 0.031055627390742302, -0.08071387559175491, 0.03754410520195961, 0.0018954566912725568, -0.018447382375597954, 0.02349907159805298, -0.04080624133348465, 0.06970547139644623, -0.03163254261016846, 0.024165749549865723, 0.045454300940036774, -0.07287811487913132, -0.03923622518777847, 0.024117184802889824, 0.004575221799314022, 0.04329203814268112, 0.007973958738148212, -0.01315753161907196, 0.03780505806207657, 0.016711372882127762, 0.027828171849250793, 0.005380026530474424, -0.012524982914328575, 0.04326460510492325, -0.000549554533790797, -0.05307473987340927, -0.0012155757285654545, 0.017748821526765823, -0.027123671025037766, -0.03640336915850639, 0.02828681468963623, -0.010616595856845379, 0.00015331759641412646, -0.02771575003862381, -0.017683297395706177, 0.022445451468229294, -0.0021058155689388514, -0.020465532317757607, 0.034220825880765915, -0.044286515563726425, -0.02802295982837677, 0.015941647812724113, -0.001324365846812725, 0.0014400325017049909, 0.047065407037734985, -0.002294376492500305, 0.12928049266338348, 0.09355620294809341, 0.006794640328735113, 0.04281463474035263, 0.04921118542551994, 0.012161670252680779, -0.0068987407721579075, 0.017945921048521996, -0.018660174682736397, 0.032813526690006256, 0.019540458917617798, -0.03229578211903572, -0.009154722094535828, 0.05556080862879753, -0.04108376428484917, 0.05141326040029526, 0.04869447275996208, -0.036488618701696396, 0.06406799703836441, -0.04268018156290054, 0.008546649478375912, -0.0009520631865598261, -0.003031642409041524, -0.09027516841888428, -0.03134134039282799, -0.010078612715005875, 0.0048403129912912846, 0.035736892372369766, 0.014783032238483429, 0.02464757114648819, -0.05340985208749771, 0.002105322666466236, 0.016969941556453705, 0.0369546040892601, 0.06993521749973297, 0.0321667306125164, 0.009170446544885635, 0.019560933113098145, -0.05823434889316559, 0.002012762241065502, -0.10756652057170868, -0.03071012906730175, -0.0028694102074950933, 0.05938621982932091, -0.011669126339256763, 0.025028517469763756, -0.028915444388985634, -0.004578231368213892, 0.005788775626569986, -0.03383776545524597, 0.005775346886366606, 0.03706004470586777, 0.019248370081186295, -0.05681144446134567, -0.030787896364927292, -0.00489159906283021, 0.04618392512202263, -0.028838783502578735, -0.002725406549870968, -0.034154441207647324, -0.03962527588009834, -0.035304274410009384, -0.013151953928172588, 0.0034305481240153313, 0.04270697757601738, -0.011218054220080376, 0.022390266880393028, -0.013283118605613708, 0.030462387949228287, 0.03246362507343292, 0.002763901837170124, 0.04908229038119316, 0.030947113409638405, 0.014205156825482845, 0.0320003516972065, 0.034476008266210556, 0.012852451764047146, 0.0009474778780713677, 0.010304199531674385, -0.011185457929968834, 0.024043893441557884, 0.009069751016795635, 0.0029795384034514427, -0.2511804699897766, 0.0021359040401875973, -0.00042951389332301915, -0.0010587648721411824, 0.05032050609588623, -0.04547056183218956, 0.042538367211818695, -0.03141393885016441, -0.02926299162209034, 0.006957632023841143, 0.0007761394954286516, 0.035063132643699646, -0.0100168501958251, 0.04024773836135864, 0.022044003009796143, 0.014761094935238361, -0.01573881506919861, -0.034383222460746765, 0.012879344634711742, 0.04402650147676468, -0.0057081179693341255, -0.04984230175614357, -0.03822793439030647, 0.02017027884721756, -0.027819717302918434, 0.005654376465827227, -0.07306835055351257, -0.001471008756197989, -0.06180714815855026, -0.010218462906777859, -0.01498955488204956, -0.015424895100295544, -0.015544494614005089, 0.01723693311214447, 0.020960170775651932, 0.01405639573931694, 0.03536713868379593, -0.008455776609480381, 0.012363594025373459, 0.008915486745536327, -0.004473825450986624, -0.0368768610060215, -0.018513010814785957, -0.024473540484905243, 0.031380169093608856, 0.038723427802324295, -0.006776581518352032, 0.028804440051317215, -0.018711648881435394, 0.046317100524902344, 0.023556387051939964, -0.024004114791750908, -0.0079581867903471, 0.004941555671393871, 0.010648071765899658, -0.042389433830976486, -0.005022718571126461, -0.010828805156052113, -0.04674358665943146, 0.0088029894977808, 0.031783461570739746, -0.027204109355807304, 0.009922051802277565, -0.03626840189099312, 0.006143997889012098, -0.041791655123233795, -0.08387439697980881, -0.07089272886514664, 0.050192151218652725, 0.046247709542512894, 0.0018794145435094833, 0.03297052159905434, 0.010160204954445362, -0.10501505434513092, -0.010100210085511208, 0.014868543483316898, -0.020598093047738075, 0.003608427243307233, 0.002591718453913927, 0.009462333284318447, 0.004407836589962244, -0.02038414590060711, -0.008159906603395939, 0.033882223069667816, 0.02770370803773403, -0.014422225765883923, 0.017757443711161613, -0.007229859475046396, -0.0601278617978096, -0.014306489378213882, -0.009034908376634121, -0.004327014088630676, 0.03929369896650314, 0.02434917911887169, 0.021477725356817245, 0.03715403750538826, -0.00045828442671336234, 0.06299450993537903, 0.04973400756716728, 0.004975548479706049, 0.037527427077293396, -0.05607696250081062, -0.03295651450753212, -0.059351690113544464, -0.03634491190314293, 0.005687032360583544, -0.07730697095394135, -0.00807411689311266, 0.024525614455342293, -0.015994086861610413, 0.0026101181283593178, -0.04347614943981171, 0.017739232629537582, -0.0448138527572155, -0.0023333304561674595, -0.014790751971304417, 0.004188163205981255, 0.04385894164443016, 0.04843197390437126, 0.008162327110767365, -0.01419307105243206, 0.03584662824869156, -0.005108185112476349, 0.019688503816723824, 0.012044733390212059, 0.0116800582036376, -0.004842978436499834, -0.028535323217511177, 0.052703384310007095, 0.005234868731349707, 0.013254573568701744, 0.0310553889721632, 0.016252385452389717, 0.029140183702111244, 0.02110009826719761, -0.024387482553720474, -0.03382587805390358, 0.0021643172949552536, 0.010140464641153812, -0.008357931859791279, 0.031154222786426544, 0.006349443458020687, 0.017304761335253716, -0.0009234071476384997, 0.037667326629161835, 0.0045627411454916, -0.011617077514529228, 0.02680332586169243, -0.006313051097095013, -0.04277724027633667, 0.03396999090909958, -0.022625643759965897, -0.013629940338432789, -0.020786037668585777, 0.011051204986870289, 0.01678389497101307, 0.06508754938840866, 0.023389877751469612, 0.021410955116152763, -0.07345431298017502, 0.03531498834490776, -0.03986406326293945, 0.017241820693016052, 0.0006907827919349074, -0.00043617686606012285, 0.07705555111169815, -0.0315980389714241, -0.0013801385648548603, 0.005516846664249897, 0.004409140907227993, 0.0059363688342273235, -0.024829383939504623, -0.0429263561964035, 0.012572203762829304, -0.015325781889259815, 0.002908335067331791, -0.03326106071472168, -0.06167777255177498, -0.012029919773340225, 0.012027489952743053, -0.02357703261077404, -0.03666222095489502, -0.0004352182731963694, 0.02082216925919056, 0.08934850245714188, 0.012733066454529762, 0.007300418335944414, -0.020129039883613586, -0.024471042677760124, 0.050083160400390625, -0.0036835551727563143, 0.02216011844575405, -0.04603184759616852, -0.05441265553236008, -0.006268457509577274, -0.020181583240628242, 0.028178097680211067, 0.022069958969950676, 0.004245041869580746, -0.018804248422384262, 0.0012558397138491273, 0.02780190482735634, -0.01733720302581787, 0.01029911357909441, 0.02773434855043888, -0.08006138354539871, -0.025275535881519318, 0.04601328447461128, -0.03920542448759079, 0.03333963081240654, -0.01750892773270607, -0.07289920747280121, -0.03640983626246452, -0.025327542796730995, 0.0011867424473166466, -0.014286106452345848, 0.0003642296069301665, -0.025895124301314354, -0.012368576601147652, 0.012921154499053955, 0.01229827105998993, -0.0038059984799474478, 0.006120023317635059, -0.04635070264339447, 0.0008119398262351751, 0.050316423177719116, -0.016486752778291702, -0.008372361771762371, 0.016860881820321083, 0.0016100237844511867, 0.017224647104740143, -0.030247144401073456, 0.02240571193397045, 0.033788051456213, 0.023476669564843178, -0.015057899989187717, -0.026382850483059883, 0.052115678787231445, -0.003576133167371154, -0.031807802617549896, -0.006007739808410406, -0.00405528862029314, -0.03212752938270569, -0.032465942203998566, 0.022338232025504112, 0.04500586539506912, -0.022788356989622116, 0.001244711340405047, 0.021214904263615608, 0.005752868019044399, -0.002674385206773877, 0.02540091797709465, -0.053493987768888474, 0.017634674906730652, 0.051028430461883545, -0.02885083109140396, -0.031838949769735336, -0.06921425461769104, -0.011385450139641762, 0.008202459663152695, -0.024975420907139778, 0.03661101683974266, 0.009415014646947384, 0.039188824594020844, 0.02604012005031109, 0.033333342522382736, -0.015025737695395947, -0.03596584498882294, 0.05417420342564583, -0.06941530108451843, -0.003564959391951561, -0.061661843210458755, 0.04517850652337074, 0.07125792652368546, -0.04819154739379883, 0.029288627207279205, 0.016402781009674072, -0.006247464567422867, 0.018403910100460052, -0.01885152980685234, -0.06546887755393982, -0.02475830726325512, -0.033736154437065125, -0.010327089577913284, 0.03307253122329712, -0.04132368415594101, -0.033966369926929474, -0.005912932101637125, -0.02643771842122078, -0.028732609003782272, 0.028764382004737854, 0.04655403643846512, 0.01057713758200407, 0.006163222249597311, 0.003694408107548952, 0.04504205286502838, 0.03376232460141182, 0.05904461443424225, 0.023932572454214096, 0.0017698905430734158, -0.0469345822930336, 0.08041387796401978, 0.03955919295549393, 0.00453035905957222, -0.025502560660243034, 0.016358811408281326, 0.007603147532790899, -0.03592792898416519, 0.014371803030371666, 0.004957201890647411, -0.008731809444725513, -0.06211501732468605, 0.04870399832725525, 0.008090856485068798, -0.07226599007844925, -0.010269710794091225, 0.003843805054202676, -0.009659661911427975, 0.005449837539345026, 0.01703399419784546, -0.0018904190510511398, 0.03693537414073944, 0.0843348279595375, -0.002054078271612525, 0.0342639796435833, 0.05349886789917946, 0.026219567283988, 0.019571823999285698, -0.04973231256008148, 0.0720573142170906, 0.062095627188682556, 0.006953591480851173, 0.04855400323867798, 0.07525727152824402, -0.004953247960656881, -0.037698108702898026, 0.017250603064894676, 0.016548223793506622, -0.027494680136442184, -0.04226958379149437, 0.04223807528614998, 0.09009940922260284, 0.02694249525666237, 0.0883382111787796, -0.005558644887059927, -0.001400476903654635, 0.029755601659417152, 0.0067358845844864845, 0.022442271932959557, 0.04297775402665138, 0.007207858841866255, 0.02443844825029373, -0.005969161633402109, -0.022068703547120094, -0.03861304745078087, -0.007295355666428804, 0.027843283489346504, 0.014786332845687866, -0.03520142659544945, -0.001449944102205336, -0.004244883544743061, -0.02160799130797386, 0.08606299012899399, -0.049154024571180344, -0.009318026714026928, -0.004559572786092758, 0.06346020102500916, 0.0027852202765643597, 0.042732689529657364, 0.02290867269039154, -0.006967706605792046, -0.007276656571775675, -0.052035436034202576, -0.007854199036955833, 0.02631629817187786, -0.0017010425217449665, 0.01871662773191929, -0.025611909106373787, 0.009487690404057503, 0.01443437673151493, 0.010714376345276833, -0.04389984533190727, -0.052636101841926575, -0.021264301612973213, -0.08711323142051697, -0.09033174067735672, -0.05333733558654785, 0.019231952726840973, -0.01809431053698063, -0.03509213775396347, 0.036560364067554474, -0.038757771253585815, 0.023630598559975624, 0.024777980521321297, -0.05190989375114441, 0.00986182875931263, 0.05837112292647362, -0.017368193715810776, 0.018290173262357712, -0.013823765330016613, -0.00787717942148447, -0.025227954611182213, -0.03984982147812843, 0.02245396189391613, 0.00480943638831377, 0.03433635085821152, -0.031931690871715546, -0.04402976483106613, -0.08512511104345322, 0.042345449328422546, -0.019351545721292496, -0.05659870803356171, -0.10219055414199829, 0.04690813645720482, -0.017704658210277557, 0.002296713413670659, 0.05705185979604721, -0.019559314474463463, -0.0027724350802600384, -0.04281682148575783, -0.014156552031636238, 0.011570594273507595, -0.004125331994146109, 0.01996111311018467, -0.015863211825489998, 0.04651888832449913, 0.03228163346648216, -0.01255355030298233, -0.03469930961728096, 0.02549498900771141, -0.035138219594955444, -0.02668023854494095, -0.030294349417090416, -0.02948811836540699, -0.035822197794914246, -0.14084522426128387, -0.006739841774106026, 0.04120417311787605, -0.02207537740468979, -0.005547547247260809, -0.01198569592088461, -0.03851333260536194, -0.01201113872230053, -0.02501106634736061, -0.005624494981020689, -0.020041314885020256, -0.041878681629896164, -0.05360348895192146, -0.0679931566119194, -0.010635338723659515, -0.04443734511733055, 0.026941373944282532, -0.07261519879102707, -0.0426531620323658, -0.021868934854865074, -0.012130131013691425, 0.006626912392675877, 0.007741314824670553, 0.007668107282370329, -0.0075490945018827915 ]
5,154
Iterative Foundation Model Fine-Tuning on Multiple Rewards
[ "Pouya M. Ghari", "simone sciabola", "Ye Wang" ]
Fine-tuning foundation models has emerged as a powerful approach for generating objects with specific desired properties. Reinforcement learning (RL) provides an effective framework for this purpose, enabling models to generate outputs that maximize a given reward function. However, in many applications such as text generation and drug discovery, it can be suboptimal to optimize using a single reward signal, as multiple evaluation criteria are often necessary. This paper proposes a novel reinforcement learning-based method for fine-tuning foundation models using multiple reward signals. By employing an iterative fine-tuning strategy across these rewards, our approach generalizes several state-of-the-art RL-based methods. We further provide a theoretical analysis that offers insights into the performance of multi-reward RL fine-tuning. Experimental results across diverse domains including text, biological sequence, and small molecule generation, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm compared to state-of-the-art baselines.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.0017336079617962241, -0.03974900767207146, 0.006101487670093775, 0.038625963032245636, 0.061478760093450546, 0.011222034692764282, 0.0054875751957297325, 0.016055962070822716, -0.02589598298072815, -0.04985491558909416, 0.022356964647769928, 0.03613988682627678, -0.04969868063926697, -0.009663667529821396, -0.0007285816827788949, 0.0650574117898941, 0.047069862484931946, -0.011626316234469414, 8.554699775231711e-7, -0.0074254535138607025, -0.015185057185590267, 0.030039122328162193, 0.05041852593421936, 0.0345785915851593, 0.046158116310834885, 0.009303083643317223, 0.019901223480701447, -0.008511961437761784, -0.004819589667022228, -0.007698556873947382, 0.03223082050681114, -0.03849286213517189, 0.005804200656712055, -0.014328808523714542, -0.017090927809476852, 0.001981116132810712, -0.007674514781683683, -0.003933803178369999, 0.0056593394838273525, -0.04369840398430824, -0.04640951380133629, 0.042519256472587585, -0.006600696127861738, 0.014105389825999737, -0.015737151727080345, 0.034534014761447906, -0.06286371499300003, 0.022154448553919792, 0.038194768130779266, -0.03083827905356884, -0.07601699978113174, 0.035392988473176956, 0.02099694311618805, -0.06187231093645096, 0.020343953743577003, 0.03279253467917442, -0.0002043985587079078, -0.05669660493731499, 0.0025898932944983244, -0.033513881266117096, -0.037295885384082794, 0.010961029678583145, -0.01804903708398342, 0.02202054113149643, 0.005248894914984703, -0.024840278550982475, -0.008479386568069458, 0.03401430696249008, -0.031383734196424484, 0.015853220596909523, -0.05631406605243683, -0.0017082582926377654, -0.0011245465138927102, -0.015244385227560997, -0.0029468797147274017, -0.046874094754457474, 0.019184378907084465, 0.01134688314050436, 0.0476265624165535, 0.02977628819644451, -0.006261424161493778, 0.02665373869240284, -0.012452085502445698, 0.018392611294984818, -0.013232827186584473, 0.015474491752684116, -0.030818089842796326, -0.02515413425862789, -0.06634236872196198, 0.03436776623129845, -0.020193489268422127, -0.05175385996699333, -0.010519194416701794, 0.03984508290886879, 0.04364463686943054, -0.015502160415053368, 0.009198334068059921, -0.012229474261403084, -0.015249635092914104, 0.045027878135442734, -0.04984770342707634, -0.042085640132427216, -0.0029754238203167915, -0.019961759448051453, -0.0959043875336647, 0.008937990292906761, -0.007746898103505373, -0.03131973743438721, -0.03720293939113617, 0.018725581467151642, -0.02184644527733326, -0.025333210825920105, -0.011602244339883327, -0.012765335850417614, -0.08406268805265427, 0.03477083519101143, 0.01600666716694832, 0.056278690695762634, -0.021637503057718277, 0.0034332694485783577, 0.02927396073937416, 0.024702103808522224, -0.022775249555706978, 0.05590043589472771, -0.027835514396429062, -0.019145898520946503, 0.03140329197049141, 0.018520677462220192, -0.032984450459480286, -0.017938824370503426, 0.03955366462469101, 0.032719966024160385, -0.04637271910905838, -0.03562752529978752, -0.033800605684518814, -0.005571768619120121, 0.01783852092921734, -0.0045606279745697975, 0.03528139367699623, -0.01131218858063221, -0.023298680782318115, -0.015449142083525658, 0.043557967990636826, -0.03235188499093056, 0.07522941380739212, -0.013727633282542229, -0.01260048896074295, -0.00037199861253611743, -0.023181799799203873, -0.010480741038918495, 0.016968492418527603, 0.002779716858640313, -0.02276412583887577, -0.0298457033932209, 0.017186807468533516, 0.06458329409360886, 0.05478033050894737, 0.004061580169945955, -0.027004633098840714, -0.005293453577905893, 0.017372384667396545, -0.002502852352336049, 0.032157737761735916, -0.01804342307150364, 0.014672363176941872, -0.04188323765993118, 0.05181918665766716, 0.04423433914780617, -0.018633058294653893, -0.004846940748393536, -0.04656945541501045, -0.027677930891513824, -0.005265203770250082, -0.014736179262399673, -0.026965361088514328, -0.01641996018588543, 0.022695207968354225, -0.012951466254889965, 0.026795536279678345, 0.001745658228173852, -0.08190367370843887, 0.05614160746335983, 0.008481740020215511, 0.004321207292377949, 0.001738149207085371, -0.04099614545702934, 0.08660959452390671, -0.01448475569486618, 0.006655274890363216, 0.020670505240559578, -0.06041761860251427, -0.01637108065187931, 0.032995957881212234, -0.030468681827187538, 0.05361395329236984, 0.0038028662092983723, -0.04871385917067528, 0.05513680353760719, 0.00927767250686884, 0.08036001026630402, 0.030362820252776146, -0.01493227668106556, 0.037112798541784286, -0.05972747504711151, -0.01647964119911194, -0.021048160269856453, 0.037096597254276276, -0.05231304466724396, -0.0012452153023332357, 0.03421183302998543, -0.0257981326431036, 0.0013045583618804812, -0.019313450902700424, -0.022423336282372475, 0.03052338771522045, 0.019807199016213417, -0.030020227655768394, 0.015400540083646774, -0.03855114057660103, -0.054070837795734406, -0.0007104601245373487, -0.009075896814465523, -0.04557871073484421, 0.012453564442694187, -0.05096811056137085, 0.09776541590690613, 0.04528644680976868, -0.0561065748333931, -0.025864753872156143, 0.027380911633372307, 0.012738261371850967, 0.01736270822584629, 0.025595035403966904, -0.0497729629278183, 0.01206345297396183, -0.013595878146588802, -0.02029700018465519, 0.002173330867663026, 0.054529741406440735, -0.03681788221001625, -0.015286280773580074, 0.059671346098184586, -0.05195526406168938, 0.04485210031270981, 0.010030265897512436, 0.023840995505452156, -0.00964354258030653, 0.012429846450686455, -0.06484650075435638, -0.04134601727128029, -0.07110493630170822, -0.001933744177222252, -0.02189517766237259, -0.0006383535219356418, 0.015344160608947277, -0.05388706922531128, -0.03109946846961975, 0.0009651202708482742, 0.05585427209734917, 0.04283570498228073, -0.008849982172250748, 0.03225303068757057, 0.0068095410242676735, -0.025563914328813553, -0.003562514204531908, -0.09274861961603165, 0.004355747252702713, -0.012388089671730995, 0.03841187432408333, 0.039459388703107834, 0.021298112347722054, -0.0070066931657493114, 0.002657354809343815, -0.02013692818582058, -0.02622116357088089, -0.013139467686414719, 0.044542551040649414, 0.030721092596650124, -0.0442422479391098, -0.024601489305496216, 0.004535456653684378, 0.09329081326723099, -0.0126600731164217, -0.040826987475156784, -0.020833246409893036, -0.040638986974954605, -0.020205507054924965, -0.022198615595698357, -0.017756273970007896, 0.005796263460069895, -0.02964828535914421, 0.03720394894480705, -0.027702704071998596, 0.024737127125263214, -0.007694661151617765, 0.05837889760732651, 0.033606696873903275, 0.05009175464510918, 0.004977571777999401, -0.00499123428016901, -0.0016033971915021539, -0.024354834109544754, -0.030837345868349075, 0.038977496325969696, 0.011017960496246815, 0.011681885458528996, 0.007201198488473892, 0.030743800103664398, -0.2738431394100189, -0.056287918239831924, 0.019866768270730972, 0.011866823770105839, 0.023661933839321136, -0.013997135683894157, 0.04675765335559845, -0.020431876182556152, -0.016433218494057655, 0.013775850646197796, 0.01463964581489563, 0.03699883818626404, 0.01490334328263998, 0.059812743216753006, 0.033456992357969284, 0.018263043835759163, 0.01464864145964384, -0.01992306113243103, 0.0030016775708645582, 0.02709239162504673, -0.013695563189685345, -0.08847309648990631, -0.04843206703662872, 0.03854390233755112, -0.004631177056580782, 0.06245620176196098, -0.06553914397954941, 0.0032068889122456312, -0.007634008768945932, -0.00269490503706038, -0.028029469773173332, -0.01602700725197792, -0.0033652952406555414, 0.0031321337446570396, 0.047888968139886856, 0.006457584910094738, 0.01077298354357481, -0.0050066569820046425, 0.04490295797586441, 0.013864708133041859, -0.020775416865944862, -0.012940059415996075, -0.031499627977609634, 0.030407635495066643, 0.06544292718172073, 0.02831045165657997, -0.04262823238968849, -0.010371804237365723, -0.01748807169497013, 0.04498371481895447, -0.0016249894397333264, -0.027387280017137527, -0.04174089431762695, 0.01951233111321926, 0.01916728913784027, -0.007672582287341356, 0.0034386911429464817, -0.0464957021176815, 0.016176655888557434, 0.014779615215957165, -0.023294854909181595, -0.020053189247846603, -0.05541808903217316, -0.021162547171115875, -0.0036362414248287678, -0.018643822520971298, -0.06377866119146347, -0.06386761367321014, 0.028418539091944695, 0.0473492331802845, 0.011565998196601868, -0.013083385303616524, -0.014953574165701866, -0.11158541589975357, 0.003842495149001479, -0.01576082408428192, -0.009466986171901226, -0.018146229907870293, -0.01065389346331358, 0.0549565926194191, -0.02700664848089218, -0.013851895928382874, -0.03635823354125023, 0.02017073892056942, 0.04608575999736786, -0.01595180481672287, 0.022545650601387024, 0.006535432767122984, -0.011471451260149479, -0.047874197363853455, 0.02999632991850376, 0.012013689614832401, 0.026903526857495308, 0.02647532895207405, 0.07362857460975647, 0.027031471952795982, 0.013990676961839199, 0.027658449485898018, 0.03294588625431061, 0.018844591453671455, 0.06244346499443054, -0.08361604064702988, 0.0003697366628330201, -0.061774566769599915, -0.04386791214346886, -0.008266872726380825, -0.07899094372987747, -0.030752383172512054, 0.017818868160247803, 0.035140976309776306, -0.010101846419274807, 0.0017072585178539157, -0.0072885858826339245, -0.004307616036385298, 0.011201675049960613, -0.028196783736348152, 0.004216732457280159, 0.034470874816179276, 0.012825874611735344, 0.004338253755122423, -0.051177509129047394, 0.058266669511795044, -0.013279563747346401, 0.005302346311509609, 0.00998908095061779, -0.021829644218087196, 0.024777520447969437, -0.02380700223147869, 0.008755497634410858, -0.011365818791091442, 0.056245699524879456, 0.01553056575357914, -0.03171376511454582, 0.049374643713235855, 0.023750385269522667, 0.004190200939774513, -0.04423803091049194, 0.018018241971731186, 0.0258956179022789, -0.04600021615624428, -0.0019150290172547102, 0.014533708803355694, 0.07691618800163269, 0.014423244632780552, 0.019886760041117668, 0.019487818703055382, -0.007293736562132835, 0.02851647324860096, 0.02088233456015587, 0.013193972408771515, 0.019114123657345772, -0.030541013926267624, -0.011174963787198067, -0.04718047380447388, -0.009731559082865715, -0.03385527431964874, 0.021890534088015556, -0.02266869880259037, 0.006243275012820959, -0.08910775929689407, 0.031595803797245026, -0.0009034006507135928, -0.05282445251941681, 0.0069196792319417, 0.006671706680208445, 0.0492350235581398, -0.02073543332517147, 0.01564166136085987, -0.017440957948565483, 0.010660123080015182, 0.04213198646903038, -0.05177310109138489, -0.013209212571382523, -0.0244899932295084, -0.0673789232969284, -0.009706210345029831, 0.001280292752198875, -0.051497384905815125, -0.02935962751507759, 0.04369392246007919, -0.01939740963280201, -0.06843993067741394, 0.0006498316070064902, -0.013341477140784264, 0.07076433300971985, -0.01036412175744772, 0.02090967446565628, -0.013995007611811161, 0.008242171257734299, 0.002336793811991811, -0.0163987185806036, 0.04091838002204895, 0.009914607740938663, -0.02966730110347271, -0.018101217225193977, -0.05614253133535385, 0.0056792800314724445, 0.05213087797164917, 0.0063467854633927345, 0.005509362090379, -0.016259441152215004, 0.01286146230995655, -0.0013490932760760188, -0.0097931744530797, 0.03216242417693138, -0.06719134747982025, -0.006203761324286461, 0.047344423830509186, 0.025039946660399437, 0.06506574898958206, -0.04027566313743591, -0.05622535198926926, -0.032784976065158844, -0.011246217414736748, -0.025270061567425728, -0.024821339175105095, -0.009768819436430931, -0.03179037943482399, -0.007037744857370853, 0.01112661324441433, 0.032717425376176834, -0.01837541162967682, 0.006542251445353031, -0.05204015597701073, 0.0009767544688656926, 0.03543446958065033, -0.023821653798222542, -0.044390421360731125, 0.028477352112531662, 0.0015349227469414473, 0.045492783188819885, -0.043323516845703125, 0.019152892753481865, 0.011336945928633213, -0.014602151699364185, 0.028988493606448174, -0.02429458685219288, 0.06730101257562637, -0.001499335397966206, -0.03990800306200981, -0.01299530453979969, 0.0052699437364935875, -0.04554503411054611, -0.01438494399189949, -0.008515313267707825, 0.029023107141256332, 0.00465971976518631, 0.031657807528972626, 0.012805643491446972, 0.055501800030469894, -0.00032335511059500277, 0.043514374643564224, 0.0016327727353200316, -0.0014334291918203235, 0.05147847533226013, -0.0041014342568814754, -0.0005933251813985407, -0.05192742124199867, -0.027250636368989944, 0.027911655604839325, -0.0016135890036821365, 0.025067055597901344, -0.06942018121480942, 0.033894799649715424, 0.04043475538492203, -0.008406763896346092, 0.00620023300871253, -0.04095866158604622, 0.07247123122215271, -0.05053342506289482, 0.00789695419371128, -0.09897609800100327, -0.0065316734835505486, 0.07538694888353348, -0.03324027359485626, 0.0362195260822773, 0.01601591520011425, -0.033363018184900284, 0.042518895119428635, -0.02652112953364849, -0.07334030419588089, 0.024752667173743248, -0.01492571271955967, 0.0219850055873394, 0.06185856834053993, -0.06462540477514267, -0.06476836651563644, -0.03251798078417778, -0.022641737014055252, -0.024245716631412506, 0.018236184492707253, 0.026741068810224533, -0.03696173056960106, -0.02582761086523533, -0.030746610835194588, 0.0406942144036293, 0.0046881986781954765, 0.057217951864004135, 0.009735304862260818, 0.02379826456308365, -0.03408274054527283, 0.0868697389960289, 0.04645436257123947, 0.00959488283842802, 0.03511827439069748, 0.006875941529870033, 0.01702319271862507, 0.011039549484848976, 0.0209969375282526, -0.022019580006599426, -0.019997816532850266, -0.04662700369954109, 0.06730356067419052, -0.001318203518167138, -0.06567490845918655, -0.0075337872840464115, 0.019906936213374138, -0.03551619499921799, -0.004298979416489601, 0.050677213817834854, 0.04089637100696564, 0.01475122757256031, 0.06878924369812012, 0.029289888218045235, 0.042479097843170166, 0.06719128787517548, 0.0346403568983078, -0.01695505902171135, -0.0010793644469231367, 0.07932745665311813, 0.07226375490427017, 0.019556064158678055, -0.005141393281519413, 0.06762869656085968, -0.019015921279788017, -0.08397063612937927, 0.005382508970797062, 0.031798943877220154, -0.03259400650858879, -0.037322014570236206, 0.03271754831075668, 0.03824423626065254, -0.000738194677978754, 0.04597826302051544, 0.00031033850973472, 0.0073730843141674995, 0.04999059811234474, 0.015271680429577827, 0.018821656703948975, 0.024940328672528267, 0.04991702362895012, 0.018510179594159126, -0.03965303301811218, 0.002001993590965867, -0.002106546889990568, -0.00502043915912509, 0.019138718023896217, 0.007022366859018803, -0.04231567308306694, 0.018543750047683716, 0.01861225813627243, 0.03701936826109886, 0.11218196898698807, -0.007049425970762968, 0.008612408302724361, 0.02231820859014988, 0.013833793811500072, 0.020431622862815857, 0.01699530892074108, -0.01794116012752056, 0.005766070913523436, 0.010856673121452332, -0.018787069246172905, -0.01837102510035038, 0.05243406444787979, 0.037420354783535004, 0.01877385750412941, -0.0436677522957325, 0.00514070363715291, 0.042272068560123444, 0.019198136404156685, -0.04718153178691864, -0.046594344079494476, -0.03469783812761307, -0.07412135601043701, -0.05582966282963753, -0.03809391334652901, -0.007550445850938559, -0.006552022881805897, -0.026951730251312256, 0.0054557486437261105, 0.009448537603020668, 0.01261909306049347, 0.02099810726940632, -0.06805409491062164, -0.00017508886230643839, 0.052007272839546204, -0.001571525470353663, 0.011411539278924465, 0.035705242305994034, 0.03068687953054905, 0.018763907253742218, 0.0010712351649999619, 0.01611645333468914, 0.0034658615477383137, 0.056922465562820435, -0.014873452484607697, -0.001823579310439527, -0.11417592316865921, 0.012154288589954376, 0.032273177057504654, -0.01883057877421379, -0.07305983453989029, 0.02312280423939228, -0.049877721816301346, 0.027909191325306892, 0.050515007227659225, 0.015494358725845814, -0.017001435160636902, -0.03128010034561157, -0.01554478332400322, 0.03826458379626274, -0.008773156441748142, 0.06868407130241394, -0.04066070169210434, 0.07224544882774353, 0.020536120980978012, 0.0012401220155879855, -0.06552737206220627, 0.04314235597848892, 0.025161810219287872, -0.03825334459543228, -0.007024812046438456, -0.04630041494965553, -0.021069930866360664, -0.09193528443574905, -0.012652226723730564, 0.01885741390287876, -0.011975683271884918, -0.038281459361314774, 0.005553345195949078, -0.021334374323487282, 0.013095742091536522, -0.029048563912510872, -0.0207949448376894, -0.0181288942694664, -0.003035116009414196, -0.04750721529126167, -0.07100770622491837, -0.009566160850226879, -0.026852168142795563, 0.01748431846499443, -0.020190365612506866, -0.01614638976752758, 0.020434904843568802, 0.005893475841730833, 0.029803555458784103, 0.012994310818612576, -0.007185680326074362, -0.0005563993472605944 ]
5,155
Bounds on the computational complexity of neurons due to dendritic morphology
[ "Anamika Agrawal", "Michael Buice" ]
The simple linear threshold units used in many artificial neural networks have a limited computational capacity. Famously, a single unit cannot handle non-linearly separable problems like XOR. By contrast, real neurons exhibit complex morphologies as well as active dendritic integration, suggesting that their computational capacities outstrip those of simple linear units. Considering specific families of Boolean functions, we examine the computational limits of single units that incorporate more complex dendritic structures. For random Boolean functions, we show that there is a phase transition in learnability as a function of the input dimension, with most random functions below a certain critical dimension being learnable and those above not. This critical dimension is best predicted by the overall size of the dendritic arbor. This demonstrates real neurons have a far higher computational complexity than is usually considered in neural models, whether in machine learning or computational neuroscience. Furthermore, using architectures that are, respectively, more "apical" or "basal", we show that there are non-trivially disjoint sets of learnable functions by each type of neuron. Importantly, these two types of architectures differ in the robustness and generality of the computations they can perform. The basal-like architecture shows a higher probability of function realization, while the apical-like architecture shows an advantage with fast retraining for different functions. Given the cell-type specificity of morphological characteristics, these results suggest both that different components of the dendritic arbor as well as distinct cell types may have distinct computational roles. Our analysis offers new directions for neuron-level inductive biases in NeuroAI models using scalable models for neuronal cell-type specific computation.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.05633746087551117, 0.01314061414450407, -0.008534043096005917, 0.029721062630414963, 0.01567549630999565, 0.02848777361214161, 0.04744509607553482, 0.007584718056023121, -0.0640992596745491, -0.01784747652709484, 0.011926033534109592, -0.038518745452165604, -0.05689177289605141, 0.027193855494260788, 0.002204711316153407, 0.04623836278915405, 0.055741071701049805, -0.033775754272937775, -0.0004280370194464922, 0.0010064290836453438, -0.0037414126563817263, -0.011933902278542519, 0.009681694209575653, 0.016791967675089836, 0.039376962929964066, -0.04171796515583992, 0.009087924845516682, 0.007546482607722282, 0.00892970897257328, 0.00691198417916894, 0.01148905884474516, 0.0033612677361816168, -0.007657206617295742, -0.029226059094071388, 0.021762665361166, 0.017905674874782562, -0.020748358219861984, -0.013855394907295704, -0.007515646517276764, 0.01406665239483118, -0.05579614266753197, 0.019156618043780327, -0.007189290132373571, 0.014896834269165993, -0.07580640912055969, 0.03022829443216324, -0.10401236265897751, 0.033272385597229004, 0.017635082826018333, 0.0025921885389834642, -0.09479913115501404, 0.042287133634090424, 0.004572439938783646, -0.01863088831305504, -0.009419023990631104, 0.04078293964266777, 0.025266515091061592, -0.024945953860878944, -0.019631585106253624, -0.04377444088459015, -0.018779313191771507, 0.013143489137291908, 0.017569759860634804, -0.0038873611483722925, -0.023219387978315353, -0.01133877132087946, 0.018584152683615685, 0.04288237541913986, -0.06680126488208771, -0.008160022087395191, -0.048318035900592804, -0.01136701088398695, 0.0029328856617212296, 0.030975930392742157, 0.008881602436304092, -0.06454477459192276, 0.004388841334730387, 0.01693316549062729, 0.06783228367567062, 0.01901126094162464, 0.029161179438233376, 0.03978119045495987, 0.041338782757520676, 0.012072895653545856, 0.019163066521286964, 0.011872761882841587, -0.04208710044622421, -0.04144011437892914, -0.06052384153008461, 0.033882662653923035, -0.06744661927223206, -0.027193821966648102, 0.017714660614728928, 0.02390984818339348, 0.03391478583216667, -0.006146789062768221, 0.01009423565119505, 0.008586489595472813, 0.015067835338413715, 0.0327337272465229, -0.005055360030382872, -0.03455183282494545, 0.022328311577439308, 0.0014864614931866527, -0.11760319024324417, -0.026204384863376617, -0.018177010118961334, -0.033927444368600845, 0.015598084777593613, 0.030943263322114944, -0.02610788866877556, -0.012619605287909508, 0.004374615382403135, -0.007137601263821125, -0.11432573944330215, 0.03498898074030876, 0.001317318994551897, 0.014589020051062107, -0.0006276627536863089, -0.0031089370604604483, 0.0311840008944273, 0.06821811944246292, -0.014651678502559662, 0.05586417764425278, 0.003086861688643694, -0.004876567050814629, -0.0011699426686391234, 0.021747775375843048, -0.012302782386541367, -0.03291153907775879, -0.016645042225718498, 0.042710620909929276, 0.01778549700975418, 0.0037150171119719744, 0.0098952641710639, -0.028996838256716728, 0.0027641220949590206, 0.008595451712608337, 0.03703007102012634, 0.028520381078124046, -0.01076504960656166, -0.03263283520936966, 0.045653343200683594, -0.026131555438041687, 0.05256675183773041, -0.043571289628744125, 0.008623574860394001, -0.01186218112707138, 0.006246360018849373, -0.025316065177321434, -0.009370033629238605, 0.012745695188641548, 0.025754719972610474, -0.0884876549243927, 0.03355587273836136, 0.0841522216796875, 0.012734226882457733, 0.02926112897694111, -0.012495160102844238, -0.0053916568867862225, 0.0014507537707686424, -0.037689901888370514, 0.005045635625720024, 0.014178589917719364, -0.015248305164277554, -0.028076471760869026, 0.054727084934711456, 0.028228070586919785, -0.030116785317659378, 0.03507402911782265, -0.01107218861579895, -0.038136836141347885, 0.03553588688373566, 0.0078102052211761475, -0.010299165733158588, -0.02381482534110546, 0.040740128606557846, -0.018843812867999077, 0.005968989804387093, 0.0013134503969922662, -0.0797053650021553, 0.03309600055217743, -0.011743462644517422, 0.036146875470876694, -0.014211180619895458, -0.04632134735584259, 0.08089818060398102, -0.06460712105035782, 0.022152777761220932, -0.011766815558075905, -0.016531363129615784, 0.003994754049926996, 0.004623751156032085, -0.024553772062063217, 0.09522177278995514, -0.013410281389951706, -0.03483116254210472, 0.01083950512111187, 0.01541581004858017, 0.052644506096839905, 0.054222118109464645, -0.048830173909664154, 0.02877703495323658, -0.012732136063277721, -0.04662306234240532, 0.006401807069778442, 0.038344696164131165, -0.07089251279830933, 0.013646739535033703, 0.03646419569849968, -0.0001820540492190048, -0.03316985443234444, 0.006114741321653128, -0.005129052326083183, 0.05048708617687225, -0.02832070365548134, 0.02120615355670452, -0.00483522517606616, 0.012323318980634212, -0.04422147944569588, 0.009054219350218773, 0.010040834546089172, -0.03545664623379707, 0.01331090647727251, 0.011934706009924412, 0.1222277507185936, 0.07167888432741165, -0.04738614335656166, 0.014341309666633606, 0.018114518374204636, 0.004273286089301109, 0.002523678122088313, -0.008155027404427528, 0.02728791907429695, -0.002300051972270012, 0.0009731622994877398, 0.0007180117536336184, -0.035193394869565964, 0.08621909469366074, -0.06726425886154175, -0.018112827092409134, 0.08191701024770737, -0.005677829030901194, 0.04035716503858566, -0.021661516278982162, -0.020763371139764786, 0.06166941300034523, -0.03648195043206215, -0.02951630763709545, -0.007201867178082466, -0.052401453256607056, -0.011891349218785763, -0.015387410297989845, -0.0024556706193834543, 0.002210918813943863, -0.0666193813085556, -0.024456679821014404, -0.008119605481624603, 0.09782931208610535, 0.02684754878282547, 0.00031124422093853354, 0.02928333356976509, -0.013198275119066238, -0.037547145038843155, -0.034584227949380875, -0.12880612909793854, -0.03179233521223068, -0.022795308381319046, 0.09323384612798691, 0.03261788189411163, 0.03392873704433441, 0.008381297811865807, 0.04508122056722641, -0.017590340226888657, -0.03628193587064743, 0.006486214231699705, 0.014741342514753342, -0.029170775786042213, -0.03813456743955612, -0.04108021780848503, 0.019811388105154037, 0.08002310246229172, -0.002902867505326867, -0.018138587474822998, -0.021894102916121483, -0.06947875767946243, -0.027209870517253876, -0.02607506513595581, 0.0005658396403305233, -0.004970051813870668, -0.00356592470780015, 0.0070815361104905605, -0.04013048857450485, 0.009327434934675694, 0.004288410302251577, 0.06733351945877075, 0.05163617432117462, 0.011425088159739971, -0.009258504956960678, -0.029405169188976288, -0.020395612344145775, 0.022399652749300003, -0.03759845346212387, 0.005815473850816488, 0.002999343676492572, 0.04489002749323845, 0.02115328423678875, 0.005672972183674574, -0.2501297891139984, -0.006923701148480177, 0.004034103825688362, -0.03524032235145569, 0.02590559609234333, 0.015448935329914093, 0.005480613559484482, 0.0018987358780577779, -0.010083342902362347, 0.014067139476537704, -0.023071471601724625, 0.00886479765176773, -0.020878054201602936, 0.07736159861087799, 0.024033455178141594, -0.004895254969596863, 0.0021247847471386194, -0.020409850403666496, -0.000054414980695582926, 0.03769305720925331, -0.014981514774262905, -0.04493294656276703, -0.009299453347921371, 0.04129680246114731, 0.0135713005438447, 0.053431909531354904, -0.06241971626877785, -0.014187296852469444, -0.05994097515940666, 0.0018526765052229166, -0.04130440205335617, -0.027333544567227364, 0.0009619537740945816, 0.034089647233486176, 0.028935959562659264, 0.0043471879325807095, 0.016949161887168884, -0.018582746386528015, -0.017973892390727997, 0.01775185763835907, 0.004392683040350676, -0.02369702234864235, 0.02258237451314926, 0.01238546334207058, 0.05988762900233269, 0.006943851709365845, -0.03247431293129921, -0.014083622954785824, -0.026892198249697685, 0.029082132503390312, -0.020244760438799858, -0.023439891636371613, 0.010935290716588497, 0.015182912349700928, 0.010251388885080814, 0.008170836605131626, 0.004447107668966055, -0.014677819795906544, -0.02162291668355465, 0.007804274559020996, 0.011085684411227703, -0.04305194690823555, -0.030092740431427956, -0.026765422895550728, 0.0003086527285631746, -0.011265655048191547, -0.09306040406227112, -0.04806169494986534, 0.05885131657123566, 0.03474697470664978, 0.012915502302348614, 0.0073652141727507114, -0.01938338205218315, -0.07373473793268204, 0.029630914330482483, -0.02952202595770359, -0.0331433042883873, -0.0009427639306522906, 0.01474244799464941, 0.04380985349416733, -0.014028857462108135, -0.03606550395488739, -0.009658358991146088, 0.03554040938615799, 0.024862036108970642, 0.0006603340734727681, 0.008225486613810062, 0.006732179783284664, -0.03810489922761917, -0.015909293666481972, 0.03258693590760231, 0.024736246094107628, 0.02860463224351406, -0.06201612204313278, 0.04210047796368599, 0.004224459640681744, 0.026961805298924446, 0.04130922257900238, 0.03128017857670784, 0.0018462174339219928, 0.03154566511511803, -0.03474069759249687, -0.03637807443737984, -0.009731587022542953, -0.06928295642137527, 0.027897130697965622, -0.06722834706306458, -0.004998482763767242, 0.04015340656042099, 0.004719007294625044, -0.008521310985088348, -0.04536658897995949, 0.009106379933655262, -0.043199703097343445, 0.020469091832637787, -0.014003113843500614, 0.0023163272999227047, 0.042126093059778214, 0.020861923694610596, -0.03856299817562103, -0.05122138559818268, 0.0380752757191658, -0.04253079369664192, 0.00560607947409153, 0.004342605359852314, 0.01640174724161625, -0.023336581885814667, -0.016295475885272026, -0.0028962877113372087, 0.003582731122151017, 0.0456206351518631, 0.021517669782042503, 0.012582597322762012, 0.02023029327392578, 0.03780396655201912, 0.03353920206427574, -0.0134414192289114, 0.0028823132161051035, 0.0028347873594611883, -0.0241777952760458, 0.051436442881822586, 0.02184230461716652, 0.05179230868816376, -0.01213611476123333, 0.00019152398454025388, 0.01887482963502407, -0.003451510099694133, -0.02939530648291111, -0.009160514920949936, -0.008378475904464722, 0.01915249042212963, -0.06757517904043198, 0.005495263729244471, -0.046845078468322754, -0.03635796159505844, -0.014099122025072575, 0.03837132081389427, 0.020758748054504395, 0.024198397994041443, -0.06883268058300018, 0.027008570730686188, 0.012064902111887932, -0.024767031893134117, -0.022478589788079262, 0.007156267296522856, 0.09333707392215729, -0.006174369249492884, -0.005592105910181999, 0.01890108734369278, -0.007100400980561972, 0.004381522070616484, 0.005285137332975864, -0.01673431508243084, -0.011689801700413227, -0.02203863486647606, -0.005597645882517099, 0.017214903607964516, -0.02267751656472683, -0.008711845614016056, 0.0051182028837502, 0.00025688609457574785, -0.016933530569076538, -0.0030956307891756296, 0.012721852399408817, 0.06965029239654541, 0.01496976800262928, 0.012155264616012573, 0.00000675856290399679, -0.030292045325040817, 0.019857151433825493, -0.023884322494268417, 0.006673228926956654, -0.016914676874876022, -0.04664573073387146, -0.04774584621191025, -0.039260268211364746, -0.0040744515135884285, 0.043011751025915146, -0.005014772526919842, -0.02005176804959774, 0.03287060186266899, -0.013075333088636398, -0.03194275498390198, 0.008229454979300499, 0.0411388985812664, -0.07380135357379913, 0.02456529811024666, 0.046817597001791, 0.0036962521262466908, 0.01871473528444767, -0.02404082380235195, 0.003311722306534648, -0.03147904947400093, 0.00040374023956246674, 0.045371659100055695, 0.03243686631321907, -0.032564058899879456, -0.03187956288456917, -0.011332251131534576, 0.007216850761324167, -0.011965558864176273, -0.00802005548030138, -0.009420164860785007, -0.07336797565221786, -0.0018827898893505335, 0.04489212855696678, -0.003794513177126646, 0.008816460147500038, 0.0023952194023877382, -0.04179854691028595, 0.016240587458014488, -0.03318074718117714, -0.01468534767627716, 0.04983346164226532, -0.014948222786188126, -0.022388596087694168, -0.01705862022936344, 0.03578022122383118, -0.007191928569227457, 0.03546552360057831, -0.002133801579475403, 0.0450596958398819, -0.06280846893787384, 0.019275693222880363, 0.018349234014749527, 0.05066089332103729, 0.010443862527608871, -0.0008573388331569731, -0.013914043083786964, 0.005272545851767063, 0.004764658398926258, 0.0163092240691185, -0.02911253459751606, 0.00034260484972037375, 0.05622699111700058, 0.002553481375798583, -0.03278319537639618, -0.07825497537851334, -0.01675425097346306, 0.006416103336960077, -0.030451102182269096, 0.03713308647274971, -0.04814359173178673, 0.08213586360216141, 0.01408333145081997, 0.03069932758808136, -0.048100054264068604, -0.030339939519762993, 0.04620399698615074, -0.052625905722379684, -0.009396043606102467, -0.05458677560091019, -0.043552376329898834, 0.05808008089661598, -0.03656505420804024, 0.012186948210000992, -0.0028375068213790655, -0.00024646378005854785, 0.06431719660758972, -0.05773312598466873, -0.03351747244596481, 0.05456981435418129, 0.005925376433879137, -0.015083863399922848, 0.016738448292016983, -0.06732045859098434, -0.03251400217413902, -0.047815944999456406, -0.055523987859487534, 0.013157197274267673, 0.018753523007035255, 0.015534523874521255, 0.0008352491422556341, -0.0006821625283919275, 0.024584515020251274, 0.02410505898296833, 0.026742050424218178, 0.06479350477457047, 0.028986413031816483, 0.02196229062974453, -0.06304007768630981, 0.091218002140522, 0.02992081269621849, 0.0248989500105381, -0.035160087049007416, 0.02201850339770317, 0.016111887991428375, -0.07920139282941818, -0.0030210644472390413, -0.014815902337431908, 0.004224844742566347, -0.055071067065000534, 0.051128875464200974, 0.017166955396533012, -0.03259620442986488, 0.0009463900933042169, 0.03444655239582062, -0.05853217840194702, 0.018227027729153633, 0.007085409481078386, 0.0027255970053374767, 0.012778964824974537, 0.04616589844226837, 0.005738309118896723, 0.025288941338658333, 0.09015992283821106, 0.0048170131631195545, -0.025664471089839935, 0.015313763171434402, 0.09165359288454056, 0.08753123879432678, 0.002351271454244852, -0.009455421939492226, 0.07686162739992142, -0.012261220254004002, -0.05705467239022255, 0.02708963118493557, -0.00009711184975458309, 0.0012050982331857085, -0.0375269316136837, 0.04254641756415367, 0.06677496433258057, 0.011210926808416843, 0.08875690400600433, -0.05611148476600647, 0.014947855845093727, 0.05282306298613548, 0.0013877025339752436, 0.01547485962510109, 0.058606117963790894, 0.0515696220099926, 0.00991640705615282, -0.009403367526829243, -0.018292315304279327, -0.021506791934370995, -0.026576118543744087, 0.0026341427583247423, 0.03171177953481674, -0.012072648853063583, 0.008136537857353687, -0.022343095391988754, 0.059973713010549545, 0.08180242776870728, -0.01846742443740368, -0.01952148973941803, -0.010915166698396206, 0.03005208633840084, 0.007124043069779873, 0.02704561874270439, 0.010494763031601906, -0.013303352519869804, -0.019278492778539658, -0.005023576319217682, 0.02705584093928337, -0.016934441402554512, 0.014754775911569595, 0.013013104908168316, -0.04426185041666031, -0.044133078306913376, -0.025396572425961494, 0.00727281766012311, -0.03564182296395302, -0.04136863723397255, -0.016189029440283775, -0.03900471702218056, -0.05065473914146423, -0.046326085925102234, -0.003763927146792412, -0.02588702365756035, -0.045819636434316635, 0.0004244241863489151, 0.021756863221526146, 0.03820650279521942, 0.008835764601826668, -0.025512102991342545, -0.012542080134153366, 0.04605032876133919, -0.007759803906083107, -0.0017157619586214423, 0.042276497930288315, 0.03462517261505127, -0.022991418838500977, -0.028461715206503868, 0.057962559163570404, -0.02919667214155197, 0.024614645168185234, -0.003921025898307562, -0.010720349848270416, -0.09300253540277481, -0.004924574866890907, 0.013170055113732815, -0.01581992581486702, -0.09495560079813004, 0.0327235572040081, -0.018184667453169823, 0.03593439236283302, 0.07675468921661377, -0.003057139692828059, 0.026137806475162506, -0.060784995555877686, -0.004211610183119774, -0.013853862881660461, -0.012482176534831524, 0.06922154128551483, -0.015573057346045971, 0.051357876509428024, 0.06648586690425873, -0.006184732541441917, -0.042057882994413376, 0.018710725009441376, -0.023678231984376907, 0.016870632767677307, -0.03606026992201805, -0.027166737243533134, -0.02776162326335907, -0.12385204434394836, -0.008846175856888294, 0.016876662150025368, -0.00582423061132431, -0.03496590629220009, 0.020643042400479317, -0.0022039611358195543, -0.005581986624747515, 0.0012046168558299541, -0.014118745923042297, -0.01299110148102045, -0.038464855402708054, -0.05287240073084831, -0.05392755940556526, 0.0012669585412368178, -0.02224562130868435, 0.010401638224720955, -0.013532807119190693, -0.042117465287446976, -0.03532979264855385, 0.010713445022702217, 0.02401200868189335, 0.008111539296805859, 0.0019638969097286463, 0.012871770188212395 ]
5,156
LILO: Learning to Reason at the Frontier of Learnability
[ "Thomas Foster", "Anya Sims", "Johannes Forkel", "Jakob Foerster" ]
Reinforcement learning is widely adopted in post-training large language models, especially for reasoning-style tasks such as maths questions. However, as we show, most existing methods will provably fail to learn from questions that are too hard, where the model always fails, or too easy, where the model always succeeds. Much human effort is therefore spent continually producing datasets of questions of a suitable difficulty for state-of-the-art models. Given this, we consider how to algorithmically identify questions that allow for maximally efficient training. We introduce a method, LILO (Learnability Improves LLMs Optimally), that prioritises training on questions with high variance of success, known as learnability, and we provide theory proving LILO maximises the expected improvement of the model. We run a wide range of experiments over multiple base models, algorithms and reasoning datasets to demonstrate that LILO consistently improves final test accuracy and can yield a 3x reduction in the number of training steps required to reach it. We explore how questions with high learnability can be efficiently identified, and discuss how learnability can be scaled to produce LLM agents that autonomously and open-endedly expand the frontier of human knowledge.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.03285812586545944, -0.033121511340141296, 0.013392428867518902, 0.0577988401055336, 0.043342337012290955, 0.0036955822724848986, 0.01815268211066723, -0.0036379259545356035, -0.018544472754001617, 0.017553530633449554, -0.02427218109369278, 0.042949605733156204, -0.05155119672417641, -0.01315736398100853, 0.005360390525311232, 0.04192139953374863, 0.0009713126928545535, -0.004364742431789637, -0.0008054771460592747, -0.011143386363983154, 0.0077703967690467834, -0.005583885125815868, 0.01384342834353447, 0.012558656744658947, 0.06179923191666603, 0.002409964567050338, 0.03847535699605942, -0.0012643644586205482, -0.04097629338502884, 0.007678792346268892, 0.04857117682695389, -0.011660746298730373, 0.0185066070407629, -0.01841551810503006, -0.003640882670879364, 0.011922083795070648, -0.025400705635547638, 0.011203290894627571, 0.010723266750574112, 0.005079308059066534, -0.03203309699892998, 0.04493097960948944, 0.0009605915984138846, 0.014680015854537487, -0.05721729248762131, 0.004699765704572201, -0.10163770616054535, 0.03311053663492203, 0.03131132200360298, -0.05577421188354492, -0.11563068628311157, 0.04424606263637543, 0.009465949609875679, -0.04855678975582123, -0.00977530237287283, 0.023499365895986557, 0.048783715814352036, -0.1087585985660553, 0.0019601304084062576, -0.05644988268613815, -0.03648480027914047, 0.019118377938866615, 0.00812344066798687, -0.0011105118319392204, -0.01635218784213066, -0.016531996428966522, -0.006003670394420624, 0.04137592390179634, -0.07389166206121445, -0.037725791335105896, -0.04022401198744774, -0.01048933807760477, -0.036829374730587006, 0.036018941551446915, 0.0072474610060453415, -0.044242262840270996, 0.006673254072666168, 0.05525226145982742, 0.05005616322159767, -0.018742579966783524, -0.008965592831373215, 0.010640572756528854, 0.020749403163790703, 0.03840246424078941, 0.025722725316882133, 0.01825660653412342, -0.017620433121919632, -0.03194030374288559, -0.08811832964420319, 0.016757234930992126, 0.022519061341881752, -0.07900403439998627, 0.018947824835777283, 0.031952884048223495, 0.027790820226073265, 0.002910244045779109, 0.02321932464838028, 0.045490723103284836, -0.013555091805756092, -0.007333524990826845, -0.024326713755726814, -0.027184639126062393, 0.022276150062680244, -0.022883452475070953, -0.11288266628980637, -0.022878600284457207, 0.005137657281011343, -0.009945793077349663, -0.01616702228784561, 0.016986535862088203, -0.055427949875593185, -0.012764494866132736, 0.03509312495589256, -0.01907479204237461, -0.06421096622943878, 0.030538370832800865, 0.003026573918759823, 0.03158019483089447, -0.012436728924512863, 0.02204328589141369, 0.03126268833875656, 0.033527228981256485, 0.00835171714425087, 0.08153294771909714, -0.02455887198448181, 0.027087586000561714, -0.004471799824386835, 0.038183148950338364, -0.014196964912116528, -0.028334233909845352, 0.012770737521350384, 0.04945693537592888, -0.014633510261774063, 0.015703370794653893, -0.006399216130375862, 0.013929753564298153, -0.006676963064819574, 0.0072891321033239365, 0.024906612932682037, -0.002611377276480198, 0.005110950209200382, -0.009706813842058182, 0.09477326273918152, -0.023061074316501617, 0.06588692218065262, -0.025488341227173805, -0.0064131454564630985, -0.025857483968138695, -0.03335580974817276, -0.00972549058496952, -0.006269627716392279, -0.0070071169175207615, -0.0014408681308850646, -0.047755807638168335, 0.009300434961915016, 0.04149583354592323, -0.0003447260824032128, -0.01614365167915821, -0.011475898325443268, 0.027047043666243553, 0.01414635218679905, -0.013600279577076435, -0.02569429576396942, -0.004139378666877747, -0.01586882770061493, -0.0872371718287468, 0.045497599989175797, 0.022935913875699043, -0.04856952652335167, 0.011801594868302345, -0.04087788984179497, -0.019726106896996498, 0.065606489777565, -0.025094110518693924, -0.053015854209661484, -0.013185991905629635, 0.08558235317468643, -0.00977296382188797, 0.058402758091688156, 0.01862027496099472, -0.06868363171815872, 0.0009895795956254005, -0.01585596241056919, 0.01410281378775835, 0.029557203873991966, -0.01709384098649025, 0.07741594314575195, -0.024805890396237373, 0.02622300572693348, 0.0038998639211058617, -0.06774012744426727, -0.006675806827843189, 0.01372966356575489, 0.013628245331346989, 0.06719578802585602, 0.004750342573970556, 0.002101522870361805, 0.07063506543636322, 0.02672244794666767, 0.05458904430270195, 0.051632992923259735, 0.005826179403811693, 0.03562982752919197, 0.0020268382504582405, -0.01316855475306511, 0.027713080868124962, 0.02601204812526703, -0.039000507444143295, -0.02485993318259716, 0.030238235369324684, -0.03388064727187157, 0.004448293708264828, 0.008940175175666809, -0.0008574617095291615, 0.009491140022873878, 0.011038278229534626, -0.010239487513899803, -0.005171904340386391, 0.028285318985581398, -0.03525266796350479, 0.035717397928237915, -0.009440301917493343, -0.002294147154316306, -0.02023123949766159, -0.021749574691057205, 0.07680796831846237, 0.06369271129369736, -0.013636237010359764, -0.00770053593441844, 0.008887352421879768, 0.012926995754241943, -0.0008839034708216786, 0.007907749153673649, -0.01704634539783001, 0.02395099215209484, -0.025585150346159935, 0.0023978191893547773, -0.040318526327610016, 0.05520764738321304, -0.029035387560725212, -0.03765588626265526, 0.071482352912426, -0.017271237447857857, 0.06186740845441818, 0.014035409316420555, 0.020914746448397636, 0.02336806245148182, 0.007439672015607357, 0.00021512218518182635, -0.01847706362605095, -0.002010791329666972, -0.010124890133738518, 0.004277933854609728, -0.0004921929794363678, 0.016265815123915672, -0.04524834081530571, -0.029199019074440002, -0.014934192411601543, 0.08044551312923431, 0.04949474334716797, -0.011137833818793297, 0.03263881802558899, 0.007102442439645529, -0.030339106917381287, 0.02930956520140171, -0.10675545781850815, -0.035628657788038254, -0.03354658558964729, 0.03501791134476662, 0.024798965081572533, 0.024265466257929802, -0.000613390642683953, 0.03387906402349472, -0.02228633500635624, -0.048325516283512115, 0.02649015001952648, 0.03363223746418953, 0.007681251969188452, -0.035249773412942886, -0.03991067036986351, 0.002577525097876787, 0.06463917344808578, -0.052108034491539, -0.02577304095029831, -0.030856817960739136, -0.03857200965285301, -0.012006064876914024, -0.059725355356931686, -0.013844030909240246, 0.03137583285570145, 0.011253949254751205, 0.012530200183391571, -0.01455307099968195, 0.010956053622066975, 0.047895126044750214, 0.026991579681634903, 0.050992488861083984, -0.005019300617277622, -0.009636610746383667, 0.039750728756189346, -0.014790740795433521, 0.01756194233894348, 0.0060394154861569405, 0.04525743052363396, 0.0026677572168409824, 0.007536033168435097, 0.0009431274374946952, -0.0022920265328139067, -0.2631332278251648, -0.031630195677280426, 0.012651436030864716, 0.006904374808073044, 0.02335917204618454, -0.03454726189374924, 0.03285849094390869, -0.049186382442712784, -0.035969313234090805, -0.007347934879362583, -0.011457985267043114, 0.03705718368291855, 0.007844199426472187, 0.06691862642765045, 0.07137764990329742, 0.02056697942316532, -0.012734836898744106, -0.010371225886046886, -0.024298029020428658, 0.0528818815946579, -0.008041470311582088, -0.06270746886730194, -0.02623360976576805, 0.07125097513198853, -0.002171503845602274, 0.05565943568944931, -0.06515205651521683, -0.024340208619832993, -0.05211823806166649, -0.018675293773412704, -0.03087727539241314, -0.0036975981201976538, -0.03466657176613808, 0.00980844721198082, -0.010278619825839996, 0.020737899467349052, 0.04319237172603607, -0.02653101645410061, 0.059439558535814285, 0.02296355366706848, 0.0034806120675057173, -0.030553648248314857, 0.008360938169062138, 0.025387903675436974, 0.03612617030739784, -0.008300063200294971, -0.05537831783294678, -0.019726606085896492, -0.02292773127555847, 0.029547767713665962, -0.02848503738641739, -0.027307134121656418, -0.0078011988662183285, -0.004127655643969774, 0.024576136842370033, -0.019649259746074677, -0.00015626472304575145, -0.04033281281590462, -0.024681318551301956, -0.024992182850837708, 0.007064467296004295, -0.03628494217991829, -0.030551640316843987, -0.03137494623661041, -0.02323881909251213, -0.03850577399134636, -0.03875649347901344, -0.0427207313477993, 0.0371306836605072, 0.044278159737586975, -0.012281686998903751, -0.014694374985992908, -0.007096444722265005, -0.09440195560455322, -0.012514793314039707, 0.03792408108711243, -0.018871046602725983, -0.013866628520190716, -0.002985868137329817, 0.04971785098314285, -0.04456291347742081, -0.06749492138624191, 0.011637425981462002, -0.010755356401205063, 0.02833935245871544, -0.021575001999735832, 0.011502997949719429, -0.051208388060331345, -0.017077986150979996, -0.0404154509305954, 0.026938574388623238, 0.030195608735084534, 0.008210861124098301, 0.02334674447774887, 0.057900816202163696, 0.02778608538210392, 0.046485867351293564, 0.04874877631664276, 0.041570041328668594, 0.0003067231737077236, -0.011601283214986324, -0.06618359684944153, 0.010161622427403927, -0.008573099039494991, -0.0331152081489563, 0.027723101899027824, -0.06286806613206863, 0.0028538357000797987, 0.01956818252801895, -0.013790850527584553, -0.026551878079771996, -0.060619525611400604, -0.005770708899945021, 0.0097939632833004, -0.03587138652801514, 0.0035329065285623074, -0.006576184183359146, 0.04673551395535469, 0.0077696433290839195, -0.008526804856956005, -0.05472138896584511, 0.03179480507969856, -0.02462524175643921, 0.024562010541558266, -0.015547895804047585, -0.003464923007413745, 0.045833341777324677, -0.033632729202508926, -0.000287162751192227, -0.007236759178340435, 0.004573113285005093, 0.013934534974396229, -0.02221313677728176, -0.0078103989362716675, 0.0485294908285141, -0.03492031246423721, -0.011656382121145725, -0.013072635047137737, 0.03152197226881981, -0.003488358110189438, -0.0011104110162705183, -0.002713268157094717, 0.04977555200457573, 0.022223681211471558, 0.004996669944375753, 0.007904306054115295, 0.008477236144244671, 0.007496732287108898, 0.0037817296106368303, 0.02668841741979122, 0.039254527539014816, -0.035990070551633835, -0.003156541148200631, -0.032686714082956314, 0.04770464077591896, -0.02772468328475952, 0.024403966963291168, -0.01083122193813324, 0.020984431728720665, -0.058230847120285034, 0.0324971005320549, -0.006180253811180592, -0.016874875873327255, 0.013268445618450642, 0.03587044030427933, 0.052508868277072906, -0.035575222223997116, 0.0021051259245723486, 0.005713672377169132, -0.005589492153376341, 0.014045722782611847, -0.024746371433138847, -0.01624317839741707, 0.0004516172339208424, -0.010067972354590893, -0.019435733556747437, 0.006537687499076128, -0.04168866202235222, -0.03460726514458656, 0.013446718454360962, -0.019948875531554222, -0.041990842670202255, -0.015482855029404163, -0.024771178141236305, 0.08743171393871307, 0.004110558889806271, 0.02589990384876728, -0.004483167082071304, -0.0493515282869339, 0.006241063587367535, -0.011889748275279999, 0.028268957510590553, -0.013351214118301868, -0.02315627411007881, -0.04808657988905907, -0.05226166546344757, 0.03723546490073204, -0.0017126059392467141, -0.008130185306072235, 0.010813921689987183, -0.009306586347520351, -0.02367924340069294, -0.05605372413992882, -0.02243935875594616, 0.04604318365454674, -0.07210791856050491, -0.007970979437232018, 0.01374190952628851, 0.017135174944996834, 0.019366612657904625, -0.06270241737365723, -0.06433483958244324, -0.04522141069173813, -0.015169058926403522, 0.008505191653966904, -0.01952950842678547, -0.027545053511857986, -0.01347866840660572, -0.0036556192208081484, -0.020511241629719734, 0.013657270930707455, -0.006981357466429472, -0.002787179546430707, -0.03568475693464279, 0.024772226810455322, 0.06636418402194977, -0.051852043718099594, -0.039876971393823624, 0.02857271395623684, -0.026460595428943634, 0.03524884209036827, -0.06174455210566521, 0.03143462911248207, 0.044900063425302505, -0.00390140269882977, 0.015515387058258057, -0.04226307198405266, 0.04334312304854393, -0.004781808704137802, -0.025218183174729347, 0.012015268206596375, 0.00763325858861208, -0.023757044225931168, -0.00024804557324387133, 0.00389534211717546, 0.05271884426474571, 0.026904014870524406, 0.019956013187766075, 0.012060629203915596, -0.011550337076187134, 0.01777007058262825, 0.0017279429594054818, -0.03597930818796158, -0.01319863274693489, 0.06958127021789551, -0.01976746879518032, 0.003117149695754051, -0.04922852665185928, -0.009548066183924675, 0.04131537675857544, -0.013754251413047314, 0.03362834081053734, -0.0469452440738678, 0.050234369933605194, 0.01201948244124651, 0.04195205494761467, 0.018555376678705215, -0.02040916308760643, 0.05563462898135185, -0.04723873734474182, 0.009388108737766743, -0.07162372767925262, -0.004233106970787048, 0.058262795209884644, -0.037936028093099594, -0.003037402406334877, 0.009615002200007439, -0.03117595799267292, 0.05443372204899788, 0.01086184848099947, -0.033279724419116974, 0.03042188100516796, -0.013447186909615993, -0.029353046789765358, 0.0480569526553154, -0.04083564132452011, -0.024105798453092575, -0.0016751327784731984, -0.03203907608985901, 0.01801132969558239, -0.014240976423025131, 0.057153116911649704, -0.017565321177244186, 0.006010386627167463, -0.0047179777175188065, 0.053046129643917084, 0.011621952056884766, 0.05202348530292511, 0.030238592997193336, -0.0009732823818922043, -0.03455585613846779, 0.061772219836711884, 0.020057329908013344, 0.036656543612480164, 0.004131918773055077, 0.031846895813941956, -0.01603160798549652, -0.05135577917098999, 0.08102788776159286, -0.010566482320427895, 0.007542030420154333, -0.05237636715173721, 0.07914771139621735, 0.030951542779803276, -0.06093204766511917, -0.028269272297620773, 0.005429871380329132, -0.05841105058789253, -0.002834030892699957, 0.006487727165222168, -0.0009506550268270075, 0.01920541562139988, 0.05775409936904907, 0.01735195703804493, 0.05967959016561508, 0.0802423357963562, 0.019844146445393562, -0.032418109476566315, 0.002790093654766679, 0.06229332089424133, 0.045594777911901474, 0.0706113874912262, 0.004206546116620302, 0.06756547838449478, -0.058121196925640106, -0.06697577983140945, 0.038528915494680405, 0.004869270138442516, -0.015659326687455177, -0.04133132845163345, 0.03315631300210953, 0.045388113707304, 0.008882306516170502, 0.0477786585688591, -0.05668674781918526, 0.009412368759512901, 0.05542052537202835, -0.02062503807246685, -0.01570156402885914, 0.06019996106624603, 0.041172321885824203, 0.025085169821977615, -0.012717010453343391, -0.07825494557619095, 0.014810843393206596, -0.04595940187573433, 0.010363307781517506, -0.0027168849483132362, -0.024279262870550156, -0.021859673783183098, 0.009314113296568394, 0.07164964079856873, 0.12932217121124268, -0.05050205811858177, -0.001050619757734239, 0.030037591233849525, 0.008916198275983334, 0.014287465251982212, 0.03616658225655556, 0.010662001557648182, -0.014047970995306969, 0.012990518473088741, -0.025733662769198418, 0.01461475808173418, 0.03122650273144245, -0.010225895792245865, 0.01507897675037384, -0.023276884108781815, -0.02896113507449627, 0.02426154911518097, 0.039464883506298065, -0.02659534104168415, -0.053185537457466125, -0.017003310844302177, -0.029476653784513474, -0.06495750695466995, -0.05094035714864731, 0.021860066801309586, 0.005130574107170105, -0.030725065618753433, 0.034445151686668396, -0.030573967844247818, 0.018420377746224403, 0.012272248044610023, -0.06333358585834503, -0.012482734397053719, 0.050216153264045715, -0.008302446454763412, -0.021184084936976433, 0.02916080318391323, 0.0261736698448658, -0.00761343352496624, -0.023849081248044968, 0.018356701359152794, 0.019705215469002724, -0.015942160040140152, 0.0009376164525747299, -0.02951648458838463, -0.09668305516242981, 0.005315637681633234, 0.012692897580564022, -0.018728550523519516, -0.07967590540647507, 0.03188443183898926, -0.027440186589956284, 0.048849523067474365, 0.07033213973045349, 0.044223852455616, 0.040491797029972076, 0.002161436714231968, -0.004674473311752081, 0.01875116117298603, 0.013400199823081493, 0.031332097947597504, -0.022960718721151352, 0.05727916210889816, 0.01766389049589634, -0.03718908503651619, -0.06774282455444336, 0.015059828758239746, -0.0010576961794868112, -0.02751026675105095, -0.02068021334707737, -0.05914757773280144, -0.003883172757923603, -0.10762663930654526, -0.015302865765988827, 0.031267207115888596, -0.018568499013781548, -0.034425970166921616, -0.007179060485213995, -0.0337442122399807, -0.02554681897163391, 0.02278895117342472, -0.034374646842479706, -0.015489596873521805, -0.011777330189943314, -0.014819708652794361, -0.05102996528148651, 0.024390291422605515, -0.02680639922618866, 0.02581327222287655, -0.05703578516840935, -0.02811102755367756, -0.005572288762778044, -0.001048168633133173, 0.02916666492819786, 0.00671237101778388, 0.006217195652425289, -0.02067384496331215 ]
5,157
Understanding LLM Behaviors via Compression: Data Generation, Knowledge Acquisition and Scaling Laws
[ "Zhixuan Pan", "Shaowen Wang", "Liao Pengfei", "Jian Li" ]
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across numerous tasks, yet principled explanations for their underlying mechanisms and several phenomena, such as scaling laws, hallucinations, and related behaviors, remain elusive. In this work, we revisit the classical relationship between compression and prediction, grounded in Kolmogorov complexity and Shannon information theory, to provide deeper insights into LLM behaviors. By leveraging the Kolmogorov Structure Function and interpreting LLM compression as a two-part coding process, we offer a detailed view of how LLMs acquire and store information across increasing model and data scales -- from pervasive syntactic patterns to progressively rarer knowledge elements. Motivated by this theoretical perspective and natural assumptions inspired by Heap’s and Zipf’s laws, we introduce a simplified yet representative hierarchical data-generation framework called the Syntax-Knowledge model. Under the Bayesian setting, we show that prediction and compression within this model naturally lead to diverse learning and scaling behaviors of LLMs. In particular, our theoretical analysis offers intuitive and principled explanations for both data and model scaling laws, the dynamics of knowledge acquisition during training and fine-tuning, factual knowledge hallucinations in LLMs. The experimental results validate our theoretical predictions.
spotlight
2504.09597
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.038896966725587845, 0.0013513676822185516, -0.019249746575951576, 0.008016513660550117, 0.04490445926785469, 0.011182907037436962, 0.021289145573973656, 0.014114882797002792, -0.048914771527051926, 0.019116200506687164, -0.022693242877721786, 0.007934335619211197, -0.06030852347612381, 0.008797292597591877, -0.005694725550711155, 0.06270429491996765, 0.0463307686150074, -0.01057144533842802, 0.03564416989684105, 0.019576147198677063, -0.005202776752412319, -0.006034135352820158, 0.03586842492222786, 0.02417362667620182, 0.04348849505186081, 0.014484881423413754, 0.006485229358077049, 0.01206541620194912, -0.0178016796708107, 0.010877510532736778, 0.02806813269853592, -0.005243232008069754, 0.029723381623625755, -0.002123398706316948, 0.014584098011255264, 0.006951271090656519, -0.04088420793414116, 0.008191375061869621, 0.0035965070128440857, 0.02689184620976448, -0.024654243141412735, 0.03618818148970604, -0.009812030009925365, 0.016261719167232513, -0.06503485888242722, -0.015501655638217926, -0.10767137259244919, 0.010836275294423103, 0.00200975826010108, -0.028775552287697792, -0.08567468822002411, 0.0381593257188797, 0.007021419703960419, -0.009886489249765873, -0.009648187085986137, 0.04464885592460632, 0.04425952956080437, -0.08016442507505417, 0.017205754294991493, -0.03797366842627525, -0.04450531676411629, -0.00672833900898695, 0.007123480550944805, -0.001380082219839096, -0.01050722599029541, -0.04783831536769867, -0.009132103063166142, 0.054831743240356445, -0.07303232699632645, -0.05845700949430466, -0.02654178813099861, 0.01590677537024021, -0.03806309401988983, -0.009282281622290611, -0.009121161885559559, -0.05205667391419411, 0.020301230251789093, 0.031297292560338974, 0.04141192510724068, 0.012234044261276722, -0.03834459185600281, 0.04830022156238556, 0.037176698446273804, 0.04588030278682709, 0.015379790216684341, 0.008761238306760788, -0.0521310530602932, -0.03460986912250519, -0.08474939316511154, 0.034743379801511765, -0.039199020713567734, -0.049455687403678894, -0.020400170236825943, 0.01915006898343563, 0.0012116939760744572, 0.023618856444954872, 0.021265549585223198, 0.024347180500626564, -0.010082325898110867, -0.008597462438046932, -0.03854718431830406, -0.041539181023836136, 0.01918070577085018, 0.003438887419179082, -0.1024479940533638, -0.007256596349179745, -0.01113745104521513, -0.011491850018501282, 0.00032981543336063623, -0.021216828376054764, -0.024845723062753677, -0.02589026652276516, -0.011995675973594189, -0.006827895995229483, -0.08756951242685318, 0.019506996497511864, 0.008550995029509068, 0.011999410577118397, 0.00717837642878294, 0.014942030422389507, 0.03845164179801941, 0.03896896168589592, -0.012595763429999352, 0.06298637390136719, -0.03281262516975403, -0.02061145007610321, 0.012249371036887169, 0.034509774297475815, -0.016694964841008186, -0.03187266364693642, 0.027003401890397072, 0.03429673984646797, 0.027623925358057022, -0.018107568845152855, 0.0028557144105434418, 0.026684261858463287, 0.017289847135543823, 0.01954631134867668, 0.01667272113263607, 0.005906376987695694, 0.01201903447508812, -0.01102850865572691, 0.053954772651195526, -0.020504366606473923, 0.07533607631921768, 0.012279316782951355, -0.02470204420387745, -0.015163647010922432, -0.05078037455677986, -0.011888992972671986, 0.020259270444512367, 0.009804673492908478, -0.00847452413290739, -0.04599890112876892, 0.041620124131441116, 0.04528890922665596, -0.01078809518367052, -0.010986613109707832, 0.03352378308773041, 0.015373810194432735, -0.0005393688916228712, -0.001020716386847198, -0.04519255459308624, 0.0085457069799304, -0.0050661442801356316, -0.07717950642108917, 0.01782759092748165, 0.03637396916747093, -0.04763250797986984, 0.006369003560394049, -0.02233906276524067, -0.00593923544511199, 0.05933181568980217, -0.008980144746601582, -0.0442168191075325, 0.0007947790436446667, 0.04481327533721924, 0.01842597872018814, 0.03519847244024277, 0.006536024622619152, -0.06958598643541336, -0.007973168976604939, -0.009877214208245277, -0.005664971191436052, -0.00010331060184398666, -0.02970588393509388, 0.09651175141334534, -0.05232900381088257, 0.008435580879449844, -0.014420787803828716, -0.05879779905080795, 0.005231945309787989, 0.02488739974796772, 0.007609677966684103, 0.08162953704595566, -0.026737850159406662, -0.004845617804676294, 0.04605520889163017, 0.02921113930642605, 0.06149371713399887, 0.047855399549007416, -0.01033309381455183, 0.06231628730893135, -0.012190804816782475, -0.009137983433902264, 0.030065437778830528, 0.03514627739787102, -0.07720494270324707, -0.06427597254514694, 0.02739119529724121, -0.01010129600763321, -0.02103586681187153, 0.02587617002427578, -0.009396173991262913, 0.01752789504826069, -0.01332020666450262, -0.004372729919850826, 0.004377228673547506, 0.01694321446120739, -0.03047569841146469, 0.027670321986079216, 0.012671833857893944, -0.011575181968510151, 0.0033917261753231287, -0.014966364949941635, 0.09796348214149475, 0.061955925077199936, -0.027515849098563194, 0.014917340129613876, 0.005593001376837492, 0.020875079557299614, -0.009419619105756283, 0.022189561277627945, -0.036930277943611145, 0.03638985753059387, -0.017524464055895805, 0.013658181764185429, -0.03600718826055527, 0.041988305747509, -0.04699808731675148, -0.02414543740451336, 0.06170770898461342, -0.01705525629222393, 0.055197831243276596, -0.010019884444773197, 0.010852629318833351, 0.0432627908885479, -0.027797633782029152, -0.011385972611606121, -0.03190800920128822, -0.017317119985818863, -0.0017447482096031308, 0.006529737263917923, -0.016011977568268776, -0.004605734255164862, -0.05299515649676323, -0.02440071851015091, -0.008320622146129608, 0.06889570504426956, 0.05056199058890343, 0.02642042189836502, 0.005980876740068197, -0.003241519443690777, -0.059032633900642395, -0.0008877050713635981, -0.09542994201183319, -0.0007132627652026713, -0.02737293392419815, 0.04897056892514229, 0.016745546832680702, 0.017652645707130432, 0.001858823816291988, 0.06468736380338669, -0.01683179661631584, -0.013972105458378792, -0.002475607907399535, 0.0319831445813179, -0.034693483263254166, -0.06359151005744934, -0.007330276072025299, -0.011415337212383747, 0.058010995388031006, 0.012964732944965363, -0.026696445420384407, -0.02258552610874176, -0.03188449516892433, -0.01301529724150896, -0.016740644350647926, -0.006257252302020788, -0.01313187275081873, 0.006156898569315672, -0.009106995537877083, -0.013122267089784145, 0.013154049403965473, 0.02845935709774494, 0.06494574248790741, 0.056385595351457596, -0.010649113915860653, 0.00714406743645668, 0.019993586465716362, -0.03315560147166252, -0.006592202931642532, -0.028584672138094902, 0.04443889856338501, -0.020962180569767952, 0.007318025454878807, -0.001420463202521205, 0.01645231805741787, -0.27268552780151367, 0.008166570216417313, 0.014144940301775932, -0.031770478934049606, 0.0360865592956543, 0.00819968432188034, 0.020968040451407433, -0.024933714419603348, -0.02895541675388813, 0.02416687086224556, -0.004896651953458786, 0.040321312844753265, -0.013740058057010174, 0.05116216838359833, 0.05794889107346535, 0.0549723356962204, -0.03155965358018875, -0.006492755841463804, -0.014987386763095856, 0.05055166408419609, -0.0007953500607982278, -0.055568989366292953, -0.06836141645908356, 0.04951364919543266, 0.013596625067293644, 0.04908931255340576, -0.0709378719329834, 0.00010457527241669595, -0.038851093500852585, 0.010335143655538559, -0.01560456957668066, -0.04461311548948288, -0.02156452089548111, 0.06127791851758957, -0.03329385444521904, 0.011076869443058968, 0.04901137202978134, -0.0010144655825570226, 0.025027835741639137, 0.020710034295916557, 0.023650960996747017, -0.02129182405769825, -0.010599150322377682, 0.01350417546927929, 0.0707780197262764, 0.030985238030552864, -0.07498669624328613, -0.028248149901628494, -0.00942213274538517, 0.015950530767440796, -0.016942685469985008, -0.054548535495996475, -0.020674867555499077, 0.0115221431478858, 0.013389735482633114, -0.013654409907758236, 0.012028995901346207, -0.026647834107279778, -0.005910128355026245, -0.009101507253944874, 0.017994442954659462, -0.058469414710998535, -0.027806760743260384, -0.054821282625198364, 0.004461370408535004, -0.02848086878657341, -0.07463087141513824, -0.0528600811958313, 0.03045095130801201, 0.023781025782227516, -0.00040102170896716416, 0.007693974766880274, -0.010672899894416332, -0.09748578816652298, -0.00046643533278256655, -0.0002821842790581286, -0.025170380249619484, -0.006494662258774042, 0.014491328969597816, 0.053241945803165436, -0.034123990684747696, -0.030324501916766167, -0.0007248346810229123, 0.012331651523709297, 0.03358408436179161, -0.02998305857181549, -0.008083511143922806, -0.026739155873656273, -0.051071539521217346, -0.052534542977809906, -0.000005164577032701345, 0.020955629646778107, 0.01361967995762825, 0.02526063472032547, 0.05484487861394882, 0.015270499512553215, 0.012021942064166069, 0.08316367864608765, 0.040662702172994614, -0.0008642972679808736, 0.021272428333759308, -0.05963555723428726, -0.020900240167975426, -0.014816434122622013, -0.023479996249079704, 0.04862944781780243, -0.06161176413297653, -0.01787581481039524, 0.04661434143781662, -0.0036833141930401325, -0.04403671622276306, -0.0038217990659177303, 0.004211332183331251, -0.0037556567694991827, -0.0152062913402915, -0.0065341489389538765, -0.008065203204751015, 0.03028634376823902, 0.016883859410881996, -0.04495454207062721, -0.051590386778116226, 0.05028809234499931, -0.01525166817009449, 0.0006889578653499484, -0.005780145991593599, 0.0014464787673205137, -0.006712322123348713, -0.028603946790099144, -0.03578438609838486, -0.005412217695266008, -0.00101173366419971, 0.022950056940317154, 0.011348939500749111, 0.011441035196185112, 0.05570276454091072, 0.00268965563736856, 0.006004892289638519, -0.022666098549962044, 0.006636146456003189, -0.040659960359334946, 0.03468581661581993, -0.01761450804769993, 0.06787409633398056, 0.03408525511622429, 0.031939636915922165, 0.007522334810346365, 0.017528465017676353, -0.012469077482819557, 0.00898752547800541, -0.009250607341527939, 0.040209051221609116, -0.04740884527564049, 0.015888413414359093, -0.02730930969119072, -0.012286854907870293, -0.020244311541318893, 0.02317090518772602, -0.003552299225702882, 0.03055991604924202, -0.061167825013399124, 0.049104511737823486, -0.005701459012925625, 0.0003218224155716598, -0.011828326620161533, 0.010538517497479916, 0.06352555751800537, -0.04888254404067993, 0.03449469432234764, 0.042506057769060135, 0.02611178159713745, 0.0004306382033973932, -0.04013726860284805, -0.03173650801181793, -0.012085556983947754, -0.004059630446135998, -0.0028811227530241013, -0.001889899605885148, -0.013949524611234665, -0.035504765808582306, 0.05174286663532257, 0.016364123672246933, -0.03516726195812225, -0.02246440388262272, -0.0008320586057379842, 0.08923382312059402, 0.019740095362067223, 0.03820846974849701, 0.018715323880314827, -0.0664987862110138, 0.0003684943658299744, -0.015037048608064651, -0.004321746993809938, -0.00411441083997488, -0.03600389510393143, -0.03649153560400009, -0.05259434133768082, 0.02096709981560707, 0.008288037963211536, -0.005133309401571751, -0.0027548009529709816, 0.014436399564146996, -0.018684575334191322, -0.03682461008429527, -0.030854476615786552, 0.03346136957406998, -0.063519686460495, 0.0033032901119440794, 0.023341858759522438, 0.007296996656805277, 0.03207777440547943, -0.04411780834197998, -0.009139865636825562, -0.06872337311506271, -0.012314043939113617, 0.041609298437833786, -0.025639930739998817, -0.008235247805714607, -0.03685571253299713, 0.019730649888515472, -0.013516690582036972, 0.011955980211496353, -0.003954317886382341, 0.013910073786973953, -0.04284587502479553, 0.019007448107004166, 0.03722551837563515, -0.026137294247746468, -0.0010118455393239856, 0.0035356066655367613, -0.06016422063112259, 0.04038748890161514, -0.044008541852235794, 0.02825918234884739, 0.06336504966020584, -0.008276876993477345, 0.004267769865691662, -0.014241807162761688, 0.04914072901010513, -0.005213521420955658, 0.0075236111879348755, 0.013705771416425705, 0.01157908234745264, -0.01387787889689207, 0.008655103854835033, 0.019230082631111145, 0.04985614866018295, 0.019841907545924187, -0.008102521300315857, -0.006146922707557678, 0.0001885587116703391, -0.018204504624009132, 0.0031643242109566927, -0.038841310888528824, 0.0020922815892845392, 0.07696379721164703, 0.0009296500938944519, -0.060639914125204086, -0.09364204108715057, -0.019446130841970444, -0.013086589053273201, -0.009180247783660889, 0.002724236808717251, -0.02759459987282753, 0.0480385459959507, 0.014854347333312035, 0.0607578344643116, -0.01208396628499031, 0.00686631491407752, 0.05036531388759613, -0.03605550527572632, 0.017669731751084328, -0.060734886676073074, -0.04466431215405464, 0.041635576635599136, -0.0335150882601738, 0.01377941109240055, -0.024175995960831642, -0.03540443256497383, 0.03561427816748619, -0.018861088901758194, -0.039749667048454285, 0.017456017434597015, -0.008755024522542953, 0.015158163383603096, 0.0533926747739315, -0.05997509881854057, -0.021142972633242607, -0.034268222749233246, -0.03847986087203026, -0.002528250915929675, -0.02698100544512272, 0.044049493968486786, 0.002986722392961383, 0.0015219937777146697, -0.005842240061610937, -0.006847034674137831, -0.0015048057539388537, 0.05391830950975418, 0.05504783242940903, 0.033978093415498734, -0.015377147123217583, 0.06388704478740692, 0.03494894504547119, 0.011608477681875229, 0.002266302239149809, 0.014658682979643345, -0.039789363741874695, -0.07039803266525269, 0.05346265807747841, -0.020209431648254395, 0.02062753029167652, -0.031076917424798012, 0.0661831945180893, 0.06134293973445892, -0.03178006783127785, -0.01596074551343918, 0.03942006453871727, -0.055990591645240784, 0.0052942801266908646, -0.007159851957112551, -0.002997007453814149, -0.03422023728489876, 0.06748731434345245, 0.02262616530060768, 0.06095217913389206, 0.07711465656757355, -0.002939849626272917, -0.02756800316274166, -0.00416942685842514, 0.0669969692826271, 0.06980365514755249, 0.03592871129512787, 0.015163584612309933, 0.06889350712299347, -0.038596514612436295, -0.03807513043284416, -0.007381625473499298, 0.019899198785424232, 0.01627681776881218, -0.030344368889927864, 0.028718868270516396, 0.07294337451457977, -0.010157992132008076, 0.07087291032075882, -0.05946847051382065, 0.0024961628951132298, 0.06212207302451134, 0.03934960439801216, 0.011728698387742043, 0.04554405063390732, 0.0357193686068058, 0.02711518667638302, -0.03743259236216545, -0.02678084559738636, 0.0065318262204527855, -0.011792435310781002, 0.0009169324184767902, 0.01458906289190054, -0.009872382506728172, 0.01375480554997921, 0.0011870363960042596, 0.06725339591503143, 0.12194855511188507, -0.016420094296336174, -0.022925719618797302, -0.01297362893819809, 0.011389503255486488, -0.002343282802030444, 0.06106806546449661, -0.02707153931260109, -0.028494350612163544, 0.0036101939622312784, -0.0373372808098793, 0.01711324229836464, 0.004787839483469725, -0.009852088987827301, 0.023018477484583855, -0.006362294312566519, -0.03798570856451988, 0.001728898729197681, 0.044929586350917816, -0.0784480944275856, -0.035046663135290146, -0.04162650555372238, -0.02278158627450466, -0.08032822608947754, -0.011436053551733494, 0.04079056158661842, 0.006063174922019243, -0.024887116625905037, 0.027081694453954697, -0.03357158228754997, -0.006056503858417273, 0.006095710676163435, -0.05266813561320305, -0.0036204366479068995, 0.034729912877082825, 0.007746806368231773, -0.00900256261229515, 0.05248219519853592, 0.022044053301215172, -0.03561997041106224, -0.016693757846951485, 0.04030683636665344, -0.001553757581859827, 0.03414526954293251, -0.009898168966174126, -0.03746897354722023, -0.09861324727535248, 0.00707694236189127, -0.009461071342229843, -0.03384112939238548, -0.08149470388889313, 0.007527134381234646, -0.004489657934755087, 0.036617815494537354, 0.07635737955570221, 0.02320943959057331, 0.04149996489286423, -0.04201946780085564, -0.016581963747739792, 0.0006272694445215166, 0.01131854485720396, 0.059282854199409485, -0.017393214628100395, 0.07538244128227234, 0.03987479209899902, -0.040109097957611084, -0.047450460493564606, -0.005860456731170416, -0.022060537710785866, 0.010905608534812927, -0.016905024647712708, -0.030858181416988373, -0.009303848259150982, -0.08427480608224869, -0.023966047912836075, 0.032776858657598495, 0.004527952987700701, -0.020923780277371407, -0.00923793762922287, -0.020647097378969193, -0.01918739080429077, -0.009646308608353138, -0.019096432253718376, 0.009215173311531544, -0.040662992745637894, -0.05673292279243469, -0.04840551316738129, 0.013246823102235794, 0.0015082579338923097, -0.031260084360837936, -0.04262597858905792, -0.026524867862462997, 0.00753200426697731, 0.013414468616247177, 0.054993823170661926, -0.0050462232902646065, 0.0006442975718528032, -0.05630619078874588 ]
5,158
Composite Flow Matching for Reinforcement Learning with Shifted-Dynamics Data
[ "Lingkai Kong", "Haichuan Wang", "Tonghan Wang", "GUOJUN XIONG", "Milind Tambe" ]
Incorporating pre-collected offline data from a source environment can significantly improve the sample efficiency of reinforcement learning (RL), but this benefit is often challenged by discrepancies between the transition dynamics of the source and target environments. Existing methods typically address this issue by penalizing or filtering out source transitions in high dynamics-gap regions. However, their estimation of the dynamics gap often relies on KL divergence or mutual information, which can be ill-defined when the source and target dynamics have disjoint support. To overcome these limitations, we propose CompFlow, a method grounded in the theoretical connection between flow matching and optimal transport. Specifically, we model the target dynamics as a conditional flow built upon the output distribution of the source-domain flow, rather than learning it directly from a Gaussian prior. This composite structure offers two key advantages: (1) improved generalization for learning target dynamics, and (2) a principled estimation of the dynamics gap via the Wasserstein distance between source and target transitions. Leveraging our principled estimation of the dynamics gap, we further introduce an optimistic active data collection strategy that prioritizes exploration in regions of high dynamics gap, and theoretically prove that it reduces the performance disparity with the optimal policy. Empirically, CompFlow outperforms strong baselines across several RL benchmarks with shifted dynamics.
spotlight
2505.23062
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.04051303490996361, -0.044666144996881485, -0.00814907532185316, 0.044221553951501846, 0.03838556632399559, 0.011160340160131454, 0.01617414690554142, 0.000050489681598264724, -0.03736814484000206, -0.037650492042303085, -0.02798471227288246, 0.0034362387377768755, -0.06951198726892471, -0.013866609893739223, 0.024199053645133972, 0.05894171819090843, 0.03688345476984978, -0.0219460129737854, 0.025790555402636528, 0.022519858554005623, -0.021901827305555344, 0.012153863906860352, 0.022784462198615074, 0.01776418834924698, 0.012754772789776325, 0.0012414040975272655, 0.012238007970154285, 0.008614372462034225, 0.0004162060795351863, 0.03220469877123833, 0.04582296684384346, -0.014244855381548405, -0.014462932012975216, -0.011506980285048485, -0.015217533335089684, -0.0031081463675945997, -0.03261188045144081, -0.021082965657114983, 0.02259720116853714, 0.0203696321696043, -0.03445294126868248, 0.022898076102137566, -0.0253987405449152, -0.015229767188429832, 0.011046045459806919, 0.01688859984278679, -0.0781874880194664, 0.030696790665388107, -0.004662606865167618, -0.08887995779514313, -0.09074970334768295, 0.028154535219073296, 0.023742711171507835, -0.015912290662527084, -0.03927278891205788, -0.002083775121718645, 0.04992649704217911, -0.07944992184638977, -0.005865342915058136, -0.055637091398239136, -0.004744235426187515, 0.0452093631029129, 0.004918798338621855, 0.00815357081592083, 0.0012303692055866122, -0.011283070780336857, 0.027422096580266953, 0.06707089394330978, -0.016542065888643265, -0.026977024972438812, -0.03025088645517826, 0.026132788509130478, 0.009449806064367294, 0.02754623256623745, -0.007551557384431362, -0.022077273577451706, 0.004325389862060547, 0.021899444982409477, 0.05259903147816658, -0.01115190889686346, 0.025682028383016586, 0.03419237211346626, -0.0006770625477656722, 0.03131292760372162, 0.0590076670050621, -0.00822141207754612, -0.051894403994083405, -0.02176356129348278, -0.08544512838125229, 0.006662039086222649, -0.06870050728321075, -0.03778599947690964, 0.001178782433271408, 0.04712053760886192, 0.02155233547091484, -0.029471533372998238, 0.021504968404769897, 0.03320302814245224, 0.008500330150127411, -0.00872495211660862, -0.05712113901972771, -0.006369530688971281, 0.000569390831515193, -0.006813607644289732, -0.08307890594005585, -0.03824089467525482, -0.029465701431035995, -0.013907677493989468, -0.021722111850976944, 0.042323630303144455, -0.04440777376294136, 0.00818414893001318, 0.03476690500974655, -0.00683883810415864, -0.06906840950250626, 0.019667891785502434, -0.01581657864153385, 0.04050077125430107, -0.0037399218417704105, 0.012441451661288738, 0.04444819316267967, 0.03536081314086914, -0.0023892796598374844, 0.06731932610273361, 0.01838986761868, 0.0037532963324338198, 0.0034530996344983578, 0.02349936030805111, -0.031045081093907356, -0.04338221997022629, 0.023989630863070488, 0.04321298748254776, -0.0039227246306836605, -0.005553096532821655, -0.004505414981395006, 0.003002375131472945, 0.006364357657730579, -0.0015655612805858254, 0.027406947687268257, -0.02225554920732975, -0.004007703624665737, -0.018789315596222878, 0.08342444151639938, -0.04622786492109299, 0.07431535422801971, -0.0015467907069250941, -0.008674156852066517, -0.046225059777498245, -0.04027032107114792, 0.02168967016041279, -0.017885105684399605, 0.004534612409770489, -0.010582922026515007, -0.045201145112514496, 0.045094847679138184, 0.03259749710559845, 0.012980470433831215, -0.0029072207398712635, -0.023709138855338097, 0.015438050031661987, -0.016572896391153336, 0.019244207069277763, -0.03222118690609932, -0.0114520825445652, -0.007264106068760157, -0.08383448421955109, 0.04406779631972313, 0.016641512513160706, -0.03955746442079544, -0.010465359315276146, -0.031771957874298096, -0.0063766431994736195, 0.04600939527153969, 0.0033879985567182302, -0.013190217316150665, -0.01972777582705021, 0.045732323080301285, -0.011747939512133598, 0.03242689371109009, -0.01782018505036831, -0.07676723599433899, 0.0398712232708931, 0.016189416870474815, 0.0071289255283772945, 0.011087821796536446, -0.008424835279583931, 0.07115942984819412, -0.029710527509450912, -0.010043134912848473, 0.0015013250522315502, -0.05183028057217598, -0.007923743687570095, -0.004257292952388525, -0.02504505217075348, 0.055506668984889984, -0.008040409535169601, -0.0030699369963258505, 0.024704331532120705, 0.03345540910959244, 0.06064366549253464, 0.061184246093034744, -0.06522828340530396, 0.03441701829433441, -0.02189186029136181, -0.02097392827272415, -0.006335790269076824, 0.04425173997879028, -0.020235799252986908, -0.025733793154358864, 0.02012268826365471, -0.02288716845214367, 0.01725171133875847, -0.04754709079861641, 0.0010453126160427928, 0.04869121313095093, 0.007869699969887733, 0.0024634297005832195, 0.023503459990024567, 0.03080170601606369, -0.04557660594582558, 0.05443789064884186, 0.010680298320949078, -0.04486062005162239, 0.028611361980438232, -0.024559834972023964, 0.08393529802560806, 0.07068192958831787, -0.018326474353671074, -0.009595894254744053, 0.04100071266293526, 0.005879869684576988, 0.0055931066162884235, 0.0060369111597537994, -0.046710509806871414, 0.017028242349624634, 0.005648273508995771, -0.02593785710632801, -0.002012652112171054, 0.04773581027984619, -0.031258028000593185, 0.0062062605284154415, 0.06420427560806274, 0.0037620419170707464, 0.05906229466199875, -0.026690194383263588, 0.00878453254699707, 0.053545378148555756, 0.001132782781496644, -0.013427388854324818, -0.012942083179950714, -0.06724098324775696, 0.0009061756427399814, 0.04285046085715294, -0.03342423588037491, 0.011327593587338924, -0.07178277522325516, -0.015912959352135658, -0.012509476393461227, 0.07945918291807175, 0.06283189356327057, 0.0429936982691288, 0.03148943558335304, -0.016583653166890144, -0.000562859233468771, -0.0354975089430809, -0.12619829177856445, -0.029615173116326332, 0.039023663848638535, 0.031416576355695724, 0.019986778497695923, -0.00288178282789886, -0.04246656224131584, 0.0719134733080864, -0.04502582922577858, -0.030606554821133614, 0.007073575165122747, 0.0022807354107499123, 0.015662088990211487, -0.030603893101215363, -0.022541401907801628, 0.04414946213364601, 0.053526923060417175, -0.03563028946518898, -0.012676154263317585, -0.027388649061322212, -0.04731496796011925, -0.007451730780303478, -0.014370029792189598, -0.0004926776746287942, 0.01697801612317562, 0.043398935347795486, -0.0282986331731081, -0.02286568284034729, 0.012413036078214645, 0.032487861812114716, 0.09203146398067474, 0.05220271274447441, 0.012058445252478123, 0.01078252773731947, 0.030424615368247032, 0.009532609023153782, 0.006001245696097612, 0.0023023004177957773, 0.027950622141361237, 0.0069216168485581875, -0.028623566031455994, -0.002318229526281357, 0.017155291512608528, -0.281130850315094, -0.03129202127456665, 0.01805962435901165, 0.03735483065247536, 0.017327338457107544, -0.0008333853911608458, 0.04579557105898857, -0.03453440964221954, -0.03616931289434433, 0.024884741753339767, 0.020322922617197037, 0.03204568475484848, 0.009624863974750042, 0.08274811506271362, 0.0439293310046196, 0.015387802384793758, 0.02445266768336296, -0.01923758164048195, 0.013687551952898502, 0.00652997987344861, -0.02307746745646, -0.07270390540361404, -0.019282806664705276, 0.008022124879062176, 0.013197730295360088, 0.04069675877690315, -0.06248278170824051, -0.012014437466859818, -0.054095685482025146, -0.011842599138617516, -0.043975040316581726, -0.004511137027293444, -0.04812628775835037, 0.054238397628068924, 0.02518654242157936, -0.0026010582223534584, 0.040434762835502625, 0.018341798335313797, 0.050103724002838135, -0.006411245558410883, -0.017742078751325607, 0.010237996466457844, -0.014880836009979248, 0.023962313309311867, 0.05351962149143219, 0.017231568694114685, -0.03208165243268013, 0.0014409510185942054, -0.011912108398973942, 0.026800934225320816, 0.015472435392439365, -0.006784024182707071, -0.022371476516127586, 0.008562667295336723, 0.016999246552586555, -0.053386520594358444, -0.005321784410625696, -0.022026946768164635, 0.012364870868623257, 0.023459631949663162, -0.0012835478410124779, -0.032650500535964966, -0.021835843101143837, -0.0178529042750597, 0.02158260904252529, -0.024190455675125122, -0.0594894103705883, -0.04127199202775955, 0.041107699275016785, 0.0453372523188591, -0.012694480828940868, -0.02547335997223854, -0.029763665050268173, -0.11432795226573944, 0.0332048200070858, -0.013511505909264088, 0.0021234096493571997, -0.02477608062326908, 0.015871085226535797, 0.018896792083978653, -0.03657940775156021, -0.03181025758385658, -0.01477815117686987, 0.016744371503591537, 0.051491063088178635, -0.02786652185022831, 0.04097035154700279, -0.026445336639881134, -0.035749755799770355, -0.02341204509139061, 0.03258420526981354, -0.005066816695034504, 0.051238544285297394, -0.014774028211832047, 0.06981155276298523, 0.02605350688099861, 0.028846120461821556, 0.043457236140966415, 0.040881384164094925, -0.01440999936312437, 0.021813509985804558, -0.10375317186117172, -0.029018154367804527, -0.059222083538770676, -0.026050610467791557, 0.026756055653095245, -0.049095213413238525, 0.0034603923559188843, 0.0405171699821949, -0.00828225165605545, -0.00696976576000452, -0.03951699659228325, 0.004227274097502232, -0.026280980557203293, -0.04248636215925217, -0.016062410548329353, -0.0273341815918684, 0.04171626269817352, 0.05192069336771965, -0.0025598984211683273, -0.04939639940857887, 0.04147594794631004, -0.012518681585788727, 0.01668710820376873, -0.005637180991470814, -0.012105491012334824, -0.03178346902132034, 0.005496535450220108, 0.021785477176308632, -0.000292074924800545, 0.03807467967271805, 0.05135893449187279, -0.0009988989913836122, 0.008304781280457973, 0.02655741199851036, -0.025486217811703682, 0.011376925744116306, 0.007200563792139292, 0.013467603363096714, -0.020826583728194237, 0.01486252062022686, 0.01173977181315422, 0.05292776972055435, 0.007896882481873035, 0.027117783203721046, 0.03549144044518471, 0.024957677349448204, 0.018125195056200027, 0.008416948840022087, -0.001521799247711897, 0.043335434049367905, -0.043646328151226044, -0.0035740029998123646, -0.01897003874182701, 0.019996609538793564, -0.029574256390333176, 0.030021635815501213, -0.014288200996816158, 0.021840332075953484, -0.06305036693811417, 0.016696128994226456, -0.02779155597090721, -0.03147801756858826, -0.005381935741752386, 0.017928289249539375, 0.07184310257434845, -0.030010392889380455, -0.011917714960873127, 0.0020563595462590456, 0.00597815215587616, -0.003187348833307624, -0.013405542820692062, -0.029965536668896675, -0.026538368314504623, -0.011766655370593071, -0.0025043762288987637, 0.01486890483647585, -0.04175693914294243, -0.015865322202444077, 0.017992587760090828, 0.02193497307598591, -0.018190979957580566, -0.0004504306707531214, -0.007413236424326897, 0.059390727430582047, -0.01452717650681734, 0.01353406347334385, -0.004241589456796646, -0.02567577362060547, 0.04380268603563309, -0.003291978733614087, 0.04292355105280876, -0.03718963637948036, -0.05218863859772682, -0.011178918182849884, -0.030244072899222374, 0.014026455581188202, 0.027606632560491562, -0.02980685606598854, -0.013556203804910183, -0.02493654191493988, 0.006869863253086805, -0.0012694535544142127, 0.0003192001604475081, 0.02720911242067814, -0.05737883597612381, -0.011418027803301811, 0.0481521412730217, -0.023003511130809784, 0.044308800250291824, -0.062373340129852295, -0.023303985595703125, -0.05818071588873863, -0.0006484328769147396, 0.01596825197339058, 0.01183260791003704, -0.05108610540628433, -0.031880516558885574, -0.01037552673369646, 0.012609337456524372, 0.022963371127843857, -0.022599365562200546, 0.01203164178878069, -0.03095642477273941, 0.0016266629099845886, 0.055343158543109894, -0.04427643120288849, -0.03968140482902527, 0.009020785801112652, 0.006077532656490803, 0.016682006418704987, -0.06313064694404602, 0.004497063346207142, 0.040061503648757935, 0.015103807672858238, 0.01837518997490406, -0.06138559430837631, 0.04727577045559883, -0.05313843861222267, -0.05217762291431427, -0.001041129813529551, -0.019942382350564003, -0.017675986513495445, -0.009407642297446728, -0.0036695266608148813, 0.028013672679662704, -0.004712231922894716, 0.013684745877981186, 0.018783340230584145, 0.009564518928527832, 0.009556371718645096, -0.007691805716603994, -0.04426935315132141, 0.00991352740675211, 0.07402828335762024, 0.0035505411215126514, -0.018593372777104378, -0.06338337063789368, -0.007564901374280453, 0.024563372135162354, -0.016264574602246284, 0.018425816670060158, -0.03918550908565521, 0.010487532243132591, 0.005592478904873133, 0.02175324410200119, 0.06474670767784119, -0.016125809401273727, 0.03924268111586571, -0.07527566701173782, -0.004033378791064024, -0.06590589880943298, -0.01492016389966011, 0.049432165920734406, -0.02704327180981636, 0.006126532796770334, 0.028243117034435272, -0.0310036763548851, 0.059540826827287674, -0.036427292972803116, -0.06423619389533997, 0.03420639410614967, -0.02754605934023857, -0.00930066965520382, 0.05933857709169388, -0.02133851870894432, -0.04845457524061203, -0.007101650815457106, -0.0273736622184515, 0.014316050335764885, 0.031253453344106674, 0.026113120838999748, -0.016885867342352867, 0.007327921688556671, -0.02145455963909626, 0.00936325266957283, 0.026426216587424278, 0.02647765912115574, 0.020011993125081062, 0.03429554030299187, -0.05452420562505722, 0.03298668935894966, 0.031926754862070084, 0.01553258765488863, 0.0028382709715515375, 0.04130842909216881, -0.019863311201334, -0.026488957926630974, 0.05745844542980194, 0.008217569440603256, -0.0013961733784526587, -0.05054949223995209, 0.03973234072327614, 0.01912810280919075, -0.045607276260852814, -0.018000774085521698, 0.03725944459438324, -0.05676955729722977, -0.003116682404652238, 0.004519441165030003, 0.01886066235601902, 0.0009515441488474607, 0.08018708229064941, 0.011815129779279232, 0.05439551919698715, 0.0608135387301445, 0.04909200221300125, -0.02416262961924076, -0.014247891493141651, 0.060440219938755035, 0.050255246460437775, 0.03421430662274361, -0.019893167540431023, 0.07494722306728363, -0.044572170823812485, -0.02704893797636032, 0.03745263069868088, 0.004222665447741747, -0.006953899748623371, -0.01864069141447544, 0.0048539345152676105, 0.09058462828397751, -0.00045807467540726066, 0.06869468837976456, -0.0826488584280014, -0.03082408756017685, 0.05497763678431511, 0.00526180537417531, -0.002589479787275195, 0.0557919479906559, 0.013495105318725109, 0.03622350096702576, -0.019746879115700722, -0.02968483231961727, -0.014292881824076176, 0.011125918477773666, 0.04503761976957321, -0.007540121674537659, -0.022736288607120514, 0.0064835636876523495, 0.01672341860830784, 0.005094621796160936, 0.11519778519868851, -0.047194067388772964, -0.019373292103409767, -0.017654212191700935, -0.005906910635530949, 0.015071979723870754, 0.02004280313849449, 0.02074817568063736, -0.030349833890795708, 0.013683863915503025, -0.06574264913797379, 0.008135391399264336, 0.056830331683158875, 0.011615979485213757, 0.027550827711820602, -0.05571700260043144, 0.0026034321635961533, 0.011290773749351501, 0.02319612354040146, -0.03000253066420555, -0.0522703155875206, -0.021333251148462296, -0.06333944946527481, -0.0728684514760971, -0.05673646926879883, 0.006207166239619255, -0.008745357394218445, -0.04007704555988312, 0.021811924874782562, -0.04594476893544197, -0.0084707485511899, 0.021308837458491325, -0.06423240154981613, -0.03422335162758827, 0.042720504105091095, 0.006984854117035866, 0.036776162683963776, 0.024597883224487305, 0.06075328588485718, -0.02055065706372261, -0.016253529116511345, 0.007221950683742762, 0.007537914905697107, 0.025788312777876854, -0.028486954048275948, -0.01641440950334072, -0.08954941481351852, 0.01649586111307144, -0.005055774934589863, -0.021248698234558105, -0.09678932279348373, 0.027578892186284065, -0.021447235718369484, 0.016432272270321846, 0.06902841478586197, 0.007709056604653597, 0.004252466838806868, -0.03406380116939545, -0.011976123787462711, 0.02318195067346096, 0.003694508457556367, 0.04421642795205116, -0.04742076247930527, 0.03684592992067337, 0.032072242349386215, -0.018363408744335175, -0.04056951776146889, 0.06089617311954498, 0.006896726321429014, -0.02111728861927986, -0.015778500586748123, -0.051255788654088974, -0.015145283192396164, -0.09632910788059235, -0.015057355165481567, 0.05460762232542038, 0.015287867747247219, -0.055641353130340576, -0.02768421359360218, 0.014584025368094444, -0.0018027814803645015, -0.03389911726117134, -0.017564237117767334, -0.023878270760178566, -0.03519967570900917, -0.023663468658924103, -0.05978505313396454, 0.03127241134643555, -0.019095854833722115, -0.0003218232304789126, -0.039920639246702194, -0.014502854086458683, -0.008781067095696926, -0.019308574497699738, -0.0013910672860220075, 0.007860327139496803, -0.012398707680404186, -0.010834382846951485 ]
5,159
Real-World Adverse Weather Image Restoration via Dual-Level Reinforcement Learning with High-Quality Cold Start
[ "Fuyang Liu", "Jiaqi Xu", "Xiaowei Hu" ]
Adverse weather significantly degrades real-world visual perception, posing a challenge to the robustness of vision systems. Existing methods, often trained on synthetic data with static network parameters, struggle to generalize to complex real-world degradations. To address this, we develop a dual-level reinforcement learning framework that leverages high-quality synthetic data as a cold start and adaptively refines the models using real-world data through reinforcement learning. First, we construct HFLS-Weather, a physics-driven, high-fidelity synthetic dataset that simulates diverse weather phenomena. Second, we formulate a dual-level reinforcement learning architecture: at the local level, weather-specific restoration models are refined using the proposed perturbation-driven image quality optimization, enabling reward-based learning without paired supervision for image restoration; at the global level, a meta-controller dynamically coordinates model selection and execution order based on scene degradation. Our framework continuously adapts to real-world conditions and achieves state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of real-world adverse weather scenarios.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.016651557758450508, -0.013875496573746204, 0.02335268072783947, 0.04485863447189331, 0.06629499047994614, 0.008487657643854618, 0.010552648454904556, 0.0204317569732666, -0.03620900586247444, -0.051127661019563675, -0.031799670308828354, 0.02055390551686287, -0.042624570429325104, -0.020657449960708618, 0.015123214572668076, 0.06346384435892105, 0.027344482019543648, -0.006654916796833277, 0.0024073743261396885, 0.04535224661231041, -0.019926341250538826, -0.03768687695264816, 0.00046773889334872365, 0.028204942122101784, 0.015336181037127972, -0.005525769200176001, 0.03352095186710358, 0.05918305367231369, -0.037009917199611664, 0.010253558866679668, 0.0406976155936718, 0.0006490923115052283, -0.015376725234091282, -0.0331704318523407, 0.03236527740955353, 0.010024582967162132, -0.04241366311907768, 0.011288201436400414, -0.01575259305536747, 0.011019067838788033, -0.032450176775455475, -0.00038964019040577114, -0.03215394169092178, -0.021579019725322723, -0.029491402208805084, 0.04929932951927185, -0.05800389125943184, 0.024226626381278038, 0.027575531974434853, -0.04880422726273537, -0.08685940504074097, 0.0337207093834877, 0.03196127340197563, 0.0018124202033504844, -0.0277089960873127, 0.03782222047448158, 0.014205124229192734, -0.06233315169811249, -0.012920808978378773, -0.05137043446302414, 0.00946522131562233, 0.0014342661015689373, 0.012545162811875343, 0.01927183009684086, -0.004481235984712839, -0.0018785048741847277, 0.0032517400104552507, 0.05984377861022949, -0.015347229316830635, -0.008073338307440281, 0.0011604527244344354, -0.008096075616776943, -0.016963688656687737, -0.0004795344721060246, -0.010093841701745987, -0.04944320395588875, -0.014590208418667316, -0.020038794726133347, 0.051310524344444275, -0.022394925355911255, 0.03641630336642265, 0.010594768449664116, 0.031116412952542305, 0.03434368968009949, 0.012341193854808807, 0.0035660029388964176, -0.008608098141849041, -0.032218243926763535, -0.07048209011554718, 0.028912225738167763, 0.006239571142941713, -0.020924272015690804, 0.032599691301584244, 0.030644703656435013, 0.02187424898147583, -0.010915788821876049, 0.0018292836612090468, 0.02918478287756443, -0.022549036890268326, -0.020060155540704727, -0.004790030885487795, -0.01921048015356064, 0.022603334859013557, 0.030775530263781548, -0.08694925904273987, -0.011715180240571499, -0.030197255313396454, -0.03300968557596207, 0.006058822385966778, 0.03866691142320633, -0.023490948602557182, -0.0055465963669121265, 0.06280969828367233, -0.02682056836783886, -0.11218534409999847, 0.019319914281368256, 0.017957279458642006, 0.02504405379295349, -0.016532588750123978, 0.014648256823420525, 0.057313594967126846, 0.029744312167167664, 0.0026230502407997847, 0.06139049679040909, -0.003542371327057481, 0.014170625247061253, -0.009071577340364456, 0.021484464406967163, -0.03465168550610542, -0.026006128638982773, 0.0027256871107965708, 0.041922423988580704, -0.03773108124732971, 0.001807883381843567, -0.0010727177141234279, 0.013364573940634727, 0.004691777750849724, -0.0162056814879179, 0.024616356939077377, -0.015820244327187538, 0.0014327550306916237, -0.0260350089520216, 0.07519508898258209, -0.04376067593693733, 0.06569483131170273, 0.013425535522401333, 0.051647964864969254, -0.02778036519885063, -0.033916182816028595, 0.0008952873758971691, 0.03777265176177025, -0.01204991526901722, -0.015940163284540176, -0.07535993307828903, 0.04032133147120476, 0.059464532881975174, 0.04135015979409218, 0.006831358186900616, -0.019363809376955032, 0.022017881274223328, 0.03392624109983444, -0.004270378965884447, -0.02408304065465927, 0.003595266491174698, -0.01182135846465826, -0.05166484788060188, 0.04708993807435036, -0.0008127565961331129, 0.003837510012090206, -0.012019604444503784, -0.058910567313432693, -0.018069149926304817, 0.017298223450779915, 0.0031324918381869793, -0.022176468744874, 0.01138229575008154, 0.06236493960022926, 0.002969078253954649, 0.020379748195409775, 0.03710979223251343, -0.0755862444639206, 0.0026652838569134474, 0.0100734643638134, -0.013498503714799881, 0.017209624871611595, -0.04461784288287163, 0.08978533744812012, -0.014835734851658344, 0.024788454174995422, 0.022574391216039658, -0.09434618055820465, 0.002248825505375862, 0.024063045158982277, -0.03946010023355484, 0.05085454508662224, 0.015592852607369423, -0.02892104908823967, 0.008382522501051426, 0.04036809876561165, 0.0955282524228096, 0.053944289684295654, -0.06138266250491142, 0.029318705201148987, -0.03545806184411049, -0.02294095791876316, -0.02639528550207615, 0.06507488340139389, -0.012546993792057037, 0.004288161639124155, 0.019040748476982117, -0.04282265156507492, -0.005474030505865812, 0.009225820191204548, 0.03876689448952675, 0.034267108887434006, 0.019577281549572945, -0.0429026298224926, 0.011143196374177933, 0.0320613756775856, -0.04256879538297653, 0.018749656155705452, 0.02315644547343254, -0.014052966609597206, 0.015230544842779636, -0.03998943045735359, 0.07138612121343613, 0.05847890302538872, -0.05754861980676651, -0.004917984362691641, 0.009681104682385921, 0.00923184771090746, 0.032493479549884796, -0.004159524105489254, -0.04705190658569336, 0.01710054837167263, -0.028136910870671272, 0.038809869438409805, -0.009354853071272373, 0.07962990552186966, -0.020327484235167503, -0.04163442552089691, 0.041518859565258026, -0.006298144813627005, 0.04771698638796806, -0.014147143810987473, -0.00779828941449523, 0.0629168376326561, 0.007386291865259409, -0.026869848370552063, -0.055932871997356415, -0.043878715485334396, 0.011130128987133503, 0.007225627079606056, 0.0015996997244656086, 0.006856557913124561, -0.055485159158706665, -0.011775785125792027, -0.041789304465055466, 0.07089273631572723, 0.04411831870675087, 0.01450745016336441, 0.025812188163399696, -0.03653953969478607, -0.032163944095373154, -0.028262732550501823, -0.1046387255191803, -0.020659515634179115, 0.015590685419738293, 0.02537495456635952, 0.021730296313762665, 0.020242352038621902, -0.007889862172305584, 0.034974440932273865, -0.019130703061819077, -0.020618747919797897, -0.002500485861673951, 0.05812891945242882, 0.028963245451450348, -0.023316573351621628, 0.006867042742669582, 0.042219411581754684, 0.07952108234167099, 0.020089775323867798, -0.007262257859110832, -0.02621139958500862, -0.05004189535975456, -0.020538587123155594, -0.028368299826979637, -0.023770330473780632, -0.008620590902864933, 0.00665999623015523, 0.029140207916498184, 0.010387766174972057, 0.028195448219776154, 0.011426602490246296, 0.06563610583543777, 0.023394837975502014, 0.009853549301624298, -0.023122847080230713, 0.020021485164761543, -0.01440349593758583, -0.01656154729425907, -0.002536983694881201, -0.014277926646173, -0.01901889219880104, 0.005694677587598562, 0.008396107703447342, -0.019173361361026764, -0.27704760432243347, -0.032590050250291824, 0.042533088475465775, -0.0008288086974062026, 0.04267289116978645, -0.01627427339553833, 0.0645323321223259, -0.014530417509377003, -0.03135881945490837, 0.02002812549471855, 0.02784665860235691, 0.004460498224943876, 0.01141197606921196, 0.07119841873645782, 0.05132944881916046, 0.019984543323516846, 0.01730155199766159, -0.02421037293970585, 0.014057392254471779, 0.02179635874927044, -0.024328751489520073, -0.05940210074186325, -0.0056986757554113865, 0.03292166069149971, -0.014414343051612377, 0.05029938742518425, -0.05953636392951012, -0.027893662452697754, -0.025958342477679253, -0.00758605869486928, -0.006556837819516659, -0.042725302278995514, -0.011897385120391846, 0.04487895220518112, 0.04578770697116852, -0.015239338390529156, 0.050738438963890076, 0.014394842088222504, 0.014946640469133854, -0.005701714660972357, -0.03346697986125946, -0.011851456947624683, -0.03877107426524162, 0.06080378219485283, 0.08150672912597656, 0.0015829189214855433, -0.0368477925658226, -0.02530861832201481, -0.0026630547363311052, 0.0444912426173687, 0.01728943921625614, -0.011380325071513653, -0.0101340152323246, 0.017774851992726326, -0.016016488894820213, -0.01929713413119316, 0.025104282423853874, 0.0010781737510114908, -0.000592011259868741, -0.007790781557559967, -0.01382344588637352, -0.035482797771692276, -0.03869527578353882, 0.010767419822514057, 0.03506345674395561, -0.04028424620628357, -0.055909737944602966, -0.07014106959104538, 0.02811584062874317, 0.023794857785105705, -0.00031269551254808903, -0.04338596761226654, -0.018597979098558426, -0.12412726879119873, 0.03710044547915459, -0.01279916986823082, -0.03262496367096901, -0.06509022414684296, 0.001007348531857133, 0.01841825433075428, -0.00941223744302988, -0.06184649467468262, 0.025122474879026413, 0.02243632823228836, 0.026940813288092613, -0.003039984731003642, 0.053781140595674515, -0.05128833279013634, 0.00842710118740797, -0.045706864446401596, 0.051414646208286285, 0.0003577261231839657, 0.025020407512784004, -0.02597290463745594, 0.026993369683623314, 0.0638146847486496, 0.01000872254371643, 0.028091533109545708, 0.028397690504789352, 0.008425219915807247, -0.005758253857493401, -0.07188648730516434, 0.010433274321258068, -0.02929043024778366, -0.02296595275402069, 0.006790679879486561, -0.027770543470978737, -0.003632958047091961, 0.05606870725750923, 0.039803918451070786, -0.015450972132384777, 0.002937199315056205, 0.01307032722979784, 0.0038903430104255676, -0.03332711011171341, 0.008658957667648792, 0.005870761349797249, 0.035354532301425934, 0.0848708525300026, -0.005893718916922808, -0.028592273592948914, 0.0401228591799736, -0.042408090084791183, 0.012137113139033318, 0.0008034867933019996, 0.028979308903217316, 0.007531652692705393, -0.006584713235497475, 0.0038484123069792986, -0.007725308649241924, 0.031144555658102036, 0.04376595467329025, 0.007098005153238773, 0.03546896576881409, 0.04165158048272133, -0.00919480249285698, -0.010225750505924225, -0.02016008272767067, 0.05088676139712334, -0.01743081398308277, 0.025094453245401382, -0.00610254006460309, 0.07079575955867767, 0.012566830031573772, 0.02735334448516369, 0.012491338886320591, 0.004609833005815744, 0.010389056988060474, 0.025377245619893074, -0.007070798892527819, -0.0012142353225499392, -0.030846530571579933, -0.04550861567258835, -0.04496655613183975, -0.0037797954864799976, -0.0227642972022295, 0.012424583546817303, -0.07511067390441895, 0.030759980902075768, -0.05903562903404236, 0.059820208698511124, 0.027231315150856972, -0.058283254504203796, -0.004445606376975775, 0.02009323425590992, 0.02217171899974346, 0.029973410069942474, -0.02748834900557995, 0.012789332307875156, -0.004073807038366795, 0.010330714285373688, -0.06080836057662964, -0.04845961555838585, -0.04802136495709419, -0.01911579631268978, 0.00027301799855194986, -0.002125461818650365, -0.03659464791417122, -0.05647984519600868, 0.054712798446416855, -0.010373677127063274, 0.018659893423318863, -0.00792872253805399, -0.034004781395196915, 0.07123102992773056, -0.03430042043328285, 0.006902763620018959, -0.020800400525331497, -0.00165666569955647, 0.0155416801571846, -0.00956315454095602, 0.04395895451307297, -0.05555349960923195, -0.010429788380861282, -0.013736170716583729, -0.0450761541724205, 0.011577239260077477, -0.017547927796840668, -0.007869647815823555, 0.021437063813209534, -0.036479443311691284, 0.02455778233706951, -0.0236798208206892, -0.028419356793165207, 0.01168533693999052, -0.06210017576813698, -0.0003129391116090119, 0.06670678406953812, -0.03146738186478615, 0.03779488801956177, -0.05577442795038223, -0.023348884657025337, -0.040299274027347565, -0.03414664417505264, -0.012068682350218296, -0.031194651499390602, -0.024811191484332085, -0.011943823657929897, -0.00897500105202198, -0.0031104390509426594, -0.014646525494754314, 0.0023926892317831516, -0.02245853655040264, -0.03606623038649559, 0.0012062645982950926, 0.03913144767284393, -0.036086879670619965, -0.004842408001422882, 0.02121790498495102, -0.00450236676260829, 0.017176764085888863, -0.03502379730343819, 0.01463919784873724, 0.0452270582318306, 0.0062645310536026955, 0.019703779369592667, -0.06356405466794968, 0.027813376858830452, -0.010320492088794708, -0.037100061774253845, -0.017549611628055573, 0.027223216369748116, -0.03098488785326481, -0.012342790141701698, 0.02104257605969906, 0.016091765835881233, -0.00983292143791914, 0.019723540171980858, 0.04001685604453087, -0.0018147373339161277, -0.0012075644917786121, -0.014440125785768032, -0.019389860332012177, 0.00787530280649662, 0.05694219842553139, -0.03866907209157944, 0.016415825113654137, -0.07862590253353119, 0.005721251014620066, 0.0344560407102108, -0.007690720725804567, 0.00553476857021451, -0.046480078250169754, 0.025197988376021385, 0.012096955440938473, 0.03339023515582085, -0.00841854140162468, -0.041298478841781616, 0.043480802327394485, -0.043281227350234985, 0.03260236233472824, -0.06309270858764648, 0.02497926540672779, 0.06180736795067787, -0.02601778879761696, 0.012564525008201599, -0.0027513017412275076, -0.050943773239851, 0.0032327233348041773, -0.041978511959314346, -0.07392612844705582, -0.01631772331893444, -0.03819846361875534, -0.03396812826395035, 0.02210685983300209, -0.03782615438103676, -0.011860641650855541, -0.03530063480138779, -0.04198967292904854, -0.009191397577524185, 0.008944527246057987, 0.034763045608997345, 0.0022931371349841356, -0.006863464135676622, -0.023328136652708054, 0.020302165299654007, 0.011739150620996952, 0.05054737627506256, -0.015548737719655037, 0.021823739632964134, -0.036164913326501846, 0.071705661714077, 0.016949638724327087, 0.040699392557144165, 0.02201366052031517, 0.0030995667912065983, -0.0038257020059973, -0.02893711067736149, 0.04381838068366051, 0.007275550626218319, 0.0013492918806150556, -0.06552019715309143, 0.026762783527374268, 0.035511404275894165, -0.042711954563856125, 0.038936298340559006, 0.019105548039078712, -0.055759936571121216, -0.017476042732596397, -0.010124185122549534, 0.033947307616472244, -0.0016374022234231234, 0.05759270861744881, 0.009973419830203056, 0.05154580995440483, 0.07908288389444351, 0.03145962581038475, 0.0038349172100424767, 0.007043793797492981, 0.07623568922281265, 0.07733529806137085, 0.06425957381725311, -0.037492889910936356, 0.07515352219343185, -0.05585496500134468, -0.02131362073123455, 0.02286522649228573, -0.004669602494686842, -0.021729929372668266, -0.06912266463041306, 0.0036753967870026827, 0.08458086848258972, 0.033069659024477005, 0.034454915672540665, -0.05145630985498428, -0.023333916440606117, 0.022711530327796936, -0.0007305528270080686, 0.009805245324969292, 0.0015429012710228562, 0.02802155539393425, -0.001877312664873898, 0.01162717491388321, -0.04669594019651413, 0.005452434532344341, -0.014579248614609241, 0.0304750744253397, -0.012989399954676628, -0.013976327143609524, 0.0011342638172209263, 0.02748233452439308, 0.014019835740327835, 0.0860423818230629, -0.028490517288446426, -0.04160526022315025, 0.006390772294253111, 0.010898972861468792, 0.02955997921526432, 0.04158642515540123, 0.014126435853540897, -0.012627016752958298, 0.003927961923182011, -0.04603562504053116, 0.021713972091674805, 0.05475301668047905, -0.0061941430903971195, 0.013793878257274628, -0.04023684933781624, -0.009210572578012943, 0.02244747430086136, -0.014747947454452515, -0.03450654074549675, -0.018733227625489235, -0.06862697750329971, -0.04973730444908142, -0.029751133173704147, -0.06413859128952026, -0.0028846149798482656, -0.01083022728562355, -0.03272664174437523, -0.00013448356185108423, -0.028912700712680817, -0.019023384898900986, 0.04408339411020279, -0.040675751864910126, -0.011091097258031368, 0.06332538276910782, -0.021379411220550537, -0.020366717129945755, 0.03230426833033562, 0.034860506653785706, -0.0349404476583004, -0.010217566974461079, 0.010941467247903347, 0.002435402013361454, 0.03871946036815643, -0.028225282207131386, -0.028036057949066162, -0.09211878478527069, -0.006272700149565935, 0.05886142700910568, -0.03695240989327431, -0.07124171406030655, 0.04252969101071358, -0.03548044338822365, 0.00047759749577380717, 0.06892494112253189, -0.002276104176416993, 0.03451687842607498, -0.039768628776073456, -0.011209012009203434, -0.04094333574175835, 0.0008358272025361657, 0.06215886026620865, -0.02467196434736252, 0.06699762493371964, 0.014026012271642685, 0.002595890313386917, -0.032048486173152924, 0.05874050781130791, 0.025157740339636803, -0.017484068870544434, -0.049641747027635574, -0.02060210146009922, -0.03634638339281082, -0.10235702991485596, -0.028699755668640137, 0.04533373564481735, -0.01503419503569603, -0.057157669216394424, -0.00724114989861846, -0.0377759113907814, 0.014693322591483593, -0.006347048562020063, -0.027612339705228806, -0.016717221587896347, -0.051212552934885025, -0.04705527052283287, -0.0527726486325264, 0.02866898849606514, -0.03316257894039154, 0.014837960712611675, -0.012527569197118282, -0.03589971363544464, 0.016338538378477097, -0.008623647503554821, 0.003905407153069973, -0.0004679840349126607, 0.023176180198788643, -0.04024474322795868 ]
5,160
Spectral Convolutional Conditional Neural Processes
[ "Peiman Mohseni", "Nick Duffield" ]
Conditional Neural Processes (CNPs) are a class of probabilistic models that leverage neural networks to parameterize conditional stochastic processes. Through simple maximum-likelihood training and the ability to produce well‐calibrated uncertainty estimates, CNPs have emerged as powerful tools for modeling data that naturally resides on a continuum—such as temporal signals, spatial fields, or functional trajectories. However, early variants of the CNP family rely on fixed finite-dimensional representations of observations, which can lead to information loss and a mismatch with the inherently infinite-dimensional nature of stochastic processes, ultimately degrading predictive performance. Convolutional CNPs (ConvCNPs) address this issue by mapping observations into an infinite-dimensional embedding and applying a convolutional neural network. Yet, their reliance on local discrete kernels introduces a trade-off: large kernels are needed to capture long-range dependencies, but they come at significant computational and memory costs.To overcome this limitation, we exploit the compact and global representation provided by the frequency domain, inspired by Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) in approximating solution operators of parametric partial differential equations (PDEs). We introduce Spectral Convolutional Conditional Neural Processes (SConvCNPs), which directly parameterize global convolutional filters in the frequency domain. We validate SConvCNPs' effectiveness through several experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets.
poster
2404.13182
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.017624247819185257, -0.031609248369932175, -0.0005629023653455079, 0.04229811206459999, 0.03656095266342163, 0.0428953655064106, 0.012048638425767422, -0.008155608549714088, -0.017250243574380875, -0.06816957145929337, -0.015976890921592712, -0.003047260921448469, -0.05566046014428139, 0.015194284729659557, 0.018147066235542297, 0.03291313722729683, 0.039984963834285736, -0.006863344460725784, 0.013427937403321266, 0.04202758148312569, -0.0323670469224453, -0.027829987928271294, 0.031053630635142326, 0.004155304748564959, 0.0026186530012637377, 0.007207334041595459, 0.012037860229611397, 0.02811184898018837, -0.02328980714082718, 0.0013332987437024713, 0.016992198303341866, 0.021802108734846115, -0.03127291426062584, -0.023683663457632065, 0.015193222090601921, 0.04461265727877617, -0.05695519596338272, -0.0158983301371336, -0.028133315965533257, 0.011787890456616879, -0.03789786621928215, -0.023226875811815262, -0.01730368472635746, 0.028375761583447456, -0.04966067895293236, 0.025217022746801376, -0.07606227695941925, 0.01568160019814968, 0.00423448858782649, -0.03915617987513542, -0.10900196433067322, 0.012473697774112225, 0.0024789380840957165, -0.022967522963881493, 0.013953667134046555, 0.020690273493528366, 0.04623488709330559, -0.06234074383974075, -0.013276197016239166, -0.07276536524295807, 0.0003065460768993944, 0.0030969027429819107, 0.013513268902897835, 0.016534850001335144, -0.004685841500759125, -0.019810860976576805, 0.02821001596748829, 0.059769678860902786, -0.03118062950670719, -0.04504279047250748, -0.014508846215903759, 0.020700350403785706, -0.0077900877222418785, 0.043822310864925385, 0.014042777940630913, -0.02548365294933319, 0.038476087152957916, 0.011410600505769253, 0.05302760750055313, -0.015191849321126938, 0.04562246426939964, 0.0342845544219017, 0.0427892841398716, 0.04200650379061699, 0.0006483889883384109, 0.03259791061282158, -0.023622658103704453, -0.04376531392335892, -0.08316964656114578, 0.04650780186057091, -0.005958180408924818, -0.025553302839398384, 0.0013030444970354438, 0.04177658632397652, -0.0076347049325704575, 0.014364704489707947, 0.026608906686306, -0.020945772528648376, 0.01121732871979475, 0.015664182603359222, 0.0014077103696763515, -0.03298712521791458, 0.021872375160455704, -0.015723327174782753, -0.09251708537340164, -0.06333623081445694, -0.015591524541378021, -0.03400744870305061, -0.022133691236376762, 0.0061264317482709885, -0.03257211670279503, 0.01165966596454382, 0.03051195852458477, 0.024050654843449593, -0.08142116665840149, 0.005688926670700312, -0.0029525053687393665, 0.009614968672394753, 0.029637722298502922, -0.015948185697197914, 0.0605914480984211, 0.02959948591887951, -0.030819471925497055, 0.07200878113508224, -0.016204331070184708, 0.01917574740946293, 0.016242174431681633, 0.018737567588686943, -0.03519182652235031, -0.0474962443113327, -0.0037840809673070908, 0.02067403495311737, 0.005170214921236038, 0.014089437201619148, 0.017165416851639748, -0.022884326055645943, -0.008659054525196552, -0.0038897560443729162, 0.048960842192173004, 0.008375702425837517, 0.022434506565332413, -0.03827150911092758, 0.04855719953775406, -0.019559767097234726, 0.08406862616539001, -0.021532421931624413, 0.018559612333774567, -0.06538106501102448, -0.01581900753080845, 0.0018522929167374969, 0.007367395330220461, -0.023534901440143585, 0.028635380789637566, -0.06802448630332947, -0.021283358335494995, 0.011689217761158943, 0.00925172958523035, 0.018733929842710495, -0.011746437288820744, -0.010869461111724377, 0.04272548854351044, -0.0014752567512914538, -0.04213494434952736, 0.014176499098539352, -0.03002731315791607, -0.05495066940784454, 0.05635165050625801, 0.04794376716017723, -0.03610611706972122, 0.00975655298680067, -0.02057666704058647, -0.04872368648648262, 0.06105915084481239, 0.018585896119475365, 0.011053471826016903, -0.033036064356565475, 0.05456342175602913, -0.025614438578486443, 0.013981930911540985, 0.010707234032452106, -0.09457065910100937, 0.019298743456602097, 0.013772256672382355, -0.01223644521087408, -0.0190204456448555, -0.01973823644220829, 0.08340339362621307, -0.038299012929201126, -0.013266375288367271, 0.03431723639369011, -0.06222689151763916, -0.018920807167887688, 0.013670546002686024, -0.02292151376605034, 0.0431566946208477, 0.03249702602624893, -0.03406289592385292, 0.015928616747260094, 0.024130767211318016, 0.034383710473775864, 0.03892755135893822, -0.05676388368010521, 0.04573628678917885, 0.003758261678740382, -0.04579905793070793, 0.021355409175157547, 0.03276937082409859, -0.029728615656495094, -0.029611539095640182, 0.0050702812150120735, -0.020606352016329765, -0.02570461854338646, 0.010333755053579807, 0.004617630038410425, 0.03640797734260559, -0.017095429822802544, -0.032202038913965225, 0.0028969303239136934, -0.011865351349115372, -0.03682563081383705, 0.0371704138815403, 0.043171316385269165, 0.004587942268699408, 0.013316076248884201, -0.009734493680298328, 0.08143818378448486, 0.07318814098834991, -0.012641151435673237, 0.03348984196782112, 0.035011399537324905, 0.04795551300048828, 0.007153154816478491, 0.008275321684777737, -0.03433694690465927, 0.020422255620360374, 0.022590629756450653, 0.03197962045669556, -0.008045895956456661, 0.03261623904109001, -0.04742409661412239, -0.006491397507488728, 0.04088769853115082, -0.017070995643734932, 0.06639991700649261, -0.025298846885561943, -0.008394577540457249, 0.046863555908203125, -0.009609058499336243, -0.018821299076080322, -0.052948247641325, -0.015401391312479973, 0.03370211645960808, -0.0018952051177620888, -0.024098435416817665, -0.00801846943795681, -0.05920207500457764, -0.03355908393859863, -0.021593032404780388, 0.0695810616016388, 0.05357737094163895, 0.012947740033268929, 0.01397304143756628, 0.005415353458374739, -0.06673698127269745, -0.02186904102563858, -0.1426713615655899, -0.04409514367580414, -0.029142025858163834, 0.07427464425563812, 0.02147144265472889, 0.05569922924041748, 0.014519190415740013, 0.016028305515646935, -0.01862880028784275, -0.015632977709174156, 0.00003031211053894367, 0.013610633090138435, -0.003027040511369705, -0.03236246854066849, -0.01940530724823475, 0.02123686671257019, 0.05955472216010094, -0.017987871542572975, -0.005705514457076788, -0.030420996248722076, -0.045703090727329254, -0.02489691600203514, -0.044869452714920044, 0.01460198499262333, 0.01701214909553528, 0.007590206805616617, 0.013423273339867592, 0.015719754621386528, 0.007829432375729084, 0.04002245515584946, 0.06964296847581863, 0.029553232714533806, 0.020454049110412598, -0.02817608416080475, 0.034139685332775116, -0.03231106698513031, 0.04089820012450218, 0.021505970507860184, 0.009642518125474453, -0.03085179440677166, -0.012307827360928059, 0.027430329471826553, -0.03259306773543358, -0.2850828170776367, -0.00856469664722681, 0.01852540671825409, -0.025747114792466164, 0.051471687853336334, -0.03736200928688049, 0.05855278670787811, -0.03463481366634369, -0.016666194424033165, 0.050094544887542725, -0.008933695033192635, 0.03175206482410431, -0.027432862669229507, 0.034383855760097504, 0.04504527524113655, -0.04417973756790161, -0.018365999683737755, -0.04261788725852966, 0.03264228254556656, 0.014643632806837559, -0.0066149295307695866, -0.03756656497716904, -0.01285724900662899, 0.042012449353933334, -0.04363402724266052, 0.017178889364004135, -0.06427162885665894, -0.0015921395970508456, -0.05198952555656433, 0.0037585957907140255, -0.007658212911337614, -0.04937317967414856, 0.001392735750414431, 0.05644538626074791, -0.0011798496125265956, 0.007305176462978125, 0.005406782031059265, -0.009172516874969006, 0.010220513679087162, 0.003277643583714962, 0.0006633756565861404, -0.0081322668120265, -0.020421473309397697, -0.007010599598288536, 0.060898520052433014, 0.03382566571235657, -0.01727863773703575, -0.015181181952357292, -0.007220477797091007, 0.02236931212246418, -0.004148662090301514, 0.0007536766934208572, 0.021945621818304062, 0.004498117603361607, -0.04017804563045502, -0.05377466604113579, -0.006113170646131039, -0.017556218430399895, -0.038525208830833435, 0.02285235933959484, 0.028329279273748398, -0.07135926187038422, -0.015647027641534805, -0.02753296121954918, -0.013756874017417431, -0.016747549176216125, -0.04323774203658104, -0.06504670530557632, 0.061576634645462036, 0.0352732352912426, -0.00858415849506855, 0.016670649871230125, -0.020405730232596397, -0.0878048688173294, 0.055742859840393066, -0.0029300402384251356, -0.001602411037310958, -0.02579376846551895, 0.02097204513847828, 0.049129534512758255, -0.0008855215855874121, -0.05816691368818283, 0.01724763959646225, 0.0428994856774807, 0.016645831987261772, -0.02092665806412697, 0.002255008090287447, 0.010794191621243954, -0.036099061369895935, -0.04019378498196602, 0.050590164959430695, 0.0006229756399989128, 0.06027570366859436, 0.007648226339370012, 0.027842653915286064, 0.05526697263121605, 0.032423097640275955, 0.06910434365272522, 0.034925419837236404, -0.024105548858642578, 0.03897460550069809, -0.0642969161272049, -0.026643097400665283, -0.06776049733161926, -0.01944989338517189, 0.038946859538555145, -0.03915629908442497, -0.005667123943567276, 0.019299769774079323, 0.008340368047356606, -0.020313190296292305, -0.001170600182376802, 0.005950817372649908, 0.009031634777784348, 0.009184061549603939, 0.011259657330811024, 0.010025431402027607, 0.0216715969145298, 0.05602115020155907, 0.010821806266903877, -0.006973660551011562, 0.003505790140479803, -0.04326517879962921, 0.008196384645998478, 0.00965312123298645, -0.005162379238754511, -0.012006244622170925, 0.003955507650971413, -0.020843056961894035, -0.020114002749323845, 0.03952783718705177, 0.02755785919725895, -0.014374849386513233, 0.03891598433256149, 0.037329282611608505, 0.008104553446173668, -0.029468679800629616, -0.009285397827625275, 0.07193337380886078, 0.0008455145289190114, 0.031381141394376755, 0.0028616248164325953, 0.02089359238743782, 0.027345379814505577, 0.01271775271743536, 0.04588421434164047, 0.015430177561938763, 0.010705319233238697, 0.020146744325757027, -0.014124572277069092, 0.036600951105356216, -0.016087733209133148, -0.04736202582716942, -0.012555869296193123, -0.010377280414104462, -0.008044482208788395, 0.05209862068295479, -0.020111825317144394, 0.025123996660113335, -0.0629812479019165, 0.07067981362342834, 0.02842014841735363, -0.029229270294308662, -0.03110625594854355, -0.0012218111660331488, 0.05686599388718605, -0.0405704639852047, 0.0034025695640593767, 0.030564112588763237, 0.04561355337500572, 0.020625893026590347, -0.024050619453191757, -0.032973818480968475, 0.0045037115924060345, 0.00603873236104846, 0.04527691751718521, -0.002860741224139929, -0.005296155344694853, -0.04107074439525604, 0.01990857906639576, 0.05045812204480171, 0.006653611548244953, 0.0003808015608228743, 0.04403899237513542, 0.04334167018532753, 0.015439785085618496, -0.03541003540158272, 0.01184256374835968, -0.014993516728281975, 0.0578252412378788, -0.036649756133556366, 0.004852446727454662, -0.043327052146196365, -0.072887122631073, -0.010649784468114376, -0.04778032377362251, 0.0248850267380476, 0.03220236673951149, -0.01017485000193119, -0.04020055755972862, -0.010549139231443405, 0.006079491693526506, -0.03475624695420265, -0.038984302431344986, 0.020419368520379066, -0.07713672518730164, 0.006412310991436243, 0.04886418953537941, -0.06147607043385506, -0.0005265718791633844, -0.009278503246605396, -0.024462280794978142, -0.061497800052165985, -0.024149365723133087, 0.0029614234808832407, -0.004249085206538439, -0.0011705546639859676, -0.0027983086183667183, -0.009522460401058197, 0.0015109096420928836, 0.021184207871556282, 0.005473808851093054, 0.019616229459643364, -0.02939506247639656, 0.0023248991928994656, 0.014493105933070183, -0.046274665743112564, 0.020981768146157265, 0.04775351285934448, -0.03281192108988762, -0.0009819823317229748, -0.03080829046666622, 0.01514490507543087, 0.05724773928523064, -0.00533157866448164, -0.010869842022657394, -0.033011987805366516, 0.034333813935518265, -0.013586033135652542, 0.010437628254294395, -0.0064567881636321545, -0.010556207969784737, -0.011350833810865879, -0.018332717940211296, 0.02159958891570568, 0.03429420664906502, 0.03147721663117409, 0.01624136045575142, 0.009380371309816837, 0.02056826837360859, 0.01410872396081686, 0.012711196206510067, -0.05155753344297409, -0.01655537262558937, 0.06444607675075531, -0.013460109941661358, -0.0238961111754179, -0.09492707997560501, -0.014639094471931458, 0.005623252596706152, -0.020431412383913994, -0.005839679855853319, -0.033028360456228256, 0.039581380784511566, 0.055074747651815414, 0.03764038532972336, -0.014462216757237911, -0.02301015332341194, 0.0315767377614975, -0.03381369635462761, 0.03070407547056675, -0.055027034133672714, -0.036611977964639664, 0.0736495777964592, -0.009777218103408813, 0.020346714183688164, -0.007826176472008228, -0.00819848570972681, 0.03532201796770096, -0.05585712939500809, -0.04642853885889053, -0.010962270200252533, -0.04241658374667168, -0.005197020713239908, 0.023818036541342735, -0.04473930597305298, -0.011042436584830284, -0.03448278829455376, -0.034212931990623474, -0.010504443198442459, 0.030055170878767967, 0.047321803867816925, -0.017393233254551888, 0.024203861132264137, -0.012684214860200882, 0.007544002961367369, 0.02476329356431961, 0.06683099269866943, -0.013527773320674896, 0.026580609381198883, -0.034610506147146225, 0.0717778205871582, 0.011177102103829384, 0.017073266208171844, -0.006032820791006088, -0.00435924157500267, 0.018902214244008064, -0.0769132599234581, 0.008006639778614044, 0.01487602200359106, -0.024029536172747612, -0.06194112077355385, 0.04275905340909958, 0.0208755973726511, -0.06786629557609558, -0.00787454005330801, 0.01822543703019619, -0.021446039900183678, -0.007148054428398609, 0.01117275282740593, -0.00935225561261177, -0.012021815404295921, 0.06750133633613586, 0.0003630168503150344, 0.012844972312450409, 0.07449666410684586, 0.003963756840676069, 0.012577909044921398, -0.0010301743168383837, 0.06369493901729584, 0.04823017865419388, 0.049553949385881424, -0.002407562220469117, 0.07430459558963776, -0.06262703984975815, -0.04364369437098503, 0.024906449019908905, 0.031457554548978806, -0.030187739059329033, -0.01933065988123417, 0.027996713295578957, 0.1040821522474289, 0.024294627830386162, 0.0914415493607521, -0.021820751950144768, -0.0004542843089438975, 0.01562415063381195, 0.02429751306772232, 0.000424107420258224, 0.039514608681201935, 0.04111688584089279, 0.010544619522988796, 0.009973813779652119, -0.012488088570535183, -0.021548546850681305, -0.047778766602277756, 0.0172183308750391, -0.0012457013363018632, -0.003326097736135125, 0.02847517654299736, 0.0006039431900717318, 0.027282461524009705, 0.09806022047996521, -0.044780515134334564, -0.07905393838882446, 0.0008390520233660936, 0.01815558224916458, 0.02509918622672558, 0.0414375402033329, 0.010951448231935501, 0.0004589905438479036, 0.033432383090257645, -0.05712280049920082, -0.003631585044786334, 0.0048764594830572605, -0.04428842291235924, -0.007734904997050762, -0.010161484591662884, -0.021036671474575996, -0.001485502696596086, -0.012353485450148582, -0.040164459496736526, -0.07972048968076706, -0.04096370190382004, -0.04969089478254318, -0.04600783437490463, -0.0686512440443039, 0.021262850612401962, -0.023733966052532196, -0.010130804032087326, 0.011542494408786297, -0.04066725820302963, -0.010940967127680779, 0.0671563446521759, -0.060262132436037064, 0.021382339298725128, 0.03779996186494827, -0.004560003522783518, 0.009706138633191586, -0.0031344438903033733, 0.031694795936346054, -0.02170601487159729, -0.012829084880650043, 0.03386789932847023, -0.014537208713591099, 0.00698132673278451, -0.022788163274526596, -0.018383067101240158, -0.08072361350059509, 0.02922706864774227, 0.009391013532876968, -0.028909986838698387, -0.08004976809024811, 0.02465507760643959, -0.01799814961850643, 0.034082140773534775, 0.04833630099892616, -0.001374867744743824, 0.020445479080080986, -0.07735460996627808, -0.024601638317108154, -0.03289239481091499, 0.016158215701580048, 0.033792801201343536, -0.00341544090770185, 0.058972109109163284, 0.04667012766003609, 0.0059164902195334435, -0.009672231040894985, 0.016791632398962975, -0.026573844254016876, 0.009831995703279972, -0.037364792078733444, -0.0028253758791834116, -0.03934897482395172, -0.101534903049469, -0.025388602167367935, -0.000030253122531576082, -0.003336490597575903, -0.034891366958618164, 0.012769147753715515, -0.006450863555073738, 0.026438772678375244, -0.026516661047935486, -0.002306337235495448, -0.02528308518230915, -0.027664819732308388, -0.0493764653801918, -0.06903296709060669, 0.0307724941521883, -0.016997532919049263, 0.00629825796931982, -0.02608819305896759, -0.041318222880363464, -0.03547756001353264, -0.03437155857682228, 0.013529861345887184, 0.008080142550170422, 0.022192228585481644, -0.005718325264751911 ]
5,161
Infinite Neural Operators: Gaussian processes on functions
[ "Daniel Augusto de Souza", "Yuchen Zhu", "Jake Cunningham", "Yuri Saporito", "Diego Mesquita", "Marc Deisenroth" ]
A variety of infinitely wide neural architectures (e.g., dense NNs, CNNs, and transformers) induce Gaussian process (GP) priors over their outputs.These relationships provide both an accurate characterization of the prior predictive distribution and enable the use of GP machinery to improve the uncertainty quantification of deep neural networks.In this work, we extend this connection to neural operators (NOs), a class of models designed to learn mappings between function spaces.Specifically, we show conditions for when arbitrary-depth NOs with Gaussian-distributed convolution kernels converge to function-valued GPs.Based on this result, we show how to compute the covariance functions of these NO-GPs for two NO parametrizations, including the popular Fourier neural operator (FNO).With this, we compute the posteriors of these GPs in realistic scenarios.This work is an important step towards uncovering the inductive biases of current FNO architectures and opens a path to incorporate novel inductive biases for use in kernel-based operator learning methods.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.016215423122048378, 0.0003691001911647618, 0.007780211511999369, 0.02954135648906231, 0.03441818058490753, 0.051414605230093, 0.011456023901700974, 0.023819318041205406, -0.020973946899175644, -0.04163319617509842, -0.013269239105284214, 0.02111213654279709, -0.07210886478424072, 0.0033482681028544903, 0.024864409118890762, 0.043860625475645065, 0.04174843803048134, -0.008142374455928802, -0.024350592866539955, 0.01559215784072876, -0.005252434406429529, -0.012878910638391972, 0.008784067817032337, -0.00871275458484888, 0.0038087009452283382, -0.018808823078870773, 0.02355445921421051, 0.0009324439452029765, -0.015951428562402725, 0.018512539565563202, 0.0464363694190979, 0.03620995581150055, -0.02185627818107605, -0.03974921256303787, -0.005235257092863321, 0.02414589375257492, -0.04035794362425804, -0.020631693303585052, -0.008601794950664043, 0.03623482584953308, -0.04160907864570618, -0.026356138288974762, -0.010530378669500351, 0.010026984848082066, -0.07358142733573914, 0.0004968282883055508, -0.08735508471727371, 0.019416650757193565, 0.005948238540440798, -0.04134560748934746, -0.08220793306827545, 0.019038543105125427, -0.0128237996250391, -0.02003919519484043, 0.0060151489451527596, 0.041257038712501526, 0.056195322424173355, -0.07691534608602524, -0.02405969426035881, -0.06483177095651627, -0.003394574159756303, 0.004540054127573967, 0.01688837818801403, 0.0030551704112440348, 0.007764712907373905, 0.016404753550887108, 0.027447115629911423, 0.04416549950838089, -0.04163879156112671, -0.04697924107313156, -0.03294055536389351, -0.0044635809026658535, -0.0010960334911942482, -0.004066920839250088, -0.027254577726125717, -0.04715641960501671, 0.02075832150876522, 0.029787342995405197, 0.05968867242336273, -0.0023186281323432922, 0.01888992264866829, -0.003873205976560712, 0.06116184592247009, 0.0377371683716774, -0.009141120128333569, 0.023615282028913498, -0.023843538016080856, -0.024728165939450264, -0.0663175880908966, 0.0580889992415905, 0.007740831933915615, -0.03687642887234688, 0.012521794997155666, 0.026814455166459084, 0.004996765870600939, 0.016724372282624245, 0.02463962323963642, -0.012770813889801502, -0.0031954527366906404, 0.007939321920275688, -0.0188788790255785, -0.01717839017510414, 0.012415469624102116, -0.019813012331724167, -0.08326330035924911, -0.06635608524084091, -0.018963705748319626, -0.03638157621026039, -0.01723938249051571, 0.00303570250980556, -0.060805752873420715, 0.05017807334661484, 0.03557322174310684, -0.016149314120411873, -0.10681109130382538, -0.009583361446857452, -0.013717051595449448, -0.008225614205002785, 0.009418154135346413, -0.040925487875938416, 0.07715262472629547, 0.0743449330329895, -0.024518322199583054, 0.04822477325797081, 0.008973971009254456, 0.007183922454714775, 0.027291754260659218, 0.01771743781864643, -0.031025325879454613, -0.04766586050391197, 0.019605059176683426, 0.025087548419833183, 0.009871484711766243, 0.0378769189119339, 0.009309818968176842, -0.0013492623111233115, -0.02200162224471569, 0.0029004313983023167, 0.012069678865373135, -0.009393015876412392, 0.0357394777238369, -0.049763888120651245, 0.039589256048202515, -0.023991959169507027, 0.07633204758167267, -0.03205977380275726, 0.016951752826571465, -0.04811452701687813, -0.03908892720937729, -0.010421001352369785, -0.021582582965493202, -0.0018877597758546472, -0.0016097583575174212, -0.09078698605298996, 0.0026871918234974146, 0.021818339824676514, 0.027466323226690292, 0.03822920471429825, 0.013118594884872437, -0.009002733044326305, 0.03131170943379402, -0.024068724364042282, -0.020535314455628395, 0.027801083400845528, -0.03734070807695389, -0.05521160364151001, 0.06623546779155731, 0.0549386627972126, -0.018500957638025284, -0.001417831634171307, -0.02141624316573143, -0.0765899047255516, 0.05413546785712242, 0.009070446714758873, -0.01647435873746872, -0.042659942060709, 0.07561349123716354, -0.02188996411859989, 0.012035733088850975, 0.017280302941799164, -0.0882331058382988, 0.01397483516484499, -0.0019857611041516066, 0.024352142587304115, -0.01682918518781662, -0.0241780374199152, 0.07648541033267975, -0.0487045980989933, -0.0016084990929812193, 0.036383047699928284, -0.06131630018353462, -0.006728082429617643, -0.001860962132923305, -0.024026066064834595, 0.057628415524959564, 0.04252210259437561, -0.035283930599689484, 0.01013046596199274, 0.03129703551530838, 0.02184625156223774, 0.02931337058544159, -0.059835389256477356, 0.0369408018887043, 0.009253006428480148, -0.02111310511827469, -0.0015958190197125077, 0.053404685109853745, -0.06200795620679855, -0.017222244292497635, 0.0320306271314621, -0.006673275958746672, -0.03016827628016472, 0.010301080532371998, 0.006579897366464138, 0.02200431376695633, 0.018020551651716232, -0.0021002923604100943, -0.008958384394645691, 0.01816757209599018, -0.029373595491051674, 0.003440016880631447, 0.03336913883686066, -0.00013696250971406698, -0.001261053141206503, 0.033103469759225845, 0.10951133817434311, 0.07607880234718323, -0.022082870826125145, 0.004287589807063341, 0.008765929378569126, 0.04513953998684883, -0.017160838469862938, 0.02848697640001774, -0.023673994466662407, 0.030653279274702072, 0.007002715021371841, 0.06407639384269714, -0.03926189988851547, 0.052648141980171204, -0.039569370448589325, -0.02447977475821972, 0.059524886310100555, -0.02001466602087021, 0.056243520230054855, -0.01338112261146307, -0.004564186558127403, 0.04683728888630867, -0.01978924870491028, -0.011182366870343685, -0.048204656690359116, -0.01753961481153965, 0.0031711708288639784, -0.007311968598514795, -0.017477432265877724, 0.012513110414147377, -0.04302413761615753, -0.025773456320166588, 0.016290035098791122, 0.07805053144693375, 0.047440145164728165, 0.013179944828152657, 0.003144873771816492, 0.014502374455332756, -0.05327771604061127, -0.03432726860046387, -0.12512348592281342, -0.05459710955619812, -0.00030330478330142796, 0.05431050807237625, 0.017351442947983742, 0.040102988481521606, 0.002505820943042636, 0.02790200337767601, -0.013265586458146572, -0.034109096974134445, -0.02146943099796772, 0.016688525676727295, 0.019547805190086365, -0.0478394515812397, -0.060064513236284256, 0.015881797298789024, 0.06506985425949097, -0.014595909044146538, -0.013417688198387623, -0.01500866748392582, -0.06556203216314316, -0.027763642370700836, -0.029045669361948967, -0.014459766447544098, 0.0032405604142695665, -0.002922399900853634, 0.021476037800312042, -0.007453033700585365, 0.01208055205643177, 0.03598242998123169, 0.09005957096815109, 0.051449473947286606, -0.010886278003454208, -0.04580139368772507, 0.01950264349579811, -0.0498540960252285, 0.022220786660909653, 0.020994460210204124, 0.008263618685305119, -0.0074431016109883785, 0.0063935830257833, 0.018944188952445984, -0.0013761484296992421, -0.2513660490512848, -0.017004434019327164, 0.010087632574141026, -0.004259524401277304, 0.024711893871426582, -0.006547929253429174, 0.019724128767848015, -0.027598386630415916, -0.022432835772633553, 0.039617013186216354, -0.006434147246181965, 0.019771600142121315, -0.01826566457748413, 0.051486678421497345, 0.013674912042915821, 0.0008586925105191767, 0.010760283097624779, -0.02038649097084999, 0.010968421585857868, 0.03405161201953888, -0.016592832282185555, -0.05838948115706444, 0.010297662578523159, 0.023476658388972282, -0.011974097229540348, 0.034205250442028046, -0.06209779903292656, 0.006157017312943935, -0.04501393809914589, -0.0036548725329339504, -0.031137241050601006, -0.04104752466082573, -0.021477075293660164, 0.05961225554347038, -0.009018613956868649, 0.005083202384412289, 0.002112552523612976, -0.034782376140356064, 0.010664722882211208, 0.015932263806462288, 0.01982714608311653, 0.01538890041410923, -0.03096397966146469, 0.01004797499626875, 0.08758468925952911, 0.01179130282253027, -0.03663848340511322, -0.010131965391337872, -0.011963325552642345, 0.01874011941254139, -0.004204525146633387, -0.017550082877278328, -0.0013587516732513905, 0.004179741721600294, -0.0051131476648151875, -0.007951688021421432, -0.004552379250526428, -0.013442995958030224, -0.010052944533526897, 0.018184280022978783, 0.003847670741379261, -0.054462872445583344, -0.011803981848061085, -0.04225024953484535, -0.03983952850103378, -0.007429466582834721, -0.06144723668694496, -0.0885062962770462, 0.07468663901090622, 0.041512325406074524, -0.001697438769042492, 0.002994792303070426, -0.03417366370558739, -0.09077585488557816, 0.004819314926862717, 0.0035856375470757484, -0.0007186128641478717, -0.02295805886387825, 0.01693236269056797, 0.050809767097234726, -0.05456710234284401, -0.06849749386310577, 0.029865607619285583, 0.01574905589222908, 0.020189080387353897, -0.013544337823987007, -0.02505216747522354, -0.024853192269802094, -0.038360610604286194, -0.042305078357458115, 0.03719363361597061, 0.032821059226989746, 0.06025494262576103, -0.019045531749725342, 0.05001113936305046, 0.029882926493883133, 0.029382165521383286, 0.05824277177453041, 0.026845842599868774, -0.0047663417644798756, 0.0331055149435997, -0.0653068795800209, -0.03323042765259743, -0.06405854225158691, -0.022319912910461426, 0.036536891013383865, -0.04436959698796272, 0.015583714470267296, 0.00407794676721096, 0.020802512764930725, -0.002306816866621375, -0.018167387694120407, -0.0149433184415102, -0.00937026645988226, -0.015815652906894684, -0.005517133045941591, -0.013271613046526909, 0.04167415574193001, 0.024394987151026726, -0.009784170426428318, -0.024643810465931892, 0.018173160031437874, -0.043788522481918335, -0.011976221576333046, 0.005679489579051733, -0.013336950913071632, -0.008399905636906624, -0.017734162509441376, 0.012380736880004406, -0.015106391161680222, 0.02695896103978157, 0.04130413010716438, -0.014215759001672268, 0.03869609162211418, 0.03430981561541557, 0.0038893248420208693, -0.0016318882117047906, -0.03345714882016182, 0.034477703273296356, -0.004052395932376385, 0.014217181131243706, 0.013749892823398113, 0.027193592861294746, 0.010309581644833088, 0.002897031372413039, 0.038070984184741974, 0.0018724133260548115, 0.009863806888461113, -0.01644657924771309, -0.006032361648976803, 0.030851490795612335, -0.04725854843854904, -0.03080163151025772, -0.008292552083730698, 0.024873878806829453, 0.02078901417553425, 0.06464660167694092, -0.014755447395145893, -0.0009661521762609482, -0.044939398765563965, 0.05200162157416344, 0.04900972917675972, -0.016513464972376823, -0.00601080060005188, 0.007839667610824108, 0.05088862031698227, -0.048613399267196655, -0.013716294430196285, 0.026998942717909813, 0.03509845584630966, 0.030341744422912598, -0.0038201408460736275, -0.019077971577644348, -0.024726539850234985, -0.026911554858088493, 0.005961914546787739, -0.03941430151462555, 0.003359375521540642, -0.05373561009764671, 0.027955487370491028, 0.03227474167943001, 0.01235195156186819, -0.009052013047039509, 0.017700782045722008, 0.06901966780424118, 0.015462485142052174, 0.01011381484568119, -0.005758179351687431, -0.01780422031879425, 0.038434650748968124, -0.03639737516641617, 0.013669000007212162, -0.027409272268414497, -0.0359497107565403, -0.04202032461762428, -0.013130120933055878, 0.013015970587730408, 0.06622869521379471, -0.01910434290766716, -0.0317205935716629, 0.011330092325806618, 0.0015391302295029163, -0.07817882299423218, -0.005874619819223881, 0.03420018404722214, -0.06169823929667473, 0.023769352585077286, 0.051335256546735764, -0.032438214868307114, 0.037054236978292465, -0.018834413960576057, -0.03224414214491844, -0.0371871255338192, -0.03871161490678787, -0.008592993021011353, -0.004558437503874302, 0.004020306281745434, 0.006381737068295479, -0.006300282198935747, -0.02864878810942173, 0.012905954383313656, 0.008273874409496784, 0.008798367343842983, -0.01561626698821783, 0.005444664508104324, 0.04255257546901703, -0.046871118247509, 0.018649714067578316, 0.015847455710172653, -0.03519153967499733, -0.009181906469166279, -0.05048369616270065, -0.011228611692786217, 0.05573252961039543, -0.0049385190941393375, -0.009018913842737675, -0.06315062195062637, 0.03200102970004082, -0.05062045902013779, -0.004192718770354986, 0.020891554653644562, 0.027140948921442032, -0.0154090141877532, 0.02129812352359295, -0.00886853039264679, 0.025926603004336357, 0.03615772724151611, 0.01525575015693903, 0.011834705248475075, 0.009341389872133732, 0.011586916632950306, 0.038323529064655304, -0.08237926661968231, 0.013112690299749374, 0.07099362462759018, -0.051821108907461166, -0.03214268386363983, -0.062073856592178345, -0.018763378262519836, 0.017456071451306343, -0.012543823570013046, -0.011892101727426052, -0.03614606708288193, 0.042585551738739014, 0.035252805799245834, 0.03531528636813164, 0.015238357707858086, 0.002253674203529954, 0.045715928077697754, -0.03619438037276268, 0.013198933564126492, -0.04188409075140953, -0.042368333786726, 0.05573434755206108, 0.005403649527579546, 0.036805056035518646, 0.005474356468766928, -0.0016908342950046062, 0.0646718367934227, -0.0365295484662056, -0.04763792082667351, 0.02029697224497795, -0.02727285772562027, -0.03964431956410408, 0.005946226418018341, -0.058465130627155304, -0.0010617647785693407, -0.0257848110049963, -0.043285198509693146, 0.025235330685973167, 0.03125270456075668, 0.03686708211898804, -0.006362267304211855, -0.00465853838250041, -0.012576911598443985, 0.02560880407691002, 0.031418755650520325, 0.08116456866264343, 0.02901322953402996, 0.028791652992367744, -0.046543873846530914, 0.07796218246221542, 0.009763667359948158, 0.010992813855409622, 0.01544957049190998, 0.020243465900421143, 0.0012155366130173206, -0.08319847285747528, 0.007144543342292309, -0.00018645224918145686, -0.017525743693113327, -0.06788075715303421, 0.009574285708367825, 0.025493450462818146, -0.05556803196668625, -0.015029043890535831, 0.017004847526550293, -0.04806797206401825, 0.008391255512833595, 0.024960601702332497, -0.00034840760054066777, -0.016147471964359283, 0.05678961053490639, -0.00042808300349861383, 0.006170833483338356, 0.07340270280838013, 0.02015257626771927, -0.03130149468779564, 0.010928705334663391, 0.07096632570028305, 0.05145128443837166, 0.02116953581571579, 0.00951651856303215, 0.05205290764570236, -0.032563742250204086, -0.06030460447072983, 0.015187570825219154, 0.004475689027458429, -0.010168909095227718, -0.026880865916609764, 0.01265747845172882, 0.11545556038618088, 0.02171497978270054, 0.07679814845323563, -0.023403257131576538, -0.005596752278506756, 0.021548105403780937, 0.008998491801321507, 0.002018541097640991, 0.029174134135246277, 0.04367588832974434, -0.009782274253666401, 0.01973128691315651, -0.05474285036325455, -0.04840220510959625, -0.027193376794457436, 0.01578262262046337, 0.013515018858015537, 0.005888814572244883, 0.00642770528793335, 0.01995149441063404, 0.052438363432884216, 0.1127014085650444, -0.022506849840283394, -0.03198689594864845, 0.014279094524681568, 0.036259446293115616, 0.0023086178116500378, 0.021073516458272934, 0.0026371493004262447, -0.016513248905539513, 0.03425261005759239, -0.046318743377923965, 0.01650809869170189, 0.012001845054328442, -0.010204426012933254, 0.003679032903164625, -0.040615446865558624, -0.038062140345573425, -0.02140352688729763, 0.02735552377998829, 0.018954871222376823, -0.05144951120018959, -0.015254486352205276, -0.017382441088557243, -0.07336762547492981, -0.06926272809505463, 0.03054577112197876, -0.03301123529672623, -0.03652619197964668, -0.012442237697541714, -0.03647848218679428, 0.012088063172996044, 0.03369506448507309, -0.041236069053411484, 0.006390922702848911, 0.02794189751148224, -0.004584184382110834, -0.006180639378726482, 0.0010365844937041402, 0.04604753851890564, 0.017413826659321785, -0.0030022249557077885, 0.05545240640640259, -0.02346941828727722, 0.004892542492598295, -0.01745535247027874, 0.009915552102029324, -0.09287446737289429, 0.030806640163064003, 0.032725781202316284, -0.040274638682603836, -0.09028498083353043, 0.039515670388936996, -0.017128748819231987, 0.006464108824729919, 0.04696835204958916, -0.006777437869459391, 0.009509842842817307, -0.04289282113313675, -0.016078133136034012, -0.017719458788633347, -0.023272475227713585, 0.07431738078594208, -0.02587077021598816, 0.03621739521622658, 0.05213255435228348, 0.01176200620830059, -0.00008002441609278321, 0.03890761733055115, -0.02166781574487686, 0.030331023037433624, -0.03856772929430008, -0.034929096698760986, -0.015501824207603931, -0.11239739507436752, -0.034514013677835464, 0.021416399627923965, -0.006346717942506075, -0.03250778093934059, 0.012407601810991764, 0.010979904793202877, 0.01704132929444313, 0.02802988886833191, 0.019206387922167778, -0.020065482705831528, -0.019382508471608162, -0.030183102935552597, -0.06424643099308014, 0.0650191456079483, -0.02145034447312355, 0.009085036814212799, -0.026387562975287437, -0.03374941647052765, -0.05841360241174698, -0.030266612768173218, 0.04704519361257553, 0.011337628588080406, 0.02446860820055008, 0.01702870801091194 ]
5,162
Adaptive Correction During the LLM Forward Pass
[ "Arjun Patrawala", "Jiahai Feng", "Erik Jones", "Jacob Steinhardt" ]
Recent methods in language model interpretability employ sparse autoencoders and other techniques to decompose residual stream contributions into linear, semantically-meaningful features. Our work demonstrates that the underlying assumption of these methods—that residual stream contributions build additively upon each other—is fundamentally incomplete. We identify the Transformer Layer Correction Mechanism (TLCM), wherein adjacent transformer layers systematically counteract each other's contributions to the residual stream. TLCM appears in 5 out of 7 major open-source model families and operates across diverse contexts. We establish that TLCM emerges during pretraining, operates most strongly on tokens with high contextual dependency, and adaptively calibrates its correction strength based on the preceding layer's output. We further demonstrate that TLCM functions by selectively promoting and rejecting specific subspaces. We propose a "propose-and-reject" hypothesis: layers may suggest multiple potential features, while subsequent layers selectively filter inappropriate ones. This framework explains three persistent challenges in feature-based interpretability: why extracted features descriptions often suffer from low specificity; why feature-based interventions for model steering are unsuccessful at low magnitude; why recent work finds cross-layer transcoders outperform SAEs.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.0011448210570961237, -0.01181324478238821, -0.027737507596611977, 0.034184444695711136, 0.05350000411272049, 0.0427648164331913, 0.02612614445388317, 0.006794484797865152, -0.021491089835762978, -0.010918885469436646, -0.03227594494819641, 0.031037524342536926, -0.037141017615795135, 0.003541142912581563, -0.006418008357286453, 0.03991644084453583, 0.027699803933501244, -0.003331721993163228, 0.009461208246648312, 0.0130403321236372, 0.023246722295880318, -0.01594655029475689, 0.030977193266153336, -0.014384588226675987, 0.022686073556542397, 0.0035621188580989838, 0.003948613069951534, -0.001994391670450568, -0.019080152735114098, 0.011788198724389076, 0.05098770558834076, -0.0030215366277843714, 0.004548767581582069, -0.005663750227540731, 0.010385639034211636, -0.005452193785458803, -0.05676683411002159, -0.02492331899702549, 0.00429247273132205, 0.020666906610131264, -0.03290022164583206, 0.01509853545576334, -0.01109294593334198, 0.0036960116121917963, -0.06786984950304031, -0.005503409542143345, -0.10798932611942291, 0.0008384993416257203, -0.004042970482259989, -0.06542106717824936, -0.09925614297389984, 0.037913624197244644, -0.015422692522406578, -0.0264518391340971, 0.030399851500988007, 0.03850831463932991, 0.03824291378259659, -0.09365177154541016, -0.01404531579464674, 0.0016954686725512147, -0.04797987639904022, -0.002689170651137829, -0.006767917890101671, 0.0008010814199224114, 0.018743114545941353, -0.04732242971658707, -0.016424091532826424, 0.041597750037908554, -0.04959281161427498, -0.05683425813913345, -0.020711343735456467, 0.03568219766020775, -0.020355870947241783, 0.011031071655452251, 0.021423008292913437, -0.02737000212073326, 0.004176749382168055, 0.040110766887664795, 0.07517655938863754, 0.003121826332062483, 0.009115446358919144, 0.0003545201034285128, 0.02148689329624176, 0.06131611764431, 0.04222213476896286, 0.012792135588824749, -0.0054050930775702, -0.045220088213682175, -0.06294723600149155, 0.010235339403152466, -0.01911352202296257, -0.08835595846176147, 0.010753339156508446, 0.03741425648331642, 0.016206402331590652, -0.010185515508055687, 0.0068887462839484215, 0.01415096316486597, -0.013583386316895485, -0.0036278057377785444, -0.03252830728888512, -0.03520138934254646, 0.03788648545742035, 0.043901875615119934, -0.12709437310695648, 0.00320390029810369, 0.00029640516731888056, -0.01796162873506546, 0.008933932520449162, 0.008269069716334343, -0.010946785099804401, -0.00487553933635354, 0.007709082681685686, -0.007290390320122242, -0.11486820131540298, 0.004212739411741495, 0.013775590807199478, 0.02583209238946438, 0.003607056802138686, -0.003374685300514102, 0.055357057601213455, 0.031996846199035645, 0.01586289331316948, 0.07590674608945847, -0.011629165150225163, 0.02257697656750679, -0.0030297255143523216, 0.048767462372779846, -0.028133919462561607, -0.03722839057445526, 0.005520908161997795, 0.025958018377423286, 0.0024134786799550056, 0.020861603319644928, 0.00037222765968181193, -0.0012862607836723328, 0.020707927644252777, 0.0030397477094084024, 0.061148423701524734, 0.0031465699430555105, -0.016340233385562897, 0.030887708067893982, 0.032321538776159286, -0.026676667854189873, 0.057250477373600006, 0.0013131687883287668, -0.07638613879680634, 0.004743467550724745, -0.03966909646987915, 0.020667430013418198, 0.03909114748239517, 0.01248518843203783, 0.011597531847655773, -0.08168262243270874, 0.020463677123188972, 0.05342064052820206, -0.013452542014420033, -0.008235557936131954, 0.006419354118406773, 0.018132975324988365, 0.027595316991209984, -0.0047283293679356575, -0.05935824289917946, 0.012482900172472, -0.009688124991953373, -0.06389445811510086, 0.008172135800123215, -0.03739483654499054, -0.025023790076375008, 0.003249150700867176, -0.017375605180859566, -0.014153183437883854, 0.05113377422094345, -0.023290086537599564, -0.03720895200967789, 0.010817449539899826, 0.04849369078874588, 0.04234563559293747, 0.026476114988327026, 0.04017752408981323, -0.07606514543294907, 0.021697787567973137, 0.01206190511584282, -0.0005062907002866268, 0.041422538459300995, -0.025594905018806458, 0.08131659775972366, -0.030097350478172302, 0.02648930437862873, 0.007430338766425848, -0.0877903401851654, 0.001792113995179534, -0.004509687889367342, -0.009203086607158184, 0.05928949639201164, 0.022076161578297615, -0.009740008972585201, 0.0712459534406662, 0.041538238525390625, 0.05565866455435753, 0.07793177664279938, -0.03532594069838524, 0.03735199198126793, -0.01892007887363434, -0.022365806624293327, -0.007099894806742668, 0.04516401141881943, -0.04225414618849754, -0.012638702988624573, 0.029043788090348244, -0.024414274841547012, 0.004629173781722784, 0.027380263432860374, 0.032373253256082535, 0.0032004269305616617, -0.010507472790777683, -0.022708093747496605, -0.004895272199064493, -0.006742618978023529, -0.03288192301988602, 0.061805371195077896, 0.03648340702056885, -0.022575216367840767, -0.004736646544188261, -0.037216346710920334, 0.10679039359092712, 0.038455281406641006, -0.020175188779830933, -0.029607754200696945, 0.014812199398875237, 0.017524881288409233, 0.002217289060354233, 0.003524001920595765, -0.05094370245933533, 0.014840632677078247, -0.039163339883089066, -0.008505980484187603, -0.027754472568631172, 0.03717632591724396, -0.022622261196374893, -0.010860801674425602, 0.06499077379703522, -0.022323226556181908, 0.03532037138938904, -0.034689635038375854, 0.03310849890112877, 0.025844156742095947, -0.011148161254823208, -0.019937407225370407, -0.022019967436790466, 0.0019399612210690975, -0.006293760612607002, -0.0074401795864105225, -0.06558513641357422, -0.005972457118332386, -0.001674567349255085, -0.08561105281114578, -0.017422107979655266, 0.07789052277803421, 0.031239405274391174, 0.021715223789215088, 0.03292245417833328, -0.009972947649657726, -0.05234374478459358, 0.006266203708946705, -0.09583651274442673, -0.0007211162592284381, -0.015576953999698162, 0.00461884168908, -0.01839396171271801, 0.06004146859049797, 0.012587219476699829, 0.019510241225361824, -0.06567247956991196, -0.014058059081435204, -0.017068179324269295, 0.06864579021930695, 0.0002241744368802756, -0.0454372875392437, -0.00782690104097128, -0.005306033883243799, 0.016411297023296356, -0.030231012031435966, -0.020229842513799667, -0.07004562765359879, -0.027023665606975555, -0.02485835552215576, -0.024080608040094376, -0.0040138717740774155, -0.012291233986616135, 0.016327686607837677, 0.004539798013865948, -0.004934875760227442, 0.015928491950035095, 0.020432040095329285, 0.06163619086146355, 0.027533233165740967, -0.0019480973714962602, -0.0027254275046288967, 0.05020366609096527, -0.007394721731543541, 0.011033385060727596, 0.04198513925075531, 0.02773962914943695, -0.014635806903243065, -0.01636042632162571, 0.00544058158993721, -0.00969652272760868, -0.2720120847225189, -0.017446482554078102, 0.018510812893509865, -0.029569804668426514, 0.047836847603321075, -0.04052850231528282, 0.03866114467382431, -0.023228010162711143, -0.0006231801235117018, 0.0014367909170687199, 0.024114973843097687, 0.0514075793325901, 0.008743233047425747, 0.0194567684084177, 0.02801845408976078, -0.0028250114992260933, 0.00012861614231951535, -0.005115772131830454, 0.02144668437540531, 0.060117099434137344, 0.0033091739751398563, -0.049388106912374496, -0.015371403656899929, 0.04157908633351326, -0.032739266753196716, 0.04016413539648056, -0.059129565954208374, -0.011181216686964035, -0.033742815256118774, -0.0015651038847863674, -0.015006917528808117, -0.03119288943707943, 0.0028847295325249434, 0.06011539325118065, -0.01919870637357235, -0.003128550946712494, 0.03643558546900749, 0.050297293812036514, 0.03485121577978134, 0.014151232317090034, -0.011818813160061836, -0.035174280405044556, 0.01974763162434101, -0.010270536877214909, 0.05138325318694115, 0.008081058040261269, -0.05000121891498566, -0.011297043412923813, 0.0037895936984568834, 0.04327092319726944, -0.006300169043242931, -0.039100077003240585, -0.0066744363866746426, 0.019930636510252953, 0.02463657222688198, -0.04018415883183479, 0.008901707828044891, -0.028730928897857666, -0.013045929372310638, 0.0220162495970726, -0.00242580845952034, -0.07152970135211945, 0.012218003161251545, -0.05038551241159439, -0.03510395064949989, -0.018102426081895828, -0.06867288798093796, -0.04030047729611397, 0.0419389046728611, 0.04592583701014519, -0.012826255522668362, 0.05098046362400055, 0.008122083730995655, -0.07867015153169632, 0.0330449715256691, -0.017466740682721138, -0.030021442100405693, 0.005728480406105518, -0.02041410095989704, 0.02001776173710823, -0.04932750388979912, -0.03175988420844078, 0.012110676616430283, -0.019956106320023537, 0.013956666924059391, -0.01829226315021515, 0.03696805611252785, -0.036230023950338364, -0.042391397058963776, -0.043584827333688736, 0.03855512663722038, -0.005250697024166584, -0.009765015915036201, 0.01514644268900156, 0.03806808218359947, 0.03738722950220108, -0.0009591782581992447, 0.06838608533143997, 0.03149208426475525, 0.007719402667135, 0.033303506672382355, -0.037990786135196686, 0.010465368628501892, -0.041298918426036835, -0.021523838862776756, 0.01913144625723362, -0.04482325166463852, -0.040493860840797424, 0.009434058330953121, 0.01399436965584755, -0.03241804987192154, 0.001574860536493361, -0.01927974633872509, 0.029567113146185875, -0.026530331000685692, -0.00537743279710412, 0.0015088275540620089, 0.01695956289768219, 0.0409262552857399, -0.03920317068696022, -0.011698846705257893, 0.05361601337790489, -0.006340096704661846, 0.014676131308078766, 0.027689507231116295, -0.009833435527980328, -0.00509340176358819, 0.03275834396481514, 0.00227807043120265, 0.0028715624939650297, 0.018737705424427986, 0.017088619992136955, 0.0036877936217933893, -0.00046895386185497046, 0.048196952790021896, -0.008515367284417152, 0.03469768166542053, 0.007963825948536396, 0.006142213940620422, -0.010940618813037872, -0.0018393477657809854, -0.017711937427520752, 0.02268458716571331, 0.013644206337630749, 0.03979708254337311, 0.011328224092721939, 0.012880640104413033, 0.01166022289544344, -0.02835424244403839, -0.0040599629282951355, 0.061990197747945786, -0.019355837255716324, -0.02036699838936329, -0.03313915804028511, 0.041422076523303986, -0.007809365168213844, 0.027220385149121284, -0.012341633439064026, 0.026628905907273293, -0.07626529037952423, 0.0724462941288948, 0.01971212588250637, 0.0018184034852311015, 0.01622232049703598, 0.037498511373996735, -0.006424288731068373, -0.01845010183751583, -0.004614966921508312, 0.01916402392089367, 0.006412276066839695, -0.01483078207820654, -0.020213529467582703, -0.007639592979103327, 0.008075748570263386, -0.0289009902626276, -0.025485500693321228, 0.005932388827204704, -0.014787951484322548, 0.007464723661541939, 0.06359177082777023, 0.01639035902917385, 0.00038527106516994536, 0.006562454160302877, 0.0267330352216959, 0.08755572885274887, -0.01860741339623928, 0.003547885688021779, 0.006702742073684931, -0.023860827088356018, 0.015176689252257347, 0.0008690974791534245, -0.0090646306052804, -0.030447861179709435, -0.0365641750395298, -0.037506259977817535, -0.04273572936654091, 0.01913869008421898, 0.02111021615564823, -0.011741310358047485, -0.01718425191938877, -0.03232681751251221, 0.0020022836979478598, -0.017213331535458565, -0.02938368357717991, 0.035559311509132385, -0.0905018001794815, 0.00908032525330782, 0.03710591793060303, -0.031717345118522644, 0.031412526965141296, -0.005107283592224121, -0.03709295392036438, -0.05697001516819, -0.01798311248421669, 0.014231406152248383, -0.027109410613775253, -0.025231288745999336, 0.005755364429205656, 0.02344929799437523, -0.013121833093464375, 0.03223279118537903, -0.014429815113544464, 0.0072043100371956825, -0.00598684698343277, 0.03280971571803093, 0.027461469173431396, -0.032764241099357605, 0.02478562854230404, 0.011788635514676571, -0.042396314442157745, 0.007039432413876057, -0.05262920632958412, 0.048233844339847565, 0.08690756559371948, 0.025646908208727837, -0.02260570600628853, -0.07534857839345932, 0.010709647089242935, -0.016406528651714325, 0.004964780528098345, 0.03235992044210434, -0.01387414988130331, -0.031192589551210403, 0.04799414426088333, 0.011613764800131321, 0.040797121822834015, -0.014622942544519901, -0.02461862750351429, -0.025162603706121445, 0.023274097591638565, 0.04492785781621933, 0.03812859579920769, -0.0346594899892807, -0.023658709600567818, 0.054674435406923294, -0.03951252996921539, -0.02942107990384102, -0.06798980385065079, -0.03175251930952072, 0.021435843780636787, -0.000701721990481019, 0.008019393309950829, -0.03830936923623085, 0.05828418955206871, 0.036432139575481415, 0.020910879597067833, -0.007670145481824875, 0.011645130813121796, 0.020130731165409088, -0.016073031350970268, -0.027789181098341942, -0.06409040093421936, -0.019052596762776375, 0.053099263459444046, -0.030419662594795227, 0.0014758962206542492, -0.011297226883471012, -0.028440222144126892, 0.01131895836442709, -0.00493986438959837, -0.0460590161383152, -0.004790664650499821, -0.020918546244502068, 0.011876492761075497, 0.03926242142915726, -0.03813888877630234, -0.012597360648214817, -0.011905675753951073, -0.02765059471130371, -0.01969693973660469, -0.027835290879011154, 0.05642054229974747, -0.02719026245176792, -0.004224032629281282, -0.016081947833299637, -0.010877631604671478, -0.015545845031738281, 0.09296412020921707, 0.02969226986169815, -0.011819114908576012, -0.022342097014188766, 0.04251139611005783, 0.037544362246990204, 0.014955481514334679, 0.00042682280763983727, 0.000022487585738417692, -0.0022780413273721933, -0.06164156273007393, 0.08437696844339371, 0.023574821650981903, -0.0032453518360853195, -0.03513188660144806, 0.05595008283853531, 0.05710189417004585, -0.031760092824697495, -0.02751103602349758, 0.03007611073553562, -0.04717430844902992, -0.028451304882764816, 0.013731499202549458, 0.0022066314704716206, -0.0090753473341465, 0.05585102364420891, 0.011091570369899273, 0.03694159537553787, 0.06115545704960823, 0.01750720664858818, -0.019401900470256805, -0.003754299832507968, 0.07667761296033859, 0.08479765802621841, 0.06477117538452148, -0.015230422839522362, 0.046699151396751404, -0.046108026057481766, -0.04851972311735153, 0.041501499712467194, 0.03940357640385628, -0.009161396883428097, -0.06665206700563431, 0.005711098667234182, 0.08411289006471634, 0.02574901469051838, 0.04937318339943886, -0.018018409609794617, -0.0073934257961809635, 0.024042388424277306, -0.007903061807155609, 0.0044232639484107494, 0.038475401699543, 0.04640950635075569, -0.07646448910236359, -0.0039512114599347115, -0.03571131452918053, -0.004767278674989939, -0.007199923042207956, 0.017717599868774414, 0.034363847225904465, -0.02540411241352558, 0.0086197629570961, -0.03485879674553871, 0.060619648545980453, 0.10887334495782852, -0.05107723921537399, -0.036444440484046936, -0.0025756647810339928, 0.015075686387717724, -0.010284697636961937, 0.05733777582645416, -0.016058893874287605, -0.04272562265396118, -0.021565938368439674, -0.042148806154727936, -0.04075658693909645, 0.037392787635326385, 0.016748396679759026, 0.018796786665916443, -0.023536337539553642, -0.02128463424742222, 0.01647968776524067, 0.05931076034903526, -0.06328380852937698, -0.06748804450035095, -0.0360434427857399, -0.05860307440161705, -0.034580688923597336, -0.055599670857191086, 0.020556120201945305, 0.003781536128371954, -0.02300306409597397, -0.012177669443190098, -0.0879862904548645, -0.006575572770088911, 0.04288400337100029, -0.055674925446510315, -0.003352368250489235, 0.02117701806128025, -0.019052701070904732, -0.054611220955848694, 0.03849249705672264, 0.009411601349711418, -0.0007349676452577114, 0.006016451399773359, 0.021142808720469475, 0.02177467569708824, 0.029229825362563133, 0.01875380612909794, -0.018846262246370316, -0.08465203642845154, 0.013771161437034607, 0.042980533093214035, -0.01825397089123726, -0.09189248085021973, 0.02989056147634983, -0.011324231512844563, 0.022417735308408737, 0.05089600011706352, 0.014807539992034435, 0.013311728835105896, -0.00013726833276450634, -0.019354194402694702, 0.0015062540769577026, 0.01454852893948555, 0.032149869948625565, -0.01384649332612753, 0.07168392837047577, 0.05464213341474533, 0.007232039701193571, -0.027523187920451164, -0.00555734196677804, 0.009687751531600952, -0.04671233147382736, -0.03627358749508858, -0.03735513985157013, -0.02968693897128105, -0.06868543475866318, -0.03027598187327385, 0.003814436960965395, -0.006257110275328159, -0.023035841062664986, 0.014497263357043266, -0.054082710295915604, -0.03773846477270126, -0.042196691036224365, -0.004201980773359537, -0.025212347507476807, -0.03151744604110718, -0.0393659844994545, -0.054105278104543686, 0.004460726864635944, 0.012378796003758907, 0.008189212530851364, -0.048864834010601044, -0.058830540627241135, 0.047457993030548096, -0.008721445687115192, 0.04632949084043503, -0.010486739687621593, 0.03046705573797226, -0.022965220734477043 ]
5,163
Bi-Level Knowledge Transfer for Multi-Task Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
[ "Junkai Zhang", "Jinmin He", "Yifan Zhang", "Yifan Zang", "Ning Xu", "Jian Cheng" ]
Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has achieved remarkable success in various real-world scenarios, but its high cost of online training makes it impractical to learn each task from scratch. To enable effective policy reuse, we consider the problem of zero-shot generalization from offline data across multiple tasks. While prior work focuses on transferring individual skills of agents, we argue that the effective policy transfer across tasks should also capture the team-level coordination knowledge.In this paper, we propose Bi-Level Knowledge Transfer (BiKT) for Multi-Task MARL, which performs knowledge transfer at both the individual and team levels. At the individual level, we extract transferable individual skill embeddings from offline MARL trajectories.At the team level, we define tactics as coordinated patterns of skill combinations and capture them by leveraging the learned skill embeddings. We map skill combinations into compact tactic embeddings and then construct a tactic codebook.To incorporate both skills and tactics into decision-making, we design a bi-level decision transformer that infers them in sequence.Our BiKT leverages both the generalizability of individual skills and the diversity of tactics, enabling the learned policy to perform effectively across multiple tasks.Extensive experiments on SMAC and MPE benchmarks demonstrate that BiKT achieves strong generalization to previously unseen tasks.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.04001712054014206, -0.03637191653251648, -0.0056056492030620575, 0.014792554080486298, 0.041462622582912445, 0.004578070715069771, 0.03077676147222519, -0.014140547253191471, -0.022141875699162483, -0.02767130173742771, -0.01386344339698553, 0.018455741927027702, -0.06580527871847153, -0.022465959191322327, -0.00010786585335154086, 0.05467470362782478, 0.028772791847586632, -0.013824952766299248, -0.01844818890094757, -0.0042863101698458195, -0.007331029046326876, 0.011529802344739437, 0.053056079894304276, 0.0395578071475029, 0.03848486393690109, 0.025023143738508224, 0.038023099303245544, 0.014856371097266674, -0.002170567400753498, -0.010536406189203262, 0.03310506418347359, -0.040375031530857086, 0.03365832194685936, -0.03854285553097725, -0.02641446888446808, -0.009322435595095158, -0.026734136044979095, 0.033383168280124664, 0.015772631391882896, -0.02512449026107788, -0.03916802629828453, 0.059172116219997406, -0.013547943904995918, 0.011672853492200375, -0.001998753985390067, 0.027331994846463203, -0.07528261095285416, 0.015417380258440971, 0.029308384284377098, -0.035134490579366684, -0.10117276757955551, -0.0008747607353143394, 0.022212233394384384, -0.030007725581526756, -0.020887229591608047, 0.05184207111597061, 0.03730236738920212, -0.06118471175432205, -0.0027107466012239456, -0.06162736564874649, -0.0424652136862278, 0.028622766956686974, 0.004381172824651003, 0.0073250578716397285, 0.0061071100644767284, -0.007073510903865099, 0.0293120089918375, 0.039870813488960266, -0.031742069870233536, -0.016486015170812607, -0.04057690128684044, -0.036997076123952866, -0.008755771443247795, 0.008897147141397, -0.00027213626890443265, -0.04868682846426964, 0.04210466146469116, 0.015855200588703156, 0.061109550297260284, -0.0011521566193550825, 0.012102088890969753, 0.03535428270697594, 0.003485216060653329, 0.0352490171790123, 0.020456193014979362, -0.007744847796857357, -0.02373604103922844, -0.026712415739893913, -0.09693393856287003, 0.046018581837415695, -0.054420825093984604, -0.06422250717878342, 0.010653122328221798, 0.033316317945718765, 0.04912255331873894, -0.01407063752412796, 0.034157343208789825, 0.03008968010544777, 0.04117940738797188, -0.040373872965574265, -0.02308591641485691, -0.004830733872950077, -0.004988414701074362, 0.027312053367495537, -0.11123322695493698, 0.0070147584192454815, -0.0005023692501708865, -0.039937641471624374, -0.02731742151081562, 0.026678353548049927, -0.01083940640091896, -0.04222007468342781, -0.0019278832478448749, -0.02664192020893097, -0.0691206082701683, 0.03618207946419716, 0.013938512653112411, 0.04270835593342781, 0.001225323067046702, 0.024454984813928604, 0.04376934468746185, 0.047501999884843826, -0.007211106363683939, 0.0688043162226677, -0.0009604803053662181, -0.029357925057411194, -0.0005323932273313403, 0.01596064120531082, -0.0481368713080883, -0.032998066395521164, 0.04916328936815262, 0.045953646302223206, -0.014723990112543106, 0.015711413696408272, -0.008572075515985489, -0.010651830583810806, -0.00018079261644743383, 0.03310416266322136, 0.005215177312493324, -0.0036273645237088203, -0.016759691759943962, -0.01565515249967575, 0.08250338584184647, -0.008768467232584953, 0.05719609558582306, 0.010789414867758751, -0.03936450183391571, -0.03216135874390602, -0.04525087773799896, 0.004972696769982576, 0.0025160498917102814, -0.018165742978453636, 0.007487543858587742, -0.04079779237508774, 0.03457137942314148, 0.0629335343837738, 0.030975567176938057, -0.02496323361992836, -0.015741197392344475, 0.011584417894482613, 0.005048200488090515, -0.010949401184916496, -0.026036813855171204, -0.011992456391453743, 0.009972487576305866, -0.09485907852649689, 0.039748020470142365, 0.008245318196713924, -0.0008397084893658757, 0.01057340670377016, -0.0485321469604969, -0.018851833418011665, 0.03231512010097504, 0.0065731387585401535, 0.017297273501753807, 0.011058740317821503, 0.03544788807630539, -0.01548062078654766, 0.03342345729470253, 0.01655389554798603, -0.06540518999099731, 0.019859211519360542, 0.010648769326508045, -0.02320055477321148, 0.023672210052609444, 0.0029804264195263386, 0.05265939235687256, -0.02686280757188797, 0.012818270362913609, 0.020939543843269348, -0.055168043822050095, -0.02066877670586109, 0.03021727316081524, 0.012699992395937443, 0.06152569502592087, 0.00006121922342572361, -0.016710860654711723, 0.048549409955739975, 0.014750983566045761, 0.03568607568740845, 0.03512486442923546, -0.013986499048769474, 0.03210098296403885, 0.019316215068101883, -0.006791381165385246, 0.02408698759973049, 0.01010328158736229, -0.04153589531779289, -0.038646575063467026, 0.03645177558064461, -0.00849318690598011, 0.017004912719130516, -0.025025008246302605, -0.0031351353973150253, 0.030143924057483673, 0.034511420875787735, -0.020888911560177803, 0.02008429542183876, 0.042312949895858765, -0.04837656021118164, 0.02585521899163723, 0.0015959396259859204, -0.029379067942500114, 0.020759064704179764, -0.03445461764931679, 0.08525494486093521, 0.03411709889769554, -0.042704470455646515, 0.01337909884750843, 0.029616959393024445, -0.00003253815521020442, 0.031158404424786568, 0.0060530598275363445, -0.010476591065526009, 0.04530196264386177, -0.011483934707939625, -0.016298947855830193, -0.03349824622273445, 0.02663215436041355, -0.042984846979379654, -0.03089870512485504, 0.06876078248023987, -0.01665632799267769, 0.07471006363630295, 0.0060888491570949554, 0.03506266325712204, 0.02801545523107052, 0.00759586738422513, 0.006416964344680309, -0.03323179855942726, -0.032706163823604584, -0.00040830104262568057, 0.016001150012016296, -0.04331996291875839, 0.005172981880605221, -0.07942920923233032, 0.008071794174611568, -0.04869246855378151, 0.07043981552124023, 0.026471637189388275, 0.01712619885802269, 0.02314876765012741, -0.018924089148640633, -0.03347344696521759, -0.0044504874385893345, -0.10894842445850372, -0.04415624216198921, 0.0275909211486578, 0.030008886009454727, 0.006308264099061489, 0.03192516043782234, -0.017916372045874596, 0.042283717542886734, -0.025768045336008072, -0.0524420291185379, 0.042020976543426514, 0.0013876637676730752, 0.03483540937304497, -0.020390121266245842, -0.03305031731724739, 0.015376686118543148, 0.06304430961608887, -0.014101061969995499, -0.000909028050955385, -0.008617743849754333, -0.02298608049750328, -0.017464175820350647, -0.06011127680540085, -0.00830428209155798, 0.020082933828234673, 0.036692190915346146, 0.011375402100384235, -0.02429412491619587, 0.003694589016959071, 0.0036293379962444305, 0.048586130142211914, 0.022823939099907875, 0.03155594691634178, 0.000933517178054899, 0.030022285878658295, -0.019229577854275703, 0.002789780730381608, -0.024507073685526848, 0.0064073596149683, 0.007821058854460716, -0.020356005057692528, 0.009049247950315475, -0.00966617837548256, -0.25958043336868286, -0.018992261961102486, 0.010264521464705467, 0.02552870474755764, 0.047041065990924835, -0.02143443562090397, 0.07155659794807434, -0.028548436239361763, -0.04494718462228775, 0.03070497326552868, 0.023160835728049278, 0.03227807208895683, 0.014265956357121468, 0.06076231598854065, 0.058543749153614044, 0.05648612231016159, -0.027056019753217697, -0.03454229235649109, 0.01649564318358898, 0.028015051037073135, -0.03695671632885933, -0.06794890761375427, -0.04106910899281502, 0.013271791860461235, 0.007703461684286594, 0.05773499235510826, -0.1008741557598114, -0.019197141751646996, -0.01780950091779232, -0.018010374158620834, -0.022110197693109512, 0.000984166981652379, -0.034864261746406555, 0.026964379474520683, 0.0331619530916214, 0.0026292589027434587, 0.07527005672454834, 0.013712589628994465, 0.02310943976044655, -0.009374884888529778, -0.016156228259205818, 0.002846017712727189, -0.036571551114320755, 0.013091000728309155, 0.0695221871137619, 0.029721003025770187, -0.03890751302242279, -0.02005193755030632, -0.018352149054408073, 0.03903290256857872, 0.00815499946475029, -0.0005278780008666217, -0.021407103165984154, 0.026694156229496002, 0.003525764448568225, -0.03710920363664627, 0.012883996590971947, -0.019313177093863487, 0.010308724828064442, 0.0005079230759292841, 0.030709601938724518, -0.04798894003033638, -0.03734680265188217, -0.029651721939444542, 0.030003424733877182, -0.05958053842186928, -0.04725366458296776, -0.0722404196858406, 0.02998075634241104, 0.03399606794118881, -0.05005134269595146, -0.02800096571445465, -0.027330365031957626, -0.10768792778253555, 0.021394314244389534, 0.0024163408670574427, -0.009533166885375977, -0.047827016562223434, 0.04347392916679382, 0.05422605574131012, -0.02058548666536808, -0.06189315766096115, 0.0015163348289206624, -0.01878953166306019, 0.04662831872701645, -0.01044374518096447, 0.031913578510284424, -0.025706501677632332, -0.025581922382116318, -0.037297431379556656, 0.01773945242166519, 0.027428776025772095, 0.04102824255824089, -0.0018506066408008337, 0.06886226683855057, 0.028438858687877655, 0.030845560133457184, 0.04328351840376854, 0.027640588581562042, -0.005890596657991409, 0.010247619822621346, -0.0875360518693924, -0.020111065357923508, -0.0244752150028944, -0.02498888224363327, 0.015593589283525944, -0.027878060936927795, -0.0019907504320144653, 0.06520632654428482, 0.011487486772239208, -0.008456236682832241, -0.032734137028455734, 0.00742714386433363, -0.0007304621394723654, -0.010480599477887154, -0.00493768323212862, -0.029267756268382072, 0.04209018498659134, 0.03843190521001816, -0.018637768924236298, -0.056917909532785416, 0.020478833466768265, -0.01575002633035183, 0.01484435610473156, -0.02133433148264885, -0.028096601366996765, -0.021818263456225395, -0.020837606862187386, 0.03299732133746147, -0.024302545934915543, 0.033689673990011215, 0.04035376012325287, -0.009471720084547997, 0.0020998800173401833, 0.03337101265788078, -0.04270487651228905, -0.0238934475928545, -0.022697729989886284, 0.002368616871535778, -0.040755897760391235, 0.009510982781648636, -0.030417902395129204, 0.04239298403263092, 0.03385152295231819, 0.02843541093170643, -0.0008768833940848708, -0.010707496665418148, 0.00017865716654341668, 0.018676403909921646, 0.03788746893405914, 0.03619895502924919, -0.0279057789593935, -0.0029389304108917713, -0.01879221759736538, 0.02084822580218315, -0.03694629669189453, 0.03434472158551216, -0.015208575874567032, 0.05304161086678505, -0.06446602940559387, 0.006940790452063084, -0.016890963539481163, -0.03138832375407219, 0.0008162669255398214, 0.047939930111169815, 0.06334001570940018, -0.04622573032975197, -0.006998845376074314, -0.004804885946214199, 0.014545543119311333, 0.007487280759960413, -0.06422754377126694, -0.0444648452103138, -0.041705626994371414, -0.06723430007696152, 0.013418453745543957, 0.0004031274002045393, -0.05955248698592186, -0.030298851430416107, 0.028676679357886314, 0.008440366014838219, -0.012412119656801224, 0.004933292977511883, -0.023141060024499893, 0.05046343803405762, -0.00749653996899724, 0.043772581964731216, -0.005140248686075211, -0.04693520814180374, 0.005705989431589842, 0.005264383740723133, 0.021565759554505348, -0.018697816878557205, -0.04217490181326866, -0.03638067469000816, -0.029900843277573586, 0.023215793073177338, 0.01608644239604473, -0.02171407639980316, 0.03384609520435333, -0.0031978401821106672, 0.009092839434742928, -0.022502640262246132, 0.005884719546884298, 0.033296652138233185, -0.0823684111237526, 0.0005145581089891493, 0.022138196974992752, -0.004577821586281061, 0.010074625723063946, -0.05300576239824295, -0.025275466963648796, -0.05882013216614723, -0.022363003343343735, 0.019973065704107285, -0.04399323835968971, -0.004359223879873753, -0.0454203337430954, -0.01575510762631893, -0.0013477772008627653, 0.019585633650422096, -0.01617397740483284, -0.008542755618691444, -0.031254831701517105, -0.017297254875302315, 0.05210385099053383, -0.01250601839274168, -0.00043018479482270777, 0.013122249394655228, -0.023190975189208984, 0.039956483989953995, -0.039446257054805756, 0.019863393157720566, 0.03906995803117752, -0.0049989051185548306, 0.015844717621803284, -0.037195418030023575, 0.044690053910017014, 0.015874218195676804, -0.05563592538237572, -0.030293593183159828, -0.006014641374349594, -0.02779875509440899, -0.012460856698453426, 0.02945489063858986, -0.007701064459979534, 0.01193439494818449, -0.00244249333627522, 0.007986498065292835, 0.007868445478379726, 0.01952277682721615, -0.005167241208255291, -0.04576371982693672, 0.012293369509279728, 0.057434167712926865, -0.02713879756629467, -0.045585330575704575, -0.049250852316617966, -0.031419090926647186, 0.03777134418487549, -0.024703867733478546, 0.034250445663928986, -0.08514154702425003, 0.027018319815397263, -0.0033320998772978783, 0.0052065192721784115, -0.002160209696739912, -0.03464404121041298, 0.023671800270676613, -0.06506472080945969, 0.030277742072939873, -0.07572034001350403, -0.0037089302204549313, 0.04029488563537598, -0.028355611488223076, -0.01370177511125803, 0.020035015419125557, -0.017582254484295845, 0.046574827283620834, -0.03538966923952103, -0.06056199595332146, 0.0393872931599617, -0.017147328704595566, 0.014327077195048332, 0.04822465032339096, -0.07028000056743622, -0.037352584302425385, -0.012988013215363026, -0.044339824467897415, 0.017717044800519943, -0.001532317721284926, 0.046810682862997055, -0.00344674801453948, 0.01701504737138748, -0.024587929248809814, 0.011664851568639278, 0.024520112201571465, 0.00839949119836092, 0.01840868405997753, 0.04976384714245796, -0.027708759531378746, 0.07298886030912399, 0.0273091159760952, 0.03641384467482567, 0.006484929006546736, 0.005504078697413206, -0.0352080762386322, -0.019623665139079094, 0.07085944712162018, -0.01241112221032381, -0.0022030211985111237, -0.046638958156108856, 0.04829106107354164, 0.008288925513625145, -0.03224534913897514, 0.002103437203913927, 0.02624257281422615, -0.06652171164751053, -0.01587805524468422, -0.01004146970808506, 0.024180470034480095, 0.010754775255918503, 0.05912087857723236, 0.030699435621500015, 0.051261499524116516, 0.05963367223739624, 0.06337413936853409, -0.04493134468793869, -0.011837968602776527, 0.07017778605222702, 0.043055493384599686, 0.040375061333179474, -0.0017060947138816118, 0.06022186204791069, -0.05382067710161209, -0.039942141622304916, 0.03767963871359825, 0.03988337144255638, 0.01888785883784294, -0.02002614736557007, 0.014793947339057922, 0.08287990838289261, 0.00035627296892926097, 0.0591280534863472, -0.048637598752975464, -0.050560858100652695, 0.07750751823186874, 0.016110515221953392, -0.011032634414732456, 0.05634406954050064, 0.0162820965051651, 0.04469660669565201, -0.046321969479322433, -0.03981418535113335, 0.011027650907635689, -0.0368710495531559, 0.023494597524404526, 0.0011547121684998274, -0.027415679767727852, -0.006492597050964832, 0.0309759471565485, -0.003600683528929949, 0.12234985828399658, -0.02865920215845108, 0.009936386719346046, -0.006055512931197882, 0.013360552489757538, 0.0012742923572659492, 0.008425888605415821, 0.014437133446335793, -0.0026463260874152184, 0.013985821977257729, -0.04884413257241249, 0.036368828266859055, 0.03456863388419151, 0.028298644348978996, 0.038896556943655014, -0.023956313729286194, -0.019862158223986626, 0.013782030902802944, 0.021703749895095825, -0.03801898658275604, -0.04822007194161415, -0.03433217853307724, -0.06882377713918686, -0.024466218426823616, -0.030686836689710617, 0.048103492707014084, 0.019051069393754005, -0.06329470127820969, 0.03198997303843498, -0.03611314296722412, -0.0031346480827778578, 0.01821180246770382, -0.04511979967355728, -0.016827907413244247, 0.03295699506998062, 0.025043271481990814, -0.0021315813064575195, 0.02733866684138775, 0.04356110095977783, 0.014813406392931938, -0.017934473231434822, 0.005109867081046104, 0.020781854167580605, -0.006054038647562265, -0.021778564900159836, -0.019153954461216927, -0.07140102982521057, -0.0003895166446454823, 0.03934751823544502, -0.01759243570268154, -0.0749577209353447, 0.040267642587423325, -0.037760719656944275, 0.029201827943325043, 0.07661042362451553, 0.010236353613436222, 0.022336816415190697, -0.03337853029370308, 0.0365448035299778, 0.02565842866897583, 0.010415088385343552, 0.04011149704456329, -0.04930626228451729, 0.06577546894550323, 0.04354130104184151, -0.03995506837964058, -0.03994143009185791, 0.05780576169490814, 0.020354509353637695, -0.03268532454967499, -0.016239045187830925, -0.046053119003772736, -0.006255259271711111, -0.10705837607383728, -0.03105699084699154, 0.04738331958651543, 0.028987586498260498, -0.05233888328075409, -0.018409106880426407, -0.013042558915913105, -0.0012578434543684125, -0.01617148518562317, -0.057146620005369186, -0.002154885558411479, -0.03682360053062439, -0.015123965218663216, -0.044475287199020386, 0.013473388738930225, -0.032238125801086426, -0.016538582742214203, -0.03718588501214981, -0.036018531769514084, 0.013790024444460869, -0.010341578163206577, 0.012965391390025616, 0.031306393444538116, -0.00982329435646534, -0.0010632105404511094 ]
5,164
Theoretical Analysis for SAC-BL Algorithm
[ "Xinsong Ma", "Jie Wu", "Weiwei Liu" ]
Visual anomaly detection is significant in safety-critical and reliability-sensitive scenarios. Prior studies mainly emphasize the design and training of scoring functions, while little effort has been devoted to constructing decision rules based on these score functions. A recent work Ma et al. (2025) is the first to highlight this issue and proposes the SAC-BL algorithm to address it.This method consists of a strong anomaly constraint (SAC) network and a betting-like (BL) algorithm serving as the decision rule. The SAC-BL algorithm can control the false discovery rate (FDR). However the performance of SAC-BL algorithm on anomalous examples, or its false positive rate (FPR), has not been thoroughly investigated. This paper provides a deeper analysis of this problem and explores how to theoretically reduce its FPR. First, we show that as the number of testing examples tends to infinity, the SAC-BL algorithm performs well on abnormal data if the scores follow the generalized Gaussian-like distribution family. But such conditions about the number of testing examples and the distribution of scores are overly restrictive for the real-world applications. So, we attempt to decrease the FPR of the SAC-BL algorithm under the condition of finite samples for practical anomaly detection. To this end, we redesign the BL algorithm by incorporating a randomization strategy and propose a novel stochastic BL (SBL) algorithm. The combination of the SAC network and the SBL algorithm yields our method, SAC-SBL. Theoretical results show that the SAC-SBL algorithm can achieve smaller FPR than SAC-BL algorithm while controlling its FDR. Finally, extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method over SAC-BL algorithm on multiple visual anomaly detection benchmarks.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.002764891367405653, 0.005537393037229776, 0.008111990056931973, 0.019323023036122322, 0.06374140083789825, 0.007076057605445385, 0.007541230879724026, 0.0009274350595660508, -0.026827577501535416, -0.04413884878158569, 0.005164677277207375, 0.013835360296070576, -0.07125726342201233, -0.001498664147220552, -0.0009315871284343302, 0.05883811414241791, 0.030697645619511604, -0.007407071068882942, 0.027912847697734833, -0.005833162926137447, -0.015381055884063244, -0.033280149102211, 0.010456383228302002, 0.019240453839302063, 0.01981441117823124, -0.016856135800480843, 0.018995163962244987, 0.04050226882100105, -0.02370227500796318, -0.00887998379766941, 0.048609599471092224, -0.028375552967190742, 0.0029795451555401087, -0.0376456081867218, -0.0017480116803199053, 0.04114086180925369, -0.058313075453042984, 0.011726714670658112, -0.02444356679916382, 0.020323440432548523, -0.05108962580561638, 0.006872836500406265, -0.020475681871175766, -0.008997475728392601, -0.0506545715034008, -0.004069646820425987, -0.09303295612335205, 0.03153887763619423, 0.042008209973573685, -0.007955477572977543, -0.07014339417219162, 0.05965117737650871, 0.008954081684350967, 0.017113808542490005, 0.04148837551474571, 0.040083494037389755, 0.0405447855591774, -0.06496408581733704, 0.02250361256301403, -0.06563158333301544, -0.02491634152829647, 0.010306531563401222, 0.00416030315682292, 0.010042636655271053, -0.00932333990931511, -0.015211708843708038, 0.030004244297742844, 0.006087161134928465, -0.027682146057486534, -0.0225343257188797, -0.013609089888632298, -0.031674109399318695, 0.011776727624237537, -0.0009228110429830849, -0.009350666776299477, -0.026114223524928093, -0.004414122086018324, -0.00984900165349245, 0.057384002953767776, -0.040522437542676926, 0.056240376085042953, 0.013380229473114014, 0.015301726758480072, 0.0139281852170825, 0.030238859355449677, 0.01895919255912304, -0.04631371051073074, -0.028777379542589188, -0.03645535185933113, 0.07390207797288895, 0.009916051290929317, -0.028082022443413734, 0.037018824368715286, 0.036117203533649445, 0.024081114679574966, 0.004135265946388245, 0.012487651780247688, -0.0074189999140799046, 0.00840759091079235, -0.03178459033370018, -0.023805493488907814, -0.020832465961575508, -0.005200924351811409, 0.036262135952711105, -0.08368786424398422, -0.014795811846852303, -0.010055199265480042, -0.012980195693671703, -0.025614315643906593, 0.01092976238578558, -0.0334349162876606, 0.0006748542655259371, 0.032121989876031876, -0.006814535241574049, -0.09693815559148788, 0.02899029664695263, -0.008722977712750435, 0.0031574564054608345, 0.02624693140387535, -0.0008463776903226972, 0.06544265896081924, 0.0457686148583889, -0.018812544643878937, 0.05546589195728302, -0.01025131344795227, 0.00717896455898881, 0.027658736333251, 0.04147735610604286, -0.028490440919995308, 0.003099793568253517, 0.007843767292797565, 0.0612095445394516, 0.014714479446411133, 0.010067225433886051, 0.0033243836369365454, -0.004259193316102028, -0.0138762928545475, -0.017597882077097893, 0.0013444230426102877, 0.0019133688183501363, 0.019838185980916023, -0.01583833619952202, 0.03535925969481468, -0.023324029520154, 0.0610961839556694, -0.001094624400138855, -0.007912389934062958, -0.0024740658700466156, -0.05677146092057228, -0.0215993020683527, 0.024239996448159218, -0.01520385593175888, -0.013557416386902332, -0.07711648941040039, -0.000010109643881150987, 0.06382448971271515, 0.04598507285118103, 0.01718878373503685, 0.01958298869431019, 0.010525112971663475, 0.010858827270567417, 0.012007851153612137, -0.03206564858555794, 0.009142660535871983, -0.024763090535998344, -0.044790834188461304, 0.07328580319881439, 0.059703510254621506, -0.01714804582297802, 0.05892693251371384, -0.03305041044950485, -0.02737359143793583, 0.04013170301914215, 0.014373239129781723, -0.009519968181848526, 0.03246947005391121, 0.04781302437186241, -0.02347908727824688, 0.018331021070480347, 0.03291492164134979, -0.07841991633176804, 0.037334833294153214, -0.022312453016638756, 0.02164643257856369, -0.006423627957701683, -0.021698134019970894, 0.07759973406791687, -0.020851239562034607, 0.047115638852119446, -0.007955336943268776, -0.09517856687307358, -0.013831524178385735, 0.032528411597013474, -0.005938810296356678, 0.03975706174969673, 0.03497258573770523, -0.0026151242200285196, 0.00986314658075571, -0.015608349815011024, 0.04924353212118149, 0.04652668908238411, 0.016645818948745728, 0.017339330166578293, -0.011030582711100578, -0.04060504958033562, 0.004750800784677267, 0.024441296234726906, -0.05368724465370178, -0.0430607907474041, -0.0016256923554465175, -0.028490837663412094, 0.00968919787555933, -0.0069085992872715, -0.018876388669013977, 0.039310023188591, 0.00989814754575491, 0.005663599353283644, -0.021088970825076103, 0.04836475849151611, -0.0581483468413353, 0.03452607989311218, 0.00914002489298582, -0.03360094130039215, 0.041692860424518585, -0.029234200716018677, 0.08354742079973221, 0.06498967111110687, -0.035967402160167694, 0.0017484036507084966, 0.03706039860844612, -0.0043848478235304356, -0.009220553562045097, 0.04213002696633339, -0.02535800263285637, 0.004869959317147732, -0.017661932855844498, 0.0009833702351897955, -0.037218376994132996, 0.08278900384902954, -0.01873788610100746, 0.007074125111103058, 0.060162730515003204, -0.03667991980910301, 0.04931723326444626, 0.006851277779787779, 0.00954036321491003, 0.0726265162229538, 0.04443890228867531, -0.0035296620335429907, -0.019225245341658592, -0.03343723714351654, -0.00820833072066307, -0.005571320187300444, -0.003918607719242573, 0.019678527489304543, -0.0525846928358078, 0.02868502028286457, -0.0021934707183390856, 0.06870449334383011, 0.03237546607851982, 0.028682956472039223, -0.005493812263011932, -0.0009107777732424438, -0.04669659957289696, -0.019330471754074097, -0.1099366620182991, -0.06342349946498871, 0.029004836454987526, 0.029681511223316193, 0.022992894053459167, 0.03235679119825363, -0.031316883862018585, -0.009107224643230438, 0.0031134544406086206, -0.0032956856302917004, 0.0064498186111450195, 0.061657488346099854, 0.020843716338276863, 0.01047486625611782, 0.04247908666729927, 0.002465736586600542, 0.07168900966644287, -0.020249247550964355, -0.007399396039545536, -0.0005639619193971157, -0.031199686229228973, -0.009203662164509296, -0.018538346514105797, -0.028977027162909508, 0.0378316231071949, -0.06306665390729904, 0.01399766094982624, -0.029372982680797577, 0.027570702135562897, 0.03511149436235428, 0.037938669323921204, 0.03321170434355736, 0.0022239210084080696, 0.0029446505941450596, -0.005191440228372812, 0.006745018530637026, 0.02692313864827156, -0.004688379354774952, -0.022662879899144173, -0.0009303669212386012, 0.01632106862962246, 0.0021975336130708456, 0.012248932383954525, -0.27934911847114563, -0.027461564168334007, 0.029913073405623436, -0.005032443441450596, 0.008966341614723206, -0.0008796537877060473, 0.027479706332087517, -0.027624856680631638, -0.0254646185785532, 0.009807653725147247, 0.041305653750896454, 0.007287993095815182, 0.04334308207035065, 0.05969688668847084, 0.04551339149475098, 0.021646898239850998, -0.025356754660606384, -0.020832614973187447, 0.01827666163444519, 0.026408381760120392, -0.009023278951644897, -0.06911535561084747, -0.013710660859942436, 0.006840721238404512, -0.0135282501578331, 0.07282044738531113, -0.0783630907535553, 0.025282546877861023, -0.02836611494421959, -0.023197541013360023, 0.016391068696975708, -0.02026662975549698, -0.020805859938263893, 0.002089271554723382, 0.030687954276800156, 0.001092007732950151, 0.013013249263167381, -0.02113458700478077, 0.004246850498020649, 0.0606185607612133, 0.013944131322205067, -0.0005822723614983261, -0.04905428737401962, 0.05260997265577316, 0.06249339133501053, 0.01358775980770588, -0.03936619311571121, -0.016664260998368263, -0.007807952351868153, 0.0227060504257679, -0.014700080268085003, 0.0013804287882521749, -0.04907035827636719, -0.024911053478717804, -0.05058154836297035, -0.0016592810861766338, -0.025142770260572433, -0.017656836658716202, -0.056456051766872406, 0.01056500431150198, -0.002974241739138961, -0.02640230394899845, 0.0014978140825405717, -0.015166697092354298, -0.004685419145971537, -0.016772817820310593, -0.04243827611207962, -0.06890131533145905, 0.03926350921392441, 0.009745481424033642, 0.013858464546501637, 0.036965664476156235, -0.03765462338924408, -0.09217370301485062, -0.008360479958355427, -0.025505848228931427, 0.0038897222839295864, -0.005549275781959295, 0.003933606203645468, 0.04457889124751091, -0.02004157193005085, -0.04282097518444061, 0.0071767098270356655, 0.050308819860219955, 0.01509240735322237, -0.05151478946208954, 0.037994880229234695, 0.010435763746500015, -0.03815951198339462, -0.019265443086624146, 0.054358333349227905, 0.007990628480911255, 0.029589638113975525, -0.006254999898374081, 0.045317407697439194, 0.05674566701054573, 0.00805701594799757, 0.03358635678887367, 0.050670504570007324, 0.02897331491112709, 0.026388678699731827, -0.07032018899917603, 0.012382609769701958, -0.06594286859035492, -0.048282966017723083, 0.033387016505002975, -0.00830545462667942, -0.006241847760975361, 0.018706461414694786, -0.024323979392647743, 0.0070302109234035015, -0.05009906738996506, 0.024396544322371483, -0.012753493152558804, 0.06016483157873154, -0.009676762856543064, -0.021768154576420784, 0.03547563776373863, 0.025716528296470642, 0.0037211612798273563, -0.008791239932179451, 0.023411083966493607, -0.03537962958216667, -0.021152140572667122, 0.010532033629715443, -0.01629096083343029, -0.030663086101412773, 0.009224449284374714, 0.012737097218632698, -0.021121861413121223, 0.048245321959257126, 0.05339055135846138, 0.024615442380309105, 0.04376373440027237, 0.04366009309887886, -0.01045122928917408, -0.031963203102350235, -0.00042539931018836796, 0.039860766381025314, -0.009416022337973118, 0.0329788401722908, -0.0017828642157837749, 0.03656326234340668, 0.03727367892861366, 0.034700971096754074, -0.00952094979584217, 0.02555721066892147, -0.0033942137379199266, 0.035674817860126495, -0.021650834009051323, 0.005292009562253952, -0.035067118704319, 0.005046733655035496, -0.031600676476955414, -0.01113760657608509, -0.011163130402565002, 0.04749445989727974, -0.012074143625795841, -0.005825150292366743, -0.06760994344949722, 0.05876407027244568, 0.027189232409000397, -0.006913722027093172, -0.011326814070343971, 0.020094191655516624, 0.053221870213747025, -0.036609403789043427, -0.014308737590909004, 0.007895573042333126, 0.02980544976890087, -0.013842790387570858, -0.05505364388227463, -0.031557925045490265, -0.006138666532933712, -0.046772487461566925, 0.006254140287637711, 0.0004152099136263132, -0.06678011268377304, -0.06404153257608414, 0.0022110426798462868, -0.0582129992544651, -0.028440656140446663, -0.016659630462527275, 0.02551840990781784, 0.05462990701198578, -0.008965638466179371, -0.018478650599718094, -0.05690033733844757, -0.021984770894050598, 0.04665069282054901, -0.0068307300098240376, 0.007082859519869089, -0.010050663724541664, -0.0171833299100399, 0.00024628720711916685, -0.059354670345783234, -0.005398865323513746, 0.019758710637688637, -0.04955108463764191, -0.018947698175907135, -0.017805060371756554, 0.015173382125794888, -0.034271109849214554, -0.030214600265026093, 0.04182117432355881, -0.05948546528816223, 0.038941338658332825, 0.0868150070309639, -0.014136414043605328, 0.04899821802973747, -0.04398676007986069, -0.043014202266931534, -0.06637468934059143, 0.004531209357082844, 0.00862397812306881, 0.005312136374413967, -0.04394131526350975, -0.026438599452376366, 0.010002775117754936, -0.001728000002913177, 0.018008530139923096, 0.02371893636882305, 0.002661620732396841, 0.0016561478842049837, 0.0014687386574223638, 0.04734206944704056, 0.01591423712670803, -0.036422789096832275, 0.01682616025209427, 0.013294444419443607, -0.008460056968033314, -0.01937413215637207, -0.008267671801149845, 0.026231391355395317, -0.018577083945274353, 0.00895409844815731, -0.04574083164334297, -0.01002497784793377, 0.002679243450984359, -0.0036313612945377827, -0.03068440593779087, 0.0033657108433544636, -0.007865841500461102, -0.007355171255767345, -0.016779279336333275, 0.029949771240353584, 0.029113877564668655, -0.007566528394818306, 0.017088592052459717, 0.013177069835364819, -0.0036739979404956102, 0.008497216738760471, -0.05650803819298744, -0.03848337009549141, 0.04241655394434929, -0.04126733914017677, 0.011586403474211693, -0.07076814770698547, -0.022436726838350296, 0.03652375191450119, -0.05634079501032829, 0.007314722053706646, -0.00446494622156024, 0.008425296284258366, 0.007354127708822489, 0.04657699167728424, -0.032806381583213806, -0.02194199152290821, 0.026741567999124527, -0.07592643052339554, 0.020904848352074623, -0.06258830428123474, 0.044545743614435196, 0.10228339582681656, -0.08386752009391785, -0.0007464968366548419, -0.0009700889349915087, -0.023450437933206558, 0.0018617775058373809, -0.02217431552708149, -0.060992252081632614, 0.026085857301950455, -0.0033221510238945484, -0.0005907008890062571, -0.0034840928856283426, -0.009452552534639835, -0.012243669480085373, 0.00423520989716053, -0.03219643980264664, 0.054612528532743454, 0.012586635537445545, 0.050545014441013336, -0.0359891913831234, -0.03373078256845474, -0.03031507134437561, 0.011355242691934109, 0.02922825887799263, 0.06356710940599442, 0.024275600910186768, 0.023066408932209015, -0.05498233810067177, 0.05220060795545578, 0.04769822582602501, -0.0012306910939514637, -0.00880457740277052, 0.016605611890554428, -0.025266965851187706, -0.03200205788016319, 0.05135449022054672, -0.018684659153223038, -0.02761000022292137, -0.059863097965717316, 0.04484006017446518, 0.02664596028625965, -0.08223868906497955, -0.033151138573884964, -0.008084878325462341, -0.03471321985125542, -0.025121869519352913, -0.00594914797693491, -0.03661610558629036, -0.00030721165239810944, 0.08067985624074936, -0.005461620632559061, 0.045407768338918686, 0.056385189294815063, 0.018789034336805344, 0.029811831191182137, 0.00891207531094551, 0.07167670130729675, 0.07229453325271606, 0.04348870366811752, 0.0076524498872458935, 0.0808863490819931, -0.03937485069036484, -0.05619082227349281, 0.0040499744936823845, -0.03401242941617966, -0.024807851761579514, -0.02517486922442913, -0.01678592711687088, 0.057348743081092834, 0.029284145683050156, 0.09119461476802826, -0.03482762724161148, 0.020644819363951683, 0.06375224143266678, 0.009622396901249886, 0.010140381753444672, 0.0407322496175766, -0.0032360509503632784, 0.000777804758399725, -0.022235987707972527, -0.0016700770938768983, -0.0011674317065626383, 0.008230413310229778, 0.022713113576173782, -0.019469546154141426, 0.000517135311383754, -0.0014120601117610931, -0.01372064370661974, 0.03800872340798378, 0.10882595926523209, -0.013611288741230965, -0.0065117147751152515, -0.00477188965305686, 0.013036639429628849, -0.010528570972383022, 0.046456143260002136, -0.006629293784499168, 0.0005284250946715474, 0.002406906336545944, -0.07060249894857407, 0.05030861496925354, 0.02269449084997177, 0.026750385761260986, 0.004035173915326595, -0.015155467204749584, -0.02531755343079567, 0.017916418612003326, 0.010813704691827297, 0.005786052439361811, -0.03971344232559204, -0.03671769052743912, -0.059742022305727005, -0.050387438386678696, -0.03346627205610275, -0.006803819909691811, 0.012093182653188705, -0.02098967880010605, -0.022587431594729424, -0.010693071410059929, 0.020949147641658783, -0.013391400687396526, -0.056945450603961945, 0.0159609355032444, 0.055311985313892365, -0.011172027327120304, -0.010793824680149555, 0.008951881900429726, -0.01122760958969593, -0.005084165371954441, -0.0373290479183197, 0.015972081571817398, 0.0015722595853731036, -0.007534886710345745, -0.02534937486052513, 0.016538366675376892, -0.11029789596796036, -0.011961576528847218, -0.003781900042667985, -0.0332682840526104, -0.08353114873170853, 0.047690942883491516, -0.022514620795845985, 0.02432512491941452, 0.07192925363779068, -0.02216649428009987, -0.0058035594411194324, -0.024172205477952957, -0.030540192499756813, -0.03235778212547302, -0.012175348587334156, 0.04591532051563263, -0.0152676897123456, 0.05251395329833031, 0.027623217552900314, -0.014091436751186848, -0.0579301156103611, 0.06021278351545334, -0.014408913441002369, -0.012687054462730885, -0.045499593019485474, -0.05440138652920723, -0.04121565446257591, -0.13981075584888458, -0.0004656413511838764, 0.022929377853870392, -0.023655161261558533, -0.0525040365755558, 0.013275439850986004, -0.002985599683597684, -0.009978502057492733, -0.014734863303601742, 0.0029097385704517365, -0.024708474054932594, -0.049698274582624435, -0.0503629706799984, -0.05980881676077843, -0.005811707116663456, -0.0361931249499321, 0.009050140157341957, -0.026921670883893967, -0.0543808713555336, 0.0027402755804359913, -0.01714595966041088, 0.023813745006918907, -0.00350370816886425, 0.014857437461614609, -0.014433445408940315 ]
5,165
Train on Pins and Test on Obstacles for Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree
[ "Xingbo Du", "Ruizhe Zhong", "Junchi Yan" ]
The Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree (RSMT) is widely used in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and aims at connecting a set of pins using rectilinear edges while minimizing wirelength. Recently, learning-based methods have been explored to tackle this problem effectively. However, existing methods either suffer from excessive exploration of the search space or rely on heuristic combinations that compromise effectiveness and efficiency, and this limitation becomes notably exacerbated when extended to the obstacle-avoiding RSMT (OARSMT). To address this, we propose OAREST, a reinforcement learning-based framework for constructing an Obstacle-Avoiding Rectilinear Edge Sequence (RES) Tree. We theoretically establish the optimality of RES in obstacle-avoiding scenarios, which forms the foundation of our approach. Leveraging this theoretical insight, we introduce a dynamic masking strategy that supports parallel training across varying numbers of pins and extends to obstacles during inference. Empirical evaluations on both synthetic and real-world benchmarks show superior effectiveness and efficiency for RSMT and OARSMT problems, particularly in handling obstacles without training on them. Code available: \url{https://anonymous.4open.science/r/OAREST-D386/}.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.0008163854945451021, -0.020366309210658073, -0.006873055826872587, 0.05230819806456566, 0.025270402431488037, 0.013645268976688385, 0.03453756496310234, -0.006877470761537552, -0.02999296225607395, -0.04873736575245857, -0.02691327966749668, -0.029713984578847885, -0.05572474002838135, -0.020870964974164963, 0.001954247709363699, 0.05704575777053833, 0.025278231129050255, -0.022377707064151764, -0.014462837018072605, 0.0018885466270148754, -0.0009270536247640848, -0.021546948701143265, 0.02925514243543148, 0.03039218671619892, 0.04962262883782387, -0.0024279116187244654, 0.00775502622127533, 0.00023226410849019885, -0.03095303475856781, -0.001292706117965281, 0.02111162059009075, -0.034596070647239685, 0.023701578378677368, -0.033410437405109406, 0.023818595334887505, -0.00822400487959385, -0.05034169182181358, -0.014862856827676296, 0.022458594292402267, -0.019252579659223557, -0.024246878921985626, 0.03546177223324776, -0.027098946273326874, 0.021825088188052177, -0.005412398837506771, 0.038753874599933624, -0.09318572282791138, 0.05204188823699951, 0.017600975930690765, -0.008893126621842384, -0.10483480244874954, 0.0581483393907547, -0.010266290046274662, 0.01179126650094986, -0.003980586770921946, -0.005393660627305508, 0.01694313809275627, -0.0445246621966362, 0.025290435180068016, -0.04893574118614197, -0.02673456259071827, 0.013339729979634285, -0.0032349037937819958, 0.02506425976753235, -0.029743682593107224, -0.03612479567527771, 0.029076525941491127, 0.030076539143919945, -0.03142866492271423, -0.0029394510202109814, -0.040819201618433, -0.03506419435143471, -0.008385901339352131, 0.018927013501524925, 0.03646063804626465, -0.04138354957103729, 0.0072804405353963375, 0.042806562036275864, 0.06290323287248611, 0.03648831695318222, 0.03183284401893616, 0.015399946831166744, -0.011766758747398853, 0.027960656210780144, 0.03343832120299339, 0.00007078937051119283, -0.057386450469493866, 0.0056960443034768105, -0.0637054294347763, 0.03957908973097801, -0.012746759690344334, -0.06506668031215668, 0.0025157821364700794, 0.04761800542473793, 0.035857077687978745, -0.0014560505514964461, -0.022969044744968414, 0.024454303085803986, 0.02018638886511326, 0.01179033424705267, 0.008879633620381355, -0.0594492070376873, 0.029886266216635704, 0.006504394579678774, -0.09990906715393066, -0.006071156356483698, 0.004566610790789127, -0.016816940158605576, 0.010436971671879292, 0.009549134410917759, -0.06348523497581482, -0.013508420437574387, 0.021791549399495125, -0.03209007531404495, -0.08261947333812714, 0.04648284241557121, 0.007274887058883905, 0.0000778932444518432, -0.0015376382507383823, 0.006827744655311108, 0.030826399102807045, 0.04589061439037323, -0.005491346120834351, 0.05895145609974861, 0.01421965379267931, -0.003037310903891921, -0.020661724731326103, 0.04025047644972801, -0.035835426300764084, -0.003378605004400015, -0.015992624685168266, 0.0511847659945488, 0.019041860476136208, -0.008611625991761684, -0.0021622003987431526, -0.03405493497848511, 0.00966658815741539, 0.01778993010520935, 0.037515152245759964, -0.01721348986029625, -0.017304453998804092, -0.0022475342266261578, 0.08654502034187317, -0.01682824082672596, 0.062273576855659485, -0.042939797043800354, 0.029673105105757713, -0.020575204864144325, -0.035407666116952896, 0.01627347245812416, -0.012528834864497185, 0.02270936220884323, -0.0021026036702096462, -0.08277702331542969, 0.017823314294219017, 0.0746515616774559, 0.0386124886572361, 0.0436619333922863, -0.02239595353603363, -0.014151069335639477, 0.013124329037964344, -0.018711362034082413, -0.024310657754540443, 0.007515878416597843, -0.01690501905977726, -0.024327633902430534, 0.05606709420681, 0.020055288448929787, 0.0249012541025877, 0.03433246538043022, -0.03581211343407631, -0.026168735697865486, 0.049773208796978, 0.010568025521934032, -0.039191052317619324, -0.025927575305104256, 0.051323939114809036, -0.03770824521780014, 0.02557622455060482, 0.014748086221516132, -0.06666481494903564, 0.052842892706394196, 0.023406120017170906, -0.002346545923501253, 0.023616600781679153, -0.03708558529615402, 0.07784640043973923, -0.040767136961221695, -0.009464707225561142, -0.016633905470371246, -0.06934364885091782, -0.0402350053191185, 0.012962509877979755, -0.05863790959119797, 0.06582183390855789, 0.020340584218502045, -0.013785367831587791, 0.01874069683253765, -0.004159227479249239, 0.08355873823165894, 0.05998564139008522, 0.008344350382685661, 0.040614623576402664, -0.019315913319587708, -0.039136432111263275, -0.008016745559871197, 0.05482582002878189, -0.052215576171875, -0.019891003146767616, -0.004992719739675522, 0.023509584367275238, 0.00007768352224957198, 0.023203955963253975, -0.014147480949759483, 0.006521793082356453, -0.013622039929032326, 0.005042968317866325, -0.026281429454684258, 0.04417406767606735, -0.07410873472690582, 0.03326556831598282, 0.019912568852305412, -0.016618069261312485, 0.00960418302565813, -0.05504915490746498, 0.07578244805335999, 0.09721937030553818, -0.03874791041016579, -0.03064073994755745, 0.02024100534617901, -0.021575508639216423, -0.01047461573034525, 0.004548357333987951, 0.001037766458466649, 0.02029477246105671, -0.022841181606054306, -0.006882405374199152, -0.034900374710559845, 0.04441820830106735, -0.04811488464474678, -0.03734884783625603, 0.08539684116840363, 0.013797872699797153, 0.04234999418258667, 0.040842048823833466, -0.0003594396112021059, 0.034434959292411804, -0.01650470495223999, 0.005838234908878803, 0.006175978574901819, -0.04191933944821358, -0.013876030221581459, 0.03847389295697212, 0.0057929209433496, 0.004637805745005608, -0.06531164795160294, -0.005119570065289736, -0.02719787321984768, 0.07404928654432297, 0.03459019586443901, 0.025831542909145355, 0.058317285031080246, 0.014651103876531124, -0.025566691532731056, -0.04058292880654335, -0.12673601508140564, -0.03658442944288254, 0.007055929396301508, 0.056254904717206955, 0.03424527868628502, 0.05457981675863266, -0.009502270258963108, 0.01681297831237316, -0.022701768204569817, -0.028337225317955017, -0.00809499528259039, 0.017255211248993874, 0.041296981275081635, -0.015542455948889256, 0.0013472572900354862, 0.014503304846584797, 0.0682322233915329, -0.02799978107213974, -0.019671523943543434, -0.035133883357048035, -0.0006785160512663424, 0.01639832742512226, -0.06439374387264252, -0.018976710736751556, 0.005718959961086512, 0.0006014472455717623, 0.06320653110742569, -0.05908902734518051, 0.013445843011140823, 0.03374169394373894, 0.054689425975084305, 0.02906768210232258, -0.0019312180811539292, 0.0004715347313322127, -0.021522777155041695, 0.022876260802149773, 0.0027588284574449062, -0.03820892050862312, 0.01184361893683672, -0.016504211351275444, 0.017216619104146957, 0.03912181034684181, 0.0250280499458313, -0.26218312978744507, -0.013519451953470707, -0.011674187146127224, -0.017665905877947807, 0.02758720889687538, -0.01245202962309122, 0.0651295855641365, -0.021256156265735626, -0.03304283693432808, -0.00951647013425827, 0.02553802728652954, 0.0006264427211135626, 0.010543440468609333, 0.03664679080247879, 0.03517362102866173, 0.004528162069618702, -0.017354121431708336, -0.03849092498421669, 0.01530827209353447, 0.035898130387067795, -0.014662452973425388, -0.08193612843751907, 0.02687700279057026, -0.010239900089800358, -0.017934739589691162, 0.0230936948210001, -0.09577896445989609, 0.003107575699687004, -0.03984193876385689, -0.02121320739388466, -0.008729648776352406, -0.03709252551198006, 0.009589017368853092, 0.00031321984715759754, 0.01726384460926056, -0.005329115316271782, 0.05941322445869446, -0.007729938719421625, 0.035518888384103775, 0.036337271332740784, 0.01630694605410099, -0.024706408381462097, -0.015884384512901306, 0.030545081943273544, 0.0526798740029335, 0.0006795648369006813, 0.004657447338104248, -0.02168748341500759, 0.0024002220015972853, 0.05678253620862961, 0.0013299606507644057, -0.011142536997795105, 0.012060857377946377, -0.020244475454092026, 0.02291623316705227, -0.029129108414053917, -0.010122689418494701, -0.05592123791575432, -0.029731225222349167, 0.018142614513635635, 0.0012757827062159777, -0.024599939584732056, -0.02648085169494152, 0.005808375775814056, -0.01765887252986431, -0.03771921992301941, -0.03301217034459114, -0.04531735181808472, 0.009505056776106358, -0.0029255927074700594, -0.0072643086314201355, 0.014631371945142746, -0.01602545939385891, -0.10227133333683014, -0.001446806127205491, 0.018334994092583656, -0.05240234360098839, -0.01839948631823063, -0.017639098688960075, 0.012653962709009647, -0.043433643877506256, -0.0616629458963871, -0.004346354864537716, 0.041815001517534256, 0.012350305914878845, -0.004212959669530392, 0.013224038295447826, -0.06355321407318115, -0.022885028272867203, -0.009987112134695053, 0.021927619352936745, 0.020852021872997284, 0.008908023126423359, -0.051726195961236954, 0.074468694627285, 0.025715988129377365, 0.034051984548568726, 0.02130345068871975, 0.04965114966034889, 0.03281991556286812, -0.012890390120446682, -0.022966302931308746, 0.020261546596884727, -0.001786009524948895, -0.03320770710706711, 0.01782989501953125, -0.04193073883652687, -0.026266681030392647, 0.03912298381328583, 0.015695158392190933, -0.015226306393742561, -0.0586509145796299, -0.008503780700266361, -0.009077719412744045, -0.012975250370800495, -0.005218777805566788, 0.009926912374794483, -0.0023052541073411703, 0.05590522661805153, -0.037189193069934845, -0.042543742805719376, 0.03882189840078354, -0.01691448874771595, 0.0057660737074911594, 0.0004891487187705934, 0.00455084815621376, 0.020728249102830887, -0.009784022346138954, -0.0009716491913422942, 0.008815508335828781, 0.03289203718304634, 0.05910950154066086, 0.028660306707024574, 0.020493177697062492, 0.029554100707173347, 0.004018623847514391, -0.03793226182460785, 0.02266862615942955, 0.04463007673621178, -0.03166043013334274, 0.010036954656243324, 0.01879141479730606, 0.0431489571928978, 0.005949175916612148, 0.02447732910513878, -0.00023168786719907075, 0.005192162469029427, -0.005078459158539772, -0.013905308209359646, -0.015434610657393932, 0.021384669467806816, -0.07182516902685165, 0.05818111076951027, -0.05111871659755707, 0.046167563647031784, -0.03706156462430954, 0.005485322792083025, -0.006242432165890932, 0.02534838207066059, -0.06954318284988403, 0.0691261813044548, 0.044969357550144196, -0.0011742973001673818, 0.007890453562140465, 0.037916455417871475, 0.058606602251529694, -0.013935060240328312, -0.023163847625255585, -0.02561281807720661, -0.032903674989938736, -0.007506766822189093, -0.06767795234918594, -0.041405849158763885, 0.013269716873764992, -0.05115749314427376, 0.03174789994955063, 0.005818716250360012, -0.04213358461856842, -0.039516448974609375, -0.015198961831629276, -0.03306012228131294, -0.02096768282353878, 0.01665024273097515, 0.004309145268052816, 0.06788739562034607, -0.025193892419338226, -0.00924705620855093, 0.01830671913921833, -0.004533776547759771, 0.052957527339458466, 0.023738091811537743, 0.04548315703868866, -0.04865564778447151, -0.012508655898272991, -0.04591992124915123, -0.030396727845072746, -0.008411985822021961, 0.03264254331588745, -0.025586144998669624, -0.01758440211415291, -0.03825617581605911, 0.026181183755397797, -0.005576130468398333, 0.013373023830354214, 0.02281041070818901, -0.048717476427555084, 0.011370106600224972, 0.05055205523967743, 0.01418844610452652, 0.0385872907936573, -0.050338514149188995, -0.014910738915205002, -0.033434364944696426, -0.009596731513738632, -0.01265975832939148, -0.0280182845890522, -0.02954712137579918, 0.021902553737163544, 0.008026120252907276, -0.003922527655959129, 0.033319149166345596, -0.008063185960054398, 0.00887394417077303, -0.028108563274145126, -0.014783834107220173, 0.08041943609714508, 0.003147771116346121, -0.0008539647096768022, -0.03276946395635605, -0.02631608210504055, -0.008353352546691895, -0.05320752039551735, 0.020655672997236252, 0.03104167804121971, 0.004311969969421625, -0.019545534625649452, -0.06142868846654892, 0.033109065145254135, 0.0016275340458378196, 0.0026177396066486835, 0.01951558142900467, -0.011188909411430359, -0.025813840329647064, 0.017556408420205116, 0.0019131151493638754, 0.026209408417344093, 0.027182530611753464, -0.030248066410422325, 0.015111799351871014, -0.0019009552197530866, 0.03484445437788963, 0.006681676954030991, -0.05195620656013489, 0.00045629346277564764, 0.025457274168729782, -0.012491161935031414, -0.03984680026769638, -0.05875096097588539, -0.051570095121860504, 0.03130673989653587, -0.023532025516033173, 0.02858811244368553, -0.04764467850327492, 0.04101788252592087, 0.011123966425657272, 0.05140923336148262, 0.008913463912904263, -0.07315384596586227, 0.011266051791608334, -0.0499754436314106, 0.012557431124150753, -0.04852322116494179, 0.028128860518336296, 0.060483481734991074, -0.05006683990359306, 0.0038459831848740578, 0.009158111177384853, -0.019033346325159073, 0.015796605497598648, -0.0380842462182045, -0.06112533062696457, 0.021025337278842926, 0.002829016651958227, 0.005009348038583994, 0.01246296614408493, -0.00973311997950077, 0.0006167442188598216, -0.00258645205758512, -0.0301821231842041, 0.04744739457964897, 0.001559678465127945, 0.01739913411438465, -0.021333973854780197, 0.034167058765888214, -0.013271724805235863, -0.047221239656209946, -0.0024288699496537447, 0.03122525103390217, -0.005867063067853451, 0.03089953027665615, -0.054952848702669144, 0.053075965493917465, 0.07715319097042084, 0.006668308284133673, 0.009302804246544838, 0.02044098824262619, 0.03413231298327446, -0.05890428647398949, 0.04992388188838959, -0.0018857314717024565, -0.012690878473222256, -0.05983444303274155, 0.0730493888258934, 0.024805979803204536, -0.09896925836801529, 0.03205202892422676, 0.03384176269173622, -0.08224967867136002, 0.012675054371356964, -0.004806268494576216, 0.005593068897724152, 0.06156342104077339, 0.06257562339305878, -0.042835552245378494, 0.019700784236192703, 0.07356831431388855, -0.007909194566309452, -0.038040801882743835, -0.005450431723147631, 0.09922966361045837, 0.06555400043725967, 0.014731964096426964, -0.04904445633292198, 0.043922536075115204, -0.03570592403411865, -0.03734166920185089, 0.02082444354891777, -0.0016132668824866414, -0.021509764716029167, -0.02367459610104561, 0.010238813236355782, 0.05385896936058998, -0.012418752536177635, 0.045059558004140854, -0.06224187836050987, -0.018930736929178238, 0.06324667483568192, 0.015352882444858551, 0.004538804292678833, 0.05542627349495888, 0.0358356274664402, -0.016586994752287865, -0.01778913103044033, -0.018153829500079155, -0.012125595472753048, -0.0007993034669198096, 0.00510956346988678, 0.004573207814246416, -0.022504976019263268, -0.006135230418294668, -0.008374765515327454, 0.026159334927797318, 0.09131068736314774, -0.040239691734313965, -0.038562677800655365, -0.019922932609915733, 0.030832674354314804, 0.005424371920526028, 0.0377594493329525, 0.0020540240220725536, -0.04060343652963638, 0.002235161606222391, -0.05465734377503395, 0.04121001437306404, -0.008342321030795574, 0.03456500917673111, 0.004580018110573292, 0.0030832262709736824, -0.023143304511904716, 0.02877541072666645, 0.0007298592245206237, -0.05103065073490143, -0.03329652175307274, -0.06159117445349693, -0.04665546119213104, -0.03135295212268829, -0.029217228293418884, -0.05396195128560066, -0.004243290517479181, -0.0502164252102375, -0.028690187260508537, -0.0068618496879935265, 0.021299613639712334, 0.011694666929543018, -0.019577162340283394, 0.0005361420335248113, 0.028796013444662094, 0.010000583715736866, -0.023327739909291267, 0.06484130769968033, 0.027703706175088882, 0.007343546021729708, -0.012850356288254261, 0.0026852162554860115, 0.018040677532553673, 0.024181129410862923, 0.01603316143155098, -0.02793973870575428, -0.08444544672966003, -0.005433900281786919, 0.028362872079014778, 0.010885192081332207, -0.07802507281303406, -0.01052753534168005, -0.04227329418063164, 0.07028114795684814, 0.04948800802230835, -0.022842224687337875, 0.02482793480157852, 0.0035178051330149174, 0.0020071882754564285, -0.002043146872892976, -0.04019670560956001, 0.04328565299510956, -0.03058178722858429, 0.010255423374474049, 0.05262879654765129, -0.05614662542939186, -0.01283345092087984, 0.042846884578466415, 0.01479240320622921, 0.00569622777402401, -0.016072319820523262, -0.04500293359160423, -0.051567401736974716, -0.10033588856458664, -0.022124232724308968, 0.03621174395084381, 0.031146002933382988, -0.04051894694566727, 0.017057102173566818, -0.012410381808876991, -0.024753674864768982, 0.0030711651779711246, -0.03320642188191414, -0.00660934392362833, -0.044956959784030914, -0.009850378148257732, -0.035941146314144135, 0.02556765079498291, -0.0213095061480999, 0.03775297477841377, 0.0061516850255429745, -0.008743507787585258, 0.04056038334965706, 0.01277046650648117, 0.038577403873205185, 0.01850595697760582, -0.001267838291823864, -0.03649549558758736 ]
5,166
Vgent: Graph-based Retrieval-Reasoning-Augmented Generation For Long Video Understanding
[ "Xiaoqian Shen", "Wenxuan Zhang", "Jun Chen", "Mohamed Elhoseiny" ]
Understanding and reasoning over long videos pose significant challenges for large video language models (LVLMs) due to the difficulty in processing intensive video tokens beyond context window and retaining long-term sequential information. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has demonstrated effectiveness in processing long context for Large Language Models (LLMs); however, applying RAG to long video faces challenges such as disrupted temporal dependencies and inclusion of irrelevant information that can hinder accurate reasoning. To address these limitations, we propose Vgent, a novel \textbf{graph-based retrieval-reasoning-augmented generation framework} to enhance LVLMs for long video understanding. Our approach introduces two key innovations: (i) It represents videos by structured graphs with semantic relationships across video clips preserved to improve retrieval effectiveness. (ii) It introduces an intermediate reasoning step to mitigate the reasoning limitation of LVLMs, which leverages structured verification to reduce retrieval noise and facilitate the explicit aggregation of relevant information across clips, resulting in more accurate and context-aware responses.We comprehensively evaluate our framework with various open-source LVLMs on three long-video understanding benchmarks. Our approach yielded an overall performance improvement of $3.0\%\sim 5.4\%$ over base models on MLVU, and outperformed state-of-the-art video RAG methods by $8.6\%$. Our code will be made publicly available\footnote{Please refer to the \href{https://anonymous.4open.science/r/Vgent-83E7}{ anonymous GitHub link} for access to the code.}.
spotlight
2510.14032
null
https://xiaoqian-shen.github.io/Vgent/
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.021782126277685165, -0.023141784593462944, 0.02177906408905983, 0.06318753212690353, 0.025093460455536842, -0.0011321132769808173, 0.043544963002204895, -0.007427362259477377, -0.02992234006524086, -0.02853701263666153, -0.018835177645087242, 0.022862141951918602, -0.055274974554777145, 0.008026340045034885, 0.019618596881628036, 0.05331246554851532, 0.012937264516949654, 0.023821400478482246, 0.017293348908424377, 0.02031257003545761, -0.014220180921256542, -0.028887690976262093, 0.042924914509058, 0.019420700147747993, 0.023003896698355675, 0.003111650003120303, 0.01934228651225567, 0.004994012415409088, -0.0625007227063179, -0.011148040182888508, 0.018080968409776688, -0.03268517553806305, 0.014180397614836693, -0.023385699838399887, -0.0019890328403562307, -0.017521485686302185, -0.06201709806919098, 0.02193300798535347, 0.021264735609292984, 0.012930022552609444, -0.01611955836415291, 0.0010815862333402038, 0.014111868105828762, -0.03174448758363724, -0.061769645661115646, 0.004906284157186747, -0.07021873444318771, 0.04734768345952034, 0.018425561487674713, -0.04650936648249626, -0.08033288270235062, 0.04045197740197182, -0.005725902039557695, 0.01129587646573782, 0.0056618391536176205, 0.028187641873955727, 0.06278979778289795, -0.09033629298210144, 0.00935417041182518, -0.04070668667554855, -0.035818781703710556, 0.019065529108047485, 0.039120059460401535, 0.01330570224672556, -0.022903189063072205, -0.0308745838701725, -0.01639985665678978, 0.04762470722198486, -0.04585053771734238, -0.05548524111509323, 0.00857329647988081, 0.019121089950203896, -0.03647717833518982, 0.0167914517223835, -0.009212436154484749, -0.022677700966596603, 0.04121021181344986, 0.02732819691300392, 0.05814683809876442, -0.024213803932070732, 0.01131205540150404, 0.03488285094499588, -0.01557787973433733, 0.04941687732934952, 0.021622130647301674, 0.03275834396481514, -0.04802509397268295, -0.041396353393793106, -0.0645393580198288, 0.011789384298026562, -0.035807833075523376, -0.04412500560283661, 0.010128090158104897, 0.04883481189608574, -0.014505940489470959, -0.004127909429371357, 0.0009627618710510433, 0.0032728654332458973, 0.046658955514431, 0.030316952615976334, -0.0479099377989769, -0.03713099658489227, 0.048861172050237656, -0.01463341061025858, -0.11291075497865677, -0.013689173385500908, -0.03651368245482445, -0.019903361797332764, 0.012651135213673115, -0.02214161679148674, -0.03057350218296051, 0.04111218824982643, 0.0430290624499321, -0.0021957659628242254, -0.044524554163217545, 0.031861186027526855, 0.011731429025530815, 0.010459807701408863, -0.017561806365847588, 0.04381287842988968, 0.04836592450737953, 0.021176310256123543, 0.00018795252253767103, 0.07423931360244751, -0.008738791570067406, 0.03078419342637062, 0.017209356650710106, 0.009097331203520298, -0.028105968609452248, -0.022523842751979828, 0.05017197132110596, 0.01952485926449299, -0.007111845072358847, 0.021976051852107048, -0.01243039034307003, 0.032521575689315796, -0.0006283401744440198, -0.02089405618607998, 0.044855713844299316, -0.03453606367111206, -0.012960304506123066, -0.036630988121032715, 0.038942448794841766, -0.015200812369585037, 0.09803289920091629, -0.00916342157870531, -0.03946971893310547, -0.01779051683843136, -0.026755455881357193, -0.02141372300684452, 0.02635139971971512, -0.005857974290847778, 0.017560621723532677, -0.06787341088056564, -0.0037700526881963015, 0.09856469184160233, 0.033666957169771194, 0.00023161711578723043, 0.020660381764173508, 0.00016378729196731, 0.004170349333435297, 0.026105456054210663, -0.023124294355511665, 0.0668482780456543, -0.031829848885536194, -0.052366722375154495, -0.016783230006694794, 0.013856876641511917, -0.03544548526406288, -0.00518549932166934, -0.019633052870631218, -0.030422167852520943, 0.04893249273300171, -0.029880093410611153, -0.051619820296764374, 0.004825780168175697, 0.07865661382675171, 0.014743172563612461, 0.0396137461066246, 0.0033046866301447153, -0.07094867527484894, 0.030569763854146004, 0.0066011701710522175, -0.01664573699235916, 0.0026596353854984045, -0.00784078799188137, 0.09857355058193207, -0.016079958528280258, -0.0033697395119816065, 0.00872606411576271, -0.0532163567841053, -0.014473162591457367, -0.00755359698086977, -0.01755138672888279, 0.045433465391397476, 0.0019938822370022535, 0.005129468161612749, 0.04140007123351097, 0.04145008698105812, 0.06768283993005753, 0.05061650276184082, -0.0022273240610957146, 0.044588036835193634, -0.01531020924448967, -0.01063151191920042, 0.01005199272185564, 0.022276069968938828, -0.040308933705091476, -0.04970065876841545, 0.013366218656301498, 0.000444230274297297, 0.017558004707098007, 0.009894941933453083, -0.01800878532230854, 0.0041332240216434, 0.04349209740757942, -0.004103101324290037, -0.008250102400779724, 0.02949158102273941, -0.05575734004378319, 0.041064195334911346, -0.008231700398027897, -0.014518515206873417, -0.016772029921412468, -0.05503610149025917, 0.08144736289978027, 0.056822456419467926, -0.05115062743425369, -0.016152510419487953, 0.0009249886497855186, -0.004573240876197815, 0.02208726480603218, -0.008672982454299927, -0.05813032388687134, -0.016051625832915306, -0.041237711906433105, 0.020977085456252098, -0.014999463222920895, 0.048369795083999634, -0.04676363244652748, -0.0030338941141963005, 0.061321012675762177, 0.011536726728081703, 0.027994856238365173, -0.021178798750042915, 0.00082152069080621, 0.037587810307741165, 0.022686870768666267, -0.007812212686985731, -0.023347077891230583, 0.018122239038348198, 0.007987773045897484, -0.021412815898656845, -0.03971821069717407, 0.010778450407087803, -0.0463825948536396, -0.02616235613822937, -0.03861955925822258, 0.05375504493713379, 0.07396524399518967, 0.04701085016131401, 0.009369980543851852, 0.022274326533079147, -0.04977604001760483, -0.02787165157496929, -0.10132770985364914, -0.05980466306209564, -0.03927018120884895, -0.009748089127242565, 0.0032596481032669544, 0.035750433802604675, 0.009794612415134907, 0.018093444406986237, -0.02384166233241558, -0.02744711935520172, 0.01759110577404499, 0.049518316984176636, 0.024916673079133034, -0.04798983037471771, -0.023838894441723824, 0.01732572913169861, 0.06384693831205368, -0.005482844077050686, -0.0251043438911438, -0.03426245227456093, -0.042577534914016724, -0.015887083485722542, -0.021646808832883835, -0.0036597640719264746, 0.007723047398030758, 0.025288250297307968, 0.008546832948923111, -0.03081531636416912, 0.01579073816537857, 0.06054196134209633, 0.05598800629377365, 0.051241036504507065, -0.01784871518611908, -0.028992466628551483, 0.024589695036411285, -0.02603304199874401, 0.02402535453438759, -0.0006720058154314756, 0.012107727117836475, -0.0022399723529815674, -0.008200515992939472, -0.006912218872457743, -0.030868394300341606, -0.2753228545188904, -0.02784029021859169, 0.018695000559091568, -0.009501838125288486, 0.04389386624097824, -0.04781467467546463, 0.04346898943185806, -0.0628315731883049, -0.04528561979532242, 0.014945927076041698, 0.03846733644604683, 0.0468049980700016, 0.0012089719530194998, 0.03724991902709007, 0.07300373166799545, 0.01560213789343834, 0.004510346334427595, -0.02812035195529461, 0.02718844637274742, 0.02127053402364254, -0.011484342627227306, -0.06820371001958847, -0.029677020385861397, 0.04206721857190132, -0.011970389634370804, 0.015335648320615292, -0.0722515657544136, -0.002229450037702918, -0.03756600618362427, -0.023623283952474594, 0.013640758581459522, -0.025728460401296616, 0.000760239374358207, 0.03777950257062912, -0.005829488858580589, 0.022237002849578857, 0.05021267011761665, -0.024412205442786217, 0.03660448640584946, -0.002672341652214527, 0.03538034111261368, -0.03205699101090431, -0.018954293802380562, 0.025264661759138107, 0.06012675166130066, -0.012076727114617825, -0.07790286839008331, -0.011221086606383324, -0.011887914501130581, 0.04562477022409439, -0.014059617184102535, -0.0031646080315113068, -0.0048546870239079, -0.016164524480700493, -0.009187783114612103, -0.07138501852750778, 0.03250941261649132, -0.029360143467783928, -0.000039152102544903755, -0.005760507192462683, 0.0076577612198889256, -0.013601613231003284, -0.02871181070804596, -0.021566079929471016, -0.018042011186480522, -0.030369287356734276, -0.03001706302165985, -0.056399960070848465, 0.0176558680832386, 0.023404892534017563, -0.011401455849409103, 0.054975997656583786, -0.0063125500455498695, -0.1024460569024086, -0.016697287559509277, 0.006025339476764202, -0.021419556811451912, -0.01474173367023468, 0.002389284083619714, 0.06114599481225014, -0.038695015013217926, -0.04947950318455696, 0.008972134441137314, 0.02019423060119152, 0.0196843184530735, -0.022971104830503464, 0.023718908429145813, -0.04454611986875534, 0.021551551297307014, -0.026839645579457283, 0.06399337947368622, -0.0035944445990025997, 0.016559896990656853, 0.06073436513543129, 0.0255857203155756, 0.03987925872206688, 0.018021225929260254, 0.04090870916843414, 0.05176991969347, 0.015126396901905537, 0.02695169486105442, -0.07283259928226471, 0.016961464658379555, -0.022685522213578224, -0.0278021190315485, 0.005279637407511473, -0.0487016886472702, -0.016715722158551216, 0.036845263093709946, 0.002822408452630043, -0.06666787713766098, 0.025655483826994896, 0.01747053489089012, 0.0024789271410554647, -0.010826184414327145, -0.006301931105554104, -0.005279000848531723, 0.031125422567129135, 0.021803373470902443, -0.04731277376413345, -0.03380906209349632, 0.010870127938687801, -0.044576700776815414, 0.02582262083888054, -0.004224233329296112, -0.017984792590141296, -0.0010857169982045889, -0.01086964551359415, -0.03272470459342003, 0.013399610295891762, 0.02632666565477848, 0.0229873675853014, -0.0008816195768304169, 0.023570062592625618, 0.07682360708713531, -0.029933450743556023, -0.0020016462076455355, -0.01086668111383915, 0.04034869745373726, -0.02616506814956665, -0.02394520491361618, -0.001077546738088131, 0.009857884608209133, 0.03791084885597229, 0.009316986426711082, 0.01550024189054966, 0.052247703075408936, 0.029093904420733452, -0.0026317115407437086, -0.0011964055011048913, 0.04672466218471527, -0.052746452391147614, -0.003897021058946848, -0.023732546716928482, -0.001056262874044478, -0.029741166159510612, 0.035884320735931396, 0.007013719994574785, 0.026209253817796707, -0.0764114186167717, 0.05977879837155342, 0.00906930211931467, 0.00012480164878070354, 0.01862148754298687, 0.007548520807176828, 0.04103730991482735, 0.019401362165808678, -0.008881840854883194, 0.016820764169096947, 0.014436927624046803, -0.019515199586749077, -0.022631334140896797, -0.014017081819474697, 0.002451593754813075, -0.005118404980748892, 0.013357371091842651, -0.0064787836745381355, -0.01520663220435381, -0.04874477535486221, 0.054834797978401184, 0.009575363248586655, -0.02942379005253315, 0.008208909071981907, 0.0031412639655172825, 0.0713254064321518, 0.01827346161007881, -0.008451730012893677, -0.0163342896848917, -0.05719999969005585, 0.023471590131521225, 0.0026064282283186913, 0.02272004820406437, -0.0013245174195617437, -0.034909386187791824, -0.04221813380718231, -0.06941768527030945, 0.0387800931930542, -0.014796050265431404, -0.033129479736089706, -0.0090662045404315, 0.014025586657226086, 0.010574144311249256, -0.038210585713386536, 0.004705216269940138, 0.016315964981913567, -0.04645225778222084, -0.007425548043102026, 0.014347052201628685, -0.012693081982433796, 0.014291995204985142, -0.024492379277944565, -0.04184712842106819, -0.035953667014837265, -0.03227433189749718, 0.010262853465974331, -0.00966789573431015, 0.01164357177913189, -0.016348185017704964, 0.011075479909777641, -0.0031109079718589783, 0.01743735373020172, 0.005806080065667629, 0.0004506099794525653, 0.0013260719133540988, 0.00006383304571500048, 0.05924006551504135, -0.03420192748308182, -0.02267337404191494, 0.02024063840508461, -0.04488099366426468, 0.005852801725268364, -0.04622627794742584, 0.005575086921453476, 0.06955015659332275, -0.017057020217180252, -0.0029863424133509398, -0.048858221620321274, 0.05588660389184952, 0.023820970207452774, -0.04101337492465973, 0.017208578065037727, 0.005034315399825573, -0.018965164199471474, 0.03140851855278015, 0.019757311791181564, 0.027759414166212082, 0.01210248563438654, -0.006577698048204184, 0.017905965447425842, 0.02768472209572792, 0.029084201902151108, -0.009601482190191746, -0.03380623832345009, -0.02569972351193428, 0.06469006091356277, -0.06655445694923401, -0.016727745532989502, -0.0714864581823349, -0.02206510305404663, 0.03800318390130997, -0.011152571998536587, 0.010535869747400284, -0.02366720326244831, 0.032443225383758545, 0.0032818936742842197, 0.034106649458408356, 0.025166397914290428, 0.008194140158593655, 0.04115110635757446, -0.03272226080298424, 0.005532505456358194, -0.07564301043748856, -0.03536960855126381, 0.054766446352005005, -0.016233598813414574, -0.007644673343747854, -0.02640635333955288, -0.0746774822473526, 0.057872965931892395, -0.012326620519161224, -0.04183066263794899, 0.016614045947790146, -0.0372493639588356, 0.006466464605182409, 0.01652723178267479, -0.007707232143729925, -0.022958308458328247, 0.012796416878700256, -0.04110616818070412, -0.002113466616719961, -0.019440313801169395, 0.05639294162392616, -0.019487475976347923, 0.012603595852851868, -0.028191912919282913, -0.013069123961031437, 0.021147577092051506, 0.06844436377286911, 0.01955481618642807, 0.017941193655133247, 0.006025758571922779, 0.07027611881494522, 0.054240550845861435, -0.0040022642351686954, 0.038694191724061966, -0.011430556885898113, -0.009974873624742031, -0.0592416413128376, 0.06594418734312057, 0.0028773017693310976, -0.03839107230305672, -0.07068886607885361, 0.08921074122190475, 0.02394085004925728, -0.03807951882481575, 0.005846736021339893, 0.035242658108472824, -0.030828827992081642, -0.02114066481590271, -0.018447531387209892, -0.0067644682712852955, -0.022371096536517143, 0.056535959243774414, -0.0017849210416898131, 0.05930226668715477, 0.06505095958709717, 0.020843904465436935, -0.01016327366232872, -0.013280235230922699, 0.052788689732551575, 0.05264304578304291, 0.05571833625435829, -0.02190394699573517, 0.09547499567270279, -0.031124761328101158, -0.01853567734360695, 0.0260777585208416, 0.021082298830151558, -0.023562049493193626, -0.04374072700738907, 0.00967463105916977, 0.06531687080860138, 0.0004321378655731678, 0.06225012242794037, -0.06387683749198914, -0.014417571015655994, 0.050623588263988495, -0.03695446625351906, 0.008216398768126965, 0.023189693689346313, 0.02989097498357296, -0.013352525420486927, -0.040800824761390686, -0.004948359914124012, 0.0015065321931615472, -0.02550831437110901, 0.03570026159286499, -0.005813721567392349, 0.001778415055014193, 0.017116978764533997, -0.037532027810811996, 0.021632160991430283, 0.12490854412317276, -0.039455581456422806, -0.04270188882946968, 0.0019726671744138002, 0.02801552414894104, 0.001995477359741926, 0.04565167799592018, -0.021880939602851868, -0.006808068603277206, 0.018577178940176964, -0.0609671026468277, 0.012605570256710052, 0.03853222727775574, 0.002310422481968999, 0.018572723492980003, -0.02571881003677845, -0.05543290078639984, 0.005440359469503164, 0.011961973272264004, -0.02773617021739483, -0.03861520066857338, -0.029440809041261673, -0.04289916530251503, -0.06923282891511917, -0.021281050518155098, 0.029525982216000557, 0.01096944510936737, -0.042157091200351715, -0.03323192894458771, -0.014929783530533314, 0.0008876002975739539, 0.012202532030642033, -0.07061300426721573, 0.00988595187664032, 0.021540572866797447, 0.019037635996937752, 0.027332013472914696, 0.03456922993063927, 0.0102047398686409, -0.011655140668153763, -0.005466930102556944, 0.010426326654851437, 0.03872068598866463, 0.011185362003743649, -0.01582036167383194, -0.028211012482643127, -0.11256011575460434, 0.017676088958978653, 0.02123393304646015, -0.05246658995747566, -0.07003919035196304, 0.0021246103569865227, -0.029957134276628494, 0.03495350107550621, 0.06960892677307129, 0.0024263449013233185, 0.02837063930928707, -0.048675619065761566, 0.01241298671811819, 0.01857624016702175, 0.012927827425301075, 0.057343993335962296, -0.036253921687603, 0.05622339993715286, 0.009290355257689953, 0.00017715287685859948, -0.05350311100482941, 0.019295709207654, -0.0032760940957814455, 0.01293919887393713, -0.022762155160307884, -0.022997956722974777, -0.036766983568668365, -0.11278945952653885, -0.04023083299398422, 0.0001987466966966167, -0.01778079755604267, -0.021561317145824432, -0.018559297546744347, 0.0011137252440676093, -0.020248359069228172, -0.02026323787868023, -0.0253093671053648, 0.00045466554001905024, -0.014432443305850029, -0.031415555626153946, -0.034622471779584885, 0.023179467767477036, -0.03922852501273155, -0.0068060252815485, -0.007049849722534418, -0.06193317472934723, -0.01632694900035858, -0.01823176071047783, 0.0142687251791358, 0.016747858375310898, 0.04697169363498688, -0.020533645525574684 ]
5,167
SteerConf: Steering LLMs for Confidence Elicitation
[ "Ziang Zhou", "Tianyuan Jin", "Jieming Shi", "Qing Li" ]
Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance across diverse domains but often suffer from overconfidence, limiting their reliability in critical applications. We propose SteerConf, a novel framework that systematically steers LLMs' confidence scores to improve their calibration and reliability. SteerConf introduces three key components: (1) a steering prompt strategy that guides LLMs to produce confidence scores in specified directions (e.g., conservative or optimistic) by leveraging prompts with varying steering levels; (2) a steered confidence consistency measure that quantifies alignment across multiple steered confidences to enhance calibration; and (3) a steered confidence calibration method that aggregates confidence scores using consistency measures and applies linear quantization for answer selection. SteerConf operates without additional training or fine-tuning, making it broadly applicable to existing LLMs. Experiments on seven benchmarks spanning professional knowledge, common sense, ethics, and reasoning tasks, using advanced LLM models (GPT-3.5, LLaMA 3, GPT-4), demonstrate that SteerConf significantly outperforms existing methods, often by a significant margin. Our findings highlight the potential of steering the confidence of LLMs to enhance their reliability for safer deployment in real-world applications. The implementation is at \url{https://anonymous.4open.science/r/SteerConf-00FB/}.
poster
2503.02863
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.01828361302614212, -0.03793969750404358, 0.004360151942819357, 0.046133603900671005, 0.03745780512690544, 0.02669176459312439, 0.024491233751177788, 0.020799869671463966, -0.0164162777364254, 0.004768572747707367, -0.02161550335586071, 0.0644725114107132, -0.05075844004750252, -0.011624637991189957, -0.008145217783749104, 0.04263520985841751, 0.00782380998134613, 0.027931347489356995, 0.04482989013195038, 0.014696127735078335, 0.009495886974036694, -0.034316010773181915, 0.03445209935307503, 0.011527757160365582, 0.05045334994792938, 0.008779989555478096, 0.03182712197303772, -0.007253432180732489, -0.05215692147612572, -0.01734277419745922, 0.05299083888530731, -0.007580317556858063, 0.007077960763126612, -0.012125980108976364, 0.010396654717624187, -0.006518302485346794, -0.04453175887465477, 0.013657916337251663, 0.031713251024484634, 0.02306477725505829, -0.01603800430893898, 0.01819007284939289, 0.0008132227812893689, 0.011407491751015186, -0.05062968283891678, 0.012182874605059624, -0.09989633411169052, 0.034211836755275726, 0.0385877899825573, -0.046379342675209045, -0.12196829915046692, 0.02917264960706234, -0.02460659109055996, -0.002913174917921424, 0.0035983091220259666, 0.017917022109031677, 0.0815880298614502, -0.10221398621797562, 0.005390051286667585, -0.02659575641155243, -0.0548417791724205, 0.05043564364314079, 0.012308445759117603, 0.03975154086947441, -0.00006860714347567409, 0.00048568067722953856, -0.001493200077675283, 0.012574641034007072, -0.0850394144654274, -0.041796278208494186, -0.03285280242562294, -0.002758057089522481, -0.010689487680792809, -0.009553021751344204, 0.006172083783894777, -0.07035248726606369, 0.01038436871021986, 0.053302522748708725, 0.06265002489089966, -0.00861094705760479, -0.002003329573199153, 0.0047856951132416725, 0.004945681430399418, 0.05606885999441147, 0.001444537891075015, 0.015995584428310394, -0.014518563635647297, -0.06135447695851326, -0.07232940942049026, 0.017839983105659485, 0.0020761701744049788, -0.06723331660032272, 0.0035759671591222286, 0.0195942185819149, 0.04438766837120056, 0.0016799569129943848, 0.04636671766638756, -0.004953918978571892, -0.021602312102913857, -0.02259458787739277, -0.0157992634922266, -0.03702802211046219, 0.001789125963114202, 0.019053468480706215, -0.11441148817539215, 0.004939963575452566, -0.026975233107805252, -0.011746601201593876, -0.026607630774378777, -0.0010675272205844522, -0.01791650988161564, -0.016197342425584793, 0.005777182523161173, 0.0010845463257282972, -0.07084784656763077, 0.01309276930987835, 0.023954523727297783, 0.02040862664580345, 0.010538805276155472, 0.013787565752863884, 0.04149250686168671, 0.05541768670082092, 0.023861834779381752, 0.05799940973520279, -0.04983488470315933, 0.055718425661325455, -0.005468539893627167, 0.028838815167546272, -0.017207195982336998, -0.03179829195141792, 0.007390568032860756, 0.024687662720680237, -0.005633208900690079, 0.01152980700135231, -0.03221641853451729, -0.005805518012493849, 0.014402192085981369, 0.019222455099225044, 0.050428736954927444, 0.03790216147899628, 0.01021767221391201, -0.011157752014696598, 0.06837086379528046, -0.007804492954164743, 0.048715103417634964, -0.020977284759283066, -0.02008850872516632, -0.022688385099172592, -0.06809962540864944, 0.025914978235960007, 0.01643829233944416, -0.01948586106300354, -0.016419535502791405, -0.06395324319601059, 0.016061412170529366, 0.0659489780664444, 0.03636682778596878, 0.00393068790435791, 0.015978820621967316, 0.020225444808602333, -0.00790439359843731, -0.0041941264644265175, -0.08904395997524261, -0.013796457089483738, -0.001851665205322206, -0.05705324187874794, 0.020340342074632645, 0.0025414242409169674, -0.043877147138118744, 0.030830491334199905, -0.0468459352850914, -0.02495097555220127, 0.04795592278242111, -0.011734509840607643, -0.02625015191733837, -0.02288243919610977, 0.05049122869968414, -0.0008519258117303252, 0.03998056426644325, 0.040801506489515305, -0.06771310418844223, 0.017475219443440437, 0.009809793904423714, -0.018355943262577057, 0.02550593949854374, -0.01266492996364832, 0.06876904517412186, -0.014059852808713913, -0.0008499540272168815, 0.03319694474339485, -0.09366706758737564, -0.023342810571193695, 0.01074463315308094, 0.013911331072449684, 0.06095060333609581, 0.0010466249659657478, 0.01215687207877636, 0.09029600024223328, 0.023209363222122192, 0.030923038721084595, 0.055709272623062134, -0.01122761145234108, 0.04914790764451027, -0.007805676199495792, -0.0454215332865715, 0.015037155710160732, 0.0448678582906723, -0.02996097318828106, -0.03850443288683891, 0.023321345448493958, -0.04436508193612099, 0.03223814070224762, 0.007883165962994099, 0.014806898310780525, 0.025568470358848572, 0.012541458941996098, -0.008852049708366394, -0.0184356439858675, 0.005514581687748432, -0.03446657210588455, 0.0540749616920948, 0.025355005636811256, 0.016695678234100342, 0.021354807540774345, -0.019471168518066406, 0.08333372324705124, 0.07727811485528946, -0.009857716038823128, -0.04399900883436203, 0.04402552917599678, -0.01149938628077507, -0.01194632239639759, 0.02890634536743164, -0.028958788141608238, -0.01431889459490776, -0.044004689902067184, 0.013599544763565063, -0.036519672721624374, 0.05871136859059334, -0.021970123052597046, 0.00789287406951189, 0.05728871002793312, -0.025547657161951065, 0.0704907774925232, -0.010015438310801983, 0.00890460517257452, 0.03877866640686989, -0.0014199772849678993, -0.005432925187051296, -0.042155589908361435, 0.010884098708629608, 0.004205616656690836, 0.03385835886001587, -0.02691817842423916, -0.004805666394531727, -0.03167013078927994, -0.005128088407218456, -0.027882762253284454, 0.0558648481965065, 0.07475394010543823, 0.024178922176361084, 0.03278534486889839, 0.009310144931077957, -0.023683318868279457, 0.004244824405759573, -0.08852024376392365, -0.012689249590039253, -0.021362049505114555, 0.01152990572154522, -0.004773473367094994, 0.020230624824762344, 0.003279526485130191, 0.028660114854574203, -0.04111046716570854, 0.01769593544304371, 0.018670525401830673, 0.027451906353235245, 0.02040272392332554, -0.023294709622859955, -0.017941715195775032, -0.0030663050711154938, 0.03378457948565483, -0.016159746795892715, 0.013758831657469273, -0.02442985586822033, -0.010289201512932777, 0.003308161161839962, -0.05811136215925217, 0.005717982538044453, 0.006223482545465231, -0.01796574704349041, -0.0032733986154198647, 0.004318904597312212, 0.028431309387087822, 0.0166892409324646, 0.03627404943108559, 0.05408079922199249, -0.004062322434037924, -0.0045950268395245075, 0.05349242314696312, -0.0051031652837991714, 0.0002097084652632475, 0.017555328086018562, 0.018572993576526642, -0.0012273312313482165, 0.012296263128519058, 0.007646272890269756, 0.0005999901914037764, -0.2576308846473694, -0.03184986859560013, -0.013322313316166401, -0.039248477667570114, 0.06352157145738602, -0.011445735581219196, 0.07842551171779633, -0.04425526037812233, -0.03666698932647705, 0.008720756508409977, 0.01192640233784914, 0.05758211389183998, -0.0039237188175320625, 0.03581156209111214, 0.05160000920295715, 0.04009110853075981, 0.002464629476889968, -0.037020761519670486, 0.037687841802835464, 0.010205904021859169, -0.03363790363073349, -0.07741083949804306, -0.016165031120181084, 0.061503008008003235, -0.02934197150170803, 0.06406975537538528, -0.06154490262269974, 0.006508180405944586, -0.020213084295392036, -0.02018682472407818, 0.00682629132643342, 0.0011650577653199434, -0.03467923775315285, 0.0251388568431139, 0.007000268436968327, 0.015570861287415028, 0.04209291934967041, -0.0008263587369583547, 0.05608706176280975, -0.010951980948448181, 0.02545062266290188, -0.04382461681962013, -0.027096500620245934, 0.018878187984228134, 0.05515573173761368, -0.011053965426981449, -0.07374043762683868, -0.014098742045462132, -0.01158421766012907, 0.045694500207901, -0.024901360273361206, -0.01743009313941002, -0.038001034408807755, 0.021916063502430916, 0.02501659281551838, -0.004464893601834774, 0.0014081154949963093, -0.014117935672402382, -0.016907943412661552, 0.014723951928317547, -0.03046499751508236, -0.0498979315161705, -0.02506702020764351, -0.05088082328438759, -0.0392594039440155, -0.041951313614845276, -0.056836582720279694, -0.03849898651242256, 0.04351789876818657, 0.03399684652686119, -0.004167833365499973, 0.024704325944185257, -0.004792461171746254, -0.09869474917650223, -0.007459883578121662, 0.003394469851627946, -0.025168705731630325, -0.017203977331519127, -0.0338195338845253, 0.03445057570934296, -0.05842871591448784, -0.0233901534229517, -0.0036848466843366623, 0.014858897775411606, 0.03223155811429024, -0.017464125528931618, 0.017446761950850487, -0.035357795655727386, -0.007753331214189529, -0.04189862683415413, 0.03947377949953079, -0.004643786232918501, -0.006521641742438078, -0.004694951232522726, 0.047972969710826874, 0.027335921302437782, 0.041063424199819565, 0.07952102273702621, 0.058796271681785583, 0.011332393623888493, 0.025343121960759163, -0.0753263384103775, 0.01188071072101593, -0.04385755956172943, -0.019122207537293434, 0.01137605495750904, -0.0638386458158493, -0.02715989015996456, 0.023328160867094994, 0.0037316596135497093, -0.027864597737789154, -0.00007261844439199194, 0.018791072070598602, 0.020164726302027702, -0.056314822286367416, -0.01149878278374672, -0.009507640264928341, 0.04446885362267494, 0.013044947758316994, -0.008465076796710491, -0.04424648731946945, 0.03137148171663284, -0.009276647120714188, -0.0012300628004595637, 0.017885634675621986, -0.009015758521854877, 0.027529852464795113, -0.014786801300942898, -0.010554761625826359, -0.020967479795217514, 0.012094341218471527, 0.03980802372097969, 0.038343288004398346, 0.007894037291407585, 0.02838980220258236, -0.023700455203652382, 0.024353759363293648, 0.019168926402926445, 0.034563396126031876, -0.011725996620953083, -0.021508535370230675, -0.027272745966911316, -0.0034948084503412247, 0.0409349724650383, 0.04021146520972252, -0.009405133314430714, 0.014048164710402489, 0.020124685019254684, 0.003757961094379425, 0.02292228303849697, 0.011965428479015827, -0.03100641258060932, -0.020171161741018295, -0.029783228412270546, 0.05010641738772392, 0.018766077235341072, 0.0007427482050843537, -0.0038999421522021294, 0.01599699631333351, -0.06619508564472198, 0.014707331545650959, 0.034679707139730453, -0.004223740193992853, 0.01705218479037285, 0.03092380054295063, 0.024302329868078232, -0.03810277581214905, 0.024267686530947685, 0.022043956443667412, 0.02072812430560589, -0.0011849786387756467, -0.059799402952194214, -0.0465712696313858, -0.006305892486125231, -0.051775213330984116, 0.009977099485695362, 0.028590776026248932, -0.04181445389986038, -0.016311468556523323, 0.043842870742082596, -0.029419686645269394, -0.04197612777352333, -0.0010621161200106144, 0.004027201794087887, 0.05486463010311127, -0.01803279109299183, -0.005939893424510956, -0.023329854011535645, -0.028629017993807793, 0.0006378315738402307, -0.021505963057279587, 0.006857415195554495, -0.006943085230886936, -0.03060564398765564, -0.037152744829654694, -0.06594409793615341, 0.019695144146680832, 0.008645768277347088, -0.010585516691207886, -0.009112833999097347, -0.04429677873849869, 0.004301989916712046, -0.06617268919944763, -0.033653225749731064, 0.019473403692245483, -0.08904963731765747, 0.02155943214893341, 0.014073023572564125, -0.0045270761474967, 0.03199094161391258, -0.05359329655766487, -0.06519992649555206, -0.043003879487514496, -0.006480328273028135, 0.02982204407453537, -0.04602235555648804, -0.04428019002079964, -0.043658334761857986, -0.0007714433595538139, 0.013020476326346397, 0.012534121982753277, -0.004897137638181448, -0.017632000148296356, -0.015307921916246414, 0.011850045993924141, 0.018297474831342697, -0.046304527670145035, 0.0029302178882062435, 0.018101727589964867, -0.03657045587897301, 0.021765917539596558, -0.04444005340337753, 0.04122095927596092, 0.032111670821905136, 0.006784755736589432, 0.010344166308641434, -0.06804090738296509, 0.03152834624052048, -0.009932482615113258, -0.008972653187811375, 0.019607091322541237, -0.013238493353128433, -0.012764925137162209, 0.012702004052698612, -0.0019560016226023436, 0.01791502721607685, -0.001843161997385323, 0.01464355643838644, 0.00427278270944953, 0.008506299927830696, 0.008509904146194458, 0.008051164448261261, -0.014891219325363636, 0.029613077640533447, 0.0627693235874176, -0.017052164301276207, -0.021892918273806572, -0.05755554512143135, -0.051251139491796494, 0.009351128712296486, 0.005254907999187708, 0.032911431044340134, -0.03963994234800339, 0.048206232488155365, 0.0004070053109899163, 0.01877010241150856, -0.007897116243839264, -0.04311125725507736, 0.03961722552776337, -0.04741262272000313, 0.011351886205375195, -0.08336704969406128, -0.006468981504440308, 0.04768748953938484, -0.05497431010007858, -0.027028540149331093, 0.021983185783028603, -0.038042813539505005, 0.027927489951252937, -0.013311688788235188, -0.055412791669368744, 0.02033415623009205, -0.03781798481941223, -0.004202838521450758, 0.03147013857960701, -0.030712272971868515, -0.007306336425244808, -0.016309836879372597, -0.029374806210398674, -0.0028194147162139416, -0.0007796295685693622, 0.049895722419023514, -0.014697003178298473, 0.015927931293845177, -0.05271076411008835, 0.018601203337311745, 0.01883159764111042, 0.06710140407085419, 0.015280007384717464, 0.009450864046812057, -0.009087657555937767, 0.06064010411500931, 0.05300169438123703, 0.02339291386306286, -0.0016888831742107868, 0.0035056346096098423, -0.027919862419366837, -0.03222426027059555, 0.08471965789794922, -0.0014012104365974665, 0.005815242417156696, -0.05156831443309784, 0.06890469044446945, 0.03487267717719078, -0.06763242185115814, -0.02585943229496479, 0.0012552709085866809, -0.05355961248278618, -0.014861542731523514, 0.00850343331694603, -0.0016673344653099775, 0.0058356765657663345, 0.05416819453239441, 0.02343580313026905, 0.049480121582746506, 0.06243899464607239, -0.006745068822056055, -0.0111306207254529, 0.023086482658982277, 0.06213759258389473, 0.04345833137631416, 0.0862790122628212, 0.012217112816870213, 0.07191767543554306, -0.05722658708691597, -0.06194937601685524, 0.015214642509818077, 0.01812625862658024, -0.004236595239490271, -0.06125752627849579, 0.007427711971104145, 0.06927287578582764, 0.0033519917633384466, 0.04786548763513565, -0.03332030773162842, 0.0003373002982698381, 0.0317225456237793, 0.038891732692718506, -0.0006890937220305204, 0.05985970050096512, 0.005183329805731773, -0.020297685638070107, -0.021195506677031517, 0.011225325986742973, 0.006756895687431097, -0.04782043769955635, -0.0005336421891115606, -0.014784547500312328, -0.024731138721108437, 0.013688751496374607, -0.024761676788330078, 0.04730372875928879, 0.11321475356817245, -0.02235717512667179, -0.009694930166006088, 0.032863110303878784, 0.017799869179725647, 0.0016656420193612576, 0.04930165410041809, 0.013622605241835117, 0.0051774983294308186, -0.02375040389597416, -0.03764563798904419, -0.005534415133297443, 0.02548816427588463, 0.021525386720895767, 0.013332907110452652, -0.018195537850260735, -0.010119195096194744, 0.045470256358385086, 0.02713305503129959, -0.058756206184625626, -0.0386214405298233, -0.022398626431822777, -0.0683751031756401, -0.03649996221065521, -0.058377090841531754, 0.04389267414808273, 0.012123522348701954, -0.029038557782769203, 0.036417704075574875, -0.049013901501894, 0.0056756711564958096, -0.011685812845826149, -0.04700139909982681, 0.003126655239611864, 0.058072738349437714, -0.005881076212972403, -0.0332602895796299, 0.04058467224240303, 0.004394251387566328, 0.014453922398388386, -0.026847144588828087, 0.02953493595123291, 0.02192806825041771, 0.0022448755335062742, 0.007958968169987202, -0.009336896240711212, -0.10183528065681458, -0.022878259420394897, 0.008793533779680729, -0.011074100621044636, -0.08906819671392441, 0.024832818657159805, -0.0328352116048336, 0.04032892361283302, 0.06874967366456985, 0.028663858771324158, 0.016491346061229706, -0.01711156591773033, -0.0202033631503582, -0.0060249506495893, 0.0030835848301649094, 0.0469440333545208, -0.019778208807110786, 0.07745269685983658, 0.019416099414229393, -0.024771934375166893, -0.057966217398643494, 0.01947988010942936, 0.022333264350891113, -0.027252227067947388, -0.023481162264943123, -0.041279278695583344, -0.034264400601387024, -0.10245610773563385, 0.00030113745015114546, -0.0016008627135306597, -0.018161945044994354, -0.007348835468292236, -0.005651209037750959, -0.030297551304101944, -0.0006542598130181432, -0.01465735025703907, -0.01505650207400322, -0.03138503432273865, -0.03721209987998009, -0.03824026510119438, -0.042085036635398865, 0.008682177402079105, -0.01258231233805418, -0.026231152936816216, -0.017996547743678093, -0.052105069160461426, 0.007665752898901701, 0.007831025868654251, 0.04319021478295326, -0.0379025861620903, 0.034596577286720276, -0.025818701833486557 ]
5,168
Estimating protein stability using inverse folding models
[ "Jes Frellsen", "Maher Kassem", "Tone Bengtsen", "Lars Olsen", "Kresten Lindorff-Larsen", "Jesper Ferkinghoff-Borg", "Wouter Boomsma" ]
Inverse folding models have proven to be highly effective zero-shot predictors of protein stability. Despite this success, the link between the amino acid preferences of an inverse folding model and the free-energy considerations underlying thermostability remains incompletely understood. A better understanding would be of interest not only from a theoretical perspective, but also potentially provide the basis for stronger zero-shot stability prediction. In this paper, we take steps to clarify the free-energy foundations of inverse folding models. Our derivation reveals the standard practice of likelihood ratios as a simplistic approximation and suggests several paths towards better estimates of the relative stability. We empirically assess these approaches and demonstrate that considerable gains in zero-shot performance can be achieved with fairly simple means.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.032055821269750595, -0.011704607866704464, -0.03184167668223381, 0.014076855964958668, 0.06667093187570572, 0.0021250175777822733, 0.045714858919382095, 0.03609394654631615, -0.004261629190295935, -0.032889604568481445, 0.016792230308055878, 0.026037560775876045, -0.07545717060565948, 0.023748138919472694, 0.017560139298439026, 0.0768241360783577, 0.014965597540140152, 0.00744826951995492, 0.026226140558719635, 0.032156411558389664, -0.0023309558164328337, -0.008870544843375683, -0.00020314131688792259, 0.010299518704414368, 0.03439050167798996, 0.011627322062849998, 0.02291289158165455, 0.010519076138734818, -0.04416067898273468, -0.025166349485516548, 0.036533597856760025, 0.027679860591888428, 0.014483204111456871, -0.02511604130268097, 0.041071392595767975, 0.03563035652041435, -0.0881248414516449, 0.03847615793347359, 0.005869672168046236, -0.007818553596735, -0.035231661051511765, 0.003469976596534252, -0.029117202386260033, 0.006924492307007313, -0.05148288607597351, 0.03317054733633995, -0.03829612582921982, 0.044353701174259186, -0.024974534288048744, -0.04886486753821373, -0.06448301672935486, 0.04626234248280525, -0.009188072755932808, -0.011657851748168468, -0.006993441376835108, 0.054558515548706055, 0.02737029455602169, -0.02009815350174904, -0.025870466604828835, -0.048343878239393234, -0.028770646080374718, -0.008499017916619778, 0.013845625333487988, 0.014005474746227264, -0.0030775514896959066, -0.017228329554200172, 0.012929719872772694, 0.021228892728686333, -0.03286137804389, -0.04279034212231636, -0.06845607608556747, -0.03112487494945526, -0.0153964189812541, 0.008857471868395805, 0.053520988672971725, -0.03260447084903717, -0.011927434243261814, 0.042835384607315063, 0.054770153015851974, 0.04341556504368782, 0.02136014960706234, -0.004751015454530716, -0.009915469214320183, 0.042695410549640656, 0.011413180269300938, 0.008031755685806274, -0.027723204344511032, -0.026494231075048447, -0.07804904878139496, 0.0655694454908371, -0.009063067846000195, -0.011945384554564953, 0.0340256541967392, 0.04411819577217102, 0.039300233125686646, -0.02768065594136715, 0.016973963007330894, 0.008394780568778515, -0.03456322103738785, 0.008538123220205307, -0.016735902056097984, -0.0248184185475111, -0.039454616606235504, -0.014675624668598175, -0.08670302480459213, -0.038421038538217545, -0.02950200065970421, -0.011443013325333595, -0.0050026183016598225, 0.011283229105174541, -0.03453495353460312, -0.008224445395171642, -0.013257559388875961, 0.014414707198739052, -0.09591672569513321, 0.05728588253259659, 0.009785862639546394, 0.0047150300815701485, -0.006412377581000328, -0.012973373755812645, 0.010344347916543484, 0.09144696593284607, 0.0026941325049847364, 0.06682851165533066, 0.0132213793694973, 0.04067105054855347, -0.03407726064324379, 0.018808089196681976, -0.06399210542440414, -0.039002642035484314, 0.0014476809883490205, 0.04299720749258995, 0.006564414594322443, -0.03170754015445709, -0.009745705872774124, 0.0014413445023819804, -0.023341402411460876, -0.016406793147325516, 0.04037022963166237, 0.021205497905611992, -0.034438733011484146, -0.0014376997714862227, 0.04127459228038788, -0.017073258757591248, 0.041061729192733765, -0.0217075627297163, -0.011801064945757389, -0.011134183034300804, -0.031313810497522354, 0.042248353362083435, 0.044523581862449646, -0.03577163442969322, 0.006701482459902763, -0.05035542696714401, 0.006871814373880625, 0.05936975032091141, 0.0231514573097229, 0.024444127455353737, 0.01439916342496872, 0.00771577563136816, 0.038848765194416046, 0.017516566440463066, 0.004925870802253485, -0.011349624022841454, 0.029060525819659233, -0.008896412327885628, 0.041624944657087326, 0.0735657587647438, -0.020320752635598183, 0.01923668570816517, -0.04412281513214111, -0.050964582711458206, 0.057782575488090515, 0.005263111088424921, -0.019044557586312294, 0.01494984794408083, 0.04381176084280014, 0.008342512883245945, 0.04190826043486595, -0.004657169338315725, -0.0809503048658371, 0.017050335183739662, 0.007786605041474104, 0.010590123943984509, 0.008061095140874386, -0.01671794056892395, 0.10904952883720398, 0.0024220170453190804, 0.0040713120251894, 0.024651309475302696, -0.08378788828849792, -0.036499250680208206, 0.03567522019147873, 0.007196482270956039, 0.04212591052055359, -0.01047823391854763, -0.0010128837311640382, 0.049985241144895554, 0.038205329328775406, 0.012811769731342793, -0.001615096116438508, 0.0244767889380455, 0.02276233397424221, -0.01707744412124157, -0.04840901866555214, -0.007210428826510906, 0.05019684135913849, -0.057504165917634964, -0.0076768365688622, 0.023156922310590744, 0.010765669867396355, -0.010348550044000149, 0.02916032262146473, -0.029665734618902206, -0.005058079957962036, -0.013693558983504772, 0.014628320932388306, -0.00997829157859087, -0.007519358769059181, -0.03979849815368652, 0.027208447456359863, 0.03234892338514328, 0.00766445929184556, -0.005330637097358704, -0.03307468816637993, 0.11047261208295822, 0.0832105427980423, -0.028673768043518066, 0.026242274791002274, 0.04448224976658821, 0.042575377970933914, -0.028751032426953316, 0.02111399918794632, -0.008810405619442463, -0.028712350875139236, -0.03045886568725109, 0.0326482318341732, 0.015833664685487747, 0.07073689997196198, -0.08319509029388428, -0.0061162663623690605, 0.0646384134888649, -0.056099385023117065, 0.03451745957136154, -0.020256755873560905, -0.011109513230621815, 0.05299678444862366, -0.023974807932972908, -0.060797274112701416, -0.007885082624852657, -0.023194221779704094, 0.008022718131542206, -0.01617238111793995, -0.029314512386918068, 0.017407912760972977, -0.05037156492471695, -0.024585871025919914, -0.0019535147584974766, 0.09357412159442902, 0.03492577001452446, -0.015568003058433533, -0.006459993775933981, -0.006864342372864485, -0.016848590224981308, -0.02497279644012451, -0.10565872490406036, -0.054421186447143555, -0.013932634145021439, 0.013728301040828228, 0.017935829237103462, 0.04790608584880829, 0.02609267830848694, -0.021673046052455902, -0.0018245710525661707, -0.017847249284386635, -0.042456671595573425, 0.04767658933997154, -0.002004697686061263, -0.07772788405418396, 0.01028217002749443, 0.04941093921661377, 0.06462942808866501, -0.013246221467852592, -0.07538556307554245, -0.05426372215151787, -0.05811799317598343, -0.04072220250964165, -0.030311496928334236, -0.01994842104613781, 0.008346649818122387, 0.00870606116950512, 0.016701357439160347, -0.03743801638484001, -0.010324547067284584, 0.03492175415158272, 0.014275223948061466, 0.02453981339931488, 0.041003838181495667, 0.005339791998267174, 0.030165264382958412, 0.016778888180851936, -0.012915869243443012, 0.0053778113797307014, 0.02184818498790264, -0.034251805394887924, -0.010586567223072052, 0.05713338404893875, 0.0033366065472364426, -0.26989802718162537, 0.005777282640337944, 0.009560716338455677, -0.036179687827825546, 0.0636950209736824, 0.006715632043778896, 0.027361944317817688, -0.007619196083396673, -0.023822320625185966, 0.007836888544261456, 0.007865295745432377, 0.01896992325782776, 0.010563703253865242, 0.030678465962409973, 0.03533034026622772, 0.00947766937315464, 0.0391373336315155, -0.021869558840990067, 0.0101896021515131, -0.0021072591189295053, -0.015590023249387741, -0.08213524520397186, -0.01478674914687872, 0.007259415928274393, -0.0005255438154563308, 0.011705800890922546, -0.07308896631002426, 0.012464471161365509, -0.029703084379434586, -0.01488275546580553, -0.03972518444061279, -0.01483906526118517, -0.0273299403488636, 0.008788071572780609, 0.03567860275506973, -0.020593762397766113, -0.02844058722257614, 0.0037587827537208796, 0.004925826098769903, 0.04271639510989189, -0.0017967700259760022, -0.010158224031329155, -0.008753223344683647, 0.008479129523038864, 0.06782613694667816, 0.06262493878602982, -0.0035788295790553093, 0.0017356539610773325, -0.0370824858546257, 0.049369942396879196, -0.017785219475626945, -0.038594141602516174, -0.003606095677241683, 0.01796112209558487, 0.018857477232813835, 0.013502120040357113, 0.017586352303624153, 0.01561963465064764, -0.02740158699452877, 0.006042547058314085, -0.0011803669622167945, -0.047410644590854645, 0.012897338718175888, -0.028608079999685287, -0.025068920105695724, -0.012530394829809666, -0.07174976915121078, -0.004326922819018364, 0.04052700102329254, 0.06527874618768692, -0.0348779521882534, -0.0103458808735013, -0.04772724211215973, -0.08320804685354233, 0.02983616106212139, -0.03209761157631874, 0.005402684211730957, -0.0036058283876627684, -0.01613687537610531, 0.01801406219601631, -0.051043033599853516, 0.012826533056795597, 0.01998899318277836, 0.046455640345811844, 0.011473777703940868, -0.01764202117919922, -0.0005134665407240391, -0.016278432682156563, -0.0439516045153141, -0.05102408677339554, -0.01707112416625023, -0.02460302971303463, 0.020297423005104065, -0.03133430331945419, 0.022483643144369125, 0.00424601323902607, -0.0006968072266317904, 0.03463675454258919, 0.05352271348237991, 0.014515293762087822, 0.028792493045330048, -0.04081759974360466, 0.004179310519248247, -0.03992338851094246, -0.026363661512732506, 0.007115015294402838, -0.07476598769426346, -0.04667213559150696, 0.0422416590154171, -0.006684404797852039, -0.019041795283555984, -0.01480884663760662, -0.02851148508489132, -0.00940650049597025, -0.025501463562250137, -0.01632130891084671, -0.003262817393988371, 0.04316135123372078, 0.0017601747531443834, -0.03955524414777756, -0.051680292934179306, 0.055614620447158813, -0.027330491691827774, -0.004509092774242163, -0.009328766725957394, 0.02482101134955883, 0.019929105415940285, -0.020754024386405945, 0.024281660094857216, 0.002877840306609869, 0.012613760307431221, 0.022982416674494743, -0.0005015514325350523, -0.0024220615159720182, 0.06508447229862213, 0.05294568091630936, -0.021452991291880608, -0.015336358919739723, -0.02721160277724266, -0.06612484157085419, -0.013667535968124866, -0.04522893950343132, 0.007628230843693018, -0.01618093065917492, 0.05422062426805496, 0.05717786028981209, 0.039275236427783966, 0.019762462005019188, 0.006960231810808182, -0.007873616181313992, 0.011847458779811859, 0.002973305992782116, -0.022723088040947914, -0.04389023408293724, -0.0187864750623703, -0.022103317081928253, 0.05643239617347717, 0.030307093635201454, 0.01807139627635479, -0.07575637847185135, 0.03132278099656105, -0.02320176735520363, -0.05822701379656792, 0.04221402853727341, -0.02010565996170044, 0.062115397304296494, 0.013998864218592644, -0.009199865162372589, -0.0014834514586254954, 0.00794432032853365, 0.011215745471417904, -0.031016657128930092, -0.02868974581360817, 0.016999626532197, -0.07155033200979233, -0.028360186144709587, 0.026378313079476357, 0.003946979530155659, -0.015789318829774857, 0.01025430392473936, 0.023371083661913872, -0.02071216143667698, -0.021973054856061935, -0.01979648880660534, 0.06912742555141449, -0.04355579987168312, -0.020824329927563667, -0.04499337449669838, -0.013906625099480152, 0.015133469365537167, 0.004695472307503223, -0.009824891574680805, -0.009503468871116638, -0.008137991651892662, -0.01270592212677002, -0.05578061565756798, 0.0025138380005955696, 0.0311097651720047, -0.006842740811407566, 0.017184171825647354, 0.0175058264285326, 0.011005268432199955, -0.056058820337057114, 0.017941491678357124, 0.029589079320430756, -0.060805793851614, -0.013019542209804058, 0.04071880504488945, 0.030699696391820908, 0.008270768448710442, -0.03825570270419121, -0.0716618150472641, -0.05380290746688843, 0.04177359119057655, 0.043404720723629, 0.02147381193935871, 0.006450803950428963, 0.031162336468696594, 0.018894877284765244, -0.005134586710482836, 0.004048550501465797, 0.023619918152689934, -0.005573546048253775, -0.04039895534515381, 0.03348912298679352, 0.04503268748521805, 0.009837999008595943, 0.01959924027323723, 0.028796052560210228, -0.053750231862068176, 0.026578402146697044, -0.041971996426582336, 0.0371682308614254, 0.037587616592645645, 0.0007141778478398919, -0.001057996996678412, -0.006373472511768341, 0.04173437878489494, -0.005318074487149715, -0.0043218401260674, -0.027043627575039864, 0.0028836545534431934, -0.015563590452075005, -0.01733025349676609, -0.03610925003886223, -0.005727632436901331, 0.05883755534887314, -0.00275434204377234, -0.009745555929839611, 0.03414458408951759, 0.004454730078577995, -0.003520394442602992, -0.011913576163351536, -0.01801840029656887, 0.06032353639602661, 0.001956762047484517, -0.04100509732961655, -0.06300248950719833, -0.016294483095407486, 0.012935037724673748, -0.006651631090790033, 0.03630892559885979, -0.03482257202267647, 0.03557535260915756, 0.01949530467391014, 0.013559838756918907, -0.00034186881384812295, -0.048145588487386703, 0.0626138374209404, -0.03825695067644119, 0.004386979155242443, -0.05388455092906952, 0.006121510174125433, 0.06801853328943253, -0.017669180408120155, 0.05617642402648926, -0.009869632311165333, -0.01736680418252945, -0.008293532766401768, -0.06106660142540932, -0.0549158975481987, 0.01172979548573494, -0.005480926483869553, 0.010732488706707954, 0.04605254903435707, -0.04357605800032616, -0.03034963086247444, -0.018807806074619293, -0.05588066577911377, 0.0014978117542341352, 0.03443329036235809, 0.03520490229129791, -0.041292570531368256, -0.049872469156980515, -0.019024059176445007, 0.04826127737760544, -0.001448559109121561, 0.07073108851909637, 0.019532114267349243, 0.007307188119739294, -0.041480325162410736, 0.08481376618146896, 0.06048249453306198, 0.02344743348658085, 0.0040103052742779255, -0.011752002872526646, -0.032953664660453796, -0.016024935990571976, -0.001327689504250884, 0.013698738068342209, 0.006931942421942949, -0.03881743550300598, 0.04265231639146805, 0.01580173894762993, -0.029111484065651894, 0.0025058924220502377, 0.023964377120137215, -0.04611959680914879, -0.015097214840352535, 0.02212907373905182, 0.029247960075736046, -0.018929915502667427, 0.01997019536793232, 0.015855416655540466, 0.0369577519595623, 0.06358814984560013, -0.01750253699719906, 0.025381142273545265, -0.038644734770059586, 0.10657257586717606, 0.05237993597984314, 0.02768286131322384, 0.004862254951149225, 0.043519388884305954, -0.02875669300556183, -0.033471789211034775, -0.03197848051786423, 0.022576073184609413, -0.03970319777727127, -0.019848212599754333, 0.030289145186543465, 0.07192857563495636, 0.004832565784454346, 0.04035163298249245, -0.006502234842628241, -0.02040887624025345, -0.00008745779632590711, -0.0071947528049349785, 0.010696477256715298, 0.01849677972495556, 0.02171117253601551, -0.017108459025621414, -0.038029368966817856, -0.01877552643418312, -0.020665490999817848, -0.01512234192341566, 0.010378316976130009, -0.031422242522239685, -0.039371225982904434, -0.0025937389582395554, -0.008531328290700912, 0.0333591066300869, 0.09599000215530396, 0.015959981828927994, -0.016746237874031067, 0.0018863255390897393, 0.020516717806458473, -0.021546725183725357, 0.037914689630270004, -0.00014042260590940714, -0.028934618458151817, -0.014267580583691597, -0.02209053374826908, 0.02380988374352455, 0.005710788536816835, -0.002672504400834441, 0.004076085984706879, 0.00498177157714963, -0.021069791167974472, 0.025086890906095505, 0.017734728753566742, -0.05101916939020157, -0.057700030505657196, -0.025316009297966957, -0.04810298606753349, -0.018919410184025764, -0.07929670065641403, 0.04014153406023979, -0.043730609118938446, -0.0420476570725441, 0.046344660222530365, -0.037311851978302, 0.014456003904342651, 0.003242769045755267, -0.05664317309856415, -0.04813366383314133, 0.0914258286356926, -0.00486310850828886, 0.0022841442842036486, 0.045666396617889404, 0.015435386449098587, 0.012175063602626324, -0.02386653795838356, 0.04765968769788742, 0.025523409247398376, 0.04020513594150543, 0.0007964142132550478, 0.003127716714516282, -0.09162838011980057, 0.02990529127418995, 0.06574219465255737, -0.012333579361438751, -0.07608471810817719, 0.03221050277352333, 0.0021330963354557753, -0.008401421830058098, 0.05956316366791725, 0.008313183672726154, -0.009929463267326355, -0.04476894810795784, 0.019715575501322746, -0.01940387487411499, -0.016937654465436935, 0.062349483370780945, -0.045050449669361115, 0.06072790175676346, 0.011484573595225811, 0.004078134894371033, -0.06048028916120529, 0.01918579265475273, 0.028231222182512283, 0.02586974762380123, -0.004718168638646603, -0.021689699962735176, -0.053396958857774734, -0.0907868817448616, -0.002230025129392743, 0.03714406490325928, -0.03420679643750191, 0.008876767940819263, 0.012576178647577763, 0.012455393560230732, 0.006541830953210592, -0.024727152660489082, -0.015057209879159927, -0.0400053896009922, -0.03402181342244148, -0.06972971558570862, -0.07017994672060013, -0.029771743342280388, -0.02336759679019451, -0.029746487736701965, -0.03436260297894478, -0.03574012964963913, 0.03271177038550377, 0.010391537100076675, 0.02608352154493332, 0.0038544738199561834, 0.02971285954117775, 0.02832195907831192 ]
5,169
Cypher-RI: Reinforcement Learning for Integrating Schema Selection into Cypher Generation
[ "Hanchen Su", "Xuyuan Li", "Yan Zhou", "zhuoyi lu", "Ziwei Chai", "Haozheng Wang", "Chen Zhang", "YANG YANG" ]
The increasing utilization of graph databases across various fields stems from their capacity to represent intricate interconnections. Nonetheless, exploiting the full capabilities of graph databases continues to be a significant hurdle, largely because of the inherent difficulty in translating natural language into Cypher. Recognizing the critical role of schema selection in database query generation and drawing inspiration from recent progress in reasoning-augmented approaches trained through reinforcement learning to enhance inference capabilities and generalization, we introduce Cypher-RI, a specialized framework for the Text-to-Cypher task. Distinct from conventional approaches, our methodology seamlessly integrates schema selection within the Cypher generation pipeline, conceptualizing it as a critical element in the reasoning process. The schema selection mechanism is guided by textual context, with its outcomes recursively shaping subsequent inference processes. Impressively, our 7B-parameter model, trained through this RL paradigm, demonstrates superior performance compared to baselines, exhibiting a 9.41\% accuracy improvement over GPT-4o on CypherBench. These results underscore the effectiveness of our proposed reinforcement learning framework, which integrates schema selection to enhance both the accuracy and reasoning capabilities in Text-to-Cypher tasks.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.008889002725481987, -0.03225666657090187, -0.0031888370867818594, 0.08350998908281326, 0.07454630732536316, 0.0033770552836358547, 0.02177867852151394, 0.008780905045568943, -0.008971694856882095, -0.03169457986950874, -0.015156091190874577, 0.02893364615738392, -0.07766584306955338, -0.00913241133093834, 0.028631040826439857, 0.060864318162202835, 0.016566239297389984, 0.009570790454745293, 0.024943901225924492, -0.01796235516667366, -0.0020460248924791813, 0.0017571070929989219, 0.021988773718476295, 0.03988742083311081, 0.07702688872814178, 0.03963294252753258, 0.026657288894057274, -0.014448147267103195, -0.021276356652379036, 0.005288449116051197, 0.06543809920549393, -0.033434659242630005, 0.016292285174131393, -0.03333490341901779, -0.006371352821588516, 0.006815740372985601, -0.04527866095304489, 0.01686909981071949, -0.0028549316339194775, -0.01295838039368391, -0.023284912109375, 0.04479246586561203, 0.008737343363463879, 0.013398236595094204, -0.01669611595571041, 0.004975235555320978, -0.10846274346113205, 0.04825276508927345, 0.03202030435204506, -0.011579141020774841, -0.10188659280538559, 0.03375537693500519, -0.0011069470783695579, -0.0033717600163072348, -0.01121679786592722, 0.03781430050730705, 0.036763109266757965, -0.09834542870521545, 0.03732744976878166, -0.03951466456055641, -0.041585423052310944, 0.030009493231773376, 0.013275010511279106, 0.04145768657326698, -0.016161836683750153, -0.037305984646081924, -0.0006654655444435775, 0.03919181972742081, -0.07438639551401138, -0.02485574036836624, -0.013916962780058384, 0.022066907957196236, -0.005279517266899347, 0.011100329458713531, -0.0066545018926262856, -0.023221038281917572, 0.009412264451384544, 0.024756867438554764, 0.05988489091396332, 0.010163567960262299, 0.0011818883940577507, 0.02588510699570179, -0.013972969725728035, 0.032159239053726196, 0.016224617138504982, -0.0060407789424061775, -0.03203154355287552, -0.0594867467880249, -0.07880856841802597, 0.01689113862812519, 0.009485840797424316, -0.05647401884198189, 0.005573430564254522, 0.008033210411667824, 0.009838122874498367, -0.009793088771402836, 0.013618319295346737, 0.008099147118628025, 0.02465181238949299, -0.01714291423559189, -0.008412596769630909, -0.02074672095477581, 0.01247821468859911, -0.013850972056388855, -0.1293928325176239, -0.019903862848877907, -0.032342247664928436, -0.044583700597286224, -0.002086547901853919, 0.0046607255935668945, -0.01072399877011776, -0.015349293127655983, 0.042629264295101166, -0.000699301774147898, -0.04448103532195091, 0.051436860114336014, 0.004504068288952112, 0.03054354153573513, 0.0005518137477338314, 0.020150694996118546, 0.037517812103033066, 0.0074946205131709576, 0.00810041930526495, 0.06520991772413254, -0.017962247133255005, 0.012868443503975868, 0.027241526171565056, 0.020653011277318, -0.00856841541826725, -0.03554010018706322, 0.009036838077008724, 0.0480087511241436, -0.025438055396080017, 0.005826870445162058, -0.023570384830236435, -0.0011757533065974712, -0.0007337239221669734, 0.028027962893247604, 0.048492856323719025, -0.005239301826804876, -0.0014231742825359106, -0.05918075889348984, 0.07881659269332886, -0.027384864166378975, 0.06678801029920578, -0.0028213588520884514, -0.03716565668582916, -0.020274478942155838, -0.04108673706650734, -0.00456218421459198, 0.017456989735364914, -0.010635396465659142, -0.0030025558080524206, -0.03656129166483879, -0.0018419348634779453, 0.07698541134595871, 0.028597865253686905, 0.009790156036615372, -0.018113018944859505, 0.002081284299492836, 0.01985633559525013, -0.01657588966190815, -0.03674913942813873, 0.00806434452533722, -0.023733414709568024, -0.061173174530267715, 0.03517267480492592, 0.020248783752322197, -0.029575005173683167, 0.006451493129134178, -0.04104229807853699, -0.042797110974788666, 0.05189140513539314, -0.02274506539106369, -0.022066468372941017, 0.010981201194226742, 0.05494052544236183, -0.00795010570436716, 0.032374147325754166, 0.014913076534867287, -0.0698222890496254, 0.03759077191352844, -0.026669945567846298, -0.043340157717466354, -0.007789021823555231, -0.0086998101323843, 0.09559128433465958, -0.02878282405436039, 0.004273774567991495, 0.018928149715065956, -0.09019029140472412, -0.023105880245566368, 0.03775404766201973, 0.010503491386771202, 0.06923984736204147, 0.0002647186047397554, 0.026536699384450912, 0.0286477729678154, -0.028729679062962532, 0.042398467659950256, 0.0443379282951355, -0.005042224191129208, 0.06127747893333435, -0.032363202422857285, -0.031414542347192764, -0.016113268211483955, 0.01158385444432497, -0.042285069823265076, -0.06749088317155838, 0.011050698347389698, -0.006161009892821312, 0.039663925766944885, -0.013562711887061596, -0.028842968866229057, 0.020063551142811775, 0.008877331390976906, -0.04289625585079193, 0.013855604454874992, 0.004914339631795883, -0.04026689752936363, 0.06051287800073624, -0.011374015361070633, -0.029510410502552986, 0.01671488769352436, -0.03908531367778778, 0.08760351687669754, 0.06398089975118637, -0.02069271355867386, -0.008487037383019924, 0.04681170731782913, -0.008727135136723518, -0.010857565328478813, 0.02360668033361435, -0.0472998209297657, 0.010378660634160042, -0.035749901086091995, -0.00990879163146019, -0.027444731444120407, 0.02871084026992321, -0.02590717189013958, 0.005939156282693148, 0.062262896448373795, -0.035021018236875534, 0.06631988286972046, 0.01783289946615696, 0.015302632004022598, 0.005315014626830816, -0.0029564728029072285, 0.004915950354188681, -0.001210019108839333, -0.02834171988070011, -0.0063360631465911865, 0.009564219042658806, -0.03380483761429787, 0.03926095366477966, -0.05080379173159599, 0.018799349665641785, 0.018455812707543373, 0.04843359440565109, 0.04699207842350006, -0.0005982713191770017, 0.0020443913526833057, -0.011948040686547756, -0.027802232652902603, 0.005516896955668926, -0.1003163531422615, -0.027044229209423065, -0.0067499917931854725, 0.04746865853667259, 0.012719015590846539, 0.027640847489237785, -0.024170206859707832, 0.024250350892543793, -0.012623634189367294, -0.028620824217796326, 0.012831397354602814, 0.027471641078591347, 0.02950703538954258, -0.02777165360748768, -0.034851569682359695, 0.0010153022594749928, 0.05147125571966171, -0.04644525796175003, -0.012936260551214218, -0.015840565785765648, -0.017674747854471207, 0.01782093197107315, -0.05530814826488495, -0.016083519905805588, 0.01885652355849743, 0.035538677126169205, 0.044639237225055695, -0.028472913429141045, 0.008367049507796764, 0.0771932303905487, 0.04556332156062126, 0.02148180641233921, 0.0015541574684903026, 0.00800667516887188, 0.028307834640145302, -0.013724814169108868, 0.033252038061618805, -0.011830013245344162, 0.04061988741159439, 0.002326658461242914, 0.0001312086096731946, -0.0012949901865795255, 0.0223696306347847, -0.2558060586452484, -0.012867128476500511, -0.008266691118478775, -0.015568539500236511, 0.02906867302954197, -0.014200658537447453, 0.036620575934648514, -0.03160475566983223, -0.042355626821517944, 0.0024936101399362087, 0.027259429916739464, 0.0069036888889968395, 0.029175229370594025, 0.041014403104782104, 0.05477731302380562, 0.049631115049123764, -0.03315882384777069, -0.04537617042660713, -0.002572308061644435, 0.020457683131098747, -0.013271410018205643, -0.06391473859548569, -0.02473735436797142, -0.0007422724738717079, 0.00600121496245265, 0.029866285622119904, -0.09433216601610184, -0.006180875468999147, -0.021469594910740852, -0.008040051907300949, -0.005152272991836071, -0.022444434463977814, -0.0050217690877616405, 0.017195865511894226, -0.014378477819263935, 0.018677808344364166, 0.07099880278110504, 0.005930401384830475, 0.03652489185333252, 0.02316080592572689, -0.010917197912931442, -0.03372307866811752, -0.011533759534358978, -0.010030132718384266, 0.06167015805840492, 0.002419927390292287, -0.06902436912059784, -0.025959555059671402, 0.004332993179559708, 0.0361470989882946, -0.022750647738575935, -0.021817147731781006, -0.02785412222146988, 0.007520159240812063, 0.013693300075829029, -0.035800524055957794, -0.010619019158184528, -0.03914640098810196, -0.03655709698796272, 0.0128271309658885, 0.0353364534676075, -0.04480085149407387, 0.005324459169059992, -0.01982666738331318, -0.0035257660783827305, -0.039706818759441376, -0.06930878013372421, -0.08875195682048798, 0.0017714827554300427, 0.044765666127204895, -0.013227014802396297, 0.04653007164597511, -0.017853064462542534, -0.0912971943616867, -0.03251718357205391, 0.012674973346292973, 0.00043705833377316594, -0.03483129292726517, -0.009079205803573132, 0.02758852206170559, -0.044928207993507385, -0.03749290108680725, -0.05686849728226662, 0.019514167681336403, 0.023588357493281364, 0.011760962195694447, 0.007916816510260105, -0.05296643078327179, -0.05981752276420593, -0.0204804427921772, 0.02233893610537052, -0.0004394926654640585, 0.025661807507276535, 0.010405697859823704, 0.04666891321539879, 0.02118232659995556, 0.033822979778051376, 0.04811248555779457, 0.05803779140114784, 0.01488164346665144, 0.027407564222812653, -0.05380009487271309, 0.013025394640862942, -0.041244711726903915, -0.04271230474114418, 0.005455693230032921, -0.05558941885828972, -0.035721711814403534, 0.027931515127420425, -0.008524804376065731, -0.04690881446003914, -0.028106389567255974, 0.021345993503928185, -0.03122537210583687, -0.02089506946504116, -0.0036534222308546305, 0.013820473104715347, 0.030921785160899162, 0.04101846367120743, -0.027391750365495682, -0.0532400943338871, 0.03742199391126633, 0.006783353164792061, 0.006007527466863394, -0.03372280299663544, -0.044793982058763504, 0.023619750514626503, -0.029476027935743332, 0.029092250391840935, 0.0017577845137566328, 0.017907308414578438, 0.025313694030046463, -0.024076277390122414, 0.023352274671196938, 0.054609090089797974, -0.017621653154492378, -0.01997225731611252, -0.001085595111362636, 0.014996174722909927, 0.004416592884808779, -0.015397301875054836, 0.0006532194674946368, 0.047596268355846405, 0.05159913748502731, 0.012402298860251904, -0.0047474815510213375, 0.01195745449513197, 0.023926114663481712, 0.04050929471850395, 0.0032366164959967136, 0.013947013765573502, -0.031989119946956635, 0.03850051015615463, -0.036300577223300934, 0.030155353248119354, -0.001687519601546228, 0.056514397263526917, -0.03363310545682907, 0.026512810960412025, -0.060776062309741974, 0.034581683576107025, -0.0268490482121706, 0.03158107027411461, 0.00697533693164587, 0.024621151387691498, 0.06397181004285812, -0.03613467514514923, 0.008840749971568584, -0.01139769796282053, 0.001812449423596263, 0.006081853061914444, -0.010950363241136074, -0.015051222406327724, 0.011298203840851784, -0.039676129817962646, 0.016645904630422592, 0.00158323859795928, -0.0022663171403110027, -0.03512132912874222, 0.020438160747289658, -0.02714182250201702, -0.04062793031334877, -0.010291378945112228, 0.008649504743516445, 0.08196276426315308, 0.017007753252983093, 0.018250543624162674, 0.0038258868735283613, -0.056870438158512115, 0.024059994146227837, 0.02861461043357849, 0.032925963401794434, -0.05068909004330635, -0.04032210260629654, -0.04489980638027191, -0.04333582893013954, 0.016258329153060913, 0.007023496553301811, -0.0016209747409448028, 0.027249082922935486, 0.022459061816334724, -0.010636180639266968, -0.0207297895103693, -0.0016980363288894296, 0.02608250454068184, -0.05768076330423355, -0.019630424678325653, 0.016534872353076935, -0.0076403082348406315, 0.02106826938688755, -0.03226735442876816, -0.049240048974752426, -0.05004465952515602, -0.008285824209451675, -0.0008734406437724829, -0.005234380718320608, -0.028864961117506027, -0.005683832336217165, -0.03336912766098976, 0.010999438352882862, 0.04350978508591652, 0.025909660384058952, 0.01920688897371292, -0.03257086127996445, 0.02496137097477913, 0.10168405622243881, -0.026531890034675598, -0.045205000787973404, -0.027577893808484077, 0.0024137678556144238, 0.009869953617453575, -0.049901559948921204, 0.04126347601413727, 0.02442435920238495, 0.0220565814524889, 0.01680118590593338, -0.05913674458861351, 0.0496722087264061, 0.00920291617512703, -0.011913830414414406, -0.015074131079018116, -0.021778753027319908, -0.021317021921277046, -0.010108263231813908, -0.0005714705912396312, 0.02282429113984108, 0.02553420700132847, 0.028124220669269562, 0.022114217281341553, -0.01631123013794422, 0.00029107011505402625, 0.012017013505101204, -0.04345182329416275, -0.02145506627857685, 0.06216040626168251, -0.01609407551586628, -0.015988754108548164, -0.03510373458266258, -0.03712960332632065, 0.005332582630217075, -0.023466264829039574, 0.007158227730542421, -0.025038952007889748, 0.05219879373908043, 0.022713417187333107, 0.017844444140791893, 0.0041190627962350845, -0.03237728029489517, 0.039619676768779755, -0.03928261250257492, -0.007307679392397404, -0.06213391572237015, 0.013254671357572079, 0.06804230064153671, -0.06777606159448624, -0.003127666190266609, 0.0330960750579834, -0.054751720279455185, 0.014408966526389122, 0.004621373023837805, -0.048011664301157, 0.029396288096904755, -0.021856870502233505, 0.020123597234487534, 0.045962512493133545, -0.04833757132291794, -0.04183650761842728, 0.01998915895819664, -0.0297539159655571, -0.01697240024805069, 0.0040261526592075825, 0.042985036969184875, -0.05445631593465805, 0.013337777927517891, -0.011063742451369762, 0.017018096521496773, 0.01500461995601654, 0.049918290227651596, 0.027124179527163506, 0.06648488342761993, -0.04024743661284447, 0.0515391081571579, 0.058708395808935165, 0.02785327658057213, 0.016178734600543976, 0.02201656997203827, -0.01892795041203499, -0.028962668031454086, 0.04399954155087471, -0.007789971772581339, 0.0021673268638551235, -0.0605427511036396, 0.09701342135667801, -0.010442912578582764, -0.08170230686664581, -0.03276066482067108, 0.02056531421840191, -0.03337514400482178, -0.015984417870640755, -0.01634426973760128, 0.028069185093045235, 0.019922468811273575, 0.07330333441495895, 0.0184252317994833, 0.04496480152010918, 0.07910532504320145, 0.010338024236261845, -0.009515276178717613, -0.022698676213622093, 0.0524069108068943, 0.07387237250804901, 0.042426422238349915, 0.0008857706561684608, 0.07890419661998749, -0.03835662454366684, -0.04759012907743454, 0.023810235783457756, 0.029623443260788918, -0.02301129885017872, -0.019156677648425102, 0.008143731392920017, 0.06177133694291115, -0.016918504610657692, 0.07109393179416656, -0.05232788622379303, -0.006190991960465908, 0.03583900257945061, -0.013114799745380878, -0.004421556368470192, 0.05271298065781593, 0.01558926422148943, 0.009869132190942764, -0.05245446041226387, -0.012195631861686707, 0.01285648439079523, -0.02630222588777542, 0.0003544932696968317, 0.0037337341345846653, -0.03148264065384865, -0.015342416241765022, 0.015550840646028519, 0.03422946855425835, 0.1354828178882599, -0.06773131340742111, -0.015056079253554344, 0.020645910874009132, 0.008518910966813564, 0.02240900695323944, 0.032437894493341446, -0.006606521084904671, -0.01882728934288025, 0.0054127732291817665, -0.05504245683550835, -0.023558875545859337, 0.007411681115627289, -0.007846914231777191, 0.006495545152574778, -0.01422213390469551, -0.04596879705786705, 0.0014703256310895085, -0.00933245662599802, -0.04640941694378853, -0.06123214215040207, -0.037979237735271454, -0.020938815549016, -0.05402030795812607, -0.03871527686715126, -0.012993738055229187, 0.0005900930846109986, -0.012415221892297268, 0.038349658250808716, -0.0056115551851689816, 0.014879000373184681, 0.0036233195569366217, -0.0387333445250988, 0.017278088256716728, 0.03146953135728836, 0.005592621862888336, -0.0049844710156321526, 0.04405082389712334, 0.025572823360562325, -0.023731958121061325, -0.007920587435364723, 0.0005297440802678466, 0.030561640858650208, 0.01891680806875229, 0.023516474291682243, -0.038186654448509216, -0.08711996674537659, -0.021509220823645592, 0.010559669695794582, -0.034528955817222595, -0.06417370587587357, 0.006565073970705271, -0.02060239389538765, 0.019933834671974182, 0.07871755957603455, 0.020570816472172737, 0.008503184653818607, -0.01727580651640892, 0.02123343013226986, 0.04337089881300926, 0.009651679545640945, 0.05607032775878906, -0.052858974784612656, 0.04125884547829628, 0.04398857057094574, -0.03045947104692459, -0.0454118438065052, 0.007457070983946323, 0.035737812519073486, -0.02446535974740982, -0.015785761177539825, -0.018123095855116844, -0.009219282306730747, -0.11395051330327988, -0.00028702252893708646, 0.011213161051273346, -0.0019815247505903244, -0.019454259425401688, -0.02287520281970501, -0.023625807836651802, 0.008686212822794914, -0.0025577696505934, -0.03928683325648308, 0.029909547418355942, -0.02245461381971836, -0.03997432440519333, -0.06999388337135315, 0.011924207210540771, -0.06642221659421921, 0.026669172570109367, -0.028206918388605118, -0.05704763904213905, -0.023519674316048622, -0.0026210611686110497, 0.03502704203128815, 0.00982404313981533, 0.03017689660191536, -0.01213543675839901 ]
5,170
Succeed or Learn Slowly: Sample Efficient Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning for Mobile App Control
[ "Georgios Papoudakis", "Thomas Coste", "Jianye Hao", "Jun Wang", "Kun Shao" ]
Reinforcement learning (RL) using foundation models for policy approximations in multi-turn tasks remains challenging. We identify two main limitations related to sparse reward settings and policy gradient updates, based on which we formulate a key insight: updates from positive samples with high returns typically do not require policy regularisation, whereas updates from negative samples, reflecting undesirable behaviour, can harm model performance. This paper introduces Succeed or Learn Slowly (SoLS), a novel off-policy RL algorithm evaluated on mobile app control tasks. SoLS improves sample efficiency when fine-tuning foundation models for user interface navigation via a modified off-policy actor-critic approach, applying direct policy updates for positive samples and conservative, regularised updates for negative ones to prevent model degradation. We augment SoLS with Successful Transition Replay (STR), which prioritises learning from successful interactions, further improving sample efficiency. We evaluate SoLS on the AndroidWorld benchmark, where it significantly outperforms existing methods (at least 17\% relative increase), including prompt-engineering and RL approaches, while requiring substantially fewer computational resources than GPT-4o-based methods with 5-60x faster inference.
poster
2509.01720
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.029740585014224052, -0.028955532237887383, 0.02465038374066353, 0.032204464077949524, 0.06382884085178375, 0.02156142331659794, 0.029580218717455864, 0.001363059738650918, -0.049059126526117325, -0.025897148996591568, -0.022471139207482338, 0.03339726850390434, -0.06429550796747208, -0.021328723058104515, 0.04418759047985077, 0.058736979961395264, 0.027157001197338104, -0.019407641142606735, -0.015251636505126953, 0.020128043368458748, -0.015715626999735832, 0.0107559934258461, 0.047940488904714584, 0.03761553019285202, 0.0395212322473526, 0.028704045340418816, 0.03405672684311867, 0.007054508663713932, -0.033597543835639954, -0.021779285743832588, 0.05729741230607033, -0.020332327112555504, 0.010905316099524498, -0.03471235930919647, -0.020150452852249146, -0.0069389971904456615, -0.024348048493266106, -0.004164939280599356, 0.0008502611890435219, 0.0011125471210107207, -0.03525299206376076, 0.004227274563163519, -0.035183798521757126, -0.023128468543291092, -0.010130461305379868, 0.0022226842120289803, -0.06708233803510666, 0.015725435689091682, -0.0035767441149801016, -0.049669209867715836, -0.088033027946949, 0.060213565826416016, 0.005681820213794708, -0.02841111086308956, -0.012162807397544384, 0.029654985293745995, 0.03363535553216934, -0.09770365059375763, -0.007956838235259056, -0.059997666627168655, -0.03050786256790161, 0.02519194968044758, 0.005251859314739704, -0.004061658401042223, -0.023448843508958817, 0.0023766641970723867, 0.030366528779268265, 0.05643262714147568, -0.012941215187311172, -0.007869931869208813, -0.043118417263031006, 0.00664750300347805, 0.012307313270866871, -0.0006838940898887813, 0.019787315279245377, -0.048105400055646896, 0.04717332869768143, 0.052860431373119354, 0.07327675819396973, -0.01236091461032629, -0.009550435468554497, 0.006105281878262758, 0.004605490248650312, 0.041329797357320786, -0.00112204160541296, -0.0018920855363830924, -0.0013372416142374277, -0.05884170159697533, -0.08303263038396835, 0.027890777215361595, 0.0007938413182273507, -0.04527714103460312, 0.02178109623491764, 0.06840591877698898, 0.026200249791145325, -0.018261320888996124, 0.021704182028770447, 0.022920601069927216, 0.030440449714660645, 0.011874600313603878, -0.02077234722673893, -0.020236512646079063, -0.026700975373387337, -0.020772600546479225, -0.104217529296875, -0.02549591101706028, -0.007716486696153879, -0.019454311579465866, -0.03507692739367485, 0.029537765309214592, -0.03704749420285225, 0.013974449597299099, 0.018609818071126938, -0.0038972932379692793, -0.08118729293346405, 0.0396459698677063, -0.01647230051457882, 0.035879090428352356, 0.01481686346232891, 0.004381843376904726, 0.03062727488577366, 0.02679327130317688, -0.003496461547911167, 0.058819714933633804, -0.02837163396179676, 0.0070984866470098495, 0.004528643563389778, 0.038110483437776566, -0.010975455865263939, -0.051277562975883484, 0.05129781737923622, 0.03278264403343201, -0.004266292322427034, 0.004020368214696646, -0.019851505756378174, 0.029047410935163498, 0.00960257276892662, 0.012623134069144726, 0.04774956777691841, -0.0010485748061910272, -0.05125459283590317, -0.028734873980283737, 0.0914716124534607, -0.01156708225607872, 0.06564975529909134, -0.027279101312160492, -0.004970341920852661, -0.03621252626180649, -0.056360874325037, 0.02453163079917431, 0.005160802509635687, -0.023901771754026413, -0.047931231558322906, -0.043829161673784256, 0.008954486809670925, 0.04377010837197304, 0.026700416579842567, 0.013382595032453537, -0.026195771992206573, -0.0003136042505502701, 0.006126952823251486, 0.01970791444182396, -0.014329245314002037, -0.02961517684161663, 0.04059940576553345, -0.0548388808965683, 0.056878332048654556, 0.028141796588897705, -0.01589307002723217, -0.023444855585694313, -0.04348675534129143, -0.01785309985280037, 0.03802464157342911, -0.008981716819107533, -0.04280199483036995, 0.0116387028247118, 0.036544810980558395, -0.022621076554059982, 0.0036834506317973137, 0.016859959810972214, -0.08381137996912003, 0.02665916457772255, 0.03582330420613289, -0.0003216791956219822, 0.009088543243706226, -0.019213352352380753, 0.0750962570309639, -0.039724644273519516, -0.0031011318787932396, -0.009117410518229008, -0.06933369487524033, -0.02698793075978756, 0.04293844848871231, -0.014423341490328312, 0.06315974146127701, -0.01293041743338108, 0.005917910952121019, 0.040220972150564194, 0.03030492179095745, 0.03898127004504204, 0.04257762432098389, -0.05659405142068863, 0.02962181344628334, -0.030069684609770775, -0.03471892327070236, -0.012757510878145695, 0.0679621547460556, -0.05866587907075882, -0.031806156039237976, 0.026502102613449097, -0.02272864431142807, -0.011643243953585625, 0.0008613718091510236, 0.0022866353392601013, 0.03248712792992592, 0.022510413080453873, -0.014402397908270359, 0.008071929216384888, 0.01752389967441559, -0.06715624034404755, 0.025815755128860474, -0.0018330641323700547, -0.039105333387851715, 0.029909245669841766, -0.020935121923685074, 0.0784682184457779, 0.0803748145699501, -0.035847317427396774, -0.025872163474559784, 0.012126977555453777, 0.0018383102724328637, 0.007994400337338448, -0.0004346700443420559, -0.04041215404868126, 0.02464568242430687, -0.005797284655272961, 0.004347638227045536, -0.02218260057270527, 0.0547880157828331, -0.03168041631579399, -0.03833003342151642, 0.04994592443108559, 0.00395054230466485, 0.05537014454603195, 0.02164514735341072, 0.005529303569346666, 0.008527346886694431, -0.0027884880546480417, -0.013084420002996922, -0.025320015847682953, -0.025567123666405678, -0.0023765391670167446, 0.03937946632504463, 0.0012828289764001966, 0.024497758597135544, -0.07221903651952744, -0.02740541473031044, 0.0032124845311045647, 0.0651029422879219, 0.029020031914114952, 0.021601926535367966, 0.0585167221724987, -0.009846257977187634, -0.022086622193455696, -0.009447591379284859, -0.09097788482904434, -0.03222021088004112, 0.019582336768507957, 0.03760499134659767, 0.040708813816308975, 0.0027005926240235567, -0.03146713227033615, 0.03052470088005066, -0.0209667831659317, -0.024284010753035545, 0.008662751875817776, 0.02351447381079197, 0.03279198333621025, -0.011217652820050716, -0.022509075701236725, 0.020984351634979248, 0.08494176715612411, 0.013617105782032013, -0.01947403885424137, 0.013356376439332962, -0.047818344086408615, 0.015462278388440609, -0.03250208497047424, -0.030337071046233177, 0.02103792503476143, 0.026643453165888786, -0.010889402590692043, -0.040401749312877655, 0.026874462142586708, 0.03729291260242462, 0.0781814455986023, 0.03747287392616272, 0.04213988408446312, 0.008236255496740341, 0.0044794874265789986, -0.027800267562270164, -0.01435115933418274, -0.019407879561185837, 0.012974318116903305, 0.008091985248029232, -0.024493778124451637, 0.01528915110975504, 0.015524463728070259, -0.2557376027107239, -0.034005530178546906, 0.016839195042848587, 0.022796519100666046, 0.01958264224231243, -0.002288765273988247, 0.02882208675146103, -0.034932591021060944, -0.010104325599968433, 0.04012365639209747, 0.03311564773321152, 0.04272495582699776, 0.009580512531101704, 0.03537623956799507, 0.03421315178275108, 0.037429679185152054, 0.020300963893532753, -0.0241556279361248, -0.03077399544417858, 0.01640457659959793, -0.0130977313965559, -0.1093345433473587, 0.013627558015286922, -0.006063983775675297, 0.009921139106154442, 0.0622677356004715, -0.0691334456205368, -0.03661104664206505, -0.027176856994628906, -0.0022650090977549553, -0.012085391208529472, -0.013344370760023594, -0.02518453635275364, 0.03398710861802101, 0.020406031981110573, 0.028816362842917442, 0.029159998521208763, 0.021476274356245995, 0.0223630852997303, -0.002929538255557418, -0.006539360620081425, -0.0026576921809464693, -0.037191227078437805, 0.058740146458148956, 0.049137186259031296, 0.02260466478765011, -0.0776306763291359, -0.012368577532470226, -0.020536666736006737, 0.039757244288921356, -0.001567689934745431, -0.01227070763707161, -0.011274877935647964, 0.02329685166478157, 0.006333513651043177, -0.0163886621594429, -0.0077646770514547825, -0.03400552645325661, -0.010575270280241966, -0.00014913248014636338, 0.0024809855967760086, -0.03524671494960785, -0.06488491594791412, -0.012954195961356163, 0.021464737132191658, -0.046115126460790634, -0.024091219529509544, -0.03476334363222122, 0.014238763600587845, 0.04735869541764259, -0.004964837804436684, -0.03783995658159256, -0.004782105330377817, -0.11029399186372757, -0.0030027490574866533, 0.008150357753038406, -0.02594400942325592, -0.03541148453950882, 0.02195764146745205, 0.038155172020196915, -0.06468264013528824, -0.01633530855178833, 0.0058867731131613255, -0.007006275001913309, 0.020181559026241302, -0.0178949236869812, 0.011564738117158413, -0.0447009801864624, -0.010193201713263988, -0.00969728548079729, 0.0347721166908741, 0.003019938012585044, 0.032135382294654846, -0.02775900438427925, 0.05362870171666145, 0.042597703635692596, 0.038763925433158875, 0.031229689717292786, 0.0164113100618124, -0.007012154906988144, -0.005948428995907307, -0.06721945106983185, -0.004756893962621689, -0.048609405755996704, 0.0025947794783860445, 0.020561980083584785, -0.06357721239328384, -0.03313378244638443, 0.033614784479141235, 0.02611333131790161, 0.01919383555650711, -0.005103209521621466, 0.003839429933577776, -0.0058845654129981995, -0.012300735339522362, -0.016539691016077995, -0.017208518460392952, 0.03672663867473602, 0.03737182542681694, -0.038549862802028656, -0.06622601300477982, 0.04262871667742729, -0.010933270677924156, 0.023266524076461792, -0.017963314428925514, -0.022058269008994102, -0.00215113814920187, 0.014154857024550438, 0.002106446074321866, -0.016201963648200035, 0.03892697021365166, 0.0398748479783535, -0.018119879066944122, 0.02910923771560192, 0.0064687603153288364, -0.005222590174525976, 0.0033645296934992075, -0.00039037971873767674, 0.0432865209877491, -0.02407139725983143, 0.0032115133944898844, -0.010115350596606731, 0.06718054413795471, 0.04201716557145119, 0.013707281090319157, 0.015339618548750877, 0.03450432047247887, 0.012044405564665794, 0.01707306131720543, -0.010235038585960865, -0.0035339186433702707, -0.06947070360183716, 0.017751088365912437, -0.04326441511511803, 0.02530260942876339, -0.05222595855593681, 0.027240775525569916, -0.04249996691942215, 0.036380015313625336, -0.06098104640841484, 0.020309241488575935, -0.008878609165549278, -0.06494507193565369, -0.008105662651360035, 0.0013612743932753801, 0.04350804537534714, -0.030267398804426193, -0.011836376041173935, 0.0199273694306612, -0.011126206256449223, 0.004142063669860363, -0.05771331489086151, -0.0201554112136364, -0.04226367175579071, -0.07413231581449509, -0.01567767933011055, 0.000016566058548050933, -0.06972438842058182, -0.018746182322502136, 0.01787705160677433, -0.012185145169496536, -0.024257440119981766, 0.008764190599322319, 0.003958899062126875, 0.08014391362667084, -0.018305206671357155, 0.005274410825222731, -0.002191767329350114, -0.010351485572755337, -0.006299235392361879, -0.021164938807487488, 0.05551335960626602, -0.041746608912944794, -0.030415544286370277, -0.01387360505759716, -0.05038091540336609, -0.014330977573990822, 0.015069794841110706, -0.01581760309636593, 0.01952611654996872, -0.015190656296908855, 0.0044800410978496075, -0.036488499492406845, -0.004540667869150639, 0.03639422729611397, -0.07831808924674988, 0.017322378233075142, 0.04325351119041443, 0.01006159745156765, 0.029435735195875168, -0.08339554816484451, -0.05551701784133911, -0.03255905956029892, -0.00844799354672432, -0.012817495502531528, -0.02813788317143917, -0.033611178398132324, -0.02049933932721615, -0.01983676664531231, 0.012935314327478409, 0.026607219129800797, -0.008558150380849838, -0.02810218185186386, -0.04209878295660019, 0.008779832161962986, 0.049781158566474915, -0.046397339552640915, -0.03211631998419762, 0.004893970675766468, 0.007303136400878429, 0.01713450811803341, -0.04220316931605339, 0.018658922985196114, 0.03768321871757507, -0.017224857583642006, 0.044504765421152115, -0.057580042630434036, 0.03538829833269119, -0.003058294067159295, -0.01234672125428915, -0.04905625805258751, 0.013136038556694984, -0.02974524348974228, -0.026891333982348442, 0.002558624604716897, 0.004727191757410765, 0.044349439442157745, 0.02250359207391739, -0.002400448312982917, 0.022576430812478065, 0.03137935325503349, 0.024770718067884445, -0.051233600825071335, 0.03391873836517334, 0.05898986756801605, -0.03664204105734825, -0.01224329974502325, -0.042948558926582336, -0.013011544942855835, 0.06140394136309624, -0.012756548821926117, 0.019321894273161888, -0.04356246069073677, 0.0042402371764183044, 0.012558519840240479, 0.010946419090032578, 0.05712437629699707, -0.033615488559007645, 0.0647892877459526, -0.07291291654109955, 0.025217508897185326, -0.0794551819562912, 0.02514357678592205, 0.05932944267988205, -0.04057475924491882, 0.03400123119354248, 0.031247427687048912, -0.008751889690756798, 0.0436275452375412, -0.02019970677793026, -0.0588257871568203, 0.0056772236712276936, -0.031878963112831116, -0.03899064660072327, 0.04766315966844559, -0.05572069063782692, -0.028831439092755318, 0.008012408390641212, -0.02252388931810856, 0.020902588963508606, 0.02014925703406334, 0.04025103896856308, -0.024861881509423256, -0.008664296939969063, -0.013214251026511192, 0.02796914242208004, 0.007080797106027603, 0.017475316300988197, 0.010489972308278084, 0.03009265847504139, -0.03961734101176262, 0.06642292439937592, 0.029784224927425385, 0.02213498391211033, -0.005098116584122181, 0.0074671064503490925, 0.0008674631826579571, -0.04008011147379875, 0.058858852833509445, -0.016159726306796074, -0.0002854345948435366, -0.0513438805937767, 0.031943269073963165, 0.03323519602417946, -0.028953487053513527, 0.005758754909038544, 0.012405774556100368, -0.059034306555986404, -0.017218582332134247, 0.04403291270136833, 0.0012998691527172923, 0.05065879970788956, 0.0762844979763031, 0.028753507882356644, 0.07041779905557632, 0.09138219058513641, 0.040288254618644714, -0.019559698179364204, 0.0015191134298220277, 0.06661088019609451, 0.06691659241914749, 0.018687894567847252, -0.014527431689202785, 0.049749404191970825, -0.02550242282450199, -0.03451191261410713, 0.0370706282556057, 0.013398884795606136, -0.0545949749648571, -0.053726717829704285, 0.030623864382505417, 0.07433933019638062, -0.005155414342880249, 0.014096200466156006, -0.06167216598987579, -0.014452977105975151, 0.05332772061228752, 0.00529962545260787, -0.049681082367897034, 0.049821559339761734, 0.03181611746549606, 0.04862082377076149, -0.03254418447613716, -0.01546119898557663, -0.007991490885615349, -0.006851561833173037, 0.0037988729309290648, 0.0036101541481912136, -0.014138578437268734, -0.0013259368715807796, 0.02052934840321541, 0.029830997809767723, 0.09940657764673233, -0.033361177891492844, -0.008667009882628918, 0.012620634399354458, 0.018876392394304276, 0.02666519396007061, 0.03392608091235161, 0.023980632424354553, -0.007157395593822002, 0.042997073382139206, -0.0031648194417357445, 0.014358986169099808, 0.022556807845830917, -0.016448330134153366, 0.02806033380329609, -0.03423493728041649, 0.003086784854531288, -0.01061169896274805, 0.006182360928505659, -0.05035379156470299, -0.04782599210739136, -0.06248542293906212, -0.05952616035938263, -0.056390658020973206, -0.09110897034406662, 0.018039345741271973, -0.01402188092470169, -0.07520978897809982, 0.027914268895983696, -0.042897019535303116, 0.01965647004544735, 0.001978094456717372, -0.04743937402963638, -0.02161061204969883, 0.06547791510820389, 0.005655155051499605, 0.019641181454062462, 0.020409462973475456, 0.04641551524400711, 0.014054670929908752, -0.0016799683216959238, -0.010829625651240349, -0.004226126242429018, 0.037882622331380844, -0.01586657203733921, 0.0022721285931766033, -0.08634468168020248, 0.012782678008079529, 0.03687884286046028, -0.011663481593132019, -0.058012597262859344, 0.015108959749341011, -0.04855818301439285, 0.05117851495742798, 0.08764540404081345, -0.028386833146214485, 0.0038154416251927614, -0.038557521998882294, 0.014899097383022308, 0.017357198521494865, -0.0056696985848248005, 0.04223593696951866, -0.05274787172675133, 0.036761991679668427, 0.02769097313284874, -0.018741389736533165, -0.03025151416659355, 0.07923532277345657, 0.03282080963253975, -0.012211392633616924, -0.034020960330963135, -0.011411372572183609, -0.01570388861000538, -0.0658586323261261, -0.012464038096368313, 0.04520520940423012, -0.010915782302618027, -0.033048149198293686, -0.017975006252527237, -0.007183432579040527, 0.01242583803832531, -0.012425422668457031, -0.04178164526820183, 0.0028609682340174913, -0.035049401223659515, -0.00779650779440999, -0.036412060260772705, 0.027266332879662514, -0.03587532415986061, -0.0027239981573075056, -0.018291514366865158, -0.03545955941081047, 0.028239179402589798, -0.007054367568343878, 0.012488647364079952, 0.0004252748913131654, -0.012512749992311, -0.017395270988345146 ]
5,171
Preference Optimization on Pareto Sets: On a Theory of Multi-Objective Optimization
[ "Abhishek Roy", "Geelon So", "Yian Ma" ]
In multi-objective optimization, a single decision vector must balance the trade-offs between many objectives. Solutions achieving an optimal trade-off are said to be Pareto optimal---these are decision vectors for which improving any one objective must come at a cost to another. Many decisions can be Pareto optimal, so when the decision maker can choose only one, this raises questions of which solution to pick and how. We formulate the problem as *Pareto-constrained optimization*, where the goal is to optimize a preference function constrained to a set of Pareto optimal solutions. This constrained optimization problem poses significant challenges: not only is the constraint set defined implicitly, but it is also generally non-convex and non-smooth, even when the objectives are strongly convex. We propose a reformulation of the problem where the constraint set is redefined in terms of an appropriately defined manifold. This reformulation allows us to introduce a clearer and more accurate notion of optimality and stationarity, improving upon existing definitions in the literature. We provide an algorithm with a last-iterate convergence rate of $O( K^{-1/2})$ to this notion of stationarity when the preference function is Lipschitz smooth and when the objective functions are strongly convex and Lipschitz smooth. Moreover, motivated by practical applications like Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF), we extend this algorithm to tackle the case where the preference function can only be queried via dueling feedback.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.0468958355486393, 0.0014023715630173683, 0.01613902859389782, 0.03861673176288605, 0.03736894950270653, 0.05158663168549538, 0.005903755314648151, 0.023071713745594025, -0.021049806848168373, -0.05263194814324379, -0.017450518906116486, 0.03172506392002106, -0.07573922723531723, -0.02578345313668251, -0.008030359633266926, 0.04390448331832886, 0.018030324950814247, -0.007520307321101427, 0.0001224632142111659, 0.02170461043715477, -0.014051555655896664, 0.019447391852736473, 0.03907458484172821, 0.012745200656354427, 0.050851866602897644, 0.01760558970272541, 0.012100781314074993, 0.02147660218179226, -0.01151101104915142, -0.02240634895861149, 0.016648221760988235, 0.004200476687401533, 0.006971562746912241, -0.026317808777093887, -0.009611348621547222, 0.005618898663669825, -0.013905229046940804, 0.0015804583672434092, 0.02110770344734192, 0.015395582653582096, -0.03494986891746521, 0.03796086832880974, -0.014554928988218307, 0.024689631536602974, -0.04083867371082306, 0.04295727610588074, -0.06089353188872337, 0.0020259886514395475, 0.012665186077356339, -0.04476883262395859, -0.09751969575881958, 0.01849692314863205, 0.013539989478886127, -0.005903339479118586, -0.018745873123407364, 0.03994451090693474, 0.012033592909574509, -0.06098742410540581, -0.016300134360790253, -0.0690048485994339, -0.019045505672693253, 0.036382563412189484, 0.0116011593490839, 0.036949336528778076, -0.00860713329166174, 0.004024859052151442, 0.014719036407768726, 0.03143743425607681, -0.03624621778726578, -0.0061388323083519936, -0.052709758281707764, -0.01987305097281933, 0.044539012014865875, 0.020224425941705704, 0.012425001710653305, -0.0635698065161705, 0.01376048568636179, 0.030498182401061058, 0.021837638691067696, 0.024877095595002174, -0.0012831148924306035, 0.0442054383456707, 0.021739866584539413, 0.024924645200371742, 0.010231479071080685, 0.007667106110602617, -0.024370843544602394, -0.006268872879445553, -0.08051205426454544, 0.049474626779556274, -0.03270690143108368, -0.054381221532821655, 0.02365446276962757, 0.03199314698576927, 0.013643449172377586, -0.028411416336894035, 0.02055153250694275, 0.03545411676168442, 0.012635080143809319, 0.0008848486468195915, -0.026346689090132713, -0.035728324204683304, 0.021184831857681274, -0.03242093324661255, -0.10867025703191757, -0.03898444026708603, -0.011961099691689014, 0.014712478034198284, 0.008279903791844845, 0.025961577892303467, -0.06340288370847702, 0.010798337869346142, 0.02471674047410488, -0.012858808971941471, -0.0792161300778389, 0.025815654546022415, 0.002210551407188177, 0.02892090566456318, 0.007469670381397009, 0.01769426092505455, 0.039845533668994904, 0.023286493495106697, 0.0010048255790024996, 0.07235588133335114, 0.004444947000592947, -0.0025783877354115248, 0.03811619430780411, 0.045570626854896545, -0.03983362764120102, -0.06969447433948517, 0.018509548157453537, 0.0510956272482872, -0.014738976955413818, -0.007400413975119591, -0.04819143936038017, -0.016245469450950623, 0.015202024951577187, 0.010160846635699272, 0.012691001407802105, 0.007374791894108057, -0.039649516344070435, -0.01604064181447029, 0.07381605356931686, -0.015887664631009102, 0.040766287595033646, -0.018023641780018806, 0.04174095764756203, -0.019404133781790733, -0.043897539377212524, -0.012110626325011253, 0.014926129952073097, -0.011480607092380524, 0.005065546836704016, -0.022432725876569748, 0.015309236012399197, 0.039161741733551025, 0.03588174283504486, 0.012996980920433998, -0.014306813478469849, 0.03554965928196907, 0.004693279974162579, 0.011610063724219799, 0.0000910355884116143, -0.0300774984061718, 0.007889448665082455, -0.05818334221839905, 0.05438239127397537, 0.0553092323243618, -0.013901060447096825, -0.005758798215538263, -0.031767237931489944, -0.022454453632235527, 0.03178372234106064, -0.00139957619830966, -0.005198550410568714, 0.005767833441495895, 0.08211115002632141, -0.0015493093524128199, 0.06341469287872314, 0.016914933919906616, -0.08392635732889175, 0.03414614498615265, 0.014757749624550343, 0.0072768498212099075, 0.0046218628995120525, -0.005208891816437244, 0.0669354796409607, 0.002852090634405613, 0.04850071668624878, 0.019280506297945976, -0.07092621177434921, -0.03691829741001129, 0.014702824875712395, -0.038916002959012985, 0.0697968453168869, -0.007475565187633038, -0.032236725091934204, 0.034576307982206345, 0.005807342939078808, 0.05044589936733246, 0.0493258461356163, -0.03742964193224907, 0.03238745033740997, -0.014289183542132378, -0.030096855014562607, -0.002676714677363634, 0.04371368885040283, -0.055844344198703766, -0.027791863307356834, 0.03315632417798042, -0.016820067539811134, 0.007976505905389786, 0.011067087762057781, -0.01701272465288639, 0.05061989650130272, -0.013296016491949558, 0.013582641258835793, 0.009644526056945324, 0.05815745145082474, -0.05016438663005829, 0.054624591022729874, 0.025988725945353508, -0.010086558759212494, 0.03381660208106041, -0.014059473760426044, 0.06792676448822021, 0.09672576934099197, -0.03487887978553772, -0.012636663392186165, 0.01592012494802475, -0.003044454613700509, 0.03780297189950943, 0.023310869932174683, -0.01850826106965542, 0.032155442982912064, 0.016534794121980667, -0.008459457196295261, -0.025194615125656128, 0.06796924024820328, -0.033701907843351364, -0.022765448316931725, 0.06727252900600433, -0.0272885300219059, 0.065006785094738, 0.008393238298594952, 0.003258255310356617, 0.006251066457480192, 0.06322705745697021, -0.02807159535586834, -0.012922917492687702, -0.05806915462017059, -0.004017968196421862, 0.025818582624197006, -0.013776633888483047, 0.012148112058639526, -0.04150008037686348, 0.021846748888492584, -0.009026044979691505, 0.07504211366176605, 0.06077492609620094, 0.020289918407797813, 0.030507521703839302, -0.03236418589949608, -0.04086846858263016, -0.013952631503343582, -0.12297416478395462, -0.04603740945458412, 0.022724419832229614, 0.04605644568800926, 0.0322362445294857, 0.03344498947262764, -0.03484831377863884, 0.022164661437273026, -0.018681621178984642, -0.03402436897158623, 0.012359737418591976, 0.0372624434530735, 0.022069156169891357, -0.026094824075698853, -0.01731107197701931, 0.04835608974099159, 0.05741145461797714, -0.0018644005758687854, -0.012981265783309937, -0.021273406222462654, -0.05808451026678085, 0.009554925374686718, -0.07055965065956116, -0.014980955049395561, -0.00418121786788106, 0.0016832026885822415, 0.001759068458341062, -0.059834595769643784, 0.02166154980659485, 0.02162015065550804, 0.036772362887859344, 0.03357366845011711, 0.04314601048827171, -0.004022766835987568, 0.009907047264277935, 0.015311609022319317, -0.00017601397121325135, -0.015721797943115234, 0.021254632622003555, 0.00408172095194459, -0.0014103896683081985, 0.01638447493314743, 0.018130512908101082, -0.27795693278312683, -0.04220252484083176, 0.0034961444325745106, 0.014556468464434147, 0.026675406843423843, -0.01491951011121273, 0.041130390018224716, -0.044982243329286575, -0.036939650774002075, -0.00409296527504921, -0.009198742918670177, 0.010111558251082897, -0.01102234236896038, 0.07645170390605927, 0.05867268145084381, 0.03690335154533386, -0.003262166865170002, -0.034632690250873566, -0.010466224513947964, 0.0175031628459692, -0.0413203239440918, -0.08909785002470016, -0.01171016599982977, 0.01636320725083351, 0.006361809559166431, 0.04444027692079544, -0.039905108511447906, -0.014744793064892292, -0.05786072090268135, -0.010789254680275917, -0.031528931111097336, 0.0007094908505678177, -0.03898616507649422, 0.013405623845756054, 0.05700934678316116, -0.0006408297922462225, 0.013220707885921001, -0.02958005480468273, 0.04068263620138168, 0.04974978417158127, -0.028333719819784164, -0.008570196107029915, -0.029178835451602936, 0.009815916419029236, 0.04504361376166344, 0.04611248895525932, -0.0051385946571826935, -0.020808499306440353, -0.02774927020072937, 0.03381921350955963, 0.04319825395941734, -0.022707564756274223, -0.013643243350088596, 0.013851353898644447, 0.023294737562537193, -0.006827575154602528, -0.0016065732343122363, -0.04434952512383461, 0.007762399967759848, 0.019463028758764267, -0.0166837926954031, -0.043595090508461, -0.014205257408320904, -0.024814100936055183, -0.018085956573486328, -0.05508282408118248, -0.07586797326803207, -0.053799279034137726, 0.044419560581445694, 0.03830922394990921, 0.025385841727256775, -0.02477576583623886, -0.014837906695902348, -0.09540195018053055, -0.008334738202393055, -0.00704427994787693, -0.021771784871816635, -0.0027741966769099236, -0.0035143671557307243, 0.05330771952867508, -0.04149060696363449, -0.04411695897579193, -0.006189691834151745, 0.009401853196322918, 0.019966134801506996, -0.034317269921302795, 0.03723384439945221, -0.006818230729550123, -0.00024107641365844756, -0.03343804180622101, 0.015260277315974236, -0.003431624034419656, 0.03263320028781891, -0.025096843019127846, 0.05385690927505493, 0.02828734740614891, 0.030444912612438202, 0.009100580587983131, 0.026281634345650673, 0.005998640786856413, -0.009798265062272549, -0.10831817984580994, -0.006107153836637735, -0.010930528864264488, -0.03406399115920067, 0.02446570061147213, -0.05934853479266167, -0.03896316885948181, 0.06527607142925262, 0.003263685153797269, -0.009476575069129467, -0.03799225389957428, -0.006438076961785555, -0.027617711573839188, -0.014686609618365765, -0.03162205591797829, -0.030812107026576996, 0.04723600670695305, 0.04685525223612785, 0.01600026898086071, -0.029590146616101265, 0.06098467484116554, -0.0028866149950772524, -0.019651275128126144, -0.0405086986720562, 0.023855112493038177, -0.002236191416159272, -0.04260469228029251, 0.0143620939925313, 0.0009426455944776535, 0.035969823598861694, 0.04373808205127716, 0.02343701384961605, 0.003998590167611837, 0.03702951595187187, 0.017918849363923073, -0.017097709700465202, -0.022949861362576485, 0.03194113075733185, -0.030362986028194427, 0.024791289120912552, 0.006039742846041918, 0.020347094163298607, 0.01396905817091465, 0.009306048974394798, 0.014943554066121578, 0.018998801708221436, -0.008398745208978653, 0.008397355675697327, 0.011268245987594128, 0.004436273127794266, -0.048936594277620316, -0.0020215045660734177, -0.016753913834691048, 0.017096243798732758, -0.03551657497882843, 0.029892995953559875, -0.004635517485439777, 0.010519567877054214, -0.07320760935544968, 0.02393515594303608, -0.012640782631933689, -0.03717641159892082, -0.003942527808248997, 0.04089435935020447, 0.06802942603826523, -0.015158440917730331, -0.020911306142807007, -0.02478017471730709, 0.0016072709113359451, 0.03635420277714729, -0.02799287438392639, -0.03133856877684593, -0.03987429663538933, -0.04449312388896942, -0.0636422261595726, 0.03474939242005348, -0.05942808464169502, -0.05857005715370178, -0.0024261062499135733, -0.01023079827427864, -0.04210587963461876, -0.00421644514426589, -0.006230530794709921, 0.0581272728741169, -0.008271067403256893, 0.018491869792342186, -0.012337889522314072, -0.00829705037176609, 0.016426505520939827, -0.016544094309210777, 0.0338834673166275, -0.02488076128065586, -0.017444774508476257, -0.020963046699762344, -0.02847304940223694, 0.006963449530303478, -0.012733922339975834, -0.014108238741755486, 0.019732095301151276, -0.04358580708503723, 0.014516725204885006, -0.043161507695913315, 0.001220494625158608, 0.06298398226499557, -0.05176364630460739, -0.0055797528475522995, 0.028898220509290695, -0.005420539528131485, 0.04660293459892273, -0.06896748393774033, -0.03903573006391525, -0.016457967460155487, 0.009446123614907265, 0.009053165093064308, -0.02050219103693962, -0.041850462555885315, -0.0022739379201084375, -0.031486231833696365, -0.012887876480817795, -0.006537223234772682, -0.013799342326819897, -0.005013738758862019, -0.03770770505070686, -0.026068128645420074, 0.06153778359293938, 0.0013176939683035016, -0.04802514612674713, 0.014987512491643429, 0.016421180218458176, 0.029698995873332024, -0.04398779198527336, 0.003755645826458931, 0.036251895129680634, 0.008857130073010921, 0.04449265077710152, -0.05594475194811821, 0.03752247244119644, -0.062320124357938766, -0.020835818722844124, -0.02245754934847355, 0.015500165522098541, -0.037332452833652496, -0.04646746814250946, 0.00019023037748411298, 0.02668466418981552, 0.027267925441265106, -0.012038405984640121, 0.01447508204728365, 0.009197216480970383, -0.024197280406951904, 0.0254534799605608, -0.059316180646419525, 0.0026336403097957373, 0.04339290410280228, 0.012855257838964462, -0.02787170186638832, -0.020467383787035942, 0.004068366717547178, 0.024336256086826324, -0.060802970081567764, 0.034023478627204895, -0.029372576624155045, 0.04399021342396736, 0.0172597486525774, 0.026074938476085663, 0.012640805914998055, -0.0093696229159832, 0.03024868667125702, -0.0845581442117691, 0.012488259002566338, -0.07541704922914505, 0.006397189572453499, 0.039360374212265015, -0.014212117530405521, 0.017375033348798752, 0.02596266195178032, -0.02745894156396389, 0.030062003061175346, -0.02872457541525364, -0.0635264664888382, 0.008883388713002205, -0.0394783616065979, 0.007042401935905218, 0.04511439800262451, -0.03945941850543022, -0.04012564569711685, -0.005062565673142672, -0.053470756858587265, 0.018672559410333633, 0.0170914139598608, 0.026283657178282738, 0.021335074678063393, 0.002103435108438134, -0.05383598431944847, 0.020613661035895348, 0.04507838934659958, 0.03182339295744896, 0.0021282811649143696, 0.011550120078027248, -0.06959373503923416, 0.025466954335570335, 0.047480132430791855, 0.040216393768787384, 0.0029543018899858, 0.04489610344171524, -0.0038309500087052584, -0.01369150634855032, 0.03364923596382141, -0.0020764225628226995, 0.004400823265314102, -0.05267782881855965, 0.04683099314570427, 0.01285390742123127, -0.033227741718292236, -0.018490104004740715, 0.017851179465651512, -0.06695972383022308, 0.012375710532069206, 0.021479034796357155, -0.012836906127631664, 0.021758921444416046, 0.08312250673770905, 0.0014075840590521693, 0.023498745635151863, 0.07561501115560532, 0.010810313746333122, -0.011262400075793266, -0.008606593124568462, 0.09519833326339722, 0.05479937419295311, 0.059509944170713425, -0.033246055245399475, 0.06087774038314819, -0.048126816749572754, -0.03704068809747696, 0.007248939014971256, 0.016324015334248543, -0.01966135948896408, -0.014554259367287159, -0.014428812079131603, 0.06144609674811363, -0.008229169063270092, 0.0608556754887104, -0.039049167186021805, -0.002613401971757412, 0.03686954081058502, -0.01875350996851921, -0.004942803177982569, 0.04582250863313675, 0.027461718767881393, 0.048279549926519394, -0.027801506221294403, -0.014061537571251392, 0.005279731936752796, 0.011671805754303932, -0.008599432185292244, -0.01659170165657997, -0.015605729073286057, 0.03287428617477417, 0.04501635953783989, 0.012139825150370598, 0.08127281069755554, -0.07055046409368515, -0.018195077776908875, 0.027027836069464684, 0.013788948766887188, -0.009477293118834496, 0.03969622775912285, 0.041780151426792145, -0.02927313931286335, -0.0016255947994068265, -0.01585744321346283, 0.02289413847029209, 0.02488980069756508, 0.027102304622530937, 0.02155205048620701, -0.011848505586385727, 0.027405178174376488, 0.039478056132793427, 0.03329627960920334, -0.056753259152173996, -0.04759692773222923, -0.019469520077109337, -0.07410109788179398, -0.039500825107097626, -0.06780561804771423, 0.0017873055767267942, 0.00997439119964838, -0.059101998805999756, 0.01874135620892048, 0.011661875993013382, 0.017110420390963554, 0.013548341579735279, -0.0654984712600708, -0.00028679330716840923, 0.02441052533686161, 0.0023347078822553158, 0.040889494121074677, 0.012808979488909245, 0.03489856421947479, 0.007258107885718346, -0.036142848432064056, -0.0037822669837623835, 0.020167948678135872, 0.024591771885752678, -0.03475778549909592, -0.008847161196172237, -0.08014780282974243, -0.01888071373105049, 0.014880296774208546, -0.04410477727651596, -0.0820397138595581, 0.02100340835750103, -0.03056088089942932, 0.007214220706373453, 0.083858922123909, 0.0018742908723652363, -0.004629067145287991, -0.0209686029702425, -0.012953958474099636, -0.027746140956878662, -0.0064042918384075165, 0.018602818250656128, -0.00584317184984684, 0.02768072299659252, 0.011047887615859509, -0.05301913246512413, -0.07644812017679214, 0.08421393483877182, -0.028115732595324516, -0.0047555482015013695, -0.026219429448246956, -0.033675797283649445, -0.020929772406816483, -0.11181780695915222, -0.014422464184463024, 0.038790974766016006, -0.018637195229530334, -0.026872830465435982, -0.00852164812386036, 0.026384316384792328, 0.0006557020824402571, 0.007887600921094418, -0.04406153783202171, -0.005762869957834482, -0.03479009494185448, 0.0072776698507368565, -0.07306315749883652, 0.026593327522277832, -0.024588320404291153, 0.003781909355893731, -0.04067835584282875, -0.04409480094909668, -0.007585484534502029, 0.0014058273518458009, 0.0065932502038776875, 0.03932575881481171, 0.01683095656335354, 0.006802934221923351 ]
5,172
WaLRUS: Wavelets for Long range Representation Using State Space Methods
[ "Hossein Babaei", "Mel White", "Sina Alemohammad", "Richard Baraniuk" ]
State-Space Models (SSMs) have proven to be powerful tools for online function approximation and for modeling long-range dependencies in sequential data. While recent methods such as HiPPO have demonstrated strong performance using a few polynomial bases, they remain limited by their reliance on closed-form solutions for specific, well-behaved bases. The SaFARi framework generalizes this approach, enabling the construction of SSMs from arbitrary frames, including non-orthogonal and redundant ones, thus allowing an infinite diversity of possible "species'' within the SSM family. In this paper, we introduce WaLRUS (Wavelets for Long-range Representation Using SSMs), a new species of SaFARi built from Daubechies wavelet frames. We instantiate two variants, scaled-Walrus and translated-Walrus, and show that their multiresolution and localized nature offers significant advantages in representing non-smooth and transient signals. We compare Walrus to HiPPO-based models and demonstrate improved accuracy, better numerical properties, and more efficient implementations for online function approximation tasks.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.04353819787502289, -0.016133183613419533, 0.008195248432457447, 0.02859613671898842, 0.04641667753458023, 0.04072631523013115, 0.03492353484034538, 0.0038262445013970137, -0.013760929927229881, -0.060258861631155014, 0.03402463346719742, -0.007203171029686928, -0.07629506289958954, -0.002220994094386697, 0.0013431226834654808, 0.06971194595098495, 0.024114977568387985, -0.01903037168085575, -0.020282285287976265, -0.014691793359816074, -0.0012643524678424, -0.0253142062574625, 0.016265392303466797, 0.03597792610526085, 0.00018279867072124034, 0.011315276846289635, 0.008763774298131466, 0.005789590068161488, -0.031160956248641014, -0.012843034230172634, 0.028610052540898323, 0.014993594028055668, -0.01930263638496399, 0.0029758447781205177, 0.0014348563272505999, 0.020394062623381615, -0.029209470376372337, 0.00023628717462997884, 0.00116272724699229, -0.014439966529607773, -0.020245926454663277, -0.027461325749754906, 0.011767460964620113, 0.016968058422207832, -0.03980527073144913, -0.028455443680286407, -0.0979885682463646, 0.032766781747341156, 0.005778079386800528, -0.009754457511007786, -0.09908732026815414, 0.04762595519423485, -0.004999381490051746, -0.012475842610001564, -0.011737259104847908, 0.02930494025349617, 0.0032221616711467505, -0.07838676869869232, 0.003690929152071476, -0.05955946817994118, -0.03345438838005066, -0.0015405166195705533, 0.023668166249990463, -0.010977813974022865, -0.0048482599668204784, -0.03256066143512726, 0.011763853952288628, 0.040889922529459, -0.04573194682598114, -0.04359469935297966, -0.02007681131362915, -0.0266347024589777, -0.01678360253572464, -0.014798593707382679, 0.00021110578381922096, -0.054101064801216125, 0.04422301426529884, 0.009911470115184784, 0.05470365658402443, 0.019192799925804138, 0.055333685129880905, 0.015124505385756493, 0.008876779116690159, 0.009205007925629616, 0.008761687204241753, -0.015244140289723873, -0.02755938656628132, -0.018270911648869514, -0.0931054949760437, 0.05147797614336014, -0.027760501950979233, -0.0480976328253746, 0.028190938755869865, 0.024164751172065735, 0.006228530779480934, 0.00513076176866889, 0.003214895725250244, -0.014172978699207306, 0.03176041319966316, 0.004546632524579763, -0.03937891125679016, -0.025028208270668983, 0.01429789699614048, -0.023202242329716682, -0.1161271259188652, -0.032983120530843735, -0.021018389612436295, -0.008345230482518673, -0.026711048558354378, 0.012015397660434246, -0.04962717369198799, 0.0024906285107135773, 0.040052156895399094, -0.03027423657476902, -0.07718959450721741, 0.028631659224629402, 0.017289787530899048, 0.03485999256372452, 0.0035904478281736374, -0.015639323741197586, 0.0720292255282402, 0.02968483418226242, -0.0351521261036396, 0.05262571945786476, 0.016518739983439445, -0.006524620112031698, 0.045508723706007004, 0.03133489936590195, -0.04421465843915939, -0.03390932455658913, 0.028657300397753716, 0.014425030909478664, 0.008847416378557682, 0.017819922417402267, 0.010758176445960999, 0.0010911945719271898, -0.03323376551270485, 0.004340823739767075, 0.03488423302769661, -0.0007165657007135451, 0.025243906304240227, -0.018700340762734413, 0.059353895485401154, -0.02129850909113884, 0.06622287631034851, -0.0035626764874905348, -0.0018701850203797221, -0.019034314900636673, 0.0064551252871751785, -0.021908286958932877, -0.012838593684136868, -0.0031761545687913895, 0.0022398498840630054, -0.048250712454319, 0.024520941078662872, 0.02297297492623329, 0.0240951981395483, -0.0000067265295911056455, 0.03231139853596687, -0.019637640565633774, 0.011923441663384438, -0.005884689278900623, -0.03028970956802368, 0.022777371108531952, 0.0010647762101143599, -0.03853531554341316, 0.04903776943683624, 0.04599440097808838, -0.02272428199648857, -0.012357717379927635, -0.05087094008922577, -0.007940486073493958, 0.06989098340272903, 0.04350775107741356, -0.028605321422219276, -0.015466860495507717, 0.07380781322717667, -0.027259260416030884, 0.056072939187288284, -0.008914057165384293, -0.07811766862869263, 0.025311985984444618, 0.012387898750603199, 0.015492194332182407, 0.008510141633450985, -0.00700642354786396, 0.11853551864624023, -0.03888881951570511, 0.01706281304359436, -0.008515341207385063, -0.04820366948843002, -0.011846799403429031, 0.02068638801574707, -0.013507772237062454, 0.06568524986505508, 0.007244677282869816, -0.050244443118572235, 0.006693623960018158, 0.008146893233060837, 0.03178969398140907, 0.027477527037262917, 0.0035430951975286007, 0.038080934435129166, 0.014350146986544132, -0.025258075445890427, -0.003701671026647091, 0.02676909603178501, -0.0734323114156723, -0.012428461574018002, -0.006151622626930475, 0.0016862504417076707, -0.017624905332922935, 0.01926509663462639, 0.02489720657467842, 0.008147799409925938, 0.032219406217336655, 0.03184017166495323, -0.013814909383654594, 0.026981182396411896, -0.05941757932305336, 0.02239660918712616, 0.022936327382922173, -0.05250522494316101, -0.007212088909000158, -0.010317748412489891, 0.09957914054393768, 0.09365915507078171, -0.03094041533768177, -0.013895628042519093, 0.000013139172551746015, -0.0034459680318832397, -0.014568455517292023, 0.008572778664529324, -0.0031384185422211885, -0.00514615373685956, -0.028194287791848183, 0.020453324541449547, -0.03753441572189331, 0.07031853497028351, -0.04683968052268028, -0.018588682636618614, 0.09340135753154755, -0.0021621210034936666, 0.04492513835430145, -0.004478903021663427, -0.012885548174381256, 0.03531785309314728, -0.0037278151139616966, -0.018348999321460724, -0.01526042353361845, -0.025945229455828667, 0.012056267820298672, 0.037311043590307236, -0.010267578065395355, 0.0023493769112974405, -0.06926693767309189, -0.031201666221022606, 0.022133227437734604, 0.06562454253435135, 0.05546484887599945, 0.04008123651146889, 0.029513413086533546, 0.030388465151190758, -0.046125076711177826, -0.007326633203774691, -0.12734849750995636, -0.05863979086279869, -0.0393887460231781, 0.0393313467502594, 0.002321353182196617, 0.020566491410136223, 0.010088801383972168, 0.020709862932562828, 0.00348409591242671, 0.0003828900516964495, -0.02067108452320099, 0.012216608040034771, -0.021817581728100777, -0.03376194089651108, -0.012858559377491474, 0.01938173919916153, 0.09462635219097137, -0.008127747103571892, -0.0559014156460762, -0.010352148674428463, -0.06040668860077858, -0.010499134659767151, -0.016554873436689377, -0.0027858074754476547, 0.019452309235930443, 0.004012842662632465, 0.014724179171025753, -0.02484748512506485, 0.03680846095085144, 0.01263236254453659, 0.07096768915653229, 0.05158808454871178, 0.011807756498456001, -0.03829163312911987, -0.007872120477259159, -0.0011914580827578902, -0.010347207076847553, 0.007576480973511934, 0.0009316648356616497, -0.022977104410529137, 0.009613706730306149, -0.025282911956310272, -0.01720459759235382, -0.28712424635887146, -0.03702523931860924, 0.000038961075915722176, -0.03770596161484718, 0.04161341115832329, -0.020968332886695862, 0.043966054916381836, -0.026033470407128334, -0.03551124781370163, 0.025732381269335747, 0.023833133280277252, 0.03312988951802254, -0.011266504414379597, 0.055603526532649994, 0.04582029953598976, -0.019746365025639534, -0.030688706785440445, 0.008721532300114632, 0.0146313002333045, 0.028493667021393776, 0.005519676022231579, -0.06921275705099106, 0.00043608606210909784, 0.027108464390039444, -0.004991697613149881, 0.04145684093236923, -0.04940824955701828, -0.006289325188845396, -0.04775526747107506, -0.0220847949385643, -0.0270207691937685, -0.025797443464398384, 0.008997004479169846, 0.04932921379804611, -0.0008440579404123127, 0.0057212840765714645, 0.01583515852689743, 0.025376608595252037, 0.021610332652926445, 0.0007939410861581564, -0.00022436180734075606, -0.021844245493412018, -0.003680440131574869, 0.0006039200234226882, 0.05549830570816994, 0.05472065135836601, -0.025110628455877304, 0.026140950620174408, -0.04176212474703789, 0.03824235871434212, -0.022657625377178192, -0.00821633730083704, 0.00247174222022295, -0.020515212789177895, -0.03024369105696678, -0.05804711952805519, -0.0227573961019516, 0.018435467034578323, -0.002597951563075185, -0.005537026561796665, 0.016109559684991837, -0.0469086617231369, -0.0011486547300592065, -0.036451004445552826, -0.021973922848701477, -0.024482179433107376, -0.06128796190023422, -0.05803161859512329, 0.055612631142139435, -0.003527378663420677, 0.002289503812789917, -0.012927936390042305, -0.041271235793828964, -0.11113911122083664, 0.019093289971351624, -0.020752357318997383, -0.006714241113513708, -0.04268232360482216, -0.00392811419442296, 0.03741459921002388, -0.04685015231370926, -0.05229846015572548, 0.016093330457806587, 0.024799766018986702, 0.015371295623481274, -0.02140047773718834, -0.033403169363737106, -0.018576161935925484, -0.034353382885456085, -0.023023368790745735, 0.0528944730758667, -0.019572362303733826, 0.028767157346010208, 0.010891666635870934, 0.06832440942525864, 0.04524524137377739, 0.032909080386161804, 0.03326140716671944, 0.029467865824699402, -0.03403633460402489, 0.03049812652170658, -0.04161326214671135, 0.007728853262960911, -0.06437822431325912, 0.0032672008965164423, 0.07592885941267014, -0.03746461868286133, -0.031751785427331924, 0.03674684464931488, 0.019001394510269165, -0.044487111270427704, -0.04265822097659111, 0.00787930004298687, -0.05446568503975868, 0.013749539852142334, 0.01710554026067257, -0.00478900084272027, 0.01989276148378849, 0.021128837019205093, 0.0049200113862752914, -0.028342334553599358, 0.01647595502436161, -0.02084563672542572, 0.0029026255942881107, -0.023684345185756683, -0.007936627604067326, -0.008624132722616196, -0.019512128084897995, 0.0052363332360982895, -0.03981971740722656, 0.022701475769281387, 0.04016593471169472, 0.025074250996112823, 0.05442189797759056, 0.06583695113658905, 0.057340290397405624, -0.019932115450501442, 0.0065784575417637825, 0.04829386994242668, -0.035702940076589584, -0.020388368517160416, -0.00544305145740509, 0.04217006266117096, 0.023408664390444756, -0.02775106020271778, 0.029054421931505203, 0.014460315927863121, 0.0009844162268564105, 0.013165519572794437, -0.008061845786869526, -0.007119286339730024, -0.03232424706220627, -0.02781164087355137, -0.031110836192965508, -0.018963966518640518, -0.04488270729780197, 0.03389595448970795, -0.0009955796413123608, 0.025497889146208763, -0.07725045830011368, 0.04084036871790886, 0.009914771653711796, -0.028318196535110474, -0.017687784507870674, 0.010804046876728535, 0.05917082354426384, -0.02509278617799282, -0.010387944988906384, 0.03305726498365402, 0.04385645315051079, 0.038559217005968094, -0.006840194575488567, -0.013285469263792038, -0.02403227984905243, -0.026841990649700165, 0.022614289075136185, -0.02543335035443306, -0.008503646589815617, -0.05216869339346886, 0.056848566979169846, 0.010811622254550457, -0.013688750565052032, -0.00998648814857006, 0.014726966619491577, 0.06258677691221237, -0.0022440990433096886, 0.005649595521390438, -0.023869527503848076, -0.00859511736780405, 0.05118904262781143, 0.009180368855595589, 0.044093601405620575, -0.015462825074791908, -0.023563016206026077, -0.05196724086999893, -0.040960393846035004, -0.01674443483352661, 0.059511661529541016, -0.03184790909290314, -0.03297104686498642, 0.009059512056410313, -0.022460758686065674, -0.011462741531431675, -0.0122555922716856, -0.006910357624292374, -0.056707751005887985, 0.033709876239299774, 0.029207561165094376, -0.02098647877573967, 0.013135300017893314, -0.03721892088651657, -0.04441075026988983, -0.03241289407014847, 0.002905892673879862, -0.019152602180838585, 0.018191946670413017, 0.014574173837900162, -0.029585223644971848, 0.019623927772045135, -0.02097220905125141, 0.003987907897680998, 0.02665688283741474, 0.036310650408267975, 0.009175997227430344, -0.00811969768255949, 0.043656278401613235, -0.041586194187402725, 0.016834869980812073, 0.029629964381456375, -0.024495573714375496, 0.03335704281926155, -0.058559343218803406, 0.00009356777445646003, 0.06693436205387115, -0.0037492227274924517, -0.0020240501035004854, -0.05537272244691849, 0.01840839348733425, 0.007666364312171936, 0.017016474157571793, -0.011881152167916298, 0.03080892004072666, -0.01574777439236641, 0.003100415924564004, 0.050887975841760635, 0.012331492267549038, 0.031211351975798607, 0.007942757569253445, -0.010190632194280624, 0.016056206077337265, 0.00839010439813137, 0.03071564994752407, -0.03752850741147995, 0.00016278025577776134, 0.06844813376665115, -0.004062275402247906, -0.041947998106479645, -0.06515168398618698, -0.011781656183302402, 0.026562683284282684, -0.00136619305703789, 0.028837956488132477, -0.0404311902821064, 0.032515328377485275, 0.05454948544502258, 0.02802383527159691, 0.03167605772614479, -0.022883646190166473, 0.06372934579849243, -0.03159303963184357, 0.02418452315032482, -0.06468455493450165, -0.01158474013209343, 0.07050479203462601, 0.001065111719071865, -0.00024292148009408265, 0.007609704043716192, -0.02779715694487095, 0.046187061816453934, -0.001037647482007742, -0.03650302812457085, 0.04723089933395386, -0.03334273770451546, -0.0404217466711998, 0.011796408332884312, -0.03578465059399605, 0.0014003075193613768, -0.016023283824324608, -0.026910480111837387, 0.020682325586676598, 0.002039427636191249, 0.06368006020784378, -0.04993497207760811, -0.00849644560366869, -0.05334067344665527, 0.01218993030488491, 0.011608711443841457, 0.0778004601597786, 0.0037362913135439157, 0.045599181205034256, -0.04294738918542862, 0.08576640486717224, 0.016935592517256737, 0.013027534820139408, 0.026885652914643288, 0.0031317132525146008, 0.00007003792416071519, -0.0536942332983017, 0.010333407670259476, 0.03755953907966614, -0.029515830799937248, -0.08373366296291351, 0.05030710622668266, 0.029362501576542854, -0.02019166760146618, 0.01150503009557724, 0.019937219098210335, -0.04704267159104347, 0.017024001106619835, 0.018327178433537483, 0.00565818976610899, -0.010812238790094852, 0.041844442486763, -0.012148568406701088, 0.03740353509783745, 0.08274081349372864, -0.01728024147450924, -0.007780608721077442, 0.0000707372382748872, 0.0445239394903183, 0.058816004544496536, 0.030155373737215996, -0.02025502175092697, 0.07190443575382233, -0.029867546632885933, -0.04746727645397186, 0.035260751843452454, 0.013391148298978806, -0.0047546750865876675, -0.01868136040866375, 0.02693719044327736, 0.06241006404161453, 0.024611948058009148, 0.07432965189218521, -0.06474680453538895, 0.003875915426760912, -0.00871813390403986, -0.004562695045024157, 0.024009056389331818, 0.01724938675761223, 0.02374202385544777, 0.025085391476750374, -0.006014933343976736, -0.026789333671331406, 0.010743348859250546, -0.05888228118419647, 0.010782935656607151, 0.009024159982800484, 0.014210998080670834, 0.014205927029252052, 0.01998184807598591, 0.0790962427854538, 0.06458436697721481, -0.03924782946705818, -0.035201530903577805, 0.008430012501776218, 0.03173351660370827, 0.011198505759239197, 0.03559223189949989, 0.0031674832571297884, 0.004150301218032837, 0.013019303791224957, -0.04651776701211929, 0.04005569592118263, 0.01088774111121893, -0.010644670575857162, 0.005667203571647406, -0.00900484248995781, -0.05949762463569641, -0.01300236489623785, 0.007429693825542927, -0.032403115183115005, -0.046233195811510086, -0.05834195390343666, -0.03987563028931618, -0.08733844012022018, -0.04316936805844307, -0.028372589498758316, -0.021437980234622955, -0.04267435520887375, -0.0347747765481472, -0.0357164666056633, 0.02004140056669712, 0.02850857935845852, -0.02290303446352482, -0.004242036957293749, 0.02831270918250084, 0.017411639913916588, -0.00878898985683918, 0.03946574404835701, 0.06257843226194382, -0.02975711226463318, -0.03163614496588707, 0.014959379099309444, 0.014899908564984798, 0.0402689054608345, 0.00547937024384737, -0.011830253526568413, -0.09254924952983856, 0.012460386380553246, 0.03296034410595894, 0.007939841598272324, -0.08750767260789871, 0.010953797958791256, -0.04330221191048622, 0.021032363176345825, 0.040632929652929306, -0.022379407659173012, 0.019186625257134438, -0.04539812356233597, -0.016130056232213974, -0.00582285039126873, 0.006083210464566946, 0.04949605464935303, -0.04369246959686279, 0.046621181070804596, 0.054383888840675354, -0.012022131122648716, -0.04342169314622879, 0.04043761268258095, -0.003157736035063863, 0.04084562510251999, -0.0686885192990303, -0.020886776968836784, -0.027404308319091797, -0.08019432425498962, -0.023386431857943535, 0.018961617723107338, -0.014233344234526157, -0.030778326094150543, 0.004144676029682159, 0.0029407707042992115, 0.0018870780477300286, -0.021699029952287674, -0.029045648872852325, -0.01449668500572443, -0.0391949787735939, -0.0377410463988781, -0.06534222513437271, 0.04728328064084053, 0.003288523992523551, 0.022598154842853546, -0.045401204377412796, -0.016181468963623047, 0.0028975189197808504, 0.02030661515891552, -0.006184608209878206, 0.012634477578103542, 0.0227879099547863, 0.0030386762227863073 ]
5,173
Scaling and context steer LLMs along the same computational path as the human brain
[ "Joséphine Raugel", "Jérémy Rapin", "Stéphane d'Ascoli", "Valentin Wyart", "Jean-Remi King" ]
Recent studies suggest that the representations learned by large language models (LLMs) are partially aligned to those of the human brain. However, whether this representational alignment arises from a similar sequence of computations remains elusive. In this study, we explore this question by examining temporally-resolved brain signals of participants listening to 10 hours of an audiobook. We study these neural dynamics jointly with a benchmark encompassing 17 LLMs varying in size and architecture type. Our analyses reveal that LLMs and the brain generate representations in a similar order: specifically, activations in the initial layers of LLMs tend to best align with early brain responses, while the deeper layers of LLMs tend to best align with later brain responses. This brain-LLM alignment is consistent across transformers and recurrent architectures. However, its emergence depends on both model size and context length. Overall, the alignment between LLMs and the brain provides novel elements supporting a partial convergence between biological and artificial neural networks.
spotlight
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.03183186426758766, 0.018954472616314888, -0.015123787336051464, -0.007886756211519241, 0.023650946095585823, 0.007655370514839888, 0.04892367869615555, 0.05908868461847305, -0.0542554147541523, -0.003297274699434638, -0.01436083484441042, 0.010168551467359066, -0.056967321783304214, -0.004322066903114319, -0.023173805326223373, 0.050009436905384064, 0.04023204371333122, -0.0063345180824398994, 0.0014676412101835012, -0.010248111560940742, 0.0007317714625969529, 0.005542944651097059, 0.031263645738363266, 0.025118865072727203, 0.023735208436846733, -0.02025182917714119, 0.012786993756890297, -0.015601136721670628, -0.01865895465016365, 0.010961515828967094, 0.029288582503795624, -0.010475700721144676, 0.01614125818014145, -0.0049133324064314365, 0.04270240664482117, -0.0028360895812511444, -0.046534355729818344, -0.004355120472609997, -0.007356444839388132, 0.017273850739002228, -0.030642416328191757, 0.006463639438152313, -0.015094393864274025, -0.006028409115970135, -0.07626324892044067, 0.012564504519104958, -0.11508817970752716, 0.031592488288879395, 0.028147919103503227, -0.014829840511083603, -0.08742107450962067, 0.03706103935837746, 0.01050625741481781, -0.019897883757948875, -0.0007862460915930569, 0.032768990844488144, 0.0308612622320652, -0.07228711992502213, -0.004023086745291948, -0.02783706784248352, -0.009514493867754936, 0.026986761018633842, -0.0022120499052107334, -0.000828568241558969, -0.01793820783495903, -0.02433653175830841, 0.008230769075453281, 0.011733158491551876, -0.08118544518947601, -0.022815026342868805, -0.04484416916966438, 0.022216910496354103, -0.013892061077058315, 0.006669761147350073, -0.020076481625437737, -0.06333743035793304, -0.005483483895659447, 0.030350709334015846, 0.05982743576169014, 0.01064176857471466, -0.02998615987598896, 0.05122939124703407, 0.026965122669935226, 0.053764231503009796, 0.004948750138282776, 0.017882773652672768, -0.02758016809821129, -0.04614975303411484, -0.08166828006505966, 0.016190089285373688, -0.043342117220163345, -0.04373105987906456, -0.017836539074778557, 0.038754843175411224, 0.0037090759724378586, 0.003961232490837574, 0.021777911111712456, 0.03022228553891182, -0.026956427842378616, 0.01437076460570097, -0.0243714340031147, -0.038038238883018494, 0.016465362161397934, 0.012402946129441261, -0.07633215934038162, -0.02168656326830387, -0.027351558208465576, -0.020918667316436768, 0.011795489117503166, -0.01496024802327156, -0.05941961705684662, -0.021798985078930855, 0.003223762381821871, -0.0021804762072861195, -0.07198987156152725, 0.00619890633970499, 0.013227763585746288, 0.02807961218059063, -0.011035114526748657, -0.007641219068318605, 0.024952519685029984, 0.022739814594388008, 0.005316530354321003, 0.061038099229335785, -0.042851608246564865, 0.005522935651242733, -0.005406495649367571, 0.02880125865340233, -0.04326064512133598, -0.05865097790956497, 0.019771646708250046, 0.03386327251791954, 0.018551550805568695, 0.01989292912185192, 0.009721897542476654, 0.00004503746094997041, 0.045293621718883514, 0.00932439137250185, 0.04609890654683113, 0.023818977177143097, 0.027064548805356026, -0.012286130338907242, 0.05364485830068588, -0.026926754042506218, 0.06864795088768005, -0.020666152238845825, -0.038841329514980316, -0.0020365919917821884, -0.05971836671233177, -0.014166459441184998, 0.010547637939453125, 0.04526212066411972, -0.00034385034814476967, -0.04003782570362091, 0.05183599889278412, 0.07446728646755219, 0.0027021183632314205, 0.012668891809880733, 0.013306613080203533, 0.012893319129943848, -0.005221301224082708, -0.021701538935303688, -0.057799581438302994, 0.00241672876290977, -0.009574813768267632, -0.03998523950576782, -0.00012924466864205897, 0.0018992117838934064, -0.061614636331796646, 0.02644260600209236, -0.03812820464372635, -0.02547418512403965, 0.051096703857183456, -0.0195755697786808, -0.037267960608005524, -0.018681982532143593, 0.05746733024716377, 0.004998343996703625, 0.027757160365581512, 0.015420780517160892, -0.07851136475801468, 0.032020337879657745, 0.01614534854888916, -0.0014130763011053205, 0.028157949447631836, -0.016927408054471016, 0.06398330628871918, -0.03504374250769615, -0.010838138870894909, 0.021358396857976913, -0.03179231286048889, -0.007068141829222441, 0.017336351796984673, 0.010787095874547958, 0.10038866847753525, -0.014536329545080662, -0.03459158539772034, 0.06735920906066895, 0.03608430549502373, 0.04536221921443939, 0.029813840985298157, -0.029799746349453926, 0.03996701166033745, -0.012570640072226524, -0.007262717466801405, 0.015700891613960266, 0.031014131382107735, -0.06384415924549103, -0.020302867516875267, 0.019502414390444756, -0.02707085758447647, -0.009378639049828053, 0.02521810308098793, 0.024306142702698708, 0.01666797511279583, -0.03573416545987129, -0.00854424387216568, -0.004970919340848923, -0.005140813533216715, -0.052511315792798996, 0.011301305145025253, 0.007651504594832659, 0.000923418381717056, 0.00405280664563179, -0.017520487308502197, 0.09412521868944168, 0.05323153734207153, -0.04389850050210953, -0.046460624784231186, 0.01627085730433464, 0.029031923040747643, 0.00893890019506216, -0.007379871793091297, 0.008521650917828083, 0.01659339852631092, -0.026525698602199554, -0.012632003054022789, -0.03293948248028755, 0.03887849673628807, -0.036590684205293655, -0.014105857349932194, 0.06324334442615509, -0.01810552552342415, 0.044086311012506485, -0.04141116514801979, 0.020935028791427612, 0.04083230346441269, -0.020070837810635567, -0.02822892740368843, -0.01584860309958458, -0.00953482836484909, -0.012557044625282288, 0.011818762868642807, -0.0014170476933941245, 0.011350077576935291, -0.053167328238487244, -0.047792162746191025, -0.02435753308236599, 0.04667101055383682, 0.043769050389528275, 0.009770702570676804, 0.059051454067230225, -0.00010328399366699159, -0.03225582465529442, 0.006563200615346432, -0.07963760942220688, -0.02995310351252556, -0.026437342166900635, 0.024997100234031677, -0.01102624461054802, 0.03751479834318161, -0.014142592437565327, 0.06257982552051544, -0.03601464256644249, -0.004302724730223417, 0.01641330122947693, 0.03955985978245735, -0.048531532287597656, -0.04464549943804741, -0.024450255557894707, -0.012347066774964333, 0.0544356070458889, -0.0018916190601885319, -0.03847367316484451, -0.012914617545902729, -0.04576827213168144, -0.02642364799976349, -0.04200298711657524, 0.03295375406742096, 0.0021205702796578407, 0.0102169718593359, 0.01435078028589487, 0.008130430243909359, 0.03496395796537399, 0.013219867832958698, 0.0775890201330185, 0.08543970435857773, -0.010990358889102936, 0.015853848308324814, 0.011622924357652664, -0.02416667714715004, 0.03190621733665466, 0.0208133552223444, 0.023720281198620796, 0.02702878601849079, 0.026134861633181572, -0.01341692078858614, -0.0014609504723921418, -0.28051480650901794, -0.03579634800553322, 0.008313922211527824, -0.023762419819831848, 0.04175199195742607, 0.004126636311411858, 0.0334477499127388, -0.03328349441289902, -0.011694126762449741, 0.021991757676005363, -0.019202101975679398, 0.03306432440876961, -0.028693286702036858, 0.050130244344472885, 0.03629264608025551, 0.01947147585451603, -0.02264481596648693, -0.03143518790602684, -0.0017104956787079573, 0.04441565275192261, 0.006912602577358484, -0.0668802261352539, -0.05167407542467117, 0.08501099795103073, -0.0032614998053759336, 0.07177866995334625, -0.0674721896648407, 0.012467646040022373, -0.031968533992767334, 0.007508954498916864, -0.0252007395029068, -0.021844221279025078, 0.005442851688712835, 0.05304442718625069, -0.008554908446967602, -0.008315538056194782, 0.013489177450537682, -0.00950059574097395, 0.03314610943198204, -0.007874426431953907, 0.012074132449924946, -0.038750696927309036, -0.010265030898153782, -0.009950906038284302, 0.05112035945057869, 0.016140084713697433, -0.06873614341020584, -0.013713560067117214, -0.0001543266698718071, 0.03185003250837326, -0.024174265563488007, -0.02707323245704174, -0.01973121613264084, 0.02656816877424717, 0.008547534234821796, 0.0017830691067501903, 0.015765121206641197, -0.02139097824692726, -0.0011859424412250519, -0.01564968191087246, -0.0012112053809687495, -0.04062102362513542, -0.04486633092164993, -0.05595078319311142, -0.004430792760103941, -0.012657277286052704, -0.06083785742521286, -0.04644545167684555, 0.03717047721147537, 0.05859765037894249, -0.011613416485488415, 0.016063785180449486, -0.013953574001789093, -0.09161243587732315, 0.0031717431265860796, -0.018599601462483406, -0.02145559899508953, -0.00886840745806694, -0.00961785577237606, 0.01759556122124195, -0.03484167531132698, -0.004295668564736843, -0.02095074951648712, 0.011324125342071056, 0.021039333194494247, -0.02327122911810875, 0.005607102066278458, -0.0016522208461537957, -0.035082608461380005, -0.028199223801493645, 0.015909468755126, -0.012222413904964924, -0.00805207621306181, 0.008341386914253235, 0.036337871104478836, 0.005211423151195049, 0.02142452634871006, 0.06275050342082977, 0.058421630412340164, -0.01659614033997059, 0.043933916836977005, -0.06763208657503128, -0.037186771631240845, -0.018075639382004738, -0.03358986973762512, 0.026952769607305527, -0.0828251838684082, -0.04063117504119873, 0.034949857741594315, 0.021888937801122665, -0.014078776352107525, -0.01477669645100832, 0.010223223827779293, -0.008722126483917236, -0.051792211830616, -0.02872065082192421, 0.013867371715605259, 0.03798671066761017, 0.0153871551156044, -0.0035466738045215607, -0.010880031622946262, 0.040085405111312866, -0.019875867292284966, 0.029733074828982353, 0.007798993494361639, -0.0193516593426466, -0.013655886985361576, -0.02391057461500168, -0.05024069547653198, 0.02453513815999031, 0.027649695053696632, 0.035831693559885025, 0.03766825050115585, 0.024163538590073586, 0.04836706817150116, -0.008138084784150124, 0.028905918821692467, -0.0023774877190589905, 0.036926861852407455, -0.026352567598223686, 0.02662145346403122, -0.007329280953854322, 0.02303711697459221, 0.01708364486694336, -0.01050590630620718, 0.009573987685143948, 0.0009992842096835375, -0.022664079442620277, -0.052648916840553284, 0.010683499276638031, 0.07317859679460526, -0.040513984858989716, -0.018487704917788506, -0.004153271671384573, 0.009275960735976696, 0.01266487967222929, -0.007446340750902891, -0.01154782623052597, -0.0007035830058157444, -0.06036654859781265, 0.02087641879916191, 0.01108069159090519, -0.01781310886144638, 0.015787538141012192, -0.017679087817668915, 0.035145316272974014, -0.04668571427464485, 0.006768002640455961, 0.040007058531045914, 0.022685108706355095, 0.032273128628730774, -0.025389017537236214, -0.025090564042329788, -0.0273556150496006, -0.028552422299981117, 0.009270907379686832, 0.03380763903260231, -0.01766202226281166, -0.013581396080553532, 0.0598721019923687, 0.02437749132514, -0.01779293827712536, -0.01006412971764803, 0.013338414952158928, 0.06975153833627701, 0.024519165977835655, 0.023084046319127083, 0.03487839922308922, -0.068528912961483, -0.0322461798787117, -0.008304948918521404, 0.003047672566026449, -0.02672775462269783, -0.04547788202762604, -0.03810356557369232, -0.007474574260413647, 0.006284135859459639, -0.00254393951036036, -0.0009644079837016761, -0.009102707728743553, -0.02777720056474209, 0.01137708593159914, -0.036309223622083664, -0.03535768389701843, 0.05097073316574097, -0.10465247184038162, 0.0040087322704494, 0.0037055332213640213, -0.019894486293196678, 0.024872606620192528, -0.018628252670168877, -0.012034491635859013, -0.06150094047188759, -0.02748437598347664, 0.0386834554374218, -0.027919506654143333, -0.01511390507221222, -0.0856531485915184, -0.0022985294926911592, 0.020589273422956467, 0.025113750249147415, -0.02603990212082863, -0.025113685056567192, -0.023755300790071487, -0.010138723999261856, 0.03947019949555397, -0.03382299095392227, 0.026367127895355225, 0.026416810229420662, -0.05293852090835571, 0.04514976963400841, -0.04152079299092293, 0.031762272119522095, 0.05673988536000252, -0.02323448285460472, -0.025970222428441048, -0.0330471433699131, 0.03014632873237133, 0.022034356370568275, 0.0007736194529570639, 0.06436102837324142, 0.007222387939691544, -0.02707112766802311, 0.03808019310235977, 0.02006573975086212, 0.04214632511138916, 0.014321277849376202, 0.01322852075099945, -0.03854651376605034, 0.019641870632767677, 0.01132600661367178, 0.015624388121068478, 0.015163625590503216, 0.014280029572546482, 0.062067411839962006, -0.01789376139640808, -0.076405830681324, -0.07235291600227356, -0.06412584334611893, -0.013314878568053246, 0.001264543505385518, 0.014919085428118706, -0.06522160768508911, 0.06311201304197311, 0.04029403254389763, 0.050318971276283264, 0.0011601726291701198, 0.014353601261973381, 0.04288389906287193, -0.04730184003710747, 0.010237830691039562, -0.0485999621450901, -0.05619797110557556, 0.03782539442181587, -0.003445805050432682, -0.005795612465590239, 0.004072761628776789, -0.03682747855782509, 0.07583706825971603, -0.026304371654987335, -0.03012465126812458, 0.038259852677583694, -0.0021745283156633377, -0.01798463612794876, 0.04304265230894089, -0.0662950798869133, 0.03180157020688057, -0.05139985308051109, -0.05260010063648224, -0.038160450756549835, -0.006074858363717794, 0.04977084696292877, -0.015633193776011467, 0.0325174555182457, -0.00503486767411232, 0.0397643968462944, 0.005442037247121334, 0.07351987808942795, 0.029043041169643402, 0.008556059561669827, -0.027481814846396446, 0.06581055372953415, 0.020688896998763084, 0.00799579732120037, -0.01734812930226326, 0.001587563892826438, -0.0035534859634935856, -0.064948171377182, 0.07105350494384766, 0.0017567810136824846, 0.025161879137158394, -0.025773165747523308, 0.0761290118098259, 0.05045671388506889, -0.03398061916232109, -0.008074872195720673, 0.03726157918572426, -0.04978370666503906, 0.00008095552766462788, 0.027618659660220146, 0.0066869729198515415, -0.017661202698946, 0.05355231836438179, 0.028552979230880737, 0.062389496713876724, 0.06845423579216003, 0.005251334980130196, -0.03729172423481941, 0.05212748050689697, 0.0702570304274559, 0.06800273805856705, 0.05858919769525528, 0.022601449862122536, 0.0764329805970192, -0.04232000559568405, -0.04638620838522911, 0.02233453281223774, 0.0032354146242141724, 0.010642443783581257, -0.037716589868068695, 0.02904127724468708, 0.05581926181912422, -0.029345495626330376, 0.05904611945152283, -0.03529517352581024, -0.0026911485474556684, 0.0523056760430336, 0.040176067501306534, 0.0016112792072817683, 0.01959955133497715, 0.033336341381073, -0.012833092361688614, -0.011752658523619175, -0.008222349919378757, 0.02209335006773472, -0.00030418415553867817, 0.03095027059316635, 0.03237784653902054, -0.028375547379255295, 0.010109336115419865, -0.04019748419523239, 0.08823385834693909, 0.12146823108196259, -0.0003118021704722196, -0.013503353111445904, -0.009315266273915768, 0.007563316263258457, 0.020743537694215775, 0.02284168265759945, -0.012702210806310177, -0.013353112153708935, -0.007154797203838825, -0.0409696064889431, -0.005956800654530525, 0.02281178906559944, 0.015549702569842339, 0.008457169868052006, -0.05495650693774223, -0.020575707778334618, 0.015764392912387848, 0.06830193102359772, -0.07210960239171982, -0.045895546674728394, -0.04135926067829132, -0.04864402487874031, -0.03182780742645264, -0.017677273601293564, 0.03703717887401581, -0.00396890752017498, -0.030608437955379486, 0.00894598662853241, -0.028326746076345444, 0.011176359839737415, -0.017469190061092377, -0.05669529363512993, 0.0014726256486028433, 0.03240246698260307, 0.007302154786884785, -0.017527755349874496, 0.03975122049450874, 0.040658749639987946, -0.031981393694877625, -0.02943849191069603, 0.05820629745721817, -0.006589028052985668, 0.016018642112612724, -0.02490547113120556, -0.009059833362698555, -0.10335199534893036, -0.006094126030802727, 0.0030289827845990658, -0.02774372324347496, -0.08487068116664886, 0.029739169403910637, 0.012440532445907593, 0.032990191131830215, 0.038270749151706696, 0.0017569996416568756, 0.0351937972009182, -0.012031191028654575, -0.013774481602013111, 0.007708265911787748, 0.011417956091463566, 0.05265939235687256, -0.00518098846077919, 0.06764908879995346, 0.04196266457438469, 0.012945279479026794, -0.020010635256767273, -0.0071977274492383, -0.014046208932995796, -0.01461303886026144, -0.015348559245467186, -0.04641120508313179, -0.005675049498677254, -0.07234599441289902, -0.031711697578430176, -0.00520559586584568, -0.007974706590175629, -0.029182177037000656, -0.0030762499663978815, -0.027549896389245987, -0.0489935465157032, -0.02368823252618313, -0.015315421856939793, -0.03833092749118805, -0.02281797304749489, -0.016470102593302727, -0.04727862775325775, 0.014253687113523483, -0.003950608428567648, -0.009064740501344204, -0.02647446282207966, -0.02218777872622013, 0.002687019994482398, 0.00651391688734293, 0.05082111433148384, -0.03501986712217331, 0.037900183349847794, -0.027599520981311798 ]
5,174
Towards A Pairwise Ranking Model with Orderliness and Monotonicity for Label Enhancement
[ "Yunan Lu", "Xixi Zhang", "Yaojin Lin", "Weiwei Li", "Lei Yang", "Xiuyi Jia" ]
Label distribution in recent years has been applied in a diverse array of complex decision-making tasks. To address the availability of label distributions, label enhancement has been established as an effective learning paradigm that aims to automatically infer label distributions from readily available multi-label data, e.g., logical labels. Recently, numerous works have demonstrated that the label ranking is significantly beneficial to label enhancement. However, these works still exhibit deficiencies in representing the probabilistic relationships between label distribution and tie-allowed label rankings. Therefore, we propose PROM, a pairwise ranking model with orderliness and monotonicity, to explain the probabilistic relationship between label distributions and label rankings. Specifically, we propose the monotonicity and orderliness assumptions for the probabilities of different ranking relationships and derive the mass functions for PROM, which are theoretically ensured to preserve the monotonicity and orderliness. Further, we propose a generative label enhancement algorithm based on PROM, which directly learns a label distribution predictor from the readily available multi-label data. Finally, extensive experiments demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed PROM.
spotlight
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.018261073157191277, -0.0222960002720356, -0.00927344523370266, 0.047984879463911057, 0.01696513593196869, 0.01540389470756054, -0.00883093848824501, -0.025956129655241966, -0.02730480022728443, -0.019460251554846764, -0.00632229819893837, 0.031001368537545204, -0.06731908023357391, 0.00576808163896203, 0.02827087976038456, 0.03630247712135315, 0.03143090382218361, 0.010236595757305622, 0.001399938017129898, 0.03832857683300972, -0.003613061038777232, -0.018403340131044388, -0.01403381023555994, -0.02070392481982708, 0.05005558952689171, -0.0026054230984300375, 0.014234419912099838, 0.0088341711089015, -0.0432538166642189, 0.009168023243546486, 0.05227772891521454, -0.011256824247539043, 0.011233359575271606, -0.02363407239317894, 0.016131924465298653, 0.02976323664188385, 0.000005654324922943488, 0.026676399633288383, -0.01932365819811821, -0.009122200310230255, -0.047069575637578964, -0.016204750165343285, 0.002148865256458521, 0.01652318425476551, -0.07471105456352234, 0.0043471152894198895, -0.07676536589860916, 0.016750095412135124, -0.006448864936828613, -0.03944679722189903, -0.10068116337060928, 0.03445325419306755, -0.010748060420155525, 0.003272856352850795, 0.011283649131655693, 0.017032725736498833, 0.018169589340686798, -0.043211400508880615, -0.008917882107198238, -0.04688958451151848, -0.02237025462090969, 0.03861333057284355, 0.031035609543323517, 0.023762239143252373, 0.0020853972528129816, -0.03518997132778168, -0.022694848477840424, 0.046860504895448685, -0.0639997348189354, -0.03334112837910652, -0.027546752244234085, -0.0058944737538695335, -0.0067184437066316605, -0.019507525488734245, -0.00014257754082791507, -0.03535854443907738, -0.009351016953587532, 0.018726471811532974, 0.03493014723062515, 0.0042807129211723804, 0.026516105979681015, 0.005536836106330156, 0.018402568995952606, 0.03948250412940979, 0.013248927891254425, 0.03205644339323044, -0.03933003917336464, -0.03434121236205101, -0.058520134538412094, 0.02157732844352722, 0.013004353269934654, -0.04505084827542305, 0.04170581325888634, 0.02233763039112091, 0.015411578118801117, -0.015821417793631554, 0.02751835808157921, 0.007824755273759365, 0.0010008430108428001, -0.013614803552627563, -0.030537135899066925, -0.0419459193944931, 0.045158807188272476, -0.029203329235315323, -0.08662763237953186, -0.015472102910280228, 0.002799097914248705, 0.009819280356168747, 0.016838543117046356, 0.005845807492733002, -0.046729154884815216, 0.004009253811091185, 0.02165907621383667, 0.03461877256631851, -0.065408855676651, 0.015017575584352016, -0.01579473726451397, 0.007533987518399954, -0.0057883793488144875, 0.009998521767556667, 0.05482073128223419, 0.055122293531894684, 0.013978078961372375, 0.0731985867023468, -0.03410489484667778, 0.01312953419983387, 0.03850197419524193, 0.02278747223317623, -0.022570786997675896, -0.027011387050151825, -0.013568190857768059, 0.04893794655799866, 0.003946941811591387, 0.024673279374837875, -0.040081072598695755, -0.0028683715499937534, 0.020768042653799057, 0.020963840186595917, 0.04786715656518936, -0.040878862142562866, 0.007982255890965462, -0.026588520035147667, 0.026938864961266518, 0.0001713423553155735, 0.05939923971891403, -0.03702316805720329, -0.028076980262994766, -0.01653354801237583, -0.03710357844829559, -0.027051271870732307, 0.03421499580144882, -0.024938851594924927, -0.005804611835628748, -0.07722380012273788, 0.011059066280722618, 0.06783264130353928, 0.03350714594125748, 0.061672016978263855, -0.004415060393512249, -0.01543011050671339, -0.001862711040303111, 0.010927719064056873, -0.012938214465975761, 0.03958377242088318, -0.01928861439228058, -0.05968760699033737, 0.04598619043827057, 0.05819039046764374, -0.05563296750187874, -0.018291480839252472, -0.034230366349220276, -0.030485298484563828, 0.003373784478753805, -0.010340005159378052, -0.010878522880375385, 0.02699732594192028, 0.07758425176143646, 0.007788961287587881, 0.05377378687262535, 0.028552094474434853, -0.07839477807283401, 0.04796534776687622, 0.0032116887159645557, -0.020894689485430717, 0.006715035997331142, 0.003192440140992403, 0.08913576602935791, -0.00233245431445539, 0.00511835515499115, 0.023007921874523163, -0.07485677301883698, 0.005256470758467913, 0.007276826072484255, -0.021519748494029045, 0.05406134948134422, 0.025934886187314987, -0.0035226326435804367, 0.05061517283320427, -0.00032336669391952455, 0.05079733952879906, 0.038691140711307526, 0.0218874029815197, 0.019685102626681328, -0.06389909982681274, -0.08221928030252457, -0.004237536806613207, -0.0018550988752394915, -0.041415952146053314, -0.019120682030916214, 0.03682013973593712, -0.06486210227012634, 0.009753420017659664, -0.013839059509336948, -0.016378700733184814, 0.025047345086932182, 0.002852301811799407, -0.01747438684105873, 0.004012197721749544, 0.005948581732809544, -0.057746097445487976, 0.016704164445400238, 0.032361455261707306, -0.01056623738259077, 0.03162224590778351, -0.009456816129386425, 0.09281713515520096, 0.07219932228326797, -0.04232877120375633, 0.0002734485315158963, 0.0318957082927227, 0.07317862659692764, 0.030808385461568832, 0.04591985419392586, -0.02990167960524559, 0.0022460108157247305, -0.019990021362900734, 0.020131917670369148, -0.04705393314361572, 0.055622026324272156, -0.043720513582229614, -0.008743892423808575, 0.06519607454538345, -0.02830810658633709, 0.08398009091615677, 0.04976271092891693, 0.006867827381938696, 0.03169535845518112, -0.009837116114795208, -0.057594411075115204, -0.011904286220669746, -0.022174866870045662, 0.005124656483530998, -0.014984071254730225, -0.02196916751563549, 0.019890567287802696, -0.02367447316646576, 0.01913585141301155, 0.004574267193675041, 0.06791210919618607, 0.04160439595580101, 0.05376812815666199, 0.015082286670804024, -0.0055459304712712765, -0.06223316118121147, -0.021120265126228333, -0.09997179359197617, -0.061557039618492126, -0.014833806082606316, 0.04352625459432602, 0.006820174399763346, 0.030498767271637917, -0.031726446002721786, 0.010281500406563282, -0.041944995522499084, -0.035064950585365295, -0.0031155601609498262, 0.030424272641539574, 0.04673503339290619, -0.010728751309216022, 0.0030028067994862795, -0.001499262056313455, 0.03818201646208763, 0.025323592126369476, -0.03259091451764107, -0.01716204360127449, -0.05574415996670723, -0.016159746795892715, -0.023769337683916092, -0.014263489283621311, 0.016177261248230934, 0.001818489865399897, 0.03053039126098156, -0.029788263142108917, 0.012127474881708622, 0.03715309128165245, 0.0064542642794549465, 0.07345704734325409, 0.0027012433856725693, -0.013203934766352177, 0.05469299480319023, 0.020864104852080345, 0.03163667768239975, -0.015637408941984177, -0.0026853433810174465, 0.011935568414628506, 0.006872862111777067, 0.018448028713464737, 0.03544006496667862, -0.2645661234855652, -0.015064070001244545, 0.036719080060720444, -0.007849236018955708, -0.00822734646499157, -0.052689213305711746, 0.0458291694521904, -0.02945784293115139, -0.045540403574705124, 0.002153983572497964, 0.0021167565137147903, 0.036928512156009674, 0.03669971600174904, 0.03906593099236488, 0.06683909147977829, 0.060521963983774185, 0.033043619245290756, -0.013139547780156136, 0.004177626222372055, 0.04087772220373154, -0.014919053763151169, -0.060943059623241425, -0.022577637806534767, 0.04023740440607071, -0.04125836119055748, 0.036945171654224396, -0.05033273994922638, -0.002317423466593027, -0.014650343917310238, -0.053482308983802795, -0.012082921341061592, -0.012152256444096565, -0.027738329023122787, -0.0012509090593084693, 0.028381630778312683, -0.01956508681178093, 0.0265035480260849, -0.0009525024797767401, -0.005074077285826206, 0.05172666162252426, 0.03561672195792198, 0.007872441783547401, -0.012328592129051685, 0.02141558937728405, 0.0543651208281517, 0.002954868134111166, -0.04753652960062027, -0.009752859361469746, -0.004679874982684851, 0.044346269220113754, 0.019622519612312317, -0.053560614585876465, -0.027083363384008408, -0.018695427104830742, 0.00731837609782815, -0.017602896317839622, -0.0012360415421426296, -0.03289328143000603, -0.02121630311012268, 0.008732805028557777, -0.03368892893195152, -0.05184266343712807, -0.014964648522436619, -0.025862928479909897, -0.0000420134820160456, -0.014374775812029839, -0.0885353535413742, -0.04356980323791504, 0.022133290767669678, 0.01982307620346546, -0.01292617991566658, -0.011382099241018295, 0.000397228985093534, -0.08192838728427887, 0.014388038776814938, -0.011896505951881409, 0.007209393661469221, 0.03052414394915104, 0.0005218620062805712, 0.05936368554830551, -0.03062490001320839, -0.0561629943549633, 0.030138352885842323, 0.0329575389623642, 0.023142928257584572, -0.018123989924788475, 0.015321808867156506, -0.004812989383935928, -0.04485807195305824, -0.06053048372268677, 0.011284582316875458, 0.017149215564131737, 0.0025480841286480427, 0.02848784066736698, 0.0408092625439167, 0.024148372933268547, 0.004470589105039835, 0.048628371208906174, 0.03328244760632515, 0.03430492803454399, -0.006801245268434286, -0.07441174238920212, -0.02142658270895481, -0.03293880447745323, -0.045122358947992325, 0.03542928025126457, -0.030245628207921982, -0.015187060460448265, 0.027943409979343414, -0.03960637375712395, -0.020735545083880424, -0.02872680127620697, 0.0019222376868128777, -0.026593444868922234, 0.03030778095126152, 0.002160479314625263, -0.007012646645307541, 0.03842107206583023, 0.010056054219603539, 0.013056858442723751, 0.018132377415895462, 0.060931287705898285, -0.046691566705703735, -0.005586505867540836, -0.05209355428814888, -0.03481287881731987, 0.021947761997580528, -0.057840362191200256, 0.01988319121301174, -0.020822761580348015, 0.0489250123500824, 0.03328792005777359, -0.02116895653307438, -0.010461252182722092, 0.022128714248538017, 0.02001274935901165, -0.008762775920331478, -0.012028725817799568, 0.02846578136086464, -0.0261269211769104, 0.00864870660007, -0.027303151786327362, 0.03195052221417427, 0.058233313262462616, 0.04860766604542732, -0.007678980939090252, -0.018893100321292877, -0.013765944167971611, 0.019813338294625282, -0.03432818502187729, -0.0036442161072045565, -0.037175655364990234, -0.03177269175648689, -0.025136010721325874, 0.0482921227812767, 0.006227870937436819, 0.03288207948207855, 0.00036024092696607113, 0.0004039563937112689, -0.08138523250818253, 0.015806449577212334, -0.023333458229899406, -0.02857021428644657, -0.004400760401040316, 0.03863406181335449, 0.03722711652517319, -0.013475310988724232, 0.0019499101908877492, 0.007719017099589109, -0.0033876756206154823, 0.008464113809168339, -0.018858453258872032, -0.009413497522473335, -0.02787190116941929, -0.0282885804772377, -0.008730311878025532, 0.013534050434827805, 0.04678278788924217, -0.05983855947852135, 0.06505922973155975, 0.0027156700380146503, -0.058018650859594345, -0.007736583705991507, -0.01619625836610794, 0.08247512578964233, 0.0025357494596391916, 0.012238389812409878, -0.024736637249588966, -0.045562904328107834, 0.040663089603185654, -0.025381432846188545, 0.00991116277873516, -0.00045542287989519536, -0.03480588644742966, -0.004261260852217674, -0.054280079901218414, -0.03927053511142731, 0.0374215692281723, -0.005754275247454643, 0.007783764041960239, -0.047989048063755035, 0.025018610060214996, -0.034967850893735886, -0.026899948716163635, 0.02683529071509838, -0.07140233367681503, 0.0349946953356266, 0.046975381672382355, -0.059779081493616104, 0.006400275509804487, -0.0363578125834465, -0.08829020708799362, -0.048664726316928864, -0.022241877391934395, 0.00010267693141940981, -0.035300686955451965, -0.00187449692748487, -0.02099628560245037, 0.006623190362006426, -0.02086542919278145, 0.009097730740904808, 0.011200900189578533, 0.010039015673100948, -0.02946249023079872, 0.05518762394785881, 0.0555998869240284, -0.0146529171615839, -0.013435211032629013, -0.004672657232731581, -0.018641933798789978, -0.0047841123305261135, -0.026364298537373543, 0.007936560548841953, 0.04926634952425957, -0.015434147790074348, 0.05082026869058609, -0.06874369084835052, 0.010723467916250229, -0.005553333088755608, 0.0063622561283409595, -0.0353919081389904, -0.009865752421319485, -0.016398657113313675, 0.002318772953003645, 0.008721825666725636, 0.01993894949555397, 0.05604279786348343, 0.004848958924412727, -0.0028326038736850023, 0.01727311685681343, 0.026111578568816185, 0.018823930993676186, -0.048479486256837845, -0.006777099799364805, 0.07097627222537994, -0.017696768045425415, -0.0448884591460228, -0.050365932285785675, -0.005954678636044264, 0.021699171513319016, -0.013871483504772186, 0.05829882621765137, 0.00948687270283699, 0.03295069932937622, 0.020393015816807747, 0.049080073833465576, 0.011198796331882477, 0.004537071567028761, 0.006649045739322901, -0.08539725095033646, 0.017410947009921074, -0.07827191799879074, -0.010869404301047325, 0.10980547964572906, -0.026765713468194008, -0.015604374930262566, -0.014746330678462982, -0.05481798201799393, 0.014061295427381992, -0.032357584685087204, -0.028890591114759445, -0.030002586543560028, -0.016960538923740387, 0.02020878531038761, 0.05116909369826317, -0.05770614743232727, -0.03655083477497101, -0.02425459958612919, -0.04846587032079697, 0.009698689915239811, 0.0038759801536798477, 0.06060175225138664, -0.017514444887638092, 0.011714938096702099, -0.026199620217084885, 0.015550097450613976, 0.03600018471479416, 0.06731467694044113, -0.0034577061887830496, 0.005700577981770039, -0.03075021132826805, 0.05219065770506859, 0.04703748598694801, -0.010425707325339317, -0.025645321235060692, 0.04808111861348152, 0.020084183663129807, -0.03457342088222504, 0.034333158284425735, 0.030612140893936157, -0.021607656031847, -0.09450110793113708, 0.059337347745895386, 0.0001712361117824912, -0.059357766062021255, -0.03305749595165253, 0.016736391931772232, -0.07139869034290314, 0.02650045044720173, 0.007889628410339355, 0.003658800385892391, -0.030385715886950493, 0.07134024053812027, 0.04875956103205681, 0.033731501549482346, 0.0686192587018013, 0.022677071392536163, 0.005729658529162407, 0.0033060910645872355, 0.06329528242349625, 0.06825704127550125, 0.07129470258951187, -0.004115460906177759, 0.06620502471923828, -0.034013424068689346, -0.04065971449017525, -0.018093625083565712, 0.005603556055575609, -0.028749188408255577, -0.007951955311000347, -0.01866794377565384, 0.054634224623441696, 0.0089022908359766, 0.06328049302101135, -0.027937861159443855, 0.005304211284965277, 0.02617560513317585, -0.008165297098457813, -0.013680941425263882, 0.018501490354537964, 0.012864537537097931, 0.03220922127366066, -0.03629063442349434, -0.00285314186476171, 0.005371413193643093, 0.012094402685761452, 0.030286520719528198, -0.023377390578389168, -0.0166988093405962, -0.01785794273018837, -0.026394035667181015, 0.044459253549575806, 0.09067988395690918, -0.014396967366337776, -0.041871264576911926, 0.022952480241656303, 0.051062993705272675, 0.021226350218057632, 0.05094239115715027, 0.004312613513320684, -0.021501827985048294, -0.017818959429860115, -0.02215760573744774, 0.030969101935625076, 0.021762648597359657, 0.04631270095705986, 0.03114009089767933, -0.025953778997063637, -0.030451901257038116, 0.01928373984992504, 0.03267768770456314, -0.02213050052523613, -0.04981780797243118, -0.006691594608128071, -0.05178605392575264, -0.04924939572811127, -0.07761286199092865, 0.00846365001052618, 0.022826213389635086, -0.006872710306197405, -0.003559093689545989, -0.005131002515554428, 0.03216936066746712, 0.009593216702342033, -0.07162578403949738, 0.04855325445532799, 0.02991926670074463, 0.03209012746810913, -0.0215838011354208, 0.004836651496589184, 0.016784440726041794, -0.026139330118894577, 0.00038206143653951585, 0.03558037057518959, 0.01837826892733574, 0.02737787924706936, -0.011940397322177887, 0.005404943134635687, -0.0862535610795021, 0.007254109252244234, -0.009093046188354492, -0.06660882383584976, -0.071318618953228, 0.005529170390218496, -0.014711642637848854, 0.006439986173063517, 0.040472447872161865, 0.038359880447387695, -0.009964782744646072, -0.04112617298960686, 0.008229730650782585, -0.024105127900838852, 0.009884744882583618, 0.04203268140554428, -0.021504435688257217, 0.04712308198213577, 0.011416466906666756, -0.002680334495380521, -0.06028980761766434, 0.023937132209539413, -0.013655784539878368, -0.00003566684972611256, -0.04155437648296356, -0.05450000241398811, -0.03393322601914406, -0.05782599374651909, -0.018776457756757736, 0.026485180482268333, -0.02308201603591442, -0.01208571344614029, 0.005364873446524143, -0.011137128807604313, -0.007041109260171652, -0.010591347701847553, -0.029973389580845833, 0.010401392355561256, 0.01328303199261427, 0.005091385450214148, -0.09754985570907593, 0.016503600403666496, -0.02565046213567257, -0.03267013654112816, -0.02379745803773403, -0.028577754274010658, 0.005321844946593046, -0.04497595131397247, 0.03431214392185211, 0.03509952127933502, 0.046419888734817505, -0.03998086228966713 ]
5,175
Towards a Cascaded LLM Framework for Cost-effective Human-AI Decision-Making
[ "Claudio Fanconi", "Mihaela van der Schaar" ]
Effective human-AI decision-making balances three key factors: the *correctness* of predictions, the *cost* of knowledge and reasoning complexity, and the confidence about whether to *abstain* automated answers or involve human experts. In this work, we present a cascaded LLM decision framework that adaptively delegates tasks across multiple tiers of expertise -- a base model for initial candidate answers, a more capable and knowledgeable (but costlier) large model, and a human expert for when the model cascade abstains. Our method proceeds in two stages. First, a deferral policy determines whether to accept the base model’s answer or regenerate it with the large model based on the confidence score. Second, an abstention policy decides whether the cascade model response is sufficiently certain or requires human intervention. Moreover, we incorporate an online learning mechanism in the framework that can leverage human feedback to improve decision quality over time. We demonstrate this approach to general question-answering (ARC-Easy and ARC-Challenge) and medical question-answering (MedQA and MedMCQA). Our results show that our cascaded strategy outperforms, in most cases, single-model baselines in accuracy while reducing cost and providing a principled way to handle abstentions.
poster
2506.11887
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.008070215582847595, -0.021160472184419632, 0.021723363548517227, 0.016068805009126663, 0.04860249534249306, -0.004540420603007078, 0.01197473518550396, 0.00432231929153204, -0.014145235531032085, -0.038682375103235245, -0.020805450156331062, 0.060300152748823166, -0.05466912314295769, -0.006535311229526997, 0.026337793096899986, 0.05356040596961975, 0.018178384751081467, -0.0034781063441187143, -0.01264061126857996, -0.02684025838971138, -0.014258773997426033, -0.007688448764383793, 0.045943208038806915, -0.0036981648299843073, 0.04311922565102577, 0.017571743577718735, 0.027624716982245445, 0.013913329690694809, -0.02277492545545101, 0.013053023256361485, 0.039965949952602386, -0.03510574251413345, 0.0056776185519993305, -0.017406033352017403, 0.008658559061586857, 0.021670058369636536, -0.03430040180683136, 0.020388832315802574, 0.006336025893688202, 0.013616301119327545, -0.03963794186711311, 0.046081677079200745, -0.02540866658091545, 0.027208387851715088, -0.0318104587495327, 0.009851375594735146, -0.09118716418743134, 0.018261846154928207, 0.029586702585220337, -0.056249864399433136, -0.10189547389745712, -0.007062450051307678, -0.026894649490714073, -0.02837103232741356, 0.005621433258056641, 0.060588590800762177, 0.02616065740585327, -0.10120923817157745, -0.00148077926132828, -0.044637296348810196, -0.020710671320557594, 0.04664476215839386, 0.015448038466274738, 0.009734089486300945, -0.0050223032012581825, -0.012829798273742199, -0.00744708813726902, 0.022076644003391266, -0.056698501110076904, 0.008680073544383049, -0.04430849850177765, -0.013462962582707405, -0.00889964122325182, 0.0020669945515692234, 0.006684974301606417, -0.057726938277482986, 0.009364943020045757, 0.009661396034061909, 0.061869215220212936, -0.03579046577215195, -0.014641616493463516, 0.028840169310569763, 0.024627821519970894, 0.04556367173790932, 0.01910184696316719, 0.02838973142206669, -0.008394785225391388, -0.019291453063488007, -0.07499463111162186, 0.044010959565639496, -0.004524893127381802, -0.05901713669300079, 0.010263803415000439, 0.0401734784245491, 0.007358163595199585, 0.013970727100968361, 0.028969738632440567, 0.004803033545613289, -0.021787364035844803, -0.0029824315570294857, -0.0017813971498981118, -0.052115973085165024, 0.02112746052443981, -0.004362279549241066, -0.10815302282571793, -0.0033079241402447224, -0.003426954848691821, -0.01996113918721676, -0.017450112849473953, 0.008657990023493767, -0.05951767414808273, 0.0000512543847435154, 0.01602357067167759, -0.022772815078496933, -0.09885071218013763, 0.00962732918560505, 0.017034560441970825, 0.043383724987506866, 0.02175379917025566, 0.03575488179922104, 0.03380562737584114, 0.021407457068562508, 0.004103702958673239, 0.06384920328855515, -0.015057001262903214, -0.02688804641366005, 0.0028792377561330795, 0.01620556227862835, -0.014918182976543903, -0.041519645601511, -0.003601787146180868, 0.021380536258220673, -0.02015133947134018, -0.019336245954036713, -0.004696057178080082, 0.01800205372273922, 0.015174616128206253, 0.021634265780448914, 0.03558675944805145, 0.008445588871836662, -0.0179262887686491, -0.03635743260383606, 0.07672664523124695, -0.023090267553925514, 0.08310707658529282, -0.010608595795929432, -0.00035245518665760756, 0.01284573320299387, -0.043576281517744064, -0.023784685879945755, -0.015233318321406841, 0.007986142300069332, 0.01638108864426613, -0.07300600409507751, 0.02564586140215397, 0.0530337393283844, 0.0608350969851017, -0.04505835473537445, 0.028051793575286865, 0.04585234820842743, 0.03998785465955734, 0.011985206045210361, -0.051325034350156784, -0.014184373430907726, -0.0022136615589261055, -0.0799088105559349, 0.035522956401109695, 0.0027626550290733576, -0.033756405115127563, 0.01974806934595108, -0.04404674470424652, -0.016666952520608902, 0.05310692638158798, -0.028895094990730286, -0.04328121617436409, -0.011461276561021805, 0.0687422826886177, -0.019997786730527878, 0.061684973537921906, 0.005733401980251074, -0.09319347143173218, 0.02177315577864647, -0.010324889793992043, 0.024177202954888344, 0.024595599621534348, -0.021161070093512535, 0.06593255698680878, -0.05278622731566429, 0.014497502706944942, 0.029250463470816612, -0.06543342769145966, -0.015260782092809677, 0.01258709654211998, 0.012397903017699718, 0.0804009959101677, 0.010151311755180359, -0.010979501530528069, 0.09697643667459488, 0.013943093828856945, 0.07235866039991379, 0.03813495114445686, 0.0007533260504715145, 0.06017395853996277, -0.003266863292083144, -0.027485070750117302, 0.015894077718257904, 0.05113666132092476, -0.04861947149038315, -0.037830814719200134, 0.027122026309370995, -0.02760184183716774, 0.032883789390325546, -0.006315076258033514, 0.0018787903245538473, 0.01648307405412197, -0.010049670934677124, -0.012123732827603817, 0.00825741421431303, 0.04659896716475487, -0.04001956433057785, 0.051059894263744354, 0.034963108599185944, 0.015074644237756729, 0.0011320958146825433, -0.029788793995976448, 0.06760028749704361, 0.05268772691488266, -0.015789801254868507, -0.05327483266592026, 0.011102737858891487, 0.03197462111711502, 0.010843693278729916, 0.021473931148648262, -0.026342526078224182, 0.02120221219956875, -0.016715601086616516, -0.013582711108028889, -0.03348959609866142, 0.06339927762746811, -0.0222780704498291, -0.021606499329209328, 0.04698145389556885, 0.0026612223591655493, 0.08071858435869217, -0.008560704998672009, 0.026792282238602638, -0.006090872921049595, 0.003763763466849923, 0.006344792433083057, -0.021182404831051826, -0.016289416700601578, -0.0017428201390430331, 0.009038561023771763, 0.02403949201107025, -0.0017145187593996525, -0.06231365352869034, -0.004881515633314848, -0.023423830047249794, 0.05762966349720955, 0.04580799117684364, 0.034459102898836136, 0.047587014734745026, -0.006580414716154337, -0.04101227596402168, -0.009139333851635456, -0.1110134869813919, -0.07641979306936264, -0.029814166948199272, -0.002865673042833805, 0.008592258207499981, 0.034732967615127563, -0.004595504142343998, 0.04447464644908905, -0.027574587613344193, -0.025425942614674568, 0.04321673884987831, 0.015092636458575726, 0.02368122711777687, -0.037886906415224075, 0.010871841572225094, 0.008317740634083748, 0.05297752842307091, -0.009616061113774776, -0.019026022404432297, -0.014411471784114838, -0.04941974952816963, 0.008968704380095005, -0.0944887176156044, 0.007490135263651609, 0.016910534352064133, 0.016253391280770302, 0.019796743988990784, -0.005717461928725243, 0.024963844567537308, 0.026110397651791573, 0.02703275717794895, 0.03661223500967026, 0.011507479473948479, 0.0024933512322604656, 0.03921607881784439, -0.041218485683202744, 0.005259898956865072, -0.01253205444663763, 0.0035306760109961033, 0.010009224526584148, 0.013482345268130302, 0.018695201724767685, 0.02259271778166294, -0.2559458911418915, -0.020225834101438522, 0.014723927713930607, -0.0121554434299469, 0.0339353010058403, -0.05935198441147804, 0.07239905744791031, -0.023363348096609116, -0.007545818574726582, -0.020590873435139656, 0.05203559622168541, 0.043958134949207306, 0.008241930976510048, 0.054118890315294266, 0.05758517608046532, 0.046509336680173874, -0.007958387956023216, -0.010140950791537762, 0.020783640444278717, 0.02812100388109684, -0.008756771683692932, -0.06485262513160706, 0.0015361476689577103, 0.05078762769699097, 0.01087673008441925, 0.033211611211299896, -0.05566733703017235, -0.016539188101887703, -0.04360008239746094, -0.00478250440210104, 0.008605369366705418, -0.031033284962177277, -0.017695806920528412, 0.04422413930296898, 0.008030868135392666, -0.007879067212343216, 0.06901668757200241, 0.012664476409554482, 0.022063422948122025, 0.03890274837613106, 0.0074819461442530155, -0.018121972680091858, -0.03417028859257698, 0.01416645385324955, 0.060130760073661804, 0.023251665756106377, -0.041151754558086395, -0.057369887828826904, 0.006564769893884659, 0.033610258251428604, -0.00481022335588932, -0.008332697674632072, -0.04836232215166092, 0.0042296843603253365, 0.03178207576274872, 0.008504161611199379, -0.005155365914106369, -0.015210559591650963, -0.029512403532862663, 0.019796399399638176, -0.03059888258576393, -0.03946714475750923, -0.01757197640836239, -0.02657436765730381, -0.021787447854876518, -0.019982732832431793, -0.052249908447265625, -0.05164037272334099, 0.038741786032915115, 0.04539503902196884, -0.016096074134111404, -0.021900422871112823, -0.024046801030635834, -0.09172183275222778, -0.00298617803491652, -0.02187596634030342, 0.007367650046944618, -0.0027115449775010347, -0.02224581688642502, 0.02951815538108349, -0.020739760249853134, -0.05876874178647995, 0.0037696200888603926, 0.015397224575281143, 0.028683194890618324, -0.020149292424321175, 0.018973741680383682, 0.0008531127823516726, -0.013792862184345722, -0.0074003878980875015, 0.02145124413073063, 0.024672409519553185, -0.0075461226515471935, -0.004719470627605915, 0.05142577365040779, 0.0586632639169693, 0.0023121752310544252, 0.05949513614177704, 0.03526796028017998, -0.0016739403363317251, 0.003896214533597231, -0.06679899990558624, -0.014600622467696667, -0.026012932881712914, -0.02195056714117527, 0.006809642072767019, -0.05648823454976082, -0.02912253327667713, 0.043810147792100906, -0.021938282996416092, -0.023214632645249367, -0.009053009562194347, 0.020794358104467392, 0.0008358106715604663, -0.06278802454471588, -0.03709637373685837, -0.035328153520822525, 0.017116449773311615, 0.044474635273218155, -0.000050920876674354076, -0.08666207641363144, 0.047618065029382706, -0.0022880975157022476, 0.02123594656586647, -0.005174494348466396, -0.01193420123308897, 0.003292305860668421, -0.031134575605392456, 0.013929356820881367, -0.015226420015096664, 0.021890372037887573, 0.04053499922156334, -0.0070852255448699, 0.0003326312580611557, 0.01887354999780655, -0.04279923066496849, 0.0006950790993869305, 0.016229745000600815, 0.00872053112834692, -0.004650529939681292, 0.028600944206118584, -0.019005004316568375, 0.033782269805669785, 0.01948131062090397, 0.02589430846273899, -0.008608358912169933, 0.017037000507116318, 0.024154016748070717, 0.008863506838679314, 0.019969796761870384, 0.011193991638720036, -0.02647377736866474, 0.0018415815429762006, -0.02352166920900345, 0.02835504151880741, -0.03821748495101929, 0.04010859876871109, -0.02146231383085251, -0.0012661482905969024, -0.08395281434059143, 0.010076185688376427, 0.005188404582440853, -0.013462415896356106, -0.007497522979974747, 0.015001286752521992, 0.04404072463512421, -0.024894939735531807, -0.02247350849211216, -0.005198519676923752, 0.025204310193657875, 0.035526663064956665, -0.0809674859046936, -0.035018980503082275, -0.007614979520440102, -0.03335723280906677, 0.026942718774080276, 0.005004840437322855, -0.04465724155306816, -0.04016420245170593, 0.04987889528274536, -0.04125308617949486, -0.07234599441289902, -0.006548677571117878, -0.013653038069605827, 0.07392118126153946, -0.0015776280779391527, 0.023571085184812546, 0.005394941661506891, -0.03745951130986214, 0.018342694267630577, -0.02652306668460369, -0.0010317697888240218, -0.009845107793807983, -0.03866184875369072, -0.036720532923936844, -0.029221056029200554, 0.0447927825152874, -0.014669355005025864, 0.0033859710674732924, 0.0003261263482272625, -0.016223307698965073, -0.013144906610250473, -0.029971837997436523, -0.030862564221024513, -0.009663897566497326, -0.0950106680393219, -0.00419766828417778, 0.05066476762294769, 0.00347307906486094, 0.05069432407617569, -0.07262325286865234, -0.028625566512346268, -0.038167838007211685, -0.024407101795077324, 0.00898225512355566, -0.022567782551050186, -0.03244367986917496, -0.0027761943638324738, 0.00044130239984951913, -0.012480114586651325, 0.02375089004635811, -0.02049993723630905, -0.012488785199820995, 0.001695876708254218, 0.0005799522623419762, 0.056630149483680725, -0.024644024670124054, -0.026995867490768433, -0.007622767239809036, -0.014682930894196033, 0.010826172307133675, -0.0322614423930645, -0.01966042071580887, 0.02543853595852852, 0.005917055997997522, -0.004470752086490393, -0.0242324061691761, 0.049177903681993484, 0.006973427254706621, -0.04738440737128258, 0.0015831536147743464, 0.013708100654184818, -0.029945604503154755, -0.029224317520856857, -0.001664846669882536, 0.018222495913505554, 0.043595705181360245, 0.013396363705396652, 0.009663880802690983, 0.013203519396483898, -0.011158335022628307, -0.003524709725752473, -0.025771364569664, -0.0026857219636440277, 0.04507554695010185, -0.019714565947651863, -0.012305701151490211, -0.05816724896430969, -0.04927647486329079, 0.03349878638982773, -0.020033469423651695, 0.042571570724248886, -0.050298891961574554, 0.03287063539028168, 0.011188465170562267, 0.007843558676540852, -0.030916709452867508, -0.04341188818216324, 0.03755485638976097, -0.06474147737026215, 0.023233378306031227, -0.052250418812036514, -0.01001393236219883, 0.042147040367126465, -0.03169477730989456, -0.005233985837548971, 0.021729791536927223, -0.03825579211115837, 0.022233860567212105, -0.005449601449072361, -0.03411713242530823, 0.0035589917097240686, -0.022247925400733948, 0.015141516923904419, 0.04173679277300835, -0.054764192551374435, -0.03026687726378441, -0.0074957143515348434, -0.037587784230709076, -0.004515493754297495, -0.019068747758865356, 0.048851821571588516, 0.026273885741829872, 0.02361033298075199, -0.03620041161775589, 0.01786903850734234, 0.004274047911167145, 0.0677398070693016, 0.011912680231034756, 0.019565703347325325, -0.037954919040203094, 0.04697372764348984, 0.045164067298173904, 0.059778690338134766, -0.007887774147093296, -0.003051716834306717, -0.028109310194849968, -0.043584201484918594, 0.053401824086904526, 0.015892580151557922, 0.01398955937474966, -0.035166047513484955, 0.059892039746046066, 0.008499577641487122, -0.04978388547897339, -0.010503469035029411, 0.0012765543069690466, -0.06268373876810074, -0.008091911673545837, -0.007812183815985918, -0.001553448149934411, 0.039556168019771576, 0.06100315973162651, 0.024120185524225235, 0.0549536868929863, 0.08663440495729446, 0.02307320572435856, -0.020169172435998917, 0.01988428831100464, 0.07968468219041824, 0.03976397588849068, 0.059929851442575455, -0.011454259976744652, 0.0775868222117424, -0.05219108238816261, -0.051148511469364166, 0.03156312182545662, 0.02739046700298786, 0.0011894042836502194, -0.04037204757332802, 0.032806139439344406, 0.05470620095729828, 0.01099285390228033, 0.04116227477788925, -0.03946962207555771, -0.003766762325540185, 0.0704677402973175, 0.036694467067718506, 0.005180742125958204, 0.03380226716399193, 0.04135585203766823, 0.007889277301728725, -0.042180273681879044, -0.021970877423882484, 0.032396379858255386, -0.015388130210340023, -0.0007781527820043266, 0.018079370260238647, -0.01294081099331379, 0.01484421081840992, -0.0234509389847517, 0.04299085587263107, 0.1278907060623169, -0.025155989453196526, -0.03088437393307686, 0.02100449427962303, 0.020878659561276436, -0.004322361666709185, 0.028740156441926956, 0.032363537698984146, -0.03381244093179703, 0.01070193387567997, -0.030139142647385597, 0.021669471636414528, 0.0407332219183445, -0.010234504006803036, 0.03013579733669758, -0.04309815913438797, -0.01546440925449133, 0.043413739651441574, 0.04410107806324959, -0.0673600286245346, -0.035067517310380936, -0.038710277527570724, -0.0520545169711113, -0.048603355884552, -0.04422502964735031, 0.05699502304196358, 0.03079957142472267, -0.03370589017868042, 0.013563379645347595, -0.011777026578783989, 0.016586072742938995, 0.0060637034475803375, -0.06398756057024002, -0.0007665464654564857, 0.052129074931144714, -0.014761015772819519, -0.0031965523958206177, 0.01932944916188717, 0.01356605812907219, -0.0026552346535027027, -0.024743415415287018, 0.027746858075261116, 0.023277079686522484, 0.006076170597225428, -0.015907062217593193, -0.020984087139368057, -0.07054471224546432, -0.009588034823536873, -0.016490550711750984, -0.03247366100549698, -0.08171618729829788, 0.03585271164774895, -0.028188789263367653, 0.05217556282877922, 0.07294188439846039, 0.032089632004499435, 0.019935360178351402, -0.03780081495642662, -0.016276156529784203, 0.014842045493423939, 0.011395241133868694, 0.02310330979526043, -0.005397526081651449, 0.043275151401758194, 0.03878192603588104, -0.046955253928899765, -0.015110638923943043, 0.020814329385757446, -0.016276124864816666, -0.044625572860240936, -0.01654832810163498, -0.07080899178981781, 0.020401298999786377, -0.10482154786586761, -0.015306884422898293, 0.04468490183353424, -0.019652217626571655, -0.039349403232336044, -0.00545521080493927, -0.02744370885193348, -0.032388489693403244, -0.004514192696660757, -0.03416915982961655, -0.01791556365787983, -0.02084217220544815, -0.045277759432792664, -0.05125413462519646, 0.026878798380494118, -0.03816217929124832, 0.009291187860071659, -0.008929901756346226, -0.058712467551231384, -0.028090931475162506, -0.019892645999789238, 0.010449657216668129, 0.027669787406921387, 0.022555971518158913, -0.047733668237924576 ]
5,176
Connecting Neural Models Latent Geometries with Relative Geodesic Representations
[ "Hanlin Yu", "Berfin Inal", "Georgios Arvanitidis", "Søren Hauberg", "Francesco Locatello", "Marco Fumero" ]
Neural models learn representations of high dimensional data which lie on low dimensional manifolds. Multiple factors, including stochasticities in the training process, model architectures, and additional inductive biases, may induce different representations, even when learning the same task on the same data. However, it has recently been shown that when a latent structure is shared between distinct latent spaces, relative distances between representations can be preserved, up to distortions. Building on this idea, we demonstrate that exploiting the differential-geometric structure of latent spaces of neural models, it is possible to capture *precisely* the transformations between representational spaces trained on similar data distributions. Specifically, we assume that distinct neural models parametrize approximately the same underlying manifold, we introduce a representation based on the *pullback metric*, that captures the intrinsic structure of the latent space, while scaling efficiently to large models. We validate experimentally our method on model stitching and retrieval tasks, covering autoencoders and vision foundation discriminative models, across diverse architectures, datasets and pretraining schemes.
poster
2506.01599
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.025018127635121346, -0.00795687921345234, -0.026102352887392044, 0.042537588626146317, 0.021374540403485298, 0.05310673639178276, 0.015660857781767845, 0.022552113980054855, -0.032494574785232544, -0.04075860232114792, -0.002069346373900771, -0.01896367035806179, -0.06106064096093178, 0.013462311588227749, -0.008785500191152096, 0.05036677420139313, 0.03295516595244408, -0.016189604997634888, -0.009679167531430721, 0.049945998936891556, -0.013540194369852543, -0.044864755123853683, 0.00829287525266409, -0.0013295457465574145, 0.04179249703884125, -0.01877417042851448, 0.003583150450140238, -0.01128194946795702, -0.005893203895539045, 0.007605491206049919, 0.005278382916003466, 0.014849692583084106, 0.0013834857381880283, -0.03859884664416313, 0.02123705856502056, -0.030237238854169846, -0.03875008597970009, 0.004573738668113947, 0.01239802036434412, 0.010056973434984684, -0.02495955303311348, 0.0028349081985652447, -0.003294936614111066, 0.02586371824145317, -0.043586615473032, 0.012556172907352448, -0.1335413157939911, 0.03500495105981827, 0.01786590740084648, -0.013685827143490314, -0.07563413679599762, 0.023864738643169403, 0.008892448619008064, -0.000002929273705376545, -0.006113248877227306, 0.00459692720323801, 0.04594392329454422, -0.07663033157587051, -0.02046651393175125, -0.04583977907896042, -0.03383375704288483, 0.039196424186229706, 0.02071385085582733, 0.000031703049899078906, 0.008073740638792515, 0.007916497997939587, 0.006239962764084339, 0.05565197020769119, -0.060304634273052216, -0.02035464160144329, -0.005092941224575043, 0.0009158962639048696, 0.007806267589330673, 0.027577074244618416, -0.010933229699730873, -0.04739304259419441, -0.00812029093503952, 0.013848917558789253, 0.09910528361797333, -0.012865401804447174, 0.01773490570485592, 0.04289683327078819, 0.016698244959115982, 0.03477667644619942, -0.00018734960758592933, 0.013927988708019257, -0.04923810809850693, -0.009709722362458706, -0.0822114571928978, 0.02986726351082325, -0.03900713846087456, -0.03517361357808113, 0.010689749382436275, 0.040360283106565475, 0.01759529300034046, 0.0026919525116682053, 0.05820734426379204, 0.0026242672465741634, 0.020698433741927147, -0.004037538077682257, -0.019551677629351616, -0.045698292553424835, 0.008954294957220554, 0.017887922003865242, -0.07158061116933823, -0.04191657900810242, 0.012704072520136833, -0.02637716941535473, -0.003080228576436639, 0.005234262906014919, -0.08032450824975967, -0.01090299617499113, 0.023435410112142563, -0.015423087403178215, -0.06817356497049332, 0.009225198067724705, 0.013936638832092285, -0.001156313344836235, -0.009458992630243301, 0.002321662614122033, 0.03938377648591995, 0.01646786741912365, 0.003515913849696517, 0.06765024363994598, -0.018833020702004433, 0.0010150420712307096, -0.018265999853610992, 0.0266346987336874, -0.05770941823720932, -0.04012254253029823, -0.0029511796310544014, 0.02977660857141018, 0.0010469473199918866, 0.001802359358407557, 0.020450817421078682, -0.04238315299153328, 0.00935764517635107, 0.010283015668392181, 0.016779160127043724, -0.009529108181595802, 0.026334799826145172, -0.0064228372648358345, 0.03151524066925049, -0.02037934400141239, 0.08058254420757294, -0.02437063492834568, -0.02534589357674122, -0.006901409011334181, -0.029234392568469048, 0.002692771377041936, -0.004828558303415775, -0.0004893541918136179, -0.02952798455953598, -0.0680088922381401, 0.03895833343267441, 0.0525757372379303, -0.009594738483428955, 0.059392914175987244, 0.010022010654211044, 0.007407012395560741, 0.02565021440386772, -0.023968074470758438, -0.035429783165454865, 0.03640544041991234, -0.009269976988434792, -0.06496977806091309, 0.04064561426639557, 0.024334106594324112, -0.01930226944386959, -0.0011289038229733706, -0.03193057328462601, -0.0402384027838707, 0.050266820937395096, 0.00048411605530418456, -0.030003812164068222, -0.021002138033509254, 0.06054536625742912, 0.034083154052495956, 0.03324339911341667, 0.0023299481254070997, -0.08238907903432846, 0.029099224135279655, 0.011355573311448097, -0.035753171890974045, 0.038508668541908264, -0.0577312707901001, 0.07988131046295166, -0.042976636439561844, -0.028415830805897713, 0.014281143434345722, -0.036092378199100494, -0.011552717536687851, 0.014799780212342739, -0.01595653034746647, 0.06996183842420578, 0.03671817481517792, -0.020312830805778503, 0.04305974766612053, 0.029627488926053047, 0.04631474241614342, 0.03451933339238167, -0.04069418087601662, 0.06189785897731781, -0.02347618341445923, 0.002494755433872342, -0.009833854623138905, 0.057634901255369186, -0.0534663163125515, -0.04153339937329292, 0.010846685618162155, -0.010651802644133568, -0.014316452667117119, 0.011920507997274399, -0.012584753334522247, 0.010090405121445656, 0.005153989419341087, 0.024778693914413452, 0.046458639204502106, 0.029211172834038734, -0.03873177990317345, 0.02050161361694336, 0.024215372279286385, -0.030629118904471397, 0.006944254972040653, -0.04126584902405739, 0.10725189000368118, 0.08091968297958374, -0.013204348273575306, -0.01999801956117153, 0.02278035879135132, 0.023955892771482468, 0.03889760375022888, 0.016702111810445786, -0.017393402755260468, 0.00876712054014206, -0.015297066420316696, 0.028698978945612907, -0.06303852796554565, 0.07856989651918411, -0.07067717611789703, -0.03298730030655861, 0.054597627371549606, -0.007812850177288055, 0.039224762469530106, -0.028966085985302925, 0.04098561406135559, 0.052051447331905365, -0.02509981021285057, -0.03315617889165878, -0.03332752734422684, -0.012488994747400284, -0.015423697419464588, -0.017082206904888153, -0.01621832139790058, 0.02389538660645485, -0.039623063057661057, -0.01901756040751934, -0.0230241771787405, 0.06237414851784706, 0.04826171323657036, 0.019979581236839294, 0.027476225048303604, -0.006709537003189325, 0.00035447796108201146, -0.030586758628487587, -0.10149120539426804, -0.026020828634500504, -0.0271912831813097, 0.05620647221803665, 0.013205625116825104, 0.058525651693344116, 0.00011384372191969305, 0.03539562225341797, -0.02711072377860546, -0.02264041267335415, 0.025608692318201065, 0.025566821917891502, -0.003952871076762676, -0.03885972499847412, -0.04412495344877243, 0.017506498843431473, 0.04723653942346573, -0.005330127198249102, -0.005747419781982899, 0.0008227499783970416, -0.062162548303604126, -0.016462910920381546, -0.020715242251753807, 0.006717770826071501, -0.0021974011324346066, 0.05369580164551735, 0.02237965725362301, -0.00794992409646511, 0.012600526213645935, 0.012834684923291206, 0.09500022977590561, 0.0596977137029171, -0.018320903182029724, -0.01389934029430151, 0.015864333137869835, -0.02425624243915081, 0.05591227859258652, 0.008250306360423565, 0.005111494101583958, 0.002711045788601041, 0.016306187957525253, 0.0039487238973379135, -0.002535103587433696, -0.27298247814178467, -0.019301777705550194, 0.005312388297170401, 0.003749555442482233, 0.01979433186352253, 0.009411966428160667, 0.047703616321086884, -0.037773776799440384, -0.01241815835237503, -0.003669559024274349, -0.013521036133170128, 0.007585782092064619, 0.007166277151554823, 0.04930496960878372, 0.023383241146802902, 0.01547309011220932, -0.00938426237553358, -0.005076705478131771, 0.014943905174732208, 0.056838154792785645, -0.050613485276699066, -0.06632332503795624, -0.07313792407512665, 0.06976450979709625, -0.026185818016529083, 0.04298268258571625, -0.09191013127565384, -0.013277044519782066, -0.04814498871564865, -0.014949951320886612, -0.009590563364326954, -0.02634408138692379, -0.0007924431120045483, 0.04906809702515602, -0.01363660953938961, -0.014887596480548382, -0.02464001625776291, -0.016108842566609383, 0.02250971458852291, -0.009949784725904465, -0.020217694342136383, 0.004255727399140596, 0.0004939526552334428, 0.0371994748711586, 0.06346258521080017, -0.03469148278236389, -0.03192625939846039, -0.0289307851344347, -0.01592719741165638, 0.010845398530364037, 0.017331521958112717, -0.018764693289995193, -0.013176492415368557, -0.004277998115867376, 0.0003262645623181015, -0.018691567704081535, -0.003821264486759901, -0.004464026540517807, -0.027240941300988197, 0.004095735959708691, 0.021307267248630524, -0.058363787829875946, -0.012955685146152973, -0.0591367706656456, -0.023255333304405212, -0.02002917230129242, -0.08650309592485428, -0.05638325586915016, 0.03351953998208046, 0.0474882572889328, -0.032521627843379974, 0.04821190983057022, -0.034045666456222534, -0.09324615448713303, 0.037108518183231354, 0.028046203777194023, 0.006289724260568619, -0.047579046338796616, 0.021626334637403488, 0.0035322222393006086, -0.017090655863285065, -0.04448708891868591, -0.005910390987992287, 0.020529745146632195, -0.0022795340046286583, 0.015199198387563229, -0.007696267683058977, -0.03528966009616852, -0.03588853031396866, -0.03497982397675514, 0.027833133935928345, -0.008580991066992283, 0.04774964600801468, -0.02653132565319538, 0.01726275123655796, 0.023810511454939842, 0.051540497690439224, 0.055475328117609024, 0.04150634631514549, -0.021075788885354996, 0.02350873313844204, -0.06600233167409897, -0.02383485622704029, -0.0061044576577842236, -0.03797288239002228, 0.029241230338811874, -0.05051964148879051, -0.001764677930623293, 0.048577845096588135, 0.01107332855463028, -0.03840484097599983, -0.02026410587131977, -0.00993284024298191, 0.006278662942349911, -0.01801168918609619, -0.03908441960811615, -0.007059690076857805, 0.033888306468725204, 0.012592657469213009, -0.025887390598654747, -0.024347592145204544, 0.03155774623155594, -0.021872911602258682, 0.027421629056334496, 0.034826889634132385, 0.017890213057398796, -0.012046425603330135, -0.029248084872961044, 0.014024373143911362, 0.029643990099430084, 0.03926362469792366, 0.04947015643119812, 0.021865203976631165, 0.011140045709908009, 0.056146763265132904, -0.010623227804899216, 0.014670328237116337, 0.017767418175935745, 0.06112660840153694, -0.01342402771115303, 0.056747812777757645, -0.011556046083569527, 0.031377337872982025, 0.027185555547475815, 0.003136959858238697, 0.011066452600061893, -0.006816974375396967, -0.026145702227950096, -0.018129637464880943, -0.028210273012518883, 0.022639289498329163, -0.04672997444868088, -0.029438676312565804, -0.02271188423037529, 0.01197218056768179, -0.00599013501778245, 0.015598258934915066, -0.0038888261187821627, 0.014764675870537758, -0.04868179187178612, 0.06786106526851654, 0.03373616561293602, -0.03577527031302452, 0.0029147639870643616, -0.014267428778111935, 0.06284347176551819, -0.03313475474715233, -0.04255157709121704, 0.040261685848236084, 0.001306075369939208, 0.04482617974281311, -0.011432299390435219, -0.002386674750596285, -0.020252840593457222, -0.03131425008177757, 0.013105498626828194, -0.010947918519377708, 0.01529209315776825, -0.04001656547188759, 0.05062619596719742, 0.019854754209518433, -0.008829375728964806, -0.013323417864739895, -0.02090778574347496, 0.05415037274360657, 0.02121858298778534, 0.004436840303242207, 0.014657988213002682, -0.045167963951826096, 0.04003527760505676, 0.0033263657242059708, -0.0015969889936968684, -0.06867276132106781, -0.025857804343104362, -0.023543154820799828, -0.03408125415444374, -0.003590276697650552, 0.019166335463523865, 0.007155642379075289, -0.0036086072213947773, -0.0345013253390789, 0.027004919946193695, -0.05557470768690109, 0.0035022294614464045, 0.02950192429125309, -0.07308102399110794, 0.01733720302581787, 0.04721527174115181, -0.016271870583295822, 0.008509867824614048, -0.014272822067141533, -0.012116607278585434, -0.08208754658699036, -0.0506058894097805, 0.020437022671103477, -0.007305131759494543, -0.02117040939629078, -0.05400096997618675, -0.014519049786031246, 0.0007231151685118675, 0.02981540933251381, -0.003006663406267762, -0.0009098097216337919, -0.020731143653392792, 0.030068138614296913, 0.02714073471724987, -0.027288591489195824, 0.025309305638074875, -0.03153929114341736, -0.03629568964242935, 0.012581925839185715, -0.0320131815969944, 0.002509085228666663, 0.060286153107881546, -0.04874025285243988, -0.009732306003570557, -0.021580087020993233, 0.0352298803627491, 0.04388892650604248, 0.004228226840496063, 0.04824860021471977, 0.00894309114664793, -0.0306844599545002, 0.024242360144853592, 0.03792501240968704, 0.03147945925593376, 0.014294414781033993, 0.012483406811952591, 0.018072817474603653, -0.0010342906462028623, 0.02345966175198555, -0.019776862114667892, -0.04895126074552536, -0.023625096306204796, 0.04491211101412773, -0.016958901658654213, -0.034648552536964417, -0.0713663250207901, -0.028272924944758415, 0.010420228354632854, 0.01373282726854086, 0.01898976042866707, -0.0465126596391201, 0.04918218031525612, 0.012174162082374096, 0.02593371458351612, 0.03493513911962509, 0.011442176066339016, 0.034308746457099915, -0.04874750226736069, -0.011251908726990223, -0.01450954470783472, -0.03941599652171135, 0.042503733187913895, -0.05002409964799881, -0.02094401977956295, 0.002673889510333538, -0.03597801923751831, 0.04987095668911934, -0.04390152916312218, -0.045542627573013306, 0.02755027636885643, -0.030488625168800354, -0.00648339232429862, 0.021099446341395378, -0.043721720576286316, 0.003894486930221319, -0.030079979449510574, -0.05067746341228485, -0.01699020154774189, 0.004228788428008556, 0.022896230220794678, -0.0377812385559082, 0.03359789401292801, 0.01424957811832428, 0.014535358175635338, 0.05767906829714775, 0.08153486251831055, 0.04481828957796097, 0.01669446751475334, -0.03388863056898117, 0.060309309512376785, 0.023906130343675613, -0.02822631411254406, 0.0011769552947953343, 0.02001279592514038, -0.006832268089056015, -0.06089125946164131, 0.04332651570439339, 0.017972419038414955, -0.004885178990662098, -0.06339716166257858, 0.032167643308639526, 0.029868267476558685, -0.04887266084551811, 0.007457191590219736, 0.04035906493663788, -0.057395171374082565, -0.004569917917251587, 0.0014705746434628963, 0.0035958196967840195, -0.009617166593670845, 0.07062036544084549, 0.0028592285234481096, 0.05674415081739426, 0.038836218416690826, 0.015014247968792915, -0.02998715452849865, 0.025337394326925278, 0.08238189667463303, 0.04862761124968529, 0.018348151817917824, 0.008849995210766792, 0.08145782351493835, 0.009169918484985828, -0.043383028358221054, 0.03503339737653732, -0.006861487869173288, -0.0008750611450523138, -0.08452954888343811, 0.0034036890137940645, 0.06673970073461533, 0.01438025664538145, 0.07041655480861664, -0.0392456091940403, -0.004653301555663347, 0.008819720707833767, 0.024088973179459572, 0.005537382792681456, -0.012303333729505539, 0.054208654910326004, 0.002807406708598137, -0.007668449077755213, -0.015374432317912579, -0.012134167365729809, -0.005371537059545517, 0.035459086298942566, 0.028474079445004463, -0.02252417616546154, 0.025609508156776428, -0.008073671720921993, 0.02975299395620823, 0.09771446138620377, -0.017722036689519882, -0.03768391162157059, 0.002437377581372857, 0.017734510824084282, 0.026196429505944252, 0.042113326489925385, -0.002057446399703622, -0.022300513461232185, -0.007515984587371349, -0.07201741635799408, 0.03632267937064171, 0.011633464135229588, 0.00046734404168091714, -0.017218654975295067, -0.033906448632478714, -0.0283568874001503, -0.007003905717283487, 0.06613847613334656, -0.0035537686198949814, -0.03691853955388069, -0.019922401756048203, -0.03815823048353195, -0.06094368174672127, -0.03813857585191727, 0.017149638384580612, 0.006724291015416384, -0.03613350912928581, -0.016681505367159843, -0.050574857741594315, 0.026972105726599693, 0.013060563243925571, -0.05996334180235863, 0.03137773275375366, 0.05006896331906319, 0.034164201468229294, 0.010175666771829128, 0.03493136912584305, 0.022533506155014038, -0.03013145551085472, -0.011708306148648262, 0.048859067261219025, -0.008798615075647831, -0.001143069937825203, -0.016789088025689125, -0.009221442975103855, -0.10013309866189957, 0.03453623503446579, -0.01424486842006445, -0.05918407812714577, -0.0922602117061615, 0.03843991830945015, -0.008682316169142723, 0.0390724278986454, 0.04816845431923866, -0.00788706075400114, 0.01725720427930355, -0.027107398957014084, -0.0052933888509869576, 0.014757216908037663, -0.015789980068802834, 0.05199873819947243, 0.00015748794248793274, 0.039992883801460266, 0.05905630439519882, 0.011105690151453018, 0.001948583754710853, 0.02736942656338215, -0.020034147426486015, 0.029151398688554764, -0.042774587869644165, -0.051834043115377426, -0.005808790680021048, -0.09574704617261887, -0.0624501034617424, 0.021519901230931282, -0.017940210178494453, -0.03294557332992554, -0.03128969296813011, -0.03362732753157616, -0.039188455790281296, -0.012081748805940151, 0.012846522964537144, -0.006977232173085213, -0.020576290786266327, -0.005476443562656641, -0.05811501666903496, 0.003462778637185693, 0.0005123545997776091, 0.02699989639222622, -0.0550246462225914, -0.032259080559015274, -0.03243367001414299, -0.017892561852931976, 0.039224863052368164, -0.0016227331943809986, 0.04208618029952049, 0.007689818739891052 ]
5,177
Robust Explanations of Graph Neural Networks via Graph Curvatures
[ "Yazheng Liu", "Xi Zhang", "Sihong Xie", "Hui Xiong" ]
Explaining graph neural networks (GNNs) is a key approach to improve the trustworthiness of GNN in high-stakes applications, such as finance and healthcare. However, existing methods are vulnerable to perturbations, raising concerns about explanation reliability. Prior methods enhance explanation robustness using model retraining or explanation ensemble, with certain weaknesses. Retraining leads to models that are different from the original target model and misleading explanations, while ensemble can produce contradictory results due to different inputs or models. To improve explanation robustness without the above weaknesses, we take an unexplored route and exploit the two edge geometry properties curvature and resistance to enhance explanation robustness. We are the first to prove that these geometric notions can be used to bound explanation robustness. We design a general optimization algorithm to incorporate these geometric properties into a wide spectrum of base GNN explanation methods to enhance the robustness of base explanations. We empirically show that our method outperforms six base explanation methods in robustness across nine datasets spanning node classification, link prediction, and graph classification tasks, improving fidelity in 80\% of the cases and achieving up to a 10\% relative improvement in robust performance.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.02061416395008564, -0.020228087902069092, -0.0044092340394854546, 0.09224170446395874, 0.014965741895139217, 0.025737708434462547, 0.0007610208704136312, -0.0016681721899658442, -0.009087791666388512, -0.06257008016109467, 0.00061088363872841, 0.0004493999294936657, -0.04423553869128227, 0.023060288280248642, 0.022948630154132843, 0.02820880152285099, 0.03955334424972534, 0.018960854038596153, -0.027734585106372833, 0.03619972616434097, 0.028904901817440987, -0.015661360695958138, 0.02087855525314808, -0.008212495595216751, 0.04664921388030052, -0.024282366037368774, 0.0289224311709404, -0.004836813546717167, -0.0034541799686849117, 0.03358418121933937, 0.049626145511865616, 0.0180364903062582, -0.0060099950060248375, -0.0557587705552578, 0.01822357438504696, 0.01139409001916647, -0.06622420996427536, 0.01936602219939232, -0.004686460364609957, 0.005804072134196758, -0.046108685433864594, 0.0038905576802790165, -0.019478708505630493, 0.04029691219329834, -0.05104002729058266, 0.029455265030264854, -0.07962269335985184, 0.041822995990514755, 0.0028172405436635017, -0.048967160284519196, -0.08917202055454254, 0.05351633206009865, -0.0031699214596301317, -0.001254820846952498, -0.0012084804475307465, 0.039339419454336166, 0.05608152970671654, -0.054793741554021835, -0.008626588620245457, -0.0600661002099514, -0.042580120265483856, 0.05399269610643387, 0.023259637877345085, 0.00832280796021223, -0.02166583202779293, -0.007099688984453678, 0.015564460307359695, 0.060374915599823, -0.020104967057704926, -0.05340533331036568, -0.005045938305556774, 0.004611156415194273, 0.0014730548718944192, 0.01868046261370182, 0.02161574922502041, -0.02092556469142437, 0.017199793830513954, 0.0017902100225910544, 0.08225687593221664, -0.016040533781051636, 0.010256931185722351, 0.04420236125588417, -0.0010935952886939049, 0.05752376466989517, -0.0025452114641666412, -0.023523738607764244, -0.03431650996208191, -0.04197148606181145, -0.07192472368478775, 0.034836459904909134, -0.046096574515104294, -0.05598803237080574, 0.012353927828371525, 0.02620917558670044, 0.0032231283839792013, 0.0032221523579210043, 0.03352067619562149, -0.009739164263010025, 0.018826043233275414, -0.026223935186862946, -0.004275633487850428, -0.06802918016910553, -0.021182434633374214, 0.031889963895082474, -0.10710488259792328, -0.009686464443802834, -0.0018719277577474713, -0.019355902448296547, -0.005954096093773842, -0.018505839630961418, -0.03831072524189949, 0.024047374725341797, 0.02036498859524727, -0.0014137246180325747, -0.07057736814022064, 0.018600601702928543, 0.0036422971170395613, -0.018124956637620926, 0.004603789187967777, -0.01151281874626875, 0.04620906338095665, 0.034823235124349594, 0.011996150948107243, 0.07894910871982574, -0.02173803560435772, 0.007685629650950432, -0.009658155962824821, 0.029206961393356323, -0.04948049783706665, -0.017818255349993706, -0.0025145593099296093, 0.03609209507703781, 0.00613621948286891, 0.013451818376779556, 0.0205683670938015, -0.028641195967793465, -0.007679065689444542, 0.008706849999725819, 0.02088407427072525, -0.0036353745963424444, 0.016361743211746216, -0.03277271240949631, 0.02640211582183838, -0.015691684558987617, 0.08010375499725342, -0.03320716321468353, -0.019207842648029327, -0.0176232922822237, -0.016171207651495934, -0.01968967914581299, 0.017220865935087204, -0.02791927196085453, -0.01074190717190504, -0.0633711889386177, -0.0036978055723011494, 0.05736669898033142, -0.00010970771836582571, 0.04491719976067543, 0.02552039362490177, 0.006474142428487539, 0.030947348102927208, -0.019065164029598236, -0.02314395271241665, 0.014468276873230934, 0.0008475147769786417, -0.0518980547785759, 0.020568808540701866, 0.042512983083724976, -0.04591073468327522, 0.0071874577552080154, -0.04032641649246216, -0.030690446496009827, 0.05315760523080826, 0.0000844437672640197, -0.023272862657904625, 0.00324800843372941, 0.07680613547563553, -0.014983211643993855, 0.031128399074077606, 0.031154869124293327, -0.08208456635475159, 0.03538711741566658, 0.04858885332942009, -0.004180946387350559, -0.009087891317903996, -0.020047130063176155, 0.08140494674444199, -0.024278199300169945, 0.05281378701329231, 0.0035181499551981688, -0.09363961219787598, -0.010759622789919376, 0.03403281047940254, -0.0020204298198223114, 0.08833526819944382, 0.020836247131228447, 0.01331639476120472, 0.03360096737742424, 0.0007908059051260352, 0.03342198580503464, 0.06271350383758545, -0.040681906044483185, 0.05525260046124458, 0.004670396447181702, -0.03164832293987274, 0.011733747087419033, 0.03746022656559944, -0.06367690861225128, -0.04424770548939705, 0.015465433709323406, -0.023427827283740044, -0.01067024189978838, 0.014429694041609764, -0.043963439762592316, 0.04675152152776718, -0.021488064900040627, 0.0029138466343283653, -0.016438985243439674, 0.005612293258309364, -0.03644999489188194, 0.04996402561664581, 0.011109770275652409, -0.005004903767257929, 0.006510377861559391, -0.042635899037122726, 0.10151241719722748, 0.0762593150138855, 0.013652455992996693, -0.003787887981161475, 0.005451145116239786, 0.03667236119508743, 0.025648673996329308, 0.01530168205499649, -0.05581589415669441, 0.009430879727005959, -0.008151676505804062, 0.005575069226324558, -0.039475176483392715, 0.0479232482612133, -0.05606110394001007, 0.022777998819947243, 0.062477465718984604, -0.054798901081085205, 0.050380539149045944, 0.007983251474797726, 0.02429385669529438, 0.04597112536430359, 0.02005925215780735, -0.026381542906165123, -0.03535892441868782, -0.0043035754933953285, 0.029570436105132103, 0.0020329339895397425, -0.018955200910568237, 0.031496331095695496, -0.01936444453895092, 0.014293624088168144, -0.021153200417757034, 0.08885051310062408, 0.0627613440155983, 0.019164834171533585, -0.004479693248867989, -0.02425946481525898, -0.020502248778939247, -0.042321786284446716, -0.11788046360015869, -0.04786740243434906, -0.010563945397734642, 0.04381589964032173, -0.006228698883205652, 0.06561034172773361, -0.030748853459954262, 0.02039261907339096, -0.0016833642730489373, 0.002904145047068596, 0.00676379119977355, 0.03788876160979271, 0.025487571954727173, -0.04157958924770355, 0.018578503280878067, 0.04599388316273689, 0.03785111382603645, -0.015818729996681213, -0.014129839837551117, -0.04268784075975418, -0.03475780785083771, 0.009976678527891636, -0.012284612283110619, -0.018384769558906555, 0.02144959568977356, 0.027237098664045334, 0.02548838034272194, 0.016482265666127205, 0.00903341919183731, 0.047260530292987823, 0.08476654440164566, 0.04109590873122215, -0.01669328473508358, -0.0053932080045342445, 0.04059726744890213, -0.0112673444673419, 0.03352101519703865, 0.014436970464885235, 0.010973715223371983, -0.023669514805078506, -0.0005599697469733655, 0.004777258727699518, -0.012957210652530193, -0.26482149958610535, -0.011440606787800789, 0.026139607653021812, -0.024730652570724487, -0.009044473059475422, -0.02269189991056919, 0.07472699880599976, -0.009044243954122066, -0.033995065838098526, -0.02610292099416256, 0.03317641839385033, 0.0120112095028162, -0.00157852319534868, 0.026030533015727997, 0.03536663204431534, 0.030076216906309128, -0.009209351614117622, -0.0109736118465662, 0.020768623799085617, 0.03155461698770523, -0.026727087795734406, -0.06455425918102264, -0.044977400451898575, 0.04117817431688309, -0.04106735810637474, 0.00650061247870326, -0.08394185453653336, -0.04028640314936638, -0.05600138008594513, -0.032571762800216675, -0.005558965262025595, -0.03401317074894905, -0.013569694943726063, 0.03729371353983879, -0.011327148415148258, 0.0017172015504911542, 0.003229977563023567, -0.02423931285738945, 0.02942928671836853, 0.029930513352155685, 0.011188901960849762, -0.023224057629704475, -0.012852570973336697, 0.043176569044589996, 0.0850391685962677, -0.011588849127292633, -0.027518372982740402, 0.026868287473917007, -0.004222349263727665, 0.034185875207185745, -0.01302992645651102, -0.01188743393868208, -0.015833711251616478, -0.004182962700724602, -0.0021789318416267633, -0.022821899503469467, -0.011261164210736752, -0.008980014361441135, -0.042277056723833084, 0.013599501922726631, 0.013620248064398766, -0.03175872936844826, 0.022365080192685127, -0.05312366411089897, -0.024484416469931602, -0.03191741555929184, -0.07000116258859634, -0.07655827701091766, 0.018869467079639435, 0.039696041494607925, -0.0002787411503959447, 0.051264844834804535, -0.010144954547286034, -0.09594108909368515, 0.03411385789513588, -0.010623471811413765, -0.021162820979952812, -0.003807871602475643, 0.004226401448249817, 0.04074980691075325, -0.01947554014623165, -0.038998086005449295, -0.00958711002022028, 0.009896249510347843, 0.01885734312236309, 0.018476108089089394, 0.0126914381980896, -0.03890914469957352, -0.025612587109208107, -0.014091862365603447, 0.0210784450173378, -0.0008475454524159431, 0.053650278598070145, 0.01520987506955862, 0.03458964452147484, 0.05005529522895813, 0.04530603438615799, 0.020248381420969963, 0.04948737844824791, 0.02001870609819889, -0.0009637029143050313, -0.06651463359594345, -0.02361326292157173, -0.016118722036480904, -0.053175847977399826, 0.014279661700129509, -0.04282156005501747, -0.019010445103049278, 0.050738029181957245, -0.025240963324904442, -0.012273143045604229, -0.0827496200799942, 0.00925461109727621, 0.006683681160211563, -0.026434065774083138, -0.01160384900867939, -0.03521975502371788, 0.01990506239235401, 0.020554030314087868, -0.05083402991294861, -0.010223199613392353, 0.035064682364463806, -0.018557092174887657, 0.016726061701774597, -0.010468854568898678, 0.012007377110421658, -0.007625489961355925, -0.016967840492725372, 0.032519031316041946, 0.029116885736584663, -0.012317197397351265, 0.040062032639980316, 0.012921798042953014, -0.02551717683672905, 0.07528427243232727, 0.004225403536111116, -0.02403915859758854, -0.018441548570990562, 0.02790364809334278, -0.007942833937704563, 0.02308293804526329, 0.025712763890624046, 0.04754071682691574, 0.011502171866595745, 0.04508597403764725, 0.009926190599799156, 0.021344805136322975, -0.002409490058198571, 0.011578286997973919, -0.031225310638546944, -0.014543114230036736, -0.02915465086698532, -0.016855325549840927, -0.02184899151325226, 0.024509068578481674, 0.019296078011393547, 0.06194295361638069, -0.0015518030850216746, -0.01600390486419201, -0.017090031877160072, 0.08824662864208221, 0.018768996000289917, -0.04131791368126869, 0.01707800105214119, 0.016805032268166542, 0.06188631057739258, -0.020244525745511055, -0.03037526085972786, -0.009364108555018902, 0.003227991284802556, 0.025795118883252144, 0.005898871459066868, -0.028405040502548218, 0.022608501836657524, 0.005349721293896437, -0.0010820379247888923, -0.012623755261301994, 0.01018555462360382, -0.02007799595594406, 0.025813160464167595, -0.01344332005828619, -0.0365278534591198, 0.007303441409021616, 0.0010338198626413941, 0.05584479123353958, 0.002984000835567713, -0.00031267618760466576, -0.00625070184469223, -0.03672581911087036, 0.06070726737380028, 0.003774900222197175, 0.008113757707178593, -0.05156296491622925, -0.01678081601858139, 0.016483169049024582, -0.06141888350248337, 0.014865167438983917, -0.010139371268451214, -0.0013594143092632294, -0.026334211230278015, -0.007784371729940176, 0.049349188804626465, -0.06389012932777405, 0.03090869076550007, 0.02442409284412861, -0.059858180582523346, -0.0025064670480787754, 0.035440798848867416, 0.0035804607905447483, 0.005040626507252455, -0.02458048239350319, -0.014345399104058743, -0.05191023647785187, -0.040530528873205185, 0.05259053036570549, 0.0018850719789043069, -0.033080194145441055, 0.0021306220442056656, -0.015773478895425797, 0.0027227175887674093, 0.022183366119861603, -0.022063154727220535, -0.016463615000247955, -0.029548512771725655, 0.01596129685640335, 0.05428594350814819, 0.013978729955852032, 0.0028455208521336317, -0.03801463544368744, -0.028595848008990288, 0.0024487278424203396, -0.009845351800322533, 0.0017262122128158808, 0.03534650430083275, -0.009655497036874294, 0.025814637541770935, -0.06844716519117355, 0.0030846328008919954, -0.005741474684327841, -0.026656746864318848, -0.012787112966179848, -0.03534720093011856, -0.02373826503753662, 0.003100018482655287, 0.013790825381875038, 0.03364703804254532, 0.030863633379340172, 0.023538991808891296, -0.0018952538957819343, -0.0003279307275079191, 0.03382151573896408, -0.006500594317913055, -0.047516997903585434, -0.0197592806071043, 0.04725027456879616, -0.042688146233558655, -0.01283306535333395, -0.06465667486190796, -0.0018377291271463037, -0.006626238115131855, -0.04286060109734535, 0.010920646600425243, -0.012320911511778831, -0.006257131230086088, -0.005884822458028793, 0.029894676059484482, -0.006565286312252283, -0.00032715420820750296, 0.03915032371878624, -0.05728370323777199, -0.005554311443120241, -0.034838590770959854, 0.011140068992972374, 0.039036087691783905, -0.037428054958581924, -0.01204623095691204, 0.006428603082895279, -0.0329982228577137, 0.0010662950808182359, -0.043960291892290115, -0.0476677343249321, 0.010678679682314396, -0.010547034442424774, -0.020507875829935074, 0.028953958302736282, -0.028757425025105476, -0.025229042395949364, -0.005528133362531662, -0.059699270874261856, -0.004515385255217552, 0.00799955241382122, 0.025629233568906784, -0.029481755569577217, 0.04584344103932381, -0.010639036074280739, 0.020724069327116013, 0.0368349552154541, 0.07276271283626556, 0.0635250061750412, 0.017578477039933205, -0.05228428170084953, 0.05420437455177307, 0.0321834459900856, 0.03454747051000595, -0.014245460741221905, 0.025911685079336166, -0.020694782957434654, -0.04748056083917618, 0.08834939450025558, -0.009569087065756321, -0.01128293201327324, -0.04923415929079056, 0.038204822689294815, -0.007640977390110493, -0.04606587067246437, -0.048719458281993866, -0.0007187916780821979, -0.05344538763165474, -0.007911979220807552, -0.004383972380310297, -0.0017268802039325237, 0.026177747175097466, 0.059537600725889206, -0.026233278214931488, 0.04153497889637947, 0.04122301563620567, 0.007363602984696627, -0.006282576825469732, -0.029097996652126312, 0.0729161724448204, 0.05379699543118477, 0.056856632232666016, 0.012701855972409248, 0.061483584344387054, -0.03274007514119148, -0.022126665338873863, -0.013277617283165455, 0.026651859283447266, -0.0038008801639080048, -0.04631328210234642, 0.007281169760972261, 0.04888790473341942, -0.010366142727434635, 0.07853108644485474, -0.03850075230002403, 0.02267760969698429, 0.007596439681947231, 0.00355905550532043, -0.02333969809114933, 0.0513785220682621, -0.0030912873335182667, -0.010870473459362984, -0.018156275153160095, -0.027736209332942963, -0.022002434358000755, -0.022048119455575943, 0.0057787466794252396, 0.03899753838777542, -0.03097846731543541, 0.029318291693925858, -0.0014095799997448921, 0.020053185522556305, 0.11741240322589874, -0.025247739627957344, -0.03638504073023796, 0.05514179542660713, 0.03173555061221123, 0.004379843827337027, 0.05643201991915703, 0.021532254293560982, -0.04705709218978882, -0.025879569351673126, -0.03675189986824989, -0.0004150476597715169, -0.009657381102442741, 0.006545427720993757, 0.0016090519493445754, -0.02563544549047947, -0.05125927925109863, 0.012311805039644241, 0.006536727771162987, -0.008146232925355434, -0.07269396632909775, -0.006869986187666655, -0.05457290634512901, -0.07327154278755188, -0.06451138854026794, 0.021729091182351112, -0.03745206072926521, -0.03734876215457916, 0.022996935993433, -0.012805743142962456, 0.008784371428191662, 0.035577960312366486, -0.04119064286351204, 0.008165971376001835, 0.03619774803519249, 0.030319437384605408, -0.004594467114657164, 0.039807457476854324, -0.0005806410335935652, -0.024175627157092094, -0.01496869046241045, 0.017774490639567375, 0.020268408581614494, 0.006097203120589256, 0.008340630680322647, -0.003696776693686843, -0.101654052734375, -0.004162581171840429, 0.0142713263630867, -0.0546538420021534, -0.08700786530971527, 0.046946365386247635, 0.004803140182048082, 0.009279689751565456, 0.06598014384508133, 0.011297371238470078, -0.016678720712661743, -0.04073427990078926, 0.01782972924411297, -0.003304956015199423, 0.009603614918887615, 0.03906158730387688, -0.020459037274122238, 0.049882806837558746, 0.05831717699766159, -0.0419575534760952, 0.005517566576600075, 0.015138116665184498, -0.03613349050283432, 0.0019245214061811566, -0.0033713134471327066, -0.043105367571115494, -0.016007089987397194, -0.11228325963020325, -0.028293536975979805, 0.0044173854403197765, -0.02255365066230297, -0.006330876145511866, -0.016839297488331795, -0.027491271495819092, -0.019233906641602516, -0.009425167925655842, -0.060427289456129074, 0.005602529738098383, -0.02830914594233036, -0.041947465389966965, -0.08348292857408524, 0.023568343371152878, 0.0008790113497525454, 0.020402465015649796, -0.06425507366657257, -0.08489464223384857, -0.02798488363623619, -0.021757911890745163, 0.039586372673511505, 0.008950968272984028, 0.034099891781806946, 0.015085721388459206 ]
5,178
Provably Efficient Online RLHF with One-Pass Reward Modeling
[ "Long-Fei Li", "Yu-Yang Qian", "Peng Zhao", "Zhi-Hua Zhou" ]
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has shown remarkable success in aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences. Traditional RLHF approaches rely on a fixed dataset, which often suffers from limited coverage. To this end, online RLHF has emerged as a promising direction, enabling iterative data collection. Despite its potential, this paradigm faces a key bottleneck: the requirement to continuously integrate new data into the historical dataset and re-optimize the model from scratch at each iteration, resulting in computational and storage costs that grow linearly with the number of iterations. In this work, we address this challenge by proposing a **one-pass** reward modeling method that does not require storing the historical data and can be computed in constant time. Specifically, we first formalize RLHF as a contextual preference bandit problem and design an online mirror descent algorithm with a tailored local norm to replace the standard maximum likelihood estimation for reward modeling. We then apply our method to various online RLHF settings, including passive data collection, active data collection, and deployment-time adaptation. We provide theoretical guarantees showing that our method improves both statistical and computational efficiency. Finally, we provide practical algorithms and conduct experiments using *Llama-3-8B-Instruct* and *Qwen2.5-7B* models on the Ultrafeedback-binarized and Mixture2 datasets, validating the effectiveness of our proposed method.
poster
2502.07193
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.008112630806863308, 0.0004070782451890409, 0.018259156495332718, 0.048773638904094696, 0.04753868281841278, 0.017828136682510376, 0.017470667138695717, 0.018792396411299706, -0.02238372340798378, -0.018156150355935097, -0.003985680174082518, 0.022618189454078674, -0.07162675261497498, -0.03458127751946449, 0.01611994579434395, 0.039916668087244034, 0.04449243098497391, 0.014001230709254742, 0.005044889636337757, 0.01777059957385063, -0.011491806246340275, 0.029474500566720963, 0.03227787837386131, 0.000550373166333884, 0.04369156062602997, 0.033754874020814896, 0.02702184207737446, 0.018515832722187042, -0.03327352926135063, -0.0023163841105997562, 0.044192563742399216, -0.034582994878292084, 0.029791271314024925, -0.01177200023084879, 0.010974681004881859, -0.011853239499032497, -0.02717539295554161, -0.00597230764105916, 0.02406042255461216, 0.026891112327575684, -0.04463367909193039, 0.008818229660391808, -0.0319780670106411, 0.01989813707768917, -0.04909667745232582, 0.0016190168680623174, -0.08022183179855347, 0.023132791742682457, 0.034910235553979874, -0.0341993011534214, -0.11639034748077393, 0.05568050593137741, 0.01990777626633644, -0.020944854244589806, -0.00150109117385, 0.03312194347381592, 0.0311841182410717, -0.07759393006563187, 0.003665626049041748, -0.03223497048020363, -0.021709859371185303, 0.018635382875800133, 0.03345351666212082, 0.009984806180000305, -0.02415694296360016, -0.002713407389819622, 0.02272932417690754, 0.045204807072877884, -0.02387438528239727, -0.011107849888503551, -0.022213388234376907, -0.010186940431594849, -0.01596093736588955, 0.013705823570489883, -0.00826173834502697, -0.06700864434242249, 0.006481826771050692, 0.0393085815012455, 0.05701563507318497, -0.0005481299012899399, 0.011208685114979744, 0.008037732914090157, 0.028477594256401062, 0.033434368669986725, -0.000321630563121289, -0.00001271556902793236, -0.01831206865608692, -0.05129144340753555, -0.0958232507109642, 0.03708687052130699, -0.054152462631464005, -0.050201717764139175, 0.013970114290714264, 0.027692345902323723, 0.018921950832009315, 0.010513298213481903, 0.019641056656837463, 0.056258801370859146, 0.00400879792869091, -0.00808713212609291, -0.04285958781838417, -0.03999410942196846, 0.027101710438728333, -0.017308909446001053, -0.0963958278298378, -0.0030356512870639563, 0.0018711491720750928, -0.0020754749421030283, -0.005686379037797451, -0.0017895514611154795, -0.03225407376885414, -0.016172509640455246, 0.01663479581475258, -0.010733822360634804, -0.07599949091672897, 0.026664776727557182, 0.0019681837875396013, 0.06621481478214264, -0.0018758350051939487, 0.0002711842826101929, 0.020897727459669113, 0.029044199734926224, -0.0017906187567859888, 0.07716148346662521, -0.014079314656555653, 0.01123346108943224, 0.029756849631667137, 0.03669523075222969, -0.013855553232133389, -0.06661545485258102, 0.024758150801062584, 0.03660605102777481, -0.016397619619965553, 0.027730567380785942, -0.021676043048501015, 0.006160578224807978, 0.016661187633872032, 0.0069383373484015465, 0.05097214877605438, 0.005349270533770323, -0.009696239605545998, 0.011462160386145115, 0.07760082185268402, -0.03820814564824104, 0.08420835435390472, 0.01782800815999508, -0.023823408409953117, -0.034077391028404236, -0.0537848137319088, -0.011885280720889568, 0.023176267743110657, -0.012460915371775627, -0.010705823078751564, -0.048107847571372986, 0.032502152025699615, 0.06221138313412666, 0.028528647497296333, -0.029084481298923492, 0.00512720737606287, 0.004674868192523718, -0.007243904285132885, 0.031856488436460495, -0.03500033915042877, -0.02580278553068638, -0.018428506329655647, -0.06795104593038559, 0.05184973031282425, 0.00610696105286479, -0.032119445502758026, -0.00838905293494463, -0.03888525441288948, -0.009128284640610218, 0.056708838790655136, -0.0012413463555276394, -0.033197127282619476, -0.015872003510594368, 0.05215078592300415, -0.011990047059953213, 0.0322868674993515, 0.04168781265616417, -0.08180978894233704, 0.03183036297559738, 0.02371198870241642, 0.013102857396006584, 0.0020193748641759157, -0.04826900362968445, 0.08384556323289871, -0.029769081622362137, 0.03454223647713661, 0.028792567551136017, -0.08280603587627411, -0.002672418486326933, 0.03521427884697914, -0.002683262573555112, 0.07605432718992233, 0.00008007443830138072, 0.00036008277675136924, 0.05328921601176262, 0.03881239518523216, 0.05323146656155586, 0.0632534921169281, -0.02890745736658573, 0.038823504000902176, -0.03245462104678154, -0.026828479021787643, -0.015049770474433899, 0.04816175624728203, -0.051410552114248276, -0.026860615238547325, -0.003832329995930195, -0.03384937345981598, 0.04617869108915329, 0.028658634051680565, 0.021047044545412064, 0.010697356425225735, 0.0017484382260590792, 0.0004688942281063646, 0.033016011118888855, 0.023368453606963158, -0.05157814174890518, 0.038884252309799194, 0.0037101798225194216, -0.020947786048054695, -0.007509061601012945, -0.03582886978983879, 0.08808020502328873, 0.06689587980508804, -0.028320863842964172, -0.0001966084528248757, 0.019223878160119057, 0.012990948744118214, 0.005067139398306608, 0.02957352250814438, -0.0420500673353672, 0.03490787744522095, -0.003202953143045306, 0.004632855299860239, -0.009947586804628372, 0.054014161229133606, -0.02129228599369526, -0.016879379749298096, 0.06410479545593262, 0.00005351596701075323, 0.03838059678673744, -0.003798626596108079, -0.0019078610930591822, 0.020971834659576416, 0.03187299519777298, 0.006879247725009918, -0.03800765424966812, -0.04695386067032814, -0.00624798983335495, 0.021616652607917786, -0.016907043755054474, 0.027659518644213676, -0.07413811981678009, 0.0018148707458749413, -0.006377842742949724, 0.04547571390867233, 0.057389575988054276, 0.033806800842285156, 0.02913195639848709, -0.04082276672124863, -0.04464668408036232, 0.01135313231498003, -0.12092073261737823, -0.0372784361243248, -0.024799205362796783, 0.0048385122790932655, 0.05064510926604271, 0.0023021406959742308, -0.007692101877182722, 0.024411143735051155, -0.025526393204927444, -0.02258995547890663, 0.007436083164066076, 0.040654778480529785, 0.008750583045184612, -0.057908590883016586, -0.01829313114285469, 0.0004631183692254126, 0.07200637459754944, 0.005159239750355482, -0.03385884687304497, -0.029454154893755913, -0.03524934500455856, -0.0036900462582707405, -0.02280334383249283, 0.003284845966845751, 0.016604144126176834, -0.0012811815831810236, 0.014208998531103134, -0.03165534511208534, 0.0005227983347140253, 0.015674566850066185, 0.03926266357302666, 0.03504980355501175, 0.02806607261300087, -0.017331305891275406, 0.03367336466908455, -0.012174274772405624, -0.013266037218272686, -0.015461987815797329, 0.026970643550157547, 0.0006365231820382178, -0.029448632150888443, 0.028954695910215378, 0.00561168696731329, -0.2664603888988495, -0.041421644389629364, 0.012133048847317696, -0.02065051905810833, 0.022935735061764717, -0.010068580508232117, 0.042135562747716904, -0.03833404928445816, -0.02095760963857174, 0.0013432271080091596, 0.014554680325090885, 0.05659623071551323, 0.008477258495986462, 0.05685552582144737, 0.06597169488668442, 0.027677832171320915, -0.01989925280213356, -0.0018119793385267258, -0.008516824804246426, 0.011056043207645416, -0.030967900529503822, -0.0803818553686142, -0.02448197826743126, 0.04790668934583664, -0.018614687025547028, 0.07305695116519928, -0.0642269030213356, -0.004613058641552925, -0.03065330907702446, -0.006806323770433664, -0.015664011240005493, -0.03724473714828491, -0.03141466900706291, 0.04102948680520058, 0.017821310088038445, -0.0021518126595765352, 0.033824242651462555, -0.004095250740647316, 0.04281910881400108, 0.03189454227685928, -0.028110843151807785, -0.018227605149149895, -0.02067285031080246, 0.002365151420235634, 0.08166951686143875, 0.014176427386701107, -0.06249946355819702, -0.022197047248482704, 0.0014798215124756098, 0.021991729736328125, -0.010484321042895317, -0.04895782470703125, -0.021619640290737152, 0.01843149960041046, 0.014829359017312527, -0.03801775351166725, -0.02475697360932827, -0.02717621624469757, 0.001087044831365347, 0.01543436013162136, -0.0033516823314130306, -0.04386890307068825, -0.036570943892002106, -0.02369117923080921, -0.05461866781115532, -0.04826242849230766, -0.0362391471862793, -0.03288060426712036, 0.05432040989398956, 0.06033792719244957, -0.01622704416513443, 0.0014516308438032866, -0.00903795100748539, -0.09348245710134506, 0.016833843663334846, 0.015386918559670448, -0.009990040212869644, -0.009425139985978603, 0.009108885191380978, 0.07267331331968307, -0.03429887443780899, -0.04177909344434738, -0.005399619694799185, -0.013273743912577629, 0.026782484725117683, -0.026179170235991478, 0.026214491575956345, -0.02038060873746872, -0.007237871177494526, -0.03892798349261284, 0.04237464815378189, 0.0022463658824563026, 0.012029880657792091, 0.015052925795316696, 0.057798903435468674, 0.03375209867954254, 0.010696268640458584, 0.033311616629362106, 0.01716420240700245, 0.020605571568012238, 0.023613229393959045, -0.08704917877912521, 0.003034500405192375, -0.05042088031768799, -0.021899476647377014, 0.035096313804388046, -0.07929550856351852, -0.022739125415682793, 0.02311295084655285, 0.017127908766269684, -0.027643436565995216, 0.004035534802824259, -0.008753546513617039, 0.01651419699192047, -0.019294120371341705, -0.03547102212905884, 0.0067412033677101135, 0.029169127345085144, 0.04300909861922264, 0.012358859181404114, -0.03108065389096737, 0.011000728234648705, -0.016852250322699547, -0.0030101309530436993, 0.0010214130161330104, -0.0015516513958573341, 0.017832232639193535, -0.01097414456307888, 0.016179818660020828, -0.0028470084071159363, 0.03542439639568329, 0.03970905765891075, -0.004929636139422655, 0.030047159641981125, 0.06966252624988556, -0.005163521971553564, -0.008336102589964867, 0.001969939563423395, 0.05055036023259163, -0.017678357660770416, 0.027018917724490166, 0.004353850148618221, 0.03730780631303787, 0.03903953358530998, 0.015359422191977501, 0.0034209543373435736, 0.004401088692247868, -0.003559043165296316, -0.001970164943486452, 0.013385041616857052, 0.02079051174223423, -0.05671994760632515, -0.010367552749812603, -0.03484807536005974, 0.023238439112901688, -0.028862090781331062, 0.01773473061621189, -0.030097752809524536, -0.001083057140931487, -0.08169398456811905, 0.03421768546104431, 0.0024961265735328197, -0.03761235624551773, 0.030336514115333557, 0.036563944071531296, 0.03396521508693695, -0.03620829060673714, 0.00015789561439305544, 0.027540763840079308, 0.015550939366221428, 0.0011554857483133674, -0.039622414857149124, -0.009070981293916702, -0.05046701803803444, -0.0428549163043499, -0.04860038310289383, 0.025400683283805847, -0.022042186930775642, -0.03590189293026924, 0.03792113810777664, -0.01166005339473486, -0.024257780984044075, -0.00010139545338461176, 0.00003115319486823864, 0.09153273701667786, -0.015059608034789562, 0.015204323455691338, -0.011166569776833057, 0.003786300076171756, 0.01710204780101776, -0.017197679728269577, 0.03794218227267265, -0.007604893762618303, -0.02226351760327816, -0.02676543779671192, -0.04810817912220955, -0.009197123348712921, -0.008455767296254635, 0.00459279865026474, 0.0020218014251440763, -0.022996697574853897, -0.016497306525707245, -0.01440155878663063, -0.023809010162949562, 0.026495853438973427, -0.061865612864494324, 0.006049065850675106, 0.04570575803518295, -0.010520495474338531, 0.047049473971128464, -0.0788276195526123, -0.05017174407839775, -0.04027905315160751, -0.004631210584193468, 0.013855038210749626, -0.010939689353108406, -0.05514540895819664, -0.027867361903190613, -0.027241196483373642, 0.0038337898440659046, 0.012407039292156696, -0.018364639952778816, -0.026823323220014572, -0.004878959618508816, 0.0003891455417033285, 0.0426628552377224, -0.06404353678226471, -0.05404909700155258, 0.029139289632439613, -0.0070844353176653385, 0.031422391533851624, -0.04450686648488045, 0.04266767576336861, 0.052264031022787094, -0.011896549724042416, 0.01800571195781231, -0.05321952700614929, 0.0598527230322361, -0.015296148136258125, -0.027048731222748756, 0.014404009096324444, -0.0012000122806057334, -0.03039594739675522, -0.024120409041643143, -0.00941486656665802, 0.02516414411365986, 0.012613856233656406, 0.030892008915543556, 0.04676952585577965, 0.03333722800016403, 0.0070871831849217415, 0.0015420813579112291, -0.0286235511302948, 0.010329880751669407, 0.04964195936918259, 0.007219886407256126, -0.02310236729681492, -0.06470152735710144, -0.03088841401040554, 0.019456064328551292, -0.008248989470303059, 0.01782599464058876, -0.05077378824353218, 0.03392466530203819, 0.02799530327320099, 0.04790518060326576, 0.026439739391207695, -0.036107782274484634, 0.038674600422382355, -0.0800379291176796, -0.008864170871675014, -0.046554695814847946, -0.029659349471330643, 0.04285760968923569, -0.037818700075149536, 0.028024591505527496, 0.015666455030441284, -0.049610864371061325, 0.027401726692914963, -0.01342729851603508, -0.06317753344774246, 0.01189271081238985, -0.028169957920908928, -0.03275249898433685, 0.061282556504011154, -0.01950320042669773, -0.046724289655685425, -0.04125771299004555, -0.032716765999794006, -0.010753142647445202, 0.0031698846723884344, 0.04010405018925667, -0.0032962362747639418, 0.03493397682905197, -0.010381950065493584, 0.019785169512033463, 0.0097492141649127, 0.05822169780731201, -0.008071381598711014, 0.02487693727016449, -0.03685635328292847, 0.04307156801223755, 0.024495691061019897, 0.022287704050540924, 0.015321674756705761, 0.007199087180197239, -0.002445906400680542, -0.029021533206105232, 0.05986154079437256, -0.009958763606846333, -0.02274586819112301, -0.04167048633098602, 0.06676118820905685, 0.027823714539408684, -0.06000453606247902, -0.02265750989317894, 0.02584688737988472, -0.04609144851565361, -0.004543324001133442, 0.012122603133320808, 0.005954336374998093, -0.0005227580550126731, 0.08136928826570511, 0.04499526694417, 0.04228586703538895, 0.07981588691473007, 0.0032073974143713713, -0.0180972833186388, 0.025511477142572403, 0.08131492882966995, 0.06089690327644348, 0.0672517791390419, -0.031433068215847015, 0.0699564516544342, -0.05706433579325676, -0.05320647358894348, 0.01702418550848961, 0.021977076306939125, -0.04704475402832031, -0.05229051783680916, 0.012336698360741138, 0.03579888120293617, -0.021874137222766876, 0.04083099588751793, -0.05356791988015175, -0.0033344044350087643, 0.034971464425325394, -0.003735169069841504, 0.012529049068689346, 0.03757162392139435, 0.032239753752946854, 0.023579400032758713, -0.02136705070734024, -0.009387306869029999, 0.0004960487131029367, -0.009862965904176235, 0.017242226749658585, 0.014438827522099018, -0.021898485720157623, 0.003438906744122505, 0.018443061038851738, 0.017152810469269753, 0.08266633749008179, -0.04210812970995903, -0.0034307066816836596, 0.00850402470678091, 0.0009794519282877445, -0.011681855656206608, 0.03943636640906334, 0.001038553542457521, -0.0183556005358696, 0.0036415758077055216, -0.041487254202365875, -0.001797403208911419, 0.037517692893743515, 0.0005903791752643883, 0.026267385110259056, -0.03581978380680084, -0.0024949449580162764, 0.017715655267238617, 0.0016340897418558598, -0.09626253694295883, -0.025908933952450752, -0.0198393315076828, -0.057585932314395905, -0.05545688420534134, -0.0670807734131813, 0.0011155700776726007, 0.00009450723155168816, -0.04478410258889198, 0.04873759672045708, -0.025429343804717064, -0.006216800771653652, 0.005787139292806387, -0.07427315413951874, -0.002955141942948103, 0.023489970713853836, -0.01442296989262104, 0.04610273987054825, 0.033250592648983, 0.03565573692321777, -0.01200407836586237, -0.041483134031295776, 0.020090948790311813, 0.008679384365677834, 0.033715225756168365, -0.014714463613927364, -0.049394771456718445, -0.10811992734670639, 0.004609284456819296, 0.026250312104821205, -0.006158540025353432, -0.07078436762094498, 0.007215187884867191, -0.0389288030564785, 0.03206062689423561, 0.07014713436365128, 0.034666042774915695, 0.010301678441464901, -0.05746407061815262, -0.02614125795662403, 0.001338849077001214, 0.01566574163734913, 0.043140701949596405, -0.02779044210910797, 0.05396965146064758, 0.013055399060249329, -0.029632998630404472, -0.07814648002386093, 0.03429361432790756, 0.008876228705048561, -0.016658149659633636, -0.015048460103571415, -0.041537366807460785, -0.012873250059783459, -0.09616832435131073, -0.003849100088700652, 0.039461176842451096, 0.005329923238605261, -0.013880888000130653, -0.0011645170161500573, -0.00624321261420846, -0.01197894848883152, 0.014043141156435013, -0.032289277762174606, -0.012997901998460293, -0.040478628128767014, -0.03018956631422043, -0.06299764662981033, 0.022527268156409264, -0.03600818291306496, 0.001035199617035687, -0.029395058751106262, -0.022534986957907677, 0.005185398273169994, 0.02435932494699955, 0.019706547260284424, -0.002559484913945198, -0.016488945111632347, -0.030031336471438408 ]
5,179
A Multimodal BiMamba Network with Test-Time Adaptation for Emotion Recognition Based on Physiological Signals
[ "Ziyu Jia", "Tingyu Du", "Zhengyu Tian", "Hongkai Li", "Yong Zhang", "Chenyu Liu" ]
Emotion recognition based on physiological signals is of considerable significance in fields including psychological health and human-computer interaction, particularly in light of the substantial advances in multimodal emotion recognition techniques. However, two key challenges remain unresolved: 1) how to effectively model the intra-modal long-range dependencies and inter-modal correlations in multimodal physiological emotion signals and 2) how to address the performance limitations resulting from missing multimodal data. In this paper, we propose a multimodal bidirectional Mamba (BiMamba) network with test-time adaptation (TTA) for emotion recognition named BiM-TTA. Specifically, BiM-TTA consists of a multimodal BiMamba network and a multimodal TTA. The former includes intra-modal and inter-modal BiMamba modules, which model long-range dependencies along the time dimension and capture cross-modal correlations along the channel dimension, respectively. The latter (TTA) effectively mitigates the negative impact of the distribution shifts amplified by missing multimodal data through two-level entropy-based sample filtering and mutual information sharing across modalities. Experiments on two multimodal emotion datasets demonstrate that BiM-TTA achieves state-of-the-art performance.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.0010039499029517174, -0.01847594417631626, -0.0016276893438771367, 0.007175639271736145, 0.02891983464360237, 0.03229109197854996, 0.016007816419005394, 0.016357483342289925, -0.027535516768693924, -0.048702843487262726, -0.002179128583520651, 0.025415563955903053, -0.07678410410881042, -0.00289065926335752, -0.00953851267695427, 0.04343364015221596, 0.039078861474990845, -0.023257378488779068, 0.029862768948078156, 0.022214001044631004, -0.021670103073120117, -0.01744208112359047, 0.07239018380641937, 0.0421769954264164, 0.026089811697602272, 0.009812559001147747, 0.03193172812461853, 0.005649646744132042, -0.019111478701233864, 0.004216382745653391, 0.030461180955171585, 0.004673636984080076, -0.01591603085398674, -0.014234044589102268, 0.030005386099219322, 0.051810722798109055, -0.07019781321287155, 0.043493181467056274, 0.013991464860737324, -0.019709814339876175, -0.044853609055280685, 0.012727535329759121, 0.0027070590294897556, -0.01890571601688862, -0.03808053955435753, 0.036631740629673004, -0.08878147602081299, 0.025370942428708076, -0.008748067542910576, 0.011174101382493973, -0.10489733517169952, 0.06283238530158997, 0.0031410010997205973, 0.03325832262635231, 0.047823887318372726, 0.0413362979888916, -0.027446215972304344, -0.03627287596464157, 0.014772947877645493, -0.04985610395669937, -0.0098318075761199, -0.0016366619383916259, 0.002431506058201194, -0.02624419517815113, -0.0038188849575817585, -0.0212706271559, -0.0019786942284554243, 0.030551884323358536, -0.04359608143568039, -0.0014902169350534678, 0.007261372171342373, -0.006160655524581671, -0.02496468462049961, 0.01994045078754425, 0.0061933733522892, -0.046062126755714417, 0.030108368024230003, -0.03524167090654373, 0.06343568116426468, -0.03899528086185455, 0.010206284001469612, -0.017733264714479446, 0.019950637593865395, 0.039642494171857834, 0.01356959342956543, -0.008500585332512856, 0.005550421308726072, -0.0219722930341959, -0.08928649872541428, 0.04332280904054642, -0.023461388424038887, -0.051088105887174606, 0.013931993395090103, 0.030996859073638916, 0.013203357346355915, -0.004044556990265846, 0.013358304277062416, -0.03936612978577614, 0.020214812830090523, -0.014727368950843811, 0.020463071763515472, -0.015657171607017517, 0.0003205770917702466, 0.012231303378939629, -0.09786389023065567, -0.049161411821842194, -0.024107564240694046, -0.03788222745060921, 0.005451246164739132, 0.016025904566049576, -0.04167681559920311, -0.039717838168144226, 0.00923585332930088, -0.037441764026880264, -0.061946894973516464, 0.00964999757707119, 0.022835833951830864, 0.014313604682683945, -0.033262625336647034, -0.009556408040225506, 0.09427093714475632, 0.0301838219165802, -0.03290863707661629, 0.031191950663924217, -0.0030634673312306404, -0.002683249767869711, -0.013765187934041023, 0.031188998371362686, -0.030315237119793892, 0.0026232353411614895, -0.03017747588455677, 0.05376606434583664, 0.021851206198334694, 0.003054562956094742, 0.0014327621320262551, 0.025105876848101616, 0.07002581655979156, -0.013341305777430534, 0.03416353091597557, -0.007518375758081675, 0.041333142668008804, -0.0207428690046072, 0.01947714202105999, -0.04227568954229355, 0.07033698260784149, -0.012407264672219753, -0.007505661807954311, 0.0004763257165905088, 0.010963300243020058, -0.052716583013534546, -0.02124858647584915, -0.04151025414466858, 0.017667526379227638, -0.04934629797935486, -0.0032485388219356537, 0.06379874795675278, 0.04202535003423691, -0.0007623694255016744, 0.03386175259947777, 0.017369935289025307, 0.008963393047451973, -0.008916143327951431, -0.03934425488114357, 0.04162538796663284, -0.03378723934292793, -0.052920255810022354, 0.013122773729264736, 0.024429451674222946, -0.03867613151669502, 0.02623063698410988, -0.03871920332312584, -0.09526552259922028, 0.0018359371460974216, 0.0062259589321911335, -0.042147159576416016, -0.012871069833636284, 0.04476793482899666, -0.01027590036392212, 0.009863287210464478, 0.021389484405517578, -0.086130291223526, 0.044312816113233566, -0.014919613488018513, 0.00831508357077837, 0.0565267950296402, 0.010177871212363243, 0.0760301873087883, -0.05912875384092331, -0.012267045676708221, 0.0050054932944476604, -0.04578392580151558, -0.010225017555058002, 0.024716515094041824, 0.039102766662836075, 0.05119162052869797, -0.011949696578085423, -0.012716569937765598, 0.04204224795103073, 0.052591077983379364, 0.04079504683613777, 0.027507668361067772, -0.020936306565999985, 0.047494228929281235, 0.007776928599923849, -0.022045811638236046, -0.012108231894671917, 0.04567066207528114, -0.05323411896824837, -0.05057275667786598, -0.007837982848286629, -0.0014378959313035011, -0.0008230129606090486, -0.019110459834337234, 0.022700347006320953, 0.00018486079352442175, 0.006020211614668369, 0.0065269628539681435, 0.018876904621720314, 0.012662632390856743, -0.06649277359247208, 0.044143546372652054, 0.013663789257407188, -0.037162404507398605, 0.011919823475182056, -0.030028708279132843, 0.08515895903110504, 0.044587843120098114, -0.03473059833049774, 0.015623830258846283, 0.01574251800775528, -0.022954143583774567, 0.014780488796532154, 0.0005431189783848822, 0.009669294580817223, 0.006354875396937132, -0.018470287322998047, 0.022074537351727486, -0.056955546140670776, 0.05142401531338692, -0.04520679637789726, -0.017497500404715538, 0.06002319976687431, -0.029218779876828194, 0.035062503069639206, 0.014622179791331291, -0.0019761123694479465, 0.030613014474511147, 0.019868727773427963, -0.016489868983626366, -0.015594394877552986, -0.024309607222676277, 0.02827734686434269, 0.0013773069949820638, -0.03051607869565487, 0.03926170617341995, -0.06690242141485214, 0.016280673444271088, -0.0400770902633667, 0.04696931317448616, 0.0061417315155267715, 0.04415688291192055, 0.024411579594016075, 0.0024863798171281815, -0.01596996933221817, -0.038168102502822876, -0.09911641478538513, -0.0617414265871048, -0.016328224912285805, 0.02137966826558113, 0.023883488029241562, 0.049103811383247375, -0.025333847850561142, 0.009212715551257133, 0.024844342842698097, 0.016430562362074852, 0.017328817397356033, 0.05668080598115921, 0.0015030164504423738, -0.02089841105043888, 0.005456296727061272, 0.01703745499253273, 0.04007484391331673, 0.012242814525961876, -0.04855158179998398, 0.003219286212697625, -0.03480206057429314, -0.03105662390589714, -0.01973365806043148, -0.01820940338075161, 0.020044401288032532, 0.02295030653476715, 0.0062559181824326515, 0.05247122049331665, 0.004665634594857693, 0.04348714277148247, 0.02395014651119709, 0.03690152242779732, 0.04791968688368797, -0.028544539585709572, 0.030279461294412613, -0.015109206549823284, 0.003185078501701355, 0.03216099366545677, -0.04686272144317627, 0.0052824802696704865, -0.030458716675639153, -0.026643142104148865, -0.023573273792862892, -0.26979535818099976, -0.0038325879722833633, 0.03816799819469452, -0.048113659024238586, 0.04401041194796562, -0.053448185324668884, 0.047459714114665985, -0.019691133871674538, -0.04975888505578041, 0.021436603739857674, 0.004803025163710117, 0.02508414536714554, 0.024800986051559448, 0.05360519140958786, 0.01533395517617464, 0.008441703394055367, -0.04165392369031906, -0.0162869393825531, 0.03532719984650612, 0.05073988065123558, -0.00766901858150959, -0.02911604754626751, -0.05455124005675316, 0.017791135236620903, -0.02674487791955471, 0.0012468579225242138, -0.058659348636865616, 0.02307647280395031, 0.015097013674676418, -0.0030720753129571676, 0.03463054075837135, -0.009449292905628681, 0.0006960261380299926, 0.06901106983423233, 0.03794023022055626, 0.01924026571214199, 0.03943181782960892, 0.01039744634181261, 0.03174388408660889, -0.0028823604807257652, -0.004368504509329796, 0.016411392018198967, -0.0002551055804360658, -0.0010630135657265782, 0.04422740638256073, 0.019258907064795494, -0.06268907338380814, 0.0042762793600559235, -0.017498541623353958, 0.04104502871632576, -0.013540634885430336, -0.02006053365767002, -0.03367440029978752, -0.00008227182843256742, -0.027794595807790756, -0.05190853402018547, 0.02485603652894497, -0.00805717147886753, -0.004245337564498186, -0.02043079026043415, -0.02174002304673195, -0.01300714910030365, -0.01530458778142929, -0.03317183628678322, -0.007828923873603344, -0.031108830124139786, -0.07419488579034805, -0.08834598958492279, 0.0567438080906868, 0.04343850165605545, 0.006070776842534542, 0.003671173006296158, -0.013479933142662048, -0.10462258756160736, 0.010397478006780148, 0.006506675388664007, -0.0282912477850914, -0.018979975953698158, -0.023265324532985687, 0.024731069803237915, -0.0034733545035123825, -0.02273203246295452, 0.028974154964089394, 0.012232009321451187, 0.013673186302185059, -0.015202227048575878, -0.00044776368304155767, 0.009918847121298313, -0.001977074658498168, -0.023868676275014877, 0.04884595423936844, -0.02485273964703083, -0.007353527471423149, -0.01184691023081541, 0.04042864590883255, 0.028394294902682304, 0.009338678792119026, 0.033263061195611954, 0.03693008050322533, -0.04013778641819954, 0.01459705550223589, -0.055206336081027985, -0.05198124796152115, -0.05286340042948723, 0.019982730969786644, 0.012304006144404411, -0.04329561069607735, -0.01377993542701006, 0.02975819818675518, -0.006075018085539341, -0.05407042056322098, -0.036814965307712555, 0.006707390304654837, -0.01146865077316761, 0.017128121107816696, -0.01611793227493763, -0.00610749889165163, 0.014291854575276375, 0.013282372616231441, -0.021502263844013214, 0.031683824956417084, 0.005812124814838171, 0.016754504293203354, 0.028855465352535248, 0.027805179357528687, 0.013018876314163208, -0.035412825644016266, -0.038131099194288254, -0.014649782329797745, -0.0407663993537426, 0.07584262639284134, 0.012328637763857841, 0.025787608698010445, 0.07776372879743576, 0.03915103152394295, -0.013459877111017704, -0.01905284821987152, -0.010039321146905422, 0.0479469858109951, -0.08326441049575806, 0.026932284235954285, -0.042991068214178085, 0.03065209463238716, 0.010684959590435028, 0.02503984421491623, -0.009444376453757286, -0.02947309799492359, -0.019228607416152954, -0.014838932082057, -0.017500218003988266, -0.002865573624148965, -0.06676644086837769, -0.09108483046293259, -0.012441595084965229, -0.021363558247685432, 0.02801130898296833, 0.009746233932673931, 0.009752113372087479, 0.05376826971769333, -0.05703619867563248, 0.052468281239271164, 0.000843296991661191, -0.010972135700285435, -0.009005055762827396, 0.01369515247642994, 0.039745062589645386, 0.01709853857755661, -0.031350284814834595, 0.04093329608440399, 0.03408980369567871, 0.014385994523763657, -0.02480635605752468, -0.011653552763164043, 0.00011290393740637228, -0.03823070228099823, 0.013809512369334698, -0.0013812559191137552, -0.0357121005654335, -0.0027097007259726524, 0.05976353958249092, -0.012782182544469833, -0.015638230368494987, 0.005908199120312929, -0.0031595234759151936, 0.09406966716051102, 0.030099280178546906, -0.017367077991366386, -0.03448868915438652, -0.023955071344971657, 0.03430582582950592, 0.0050843567587435246, 0.01119648665189743, -0.030139116570353508, -0.07490132749080658, -0.014643240720033646, -0.0499543696641922, 0.016720060259103775, -0.013939987868070602, -0.01978500746190548, -0.022842401638627052, -0.0066688465885818005, 0.015679819509387016, -0.02485116943717003, -0.012537190690636635, 0.011721829883754253, -0.0533851683139801, 0.03202453628182411, 0.045156676322221756, -0.09273669123649597, 0.001611924497410655, -0.023896005004644394, -0.005747786723077297, -0.03701724112033844, 0.015404810197651386, -0.005757062695920467, -0.010155146941542625, -0.03489596024155617, -0.05915364250540733, -0.010750899091362953, -0.00945321749895811, -0.003309559542685747, 0.012907871045172215, -0.03972788155078888, -0.01043302658945322, -0.0141950324177742, 0.025790683925151825, 0.019073260948061943, 0.010923927649855614, 0.024484358727931976, -0.012444618158042431, -0.03715851902961731, -0.015096544288098812, 0.036035653203725815, 0.08397669345140457, -0.006312613841146231, -0.0701470747590065, -0.019625796005129814, -0.013626349158585072, 0.0411546416580677, -0.01032870914787054, -0.01957090012729168, -0.02405063435435295, -0.02179434709250927, 0.02785559743642807, 0.02423388510942459, 0.044455353170633316, -0.001432709046639502, 0.022871315479278564, 0.011312400922179222, 0.020826783031225204, -0.010982932522892952, 0.02516416274011135, -0.062384575605392456, -0.005325344856828451, 0.03449565917253494, -0.03600842505693436, -0.030012261122465134, -0.05143203213810921, -0.015712283551692963, 0.035776179283857346, 0.01581677980720997, -0.0029080212116241455, -0.010758617892861366, 0.03854698687791824, 0.016126949340105057, 0.041620589792728424, 0.025337155908346176, -0.032619453966617584, 0.019332950934767723, -0.0687611922621727, 0.0019070515409111977, -0.037272948771715164, -0.026791149750351906, 0.02980167418718338, -0.030567197129130363, 0.019863005727529526, -0.013963759876787663, -0.032649099826812744, 0.05952993035316467, -0.027143854647874832, -0.031121693551540375, 0.025451308116316795, -0.0023100527469068766, 0.008870123885571957, 0.06423556059598923, -0.027353238314390182, 0.032086580991744995, -0.03883412107825279, -0.019759800285100937, -0.006291717290878296, 0.0036628847010433674, 0.04149007424712181, -0.014177992008626461, 0.04844701662659645, -0.03778424486517906, 0.021184107288718224, 0.00121966446749866, 0.04302060976624489, 0.0017382503720000386, 0.01013918686658144, -0.024850880727171898, 0.07563532888889313, 0.013750840909779072, 0.028506340458989143, 0.02391030825674534, -0.00507045304402709, -0.004032056778669357, -0.056419774889945984, 0.062119144946336746, 0.020739052444696426, -0.04429689049720764, -0.08315733820199966, 0.04381135478615761, 0.023114951327443123, -0.052379343658685684, -0.0074495659209787846, 0.028162935748696327, -0.004291962832212448, -0.00416146544739604, 0.01282207015901804, -0.02032095566391945, -0.00984754879027605, 0.06245623901486397, -0.004340832587331533, 0.06021792069077492, 0.061449985951185226, -0.002123297192156315, -0.015033750794827938, 0.003315787762403488, 0.0840320959687233, 0.061771754175424576, 0.048198990523815155, 0.04812335595488548, 0.07599157094955444, -0.025637010112404823, -0.05910191312432289, 0.0691579058766365, 0.08174774795770645, -0.006445345468819141, -0.009495191276073456, -0.036714471876621246, 0.06115482747554779, 0.010885380208492279, 0.08984723687171936, -0.034432075917720795, 0.007755860686302185, 0.03780544549226761, 0.04793799668550491, -0.013530593365430832, -0.021921200677752495, 0.005908289458602667, 0.009958908893167973, -0.026796992868185043, -0.012163490988314152, -0.022902799770236015, -0.030358174815773964, 0.012986131012439728, 0.04865775257349014, 0.006066152825951576, 0.04028525948524475, -0.02425682730972767, 0.052451588213443756, 0.1055295541882515, -0.02541694976389408, -0.007441599853336811, -0.0166525449603796, 0.007499876897782087, -0.029686961323022842, 0.025695452466607094, 0.008759956806898117, -0.017264559864997864, 0.03924486041069031, -0.03677937015891075, 0.03409266471862793, 0.017492111772298813, -0.0006468503852374852, -0.010929075069725513, -0.03202136233448982, -0.06469263136386871, 0.03896883502602577, 0.021631009876728058, -0.025648944079875946, -0.029230263084173203, -0.043309036642313004, -0.05558903142809868, -0.06906622648239136, -0.019289802759885788, 0.04738779738545418, 0.02124791406095028, -0.03402154892683029, -0.011930849403142929, 0.0004337175632826984, 0.04850749671459198, 0.01667720265686512, -0.05730241537094116, -0.016131246462464333, 0.020720195025205612, -0.0053839050233364105, -0.008145404979586601, 0.023148033767938614, 0.05635504797101021, 0.018878620117902756, -0.02873816154897213, 0.01613219827413559, 0.02707504667341709, 0.022548750042915344, -0.0256143007427454, -0.005804452113807201, -0.08955676853656769, -0.014845013618469238, 0.008087572641670704, -0.011640466749668121, -0.060950037091970444, 0.04470288008451462, -0.021100394427776337, 0.06926381587982178, 0.0651443749666214, -0.0015032581286504865, 0.0009310595924034715, -0.040552884340286255, -0.013316835276782513, -0.028323212638497353, 0.03392602875828743, 0.05417865514755249, -0.026263771578669548, 0.03821861743927002, 0.003745537018403411, -0.029578419402241707, -0.027102647349238396, 0.022855807095766068, 0.006072315853089094, -0.006586545612663031, -0.02763594686985016, -0.0051754675805568695, -0.063268281519413, -0.07917463034391403, -0.025704400613904, 0.038140248507261276, 0.013837051577866077, -0.029652101919054985, 0.0144679369404912, 0.03453748673200607, 0.00454002246260643, -0.01322335097938776, -0.04431435838341713, -0.07248951494693756, -0.00956653617322445, -0.06972352415323257, -0.08685905486345291, 0.007816987112164497, -0.017185458913445473, -0.004020262975245714, -0.017176588997244835, -0.032061394304037094, 0.0041802385821938515, -0.002994830021634698, -0.013085555285215378, -0.001971459947526455, 0.015105222351849079, -0.03063853830099106 ]
5,180
Quantization-Free Autoregressive Action Transformer
[ "Ziyad Sheebaelhamd", "Michael Tschannen", "Michael Muehlebach", "Claire Vernade" ]
Current transformer-based imitation learning approaches introduce discrete action representations and train an autoregressive transformer decoder on the resulting latent code. However, the initial quantization breaks the continuous structure of the action space thereby limiting the capabilities of the generative model. We propose a quantization-free method instead that leverages Generative Infinite-Vocabulary Transformers (GIVT) as a direct, continuous policy parametrization for autoregressive transformers. This simplifies the imitation learning pipeline while achieving state-of-the-art performance on a variety of popular simulated robotics tasks. We enhance our policy roll-outs by carefully studying sampling algorithms, further improving the results.
spotlight
2503.14259
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.015855221077799797, -0.05025232210755348, -0.026125766336917877, 0.03700632229447365, 0.02892880141735077, 0.051243383437395096, 0.029072711244225502, 0.012098927050828934, -0.014993911609053612, -0.026212064549326897, 0.007382946088910103, 0.015291150659322739, -0.09229976683855057, -0.004730719141662121, -0.019786352291703224, 0.0687628909945488, 0.024021949619054794, 0.01312095858156681, 0.009829472750425339, 0.022014906629920006, -0.021925782784819603, -0.010006154887378216, 0.06642333418130875, 0.009930595755577087, 0.03547914698719978, -0.010861109010875225, 0.04346461594104767, 0.03224050998687744, -0.03432828187942505, -0.04205235093832016, 0.020185437053442, 0.005516763776540756, 0.02125108428299427, -0.042477160692214966, 0.012920643202960491, -0.046654410660266876, -0.06286957859992981, -0.01801464706659317, 0.023687589913606644, -0.0034600100480020046, -0.024716133251786232, -0.004296319093555212, -0.024625759571790695, -0.021610084921121597, -0.028962811455130577, 0.008561325259506702, -0.08592700958251953, 0.010172457434237003, 0.016364332288503647, -0.05152713879942894, -0.06616382300853729, 0.06584544479846954, -0.0009865020401775837, -0.030992252752184868, -0.0016974795144051313, 0.012467359192669392, 0.035976607352495193, -0.08461097627878189, -0.003880674485117197, -0.055388566106557846, -0.00812981091439724, -0.0032043009996414185, 0.04560177028179169, -0.0059288302436470985, -0.012402848340570927, 0.007966186851263046, 0.031569719314575195, 0.05680890008807182, -0.01875787414610386, -0.050279296934604645, -0.03749912232160568, 0.003882037941366434, -0.009193701669573784, 0.021465927362442017, -0.010118452832102776, -0.06667746603488922, 0.025690017268061638, 0.0378839336335659, 0.0756877139210701, 0.004370093811303377, 0.050711363554000854, 0.035092417150735855, 0.018755648285150528, 0.03265423700213432, 0.025556152686476707, 0.01638675294816494, -0.00669063488021493, 0.009072065353393555, -0.07372543215751648, 0.035073745995759964, -0.016396835446357727, -0.032014116644859314, -0.021281367167830467, 0.021324584260582924, -0.02631261572241783, 0.013001118786633015, 0.02194858528673649, -0.0020221101585775614, 0.014968018047511578, -0.005383617244660854, -0.0377342626452446, 0.010240497998893261, 0.019912833347916603, -0.03838193044066429, -0.09368132054805756, -0.021092712879180908, 0.007901355624198914, -0.026940712705254555, 0.01294802501797676, 0.014264889992773533, -0.08060886710882187, -0.022029723972082138, 0.01972826197743416, -0.02515461854636669, -0.07409169524908066, 0.02549932710826397, 0.009958566166460514, 0.011842537671327591, -0.014726427383720875, 0.00995976198464632, 0.05798277631402016, 0.02048570103943348, 0.007025010883808136, 0.07202643156051636, -0.01798897795379162, -0.0018769720336422324, 0.018142739310860634, 0.019653551280498505, -0.0020847911946475506, -0.019824841991066933, 0.0406130775809288, 0.007420703768730164, 0.010930296964943409, 0.017198748886585236, -0.01758798025548458, -0.012745575979351997, 0.037251751869916916, 0.041058313101530075, -0.009915946051478386, -0.009446493349969387, 0.03352312371134758, -0.009559235535562038, 0.06617005914449692, -0.025314509868621826, 0.07239361107349396, -0.02612861432135105, -0.03758753836154938, -0.022369902580976486, -0.05579712241888046, 0.01630242168903351, -0.009302189573645592, -0.007171344943344593, 0.01446262001991272, -0.06743641942739487, -0.005327429622411728, 0.026061758399009705, 0.03156030923128128, 0.027280954644083977, 0.03673933818936348, -0.01057836040854454, 0.0026271152310073376, 0.026619024574756622, -0.029913274571299553, -0.015349861234426498, 0.007378316018730402, -0.06012110784649849, 0.0070848907344043255, -0.004253070801496506, -0.034666575491428375, -0.03508838266134262, -0.03388442099094391, -0.024009209126234055, 0.05016931891441345, 0.014060962945222855, -0.042094793170690536, 0.00468560541048646, 0.045966245234012604, 0.004504892509430647, 0.04911850020289421, 0.021511955186724663, -0.0841434970498085, 0.03963552042841911, 0.025898218154907227, -0.01658536121249199, 0.045712243765592575, -0.061830226331949234, 0.060915712267160416, -0.0012060144217684865, -0.004811644088476896, 0.031085500493645668, -0.04897264391183853, -0.004135116469115019, -0.003666849574074149, 0.0034461987670511007, 0.0444774255156517, -0.0007141397800296545, 0.0005385092226788402, 0.03224139288067818, 0.05686274915933609, 0.04676533862948418, 0.002190290717408061, -0.0689207911491394, 0.05351431667804718, -0.008781966753304005, -0.0053143310360610485, -0.014881839975714684, 0.008059264160692692, -0.05847004055976868, -0.018178414553403854, 0.003153777914121747, -0.022554190829396248, 0.02668832428753376, 0.019062547013163567, -0.007154661230742931, -0.017212973907589912, 0.035349324345588684, -0.0031164083629846573, 0.016736935824155807, 0.012893297709524632, -0.022621143609285355, 0.019796784967184067, 0.02139018476009369, -0.05366267263889313, -0.0004987899446859956, -0.04186037927865982, 0.09134229272603989, 0.06749139726161957, -0.0016486573731526732, -0.01749732345342636, 0.0072145541198551655, -0.017071839421987534, -0.004357506055384874, 0.01858220063149929, -0.042521558701992035, 0.05922988802194595, -0.015236600302159786, 0.015101407654583454, -0.04893709719181061, 0.01760449819266796, -0.05508612468838692, 0.014971251599490643, 0.05562758818268776, -0.013696367852389812, 0.06298663467168808, 0.006759972777217627, 0.021826505661010742, 0.05025087669491768, -0.003922421019524336, -0.012217054143548012, -0.03443250432610512, -0.0421607606112957, 0.003359332215040922, 0.051321640610694885, -0.02571793831884861, 0.00046887295320630074, -0.022659141570329666, -0.03627684712409973, -0.032733138650655746, 0.04399070516228676, 0.06750807166099548, 0.03844772279262543, 0.024889636784791946, -0.00940798968076706, 0.0018256392795592546, -0.04065461456775665, -0.09052187204360962, -0.04939731955528259, -0.004884024616330862, 0.0061980243772268295, 0.023934347555041313, 0.024622825905680656, 0.037713341414928436, 0.02771882526576519, -0.025708770379424095, -0.032763611525297165, 0.013784441165626049, 0.009451576508581638, 0.050954774022102356, -0.005569379776716232, -0.021967701613903046, -0.003059642156586051, 0.062307946383953094, 0.002651545451954007, -0.018940960988402367, 0.0035921698436141014, -0.07910508662462234, -0.0015232838923111558, -0.01515777688473463, -0.004257905762642622, 0.012650532647967339, 0.033085908740758896, 0.013566010631620884, -0.03570012375712395, 0.007724766153842211, 0.0076354751363396645, 0.07235278934240341, 0.05214923620223999, -0.0006489531369879842, -0.008478437550365925, 0.024327244609594345, -0.029079178348183632, 0.030520087108016014, -0.010598959401249886, 0.023183532059192657, -0.019602136686444283, -0.03085828199982643, 0.026143314316868782, -0.01699923723936081, -0.2397395223379135, 0.011882239021360874, 0.0009650454740040004, 0.012417664751410484, 0.03569668158888817, 0.01256461814045906, 0.06279929727315903, -0.040556520223617554, -0.02336616814136505, 0.05005399510264397, 0.01004596333950758, -0.012241359800100327, -0.008735411800444126, 0.04430248960852623, 0.027100874111056328, 0.016019470989704132, -0.002773330081254244, -0.011626268737018108, 0.011344271712005138, 0.037574652582407, -0.02061646245419979, -0.07480885833501816, -0.03383953496813774, 0.04669782891869545, 0.004018569830805063, 0.043114226311445236, -0.08565352112054825, -0.045886196196079254, -0.015097157098352909, -0.008731961250305176, -0.04899770766496658, -0.001815111725591123, -0.04305101931095123, 0.03093077428638935, 0.00816425122320652, 0.01709296926856041, 0.03551357612013817, -0.018556643277406693, 0.04527279734611511, 0.02591080218553543, 0.007314091548323631, 0.004528749268501997, -0.02628636360168457, 0.021596228703856468, 0.08216632902622223, 0.0252205990254879, -0.02871529944241047, 0.007828393019735813, -0.03434663265943527, 0.04035629704594612, 0.0017997092800214887, -0.018559863790869713, 0.02455056831240654, -0.003624323755502701, 0.037469156086444855, -0.010697388090193272, 0.005994383245706558, -0.0030695220921188593, 0.011002818122506142, 0.022728560492396355, 0.006176579277962446, -0.046567462384700775, -0.01194598339498043, -0.02739141322672367, -0.040292348712682724, -0.03482437506318092, -0.013025219552218914, -0.07856378704309464, 0.05590849369764328, 0.01661807671189308, -0.03259750455617905, -0.00945502333343029, -0.025730133056640625, -0.09608935564756393, 0.04366287961602211, 0.013004332780838013, 0.008939387276768684, -0.02871614322066307, 0.013915646821260452, 0.045579943805933, -0.04411233589053154, -0.07461223751306534, 0.002718661678954959, 0.015170523896813393, 0.003876486560329795, -0.009892639704048634, 0.03342168778181076, -0.05093679577112198, -0.011692455969750881, -0.03197725489735603, 0.0344972237944603, -0.022657161578536034, 0.028074095025658607, 0.0036967305932193995, 0.060042984783649445, 0.02535567618906498, 0.0388832725584507, 0.049792855978012085, 0.00640656566247344, -0.027499224990606308, 0.04605982080101967, -0.06469105184078217, -0.011917230673134327, -0.050108909606933594, -0.0040523819625377655, 0.04925480857491493, -0.06470615416765213, -0.029189949855208397, 0.026347823441028595, 0.042436178773641586, -0.02392595261335373, -0.042123690247535706, 0.00449794577434659, 0.016606079414486885, -0.02562829665839672, -0.01404879242181778, -0.0035382811911404133, 0.017330089583992958, 0.02570415660738945, -0.026699911803007126, -0.04716965928673744, 0.02177484519779682, -0.04961637780070305, 0.038992755115032196, -0.005183571483939886, -0.03051949106156826, 0.014606315642595291, 0.011819207109510899, 0.021198561415076256, -0.012411989271640778, 0.059531327337026596, 0.04361077398061752, -0.031363699585199356, 0.03940002992749214, 0.09091648459434509, -0.006400825921446085, -0.0037638740614056587, -0.027832824736833572, 0.019494090229272842, -0.030054926872253418, -0.028190212324261665, 0.0015532855177298188, 0.005858357064425945, 0.034421324729919434, 0.011553710326552391, -0.016986064612865448, 0.035611022263765335, 0.0226555485278368, 0.018883489072322845, -0.010067816823720932, 0.09534700214862823, -0.05293593183159828, -0.02951018325984478, -0.014676587656140327, 0.018745245411992073, -0.021459609270095825, 0.026757344603538513, -0.024871112778782845, 0.016782138496637344, -0.0310932919383049, 0.07115043699741364, 0.0186922550201416, -0.03364983946084976, -0.01092878170311451, 0.033740557730197906, 0.016820702701807022, -0.01705748587846756, -0.03576015681028366, 0.02714996039867401, 0.023233873769640923, -0.014776112511754036, -0.04783966392278671, -0.0016915281303226948, -0.021416136994957924, 0.007364130113273859, -0.0016134158940985799, -0.017566947266459465, -0.01568644307553768, -0.024496806785464287, 0.03443558141589165, 0.04598017409443855, -0.045059096068143845, 0.0000022061042272980558, -0.008728272281587124, 0.06635110825300217, -0.008050449192523956, 0.01236849557608366, -0.024228744208812714, -0.03342140465974808, 0.030645238235592842, 0.0222358126193285, 0.00009999582835007459, -0.0035199697595089674, -0.034507181495428085, -0.037266917526721954, -0.02694680355489254, 0.007940673269331455, 0.021571485325694084, -0.009611377492547035, 0.010406514629721642, -0.0015992751577869058, 0.027783077210187912, -0.025793323293328285, -0.005536302458494902, 0.009024489670991898, -0.057041916996240616, -0.017708711326122284, 0.03686649352312088, -0.015772435814142227, 0.018663424998521805, -0.02539888396859169, -0.05272103473544121, -0.045985814183950424, -0.053449880331754684, -0.03412239998579025, -0.014964662492275238, -0.008335123769938946, -0.018550489097833633, 0.011941857635974884, -0.004433049820363522, 0.01975546032190323, -0.00009691846207715571, -0.024967918172478676, 0.004988031927496195, 0.010278443805873394, 0.026513591408729553, -0.057961445301771164, 0.013804632239043713, 0.009202315472066402, -0.03186585754156113, -0.003759639337658882, -0.04588083550333977, 0.020258979871869087, 0.05710761994123459, -0.01614089123904705, -0.01204274408519268, -0.046822529286146164, 0.06384246051311493, -0.009206432849168777, -0.02157805673778057, 0.005894926376640797, 0.03535871580243111, -0.07000700384378433, 0.01058047916740179, 0.018865937367081642, 0.0031307374592870474, 0.02286822907626629, 0.01980624720454216, 0.03109683282673359, 0.0217839777469635, 0.02452905662357807, 0.015238681808114052, -0.07015601545572281, 0.0018669344717636704, 0.05852890759706497, -0.07370917499065399, -0.023841528221964836, -0.039193954318761826, -0.025222504511475563, 0.02357974462211132, 0.006165656261146069, 0.005933627486228943, -0.04343646392226219, 0.01870000921189785, 0.03168866038322449, 0.009238426573574543, 0.017599906772375107, -0.030110206454992294, 0.015713971108198166, -0.06104044243693352, 0.0027822116389870644, -0.03644894063472748, -0.03767019882798195, 0.069449283182621, -0.028607718646526337, -0.009925417602062225, 0.007139480207115412, -0.021005254238843918, 0.04604467749595642, -0.027140947058796883, -0.04826467111706734, 0.05863621458411217, -0.029369207099080086, 0.00204139924608171, 0.00848041195422411, -0.0710810199379921, -0.014489040710031986, 0.00699411379173398, -0.04633621126413345, 0.03173879161477089, -0.014783610589802265, 0.05177253857254982, -0.0069296881556510925, 0.0025125998072326183, -0.03756944462656975, -0.0038415284361690283, 0.04277076572179794, 0.047534480690956116, 0.025608887895941734, 0.03495573624968529, -0.01932758465409279, 0.0637921616435051, 0.022432053461670876, -0.0015130969695746899, 0.0018523468170315027, 0.03923686221241951, -0.024252260103821754, -0.061281297355890274, 0.021205531433224678, -0.005629867780953646, -0.052939631044864655, -0.06251899898052216, 0.0441419780254364, 0.019904036074876785, -0.08297872543334961, 0.005977146793156862, 0.04220428317785263, -0.055456846952438354, -0.0524318590760231, 0.008230091072618961, -0.015410926192998886, -0.019660091027617455, 0.042649876326322556, 0.013241630047559738, 0.04516766592860222, 0.042128294706344604, 0.03985651209950447, 0.007336817681789398, -0.04215892031788826, 0.06027190014719963, 0.04170495644211769, 0.04738090559840202, -0.039010994136333466, 0.024102941155433655, -0.01616308093070984, -0.04557960480451584, 0.06410424411296844, 0.04938868433237076, 0.0050556957721710205, -0.07550002634525299, 0.02344655431807041, 0.09256608784198761, -0.005244571715593338, 0.0497504286468029, -0.03919719159603119, -0.04478269815444946, 0.05172670632600784, -0.006808537058532238, -0.03655042499303818, 0.009773706085979939, 0.044392846524715424, -0.0044854492880403996, -0.009941632859408855, -0.00999907311052084, -0.001831984263844788, -0.033556148409843445, 0.030726639553904533, 0.015619248151779175, -0.007220544386655092, 0.01725347526371479, 0.01716473139822483, 0.03440069779753685, 0.10371856391429901, -0.047258853912353516, -0.01342927385121584, 0.00844847597181797, 0.026484450325369835, -0.012854580767452717, 0.0422905758023262, -0.004813509993255138, -0.04047084599733353, 0.02980721928179264, -0.064252570271492, 0.06204231455922127, 0.055768933147192, -0.009175227954983711, 0.02423538826406002, -0.03275259584188461, -0.040413931012153625, 0.005010184831917286, 0.02544296532869339, -0.005695360247045755, -0.04534256458282471, -0.03808961063623428, -0.028840217739343643, -0.024951791390776634, -0.04690288379788399, 0.019313350319862366, -0.014210828579962254, -0.054803699254989624, -0.05154566466808319, -0.07362424582242966, 0.011380079202353954, 0.006107729859650135, -0.06974495947360992, -0.02796633541584015, 0.029062099754810333, 0.0010302492883056402, -0.004802345298230648, 0.007812047842890024, 0.049947574734687805, 0.024406887590885162, -0.04507823660969734, 0.01058237999677658, 0.024276023730635643, -0.017994338646531105, -0.006818260531872511, -0.004646549932658672, -0.07775469124317169, 0.03524661064147949, 0.04387292638421059, -0.029365211725234985, -0.07471299916505814, 0.01589946076273918, -0.07030203938484192, 0.03128358721733093, 0.0729897990822792, -0.002377129392698407, 0.007955288514494896, -0.044020164757966995, -0.016795439645648003, 0.026953602209687233, -0.006939604412764311, 0.059501681476831436, -0.03388833999633789, 0.06456758081912994, 0.05612979456782341, -0.008003215305507183, -0.03245851397514343, 0.023581312969326973, -0.010528869926929474, -0.02087734267115593, 0.003874362213537097, -0.06528592854738235, -0.011466069146990776, -0.10417162626981735, -0.0394032746553421, 0.06098766624927521, 0.029167674481868744, -0.023190321400761604, 0.020384468138217926, -0.018794672563672066, 0.023748084902763367, -0.000035844746889779344, -0.02750096470117569, -0.043548159301280975, -0.012081194669008255, -0.014455254189670086, -0.030937012284994125, 0.03055792674422264, -0.05268580839037895, 0.04754207655787468, -0.053934577852487564, -0.00518177030608058, 0.016557419672608376, -0.032952681183815, 0.0060155983082950115, 0.00959257036447525, 0.02674943208694458, -0.0072585344314575195 ]
5,181
Exploring Translation Mechanism of Large Language Models
[ "Hongbin Zhang", "Kehai Chen", "Xuefeng Bai", "Xiucheng Li", "Yang Xiang", "Min Zhang" ]
While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable success in multilingual translation, their internal core translation mechanisms, even at the fundamental word level, remain insufficiently understood.To address this critical gap, this work introduces a systematic framework for interpreting the mechanism behind LLM translation from the perspective of computational components. This paper first proposes subspace-intervened path patching for precise, fine-grained causal analysis, enabling the detection of components crucial to translation tasks and subsequently characterizing their behavioral patterns in human-interpretable terms.Comprehensive experiments reveal that translation is predominantly driven by a sparse subset of components: specialized attention heads serve critical roles in extracting source language, translation indicators, and positional features, which are then integrated and processed by specific multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) into intermediary English-centric latent representations before ultimately yielding the final translation.The significance of these findings is underscored by the empirical demonstration that targeted fine-tuning a minimal parameter subset (<5%) enhances translation performance while preserving general capabilities. This result further indicates that these crucial components generalize effectively to sentence-level translation and are instrumental in elucidating more intricate translation tasks.
poster
2502.11806
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.027456009760499, -0.03429534658789635, -0.007650974206626415, 0.022344086319208145, 0.05091223120689392, 0.012492879293859005, 0.024095404893159866, 0.03067205287516117, -0.02125142514705658, 0.003952784929424524, -0.02340294048190117, 0.022560223937034607, -0.035167764872312546, 0.005050512030720711, -0.0038735317066311836, 0.044955890625715256, 0.04267418757081032, -0.012642697431147099, 0.006736732553690672, -0.01509743370115757, -0.0021749138832092285, -0.0014162738807499409, 0.05629947409033775, 0.021636029705405235, 0.03992396220564842, -0.006396203767508268, 0.009823898784816265, -0.007714490406215191, -0.0178549662232399, 0.006232806947082281, 0.03490159288048744, -0.0038018147461116314, 0.015919269993901253, 0.0022736003156751394, 0.00017504298011772335, -0.006114925257861614, -0.05644119903445244, 0.017766332253813744, 0.00666480278596282, 0.00898525770753622, -0.031192829832434654, 0.02619481086730957, -0.024749986827373505, 0.024944396689534187, -0.07735390216112137, -0.013743133284151554, -0.14263148605823517, 0.012115570716559887, 0.027376793324947357, -0.049925655126571655, -0.08467168360948563, 0.03682546690106392, -0.0027514349203556776, -0.03330641984939575, 0.038903817534446716, 0.05883171036839485, 0.037338029593229294, -0.07410600781440735, -0.0003176171740051359, -0.028148792684078217, -0.06155690550804138, 0.019850127398967743, 0.0021906006149947643, 0.007530305068939924, 0.01598118059337139, -0.0305338054895401, -0.005578364711254835, 0.03910807892680168, -0.06057499349117279, -0.06176501512527466, -0.020093310624361038, 0.008895558305084705, -0.01276382151991129, 0.015394266694784164, 0.007062447723001242, -0.04402994364500046, -0.01713745854794979, 0.04642224311828613, 0.05516595020890236, 0.012660997919738293, -0.0018025219906121492, 0.037856295704841614, 0.02021629922091961, 0.024468593299388885, 0.03539075329899788, 0.02677011676132679, -0.023854633793234825, -0.029714638367295265, -0.05543053150177002, -0.0011234389385208488, -0.0030189044773578644, -0.051675744354724884, -0.015193954110145569, 0.043054260313510895, 0.021249709650874138, 0.013353867456316948, 0.02621459774672985, 0.03321840241551399, -0.04277600720524788, -0.004334033466875553, -0.043560855090618134, -0.023742947727441788, 0.020875731483101845, 0.02488119713962078, -0.11415085941553116, -0.04903371259570122, -0.01592995971441269, -0.012200335040688515, -0.007927672006189823, -0.026832355186343193, -0.015063110738992691, -0.01568468101322651, -0.0021000343840569258, 0.001599425682798028, -0.07938776165246964, 0.0282600075006485, 0.007636557798832655, 0.011240284889936447, -0.018335409462451935, 0.001030228566378355, 0.061323970556259155, 0.03473665192723274, 0.006514464505016804, 0.06035879626870155, -0.008914845064282417, -0.009810874238610268, 0.0045263925567269325, 0.024076184257864952, -0.011797789484262466, -0.02984759397804737, 0.016443202272057533, 0.045041631907224655, 0.030707521364092827, -0.003843583632260561, 0.014295937493443489, -0.01325654424726963, 0.037741221487522125, 0.015610422007739544, 0.05362195149064064, -0.020418422296643257, -0.009676028043031693, 0.016787074506282806, 0.04541607201099396, -0.04740200564265251, 0.08212298899888992, 0.0026580982375890017, -0.055672433227300644, -0.01753103919327259, -0.056682996451854706, -0.011041201651096344, 0.045684266835451126, 0.018408844247460365, 0.008864719420671463, -0.038948316127061844, 0.046367347240448, 0.06515428423881531, 0.01830405555665493, -0.0005495652440004051, -0.008833863772451878, 0.0010059050982818007, 0.017510825768113136, 0.014894146472215652, -0.05643163248896599, -0.0033083485905081034, -0.006752030458301306, -0.07084362208843231, 0.018115084618330002, 0.012421796098351479, -0.049984242767095566, -0.0006158512551337481, -0.02479473687708378, -0.020051702857017517, 0.07760624587535858, -0.018119709566235542, -0.019023939967155457, -0.024504125118255615, 0.05024055391550064, -0.0037339269183576107, 0.02830236591398716, 0.03425237536430359, -0.07873623073101044, 0.044087983667850494, 0.0063858358189463615, -0.012538066133856773, 0.04969567432999611, -0.012672070413827896, 0.07970842719078064, -0.027203256264328957, -0.012228455394506454, 0.0010005993535742164, -0.06401508301496506, -0.023809168487787247, 0.024526208639144897, 0.014685052447021008, 0.06760060042142868, -0.015698224306106567, 0.00561052979901433, 0.08191466331481934, 0.02456565387547016, 0.04034733027219772, 0.049232546240091324, -0.0075666941702365875, 0.045916710048913956, -0.02456272765994072, -0.008803504519164562, -0.008153106085956097, 0.02782483398914337, -0.024642379954457283, -0.0513509139418602, 0.016756169497966766, -0.017925964668393135, -0.008030304685235023, 0.005094996653497219, -0.011221470311284065, 0.009517954662442207, -0.011951151303946972, -0.020598355680704117, -0.004616714548319578, -0.0007558808429166675, -0.04494202136993408, 0.049337998032569885, 0.02144569531083107, -0.026379050686955452, -0.022329386323690414, -0.038110774010419846, 0.10220415145158768, 0.037303194403648376, -0.02317151613533497, -0.043316446244716644, 0.054462943226099014, 0.03886060044169426, 0.01642541214823723, 0.006528298370540142, -0.03336099535226822, 0.00014098029350861907, -0.03815164789557457, -0.012946879491209984, -0.03189092129468918, 0.04379143938422203, -0.053468845784664154, -0.013409027829766273, 0.07522375136613846, -0.03136805444955826, 0.028612231835722923, -0.021850472316145897, 0.016266025602817535, 0.05747512727975845, -0.03421024978160858, -0.0056346263736486435, 0.0051095737144351006, -0.02162705920636654, -0.019767021760344505, -0.008474638685584068, -0.030971584841609, 0.0014391107251867652, -0.030711771920323372, -0.03593389317393303, -0.00756202545017004, 0.08293724060058594, 0.0480048730969429, -0.0022191174793988466, 0.024980733171105385, -0.0011052442714571953, -0.05382293835282326, 0.0015633446164429188, -0.08474218845367432, -0.009778757579624653, -0.04129491746425629, 0.016106313094496727, 0.0036002446431666613, 0.057379819452762604, 0.002107104519382119, 0.006791957188397646, -0.055320557206869125, 0.000019664848878164776, -0.0015015521785244346, 0.04478713497519493, -0.008614783175289631, -0.05409222096204758, -0.01178820338100195, -0.028338108211755753, 0.04277860000729561, -0.024144966155290604, -0.020672425627708435, -0.0614963136613369, -0.03418642655014992, -0.05352560803294182, -0.0307137630879879, 0.029511436820030212, -0.01102310698479414, 0.01965547539293766, -0.023651888594031334, -0.015171856619417667, 0.007483772002160549, 0.02153788134455681, 0.04109375178813934, 0.05188353359699249, -0.005664477590471506, 0.012414604425430298, 0.027412107214331627, -0.016739103943109512, 0.013402684591710567, 0.013330399990081787, 0.02029285579919815, -0.010834273882210255, 0.012147556059062481, -0.01846618577837944, 0.002775055356323719, -0.2808959484100342, -0.026771606877446175, 0.012208743020892143, -0.03368760272860527, 0.03807179257273674, -0.0010557995410636067, 0.045240022242069244, -0.01914098858833313, -0.04242729768157005, -0.004170179832726717, 0.0189792662858963, 0.023707058280706406, 0.0038787031080573797, 0.041405949741601944, 0.04095877334475517, 0.04006583243608475, -0.018113764002919197, -0.013724492862820625, 0.007821394130587578, 0.07012250274419785, 0.015679379925131798, -0.06243707984685898, -0.018806518986821175, 0.0782686248421669, -0.01069006510078907, 0.05093011260032654, -0.08328037708997726, -0.011619338765740395, -0.02691418118774891, 0.00005881613105884753, -0.01977093704044819, -0.018725069239735603, -0.017449159175157547, 0.0042085605673491955, -0.02294061705470085, -0.001971697434782982, 0.026133786886930466, 0.0040679373778402805, 0.0437609925866127, 0.018179696053266525, 0.014501611702144146, -0.01049409806728363, -0.005472270771861076, -0.019642429426312447, 0.04492874816060066, -0.01501885149627924, -0.07432279735803604, -0.01841074228286743, 0.0009619056363590062, 0.056381694972515106, 0.021172035485506058, -0.019868476316332817, -0.01748248189687729, 0.031902119517326355, 0.025514010339975357, -0.013012356124818325, 0.01366930827498436, -0.038470637053251266, -0.006916987709701061, -0.0044843885116279125, 0.00036108147469349205, -0.03522598370909691, -0.0045928009785711765, -0.047980185598134995, -0.0317370779812336, -0.004247282166033983, -0.07146970182657242, -0.06352145224809647, 0.030266981571912766, 0.036085471510887146, -0.027772480621933937, 0.03451620042324066, 0.0039928145706653595, -0.08679477870464325, 0.0050764852203428745, -0.006684203632175922, -0.042679738253355026, -0.02049775794148445, -0.003133452730253339, 0.007140324451029301, -0.05510049685835838, -0.019293097779154778, -0.02302166447043419, 0.005240151658654213, 0.05407249182462692, -0.026286214590072632, 0.0175487007945776, -0.03814098238945007, -0.04970850050449371, -0.041112810373306274, 0.02952852100133896, -0.02431018464267254, 0.020331546664237976, 0.009409978054463863, 0.05172838270664215, 0.012716975063085556, 0.012639053165912628, 0.06802044063806534, 0.04537539184093475, -0.009178492240607738, 0.024029238149523735, -0.08081254363059998, -0.015772733837366104, -0.0043946304358541965, -0.016459083184599876, 0.03845762461423874, -0.0851118415594101, -0.02617303840816021, 0.03811342641711235, -0.0011238629231229424, -0.024760371074080467, -0.02359778620302677, 0.016904613003134727, 0.028907902538776398, -0.016631457954645157, 0.026047931984066963, 0.009828117676079273, 0.023612214252352715, 0.023692214861512184, -0.028074108064174652, -0.04404232278466225, 0.040502145886421204, -0.030417425557971, 0.01491638831794262, 0.022443827241659164, -0.0059028803370893, 0.0006792790372855961, -0.019748585298657417, -0.033285435289144516, 0.009951953776180744, 0.0226008091121912, 0.026069730520248413, 0.010305743664503098, 0.017385074868798256, 0.04337117820978165, -0.008307690732181072, 0.00444365106523037, 0.0025004909839481115, -0.0024284853134304285, -0.016119247302412987, 0.0051948013715445995, -0.014834495261311531, 0.02185983583331108, 0.02843872644007206, 0.034620702266693115, 0.005863498896360397, 0.028570130467414856, 0.02364571951329708, -0.02145591378211975, 0.017804211005568504, 0.05518757924437523, -0.03940662741661072, 0.0021011310163885355, -0.01701468974351883, 0.01454099826514721, 0.017452597618103027, 0.016779355704784393, -0.013386507518589497, 0.01852743700146675, -0.05561423674225807, 0.07409588247537613, -0.012872261926531792, 0.00549418106675148, 0.0348886214196682, 0.0054421210661530495, 0.02803131192922592, -0.03072822466492653, 0.00401089433580637, 0.024460559710860252, 0.011236460879445076, 0.013566476292908192, -0.004816392902284861, -0.03553205356001854, -0.004171343520283699, -0.03264918923377991, 0.017633937299251556, 0.009602612815797329, -0.0054499306716024876, -0.034123171120882034, 0.054802022874355316, 0.016873842105269432, -0.02394995093345642, 0.024876948446035385, 0.015268144197762012, 0.07352284342050552, 0.018740355968475342, 0.022704703733325005, 0.004778036382049322, -0.04056400805711746, -0.008942515589296818, 0.011805154383182526, 0.017377691343426704, -0.04866873100399971, -0.06272614747285843, -0.03491424024105072, -0.029300296679139137, -0.005690733436495066, 0.02918413281440735, 0.001954877283424139, 0.012471123598515987, -0.02644631639122963, 0.0011287593515589833, -0.04475211352109909, -0.0013741205912083387, 0.033021192997694016, -0.08416358381509781, -0.005346748046576977, 0.04743248596787453, 0.019494350999593735, 0.04312332719564438, -0.029870066791772842, -0.03729208558797836, -0.06225820630788803, -0.03632768988609314, 0.047623101621866226, -0.03023958019912243, -0.005486269947141409, -0.032135844230651855, 0.0034953150898218155, -0.011130635626614094, 0.005062155891209841, -0.004211669787764549, -0.002944503678008914, -0.029070012271404266, 0.01515241339802742, 0.03624621778726578, -0.03947986662387848, 0.001414608326740563, 0.006852878723293543, -0.06765482574701309, 0.04340536147356033, -0.03613585978746414, 0.022323576733469963, 0.051655590534210205, 0.018016496673226357, -0.01610628329217434, -0.02980203554034233, 0.008866439573466778, 0.048843998461961746, 0.004659129772335291, 0.037927232682704926, -0.013631348498165607, -0.026343723759055138, 0.0270953681319952, -0.006439285818487406, 0.057504814118146896, 0.005022092722356319, 0.0047308336943387985, -0.020987151190638542, 0.013567971996963024, 0.004003383684903383, 0.02415449731051922, -0.023122325539588928, -0.022215651348233223, 0.06027980148792267, -0.013006064109504223, -0.03219391033053398, -0.03679286688566208, -0.027171427384018898, -0.0008231782121583819, 0.006990297231823206, 0.015143162570893764, -0.048748284578323364, 0.05957813560962677, 0.03594924136996269, 0.04034029692411423, -0.003601710544899106, -0.017110077664256096, 0.02184218168258667, -0.03302436321973801, -0.012223528698086739, -0.07199795544147491, -0.035224806517362595, 0.07149897515773773, -0.05183849856257439, -0.006615099031478167, -0.015209301374852657, -0.022049322724342346, 0.03526104614138603, -0.03155666962265968, -0.040505439043045044, 0.015168608166277409, -0.0008393232128582895, -0.0024606313090771437, 0.03294140473008156, -0.05420542135834694, 0.004165976773947477, -0.02963533066213131, -0.020074786618351936, -0.011646311730146408, -0.029846014454960823, 0.0693354606628418, -0.0347200371325016, 0.032410699874162674, -0.02456148900091648, 0.008659723214805126, -0.008097788318991661, 0.062426745891571045, 0.03595399111509323, 0.03754526749253273, -0.005506880581378937, 0.03979739546775818, 0.03274645656347275, -0.0025736719835549593, -0.029338955879211426, 0.012751449830830097, -0.027729706838726997, -0.05735640600323677, 0.07279050350189209, 0.009915034286677837, 0.011728880926966667, -0.04614445939660072, 0.06320826709270477, 0.04392244294285774, -0.01790265180170536, -0.008385686203837395, 0.0047257887199521065, -0.043733179569244385, -0.0024684977252036333, -0.012735744938254356, 0.02546321600675583, 0.01023705955594778, 0.07421112060546875, 0.007245727814733982, 0.05051393061876297, 0.0640326514840126, 0.026737503707408905, -0.027023587375879288, -0.010222209617495537, 0.06335194408893585, 0.0663057416677475, 0.04213728755712509, 0.011679981835186481, 0.06565142422914505, -0.020532693713903427, -0.052129484713077545, 0.023693202063441277, 0.01505841314792633, -0.005443780682981014, -0.03523829206824303, 0.011519202962517738, 0.0817498192191124, -0.003837620373815298, 0.06584463268518448, -0.0226135216653347, 0.01057047862559557, 0.037990719079971313, 0.02388855442404747, 0.013627421110868454, 0.06343462318181992, 0.05523433908820152, 0.0018303550314158201, -0.00472615659236908, -0.0115782106295228, -0.02371511422097683, -0.035097386687994, 0.007466927170753479, 0.037411775439977646, -0.041492585092782974, -0.009826112538576126, -0.01982756145298481, 0.04858236014842987, 0.11807544529438019, -0.02312394604086876, -0.009208528324961662, 0.009239209815859795, 0.01895870827138424, 0.005280671175569296, 0.07188200205564499, -0.02564171329140663, -0.011756199412047863, -0.009654217399656773, -0.04923698306083679, 0.008460553362965584, 0.024386638775467873, -0.005622111260890961, 0.02091657742857933, -0.028999587520956993, -0.017386309802532196, 0.013558155857026577, 0.046864114701747894, -0.08510332554578781, -0.0341201052069664, -0.02928711660206318, -0.07030312716960907, -0.03556058928370476, -0.0369727648794651, 0.03412348031997681, -0.003355244407430291, -0.01887034811079502, 0.002784766722470522, -0.03491677716374397, -0.006043862551450729, 0.024274228140711784, -0.06481760740280151, 0.024687960743904114, 0.040104940533638, -0.014687882736325264, -0.05463860556483269, 0.05046403780579567, -0.0009569499525241554, -0.02630350925028324, -0.0017937682569026947, 0.0537966750562191, 0.00348265771754086, 0.01814468391239643, 0.021519191563129425, -0.019150851294398308, -0.11114869266748428, -0.013065887615084648, 0.0294098649173975, -0.04928954318165779, -0.08988580852746964, 0.008445683866739273, 0.012775379233062267, 0.0493377260863781, 0.04854382574558258, -0.013626922853291035, 0.04309689626097679, -0.020517192780971527, -0.010204220190644264, 0.008790644817054272, 0.016453364863991737, 0.05078611895442009, -0.024475982412695885, 0.07284164428710938, 0.045122191309928894, -0.00021681089128833264, -0.06158648058772087, 0.0010430706897750497, -0.010173417627811432, -0.0035658010747283697, -0.02261284738779068, -0.024112839251756668, -0.024930763989686966, -0.09139658510684967, -0.03842545300722122, 0.025825507938861847, -0.026627272367477417, -0.016210373491048813, -0.01641588658094406, -0.04683456942439079, -0.04266958311200142, -0.03877270594239235, -0.030125010758638382, -0.021491533145308495, -0.014942058362066746, -0.02991286851465702, -0.06594710052013397, -0.004347692243754864, 0.014260240830481052, -0.015088233165442944, -0.02697913907468319, -0.01899483986198902, 0.016205281019210815, 0.017330700531601906, 0.029497606679797173, -0.009106552228331566, 0.02728438191115856, -0.049599554389715195 ]
5,182
VLMs can Aggregate Scattered Training Patches
[ "Zhanhui Zhou", "Lingjie Chen", "Chao Yang", "Chaochao Lu" ]
One way to mitigate risks in vision-language models (VLMs) is to censor dangerous samples in their training data.However, data moderation can be easily bypassed when harmful images are split into small, benign-looking patches, scattered across many training samples. VLMs may then learn to piece these fragments together and generate harmful responses at inference, either from full images or text references.For instance, if trained on image patches from a bloody scene paired with the descriptions "safe," VLMs may later describe, the full image or a text reference to the scene, as "safe."We define the core ability of VLMs enabling this attack as $\textit{visual stitching}$—the ability to integrate visual information spread across multiple training samples that share the same textual descriptions.In our work, we first demonstrate visual stitching abilities in most open-source VLMs on three datasets where each image is labeled with a unique synthetic ID. We split each $(\texttt{image}, \texttt{ID})$ pair into $\{(\texttt{patch}, \texttt{ID})\}$ pairs at different granularity for finetuning, and we find that models can verbalize the correct IDs from full images or text reference.Building on this, we simulate the adversarial data poisoning scenario mentioned above by replacing IDs with text descriptions like "safe" or "unsafe" and using patches from dangerous images, demonstrating how harmful content can evade moderation in patches and later be reconstructed through visual stitching, posing serious VLM safety risks.
poster
2506.03614
https://github.com/ZHZisZZ/visual-stitching
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.052572447806596756, -0.0008773073204793036, 0.003423964371904731, 0.056927941739559174, 0.03619087114930153, -0.007548500318080187, 0.06771725416183472, -0.015908708795905113, -0.01824958249926567, -0.033411815762519836, -0.05557267367839813, 0.03388909623026848, -0.09431976824998856, -0.008091452531516552, -0.02584383636713028, 0.05287017300724983, 0.042841143906116486, 0.010233096778392792, 0.007207212969660759, 0.05450575426220894, -0.016832217574119568, -0.017300421372056007, 0.02559383399784565, 0.0017714552814140916, 0.007678889203816652, 0.004237870220094919, 0.05972273275256157, 0.012304969131946564, -0.028469424694776535, 0.018149740993976593, 0.04048970714211464, -0.006562790367752314, 0.009097394533455372, -0.014888659119606018, 0.04201054573059082, 0.030895059928297997, -0.07685890048742294, -0.0037321620620787144, 0.004848029464483261, 0.0025350512005388737, -0.05002893507480621, 0.0383644625544548, -0.013136732392013073, -0.0074450112879276276, -0.05597734451293945, -0.007740556728094816, -0.08669624477624893, 0.05587708577513695, 0.013497752137482166, -0.026311850175261497, -0.10592382401227951, 0.034529127180576324, 0.008696598000824451, 0.02032567746937275, 0.009762439876794815, 0.04619704931974411, 0.052624743431806564, -0.07697460055351257, 0.00936103891581297, -0.0569608248770237, -0.042081303894519806, 0.012248792685568333, 0.00859078112989664, 0.02604799158871174, -0.017548060044646263, 0.0017445606645196676, -0.013864167034626007, 0.06212349608540535, -0.03772500529885292, -0.05324535071849823, 0.02966942824423313, -0.014415102079510689, -0.024166066199541092, -0.01450267992913723, -0.010996255092322826, -0.03250584378838539, 0.012059474363923073, -0.0048950002528727055, 0.0316019281744957, -0.02921299636363983, 0.026379700750112534, 0.010095254518091679, 0.03101133555173874, 0.014819642528891563, 0.025047359988093376, -0.018995249643921852, -0.027809644117951393, -0.005735785700380802, -0.05626599118113518, 0.017922047525644302, -0.03085283748805523, -0.023641107603907585, 0.03821621090173721, 0.019671941176056862, 0.031040530651807785, 0.03492157161235809, 0.018217341974377632, 0.025899358093738556, -0.011365294456481934, 0.020990638062357903, -0.004867430776357651, -0.017212990671396255, 0.010354315862059593, 0.018283668905496597, -0.12176436930894852, -0.020523477345705032, -0.040702834725379944, -0.00839055422693491, -0.0004141894751228392, -0.015544837340712547, -0.02827206254005432, -0.012396905571222305, -0.013631719164550304, -0.03064015693962574, -0.09892042726278305, 0.03259273245930672, 0.010213336907327175, 0.031192950904369354, 0.0038730690721422434, -0.014389552175998688, 0.06480785459280014, 0.02214212901890278, 0.012817766517400742, 0.07858925312757492, -0.005821361672133207, 0.01028851605951786, 0.013367989100515842, 0.03229289874434471, -0.027525125071406364, -0.01846572943031788, 0.01692686416208744, 0.03334590792655945, -0.0195847749710083, 0.009061295539140701, -0.003615991910919547, 0.01395455002784729, 0.005523445084691048, -0.013230875134468079, 0.030252572149038315, -0.01629558578133583, 0.03451291471719742, -0.021207483485341072, 0.02809870056807995, -0.013556835241615772, 0.0854334905743599, -0.004897649399936199, -0.0015592097770422697, -0.004481805022805929, -0.0332556776702404, 0.003751580137759447, 0.05257028341293335, -0.00395152298733592, 0.016336578875780106, -0.0812472477555275, 0.002133518224582076, 0.07608478516340256, 0.039164211601018906, 0.020832592621445656, -0.001520537305623293, 0.00640547089278698, 0.03184565156698227, -0.003819089848548174, -0.0625866949558258, 0.03128574416041374, -0.024173012003302574, -0.05159023404121399, -0.008047344163060188, 0.005092627834528685, 0.006177639123052359, 0.03451604023575783, -0.04951285198330879, -0.0008433951297774911, 0.04397241771221161, -0.03176739811897278, -0.01935461163520813, 0.019583072513341904, 0.055046968162059784, 0.02284165658056736, -0.000789486279245466, 0.013341475278139114, -0.08106229454278946, 0.036529798060655594, -0.005022005178034306, 0.0016308765625581145, -0.020954729989171028, -0.00223425286822021, 0.10558775067329407, -0.03227102383971214, -0.015007124282419682, 0.030194412916898727, -0.07838159054517746, -0.010651339776813984, 0.046617988497018814, -0.0373176634311676, 0.03864610195159912, -0.009305814281105995, 0.011521447449922562, 0.048218149691820145, 0.03848946467041969, 0.052297987043857574, 0.050391919910907745, 0.002398134209215641, 0.018764900043606758, -0.025026803836226463, -0.028343817219138145, 0.014813322573900223, 0.018742358312010765, -0.027063723653554916, -0.08377201855182648, 0.026347564533352852, -0.0024563074111938477, -0.007582223508507013, -0.008267657831311226, 0.01860189624130726, 0.05619373545050621, 0.023791462182998657, -0.03249385580420494, 0.021014301106333733, 0.007863466627895832, -0.04766056314110756, 0.02309989370405674, -0.0015198059845715761, -0.08138471096754074, -0.0055464268662035465, -0.02946038357913494, 0.09966998547315598, 0.06005707010626793, -0.03419516235589981, 0.00356280361302197, -0.008745905011892319, 0.010905830189585686, -0.020425992086529732, -0.026865726336836815, -0.0256849005818367, 0.007440339773893356, -0.03536738082766533, -0.004678732715547085, 0.007578734308481216, 0.08221758157014847, -0.025190843269228935, -0.009171572513878345, 0.0494852252304554, 0.027854904532432556, 0.03672400489449501, 0.00670262984931469, -0.0003866527695208788, 0.02150593139231205, -0.008016214706003666, 0.0037816474214196205, -0.02588552236557007, -0.01489671878516674, 0.014257344417273998, 0.007955159991979599, -0.04971596226096153, 0.016304003074765205, -0.029916031286120415, -0.04569954052567482, -0.051630400121212006, 0.0554974339902401, 0.05170042812824249, 0.015604227781295776, 0.05354757606983185, -0.003531120251864195, -0.02379852905869484, -0.011106529273092747, -0.0792166218161583, -0.0451115146279335, -0.016288796439766884, 0.048452917486429214, 0.022111056372523308, 0.033757466822862625, 0.0329015851020813, -0.014620554633438587, 0.004489207174628973, 0.01115164253860712, 0.017911409959197044, 0.04225446283817291, 0.03375915065407753, -0.052074890583753586, -0.011832436546683311, -0.04114221781492233, 0.07756109535694122, 0.00794984307140112, -0.004528752528131008, -0.04785722866654396, -0.00696919159963727, -0.007844374515116215, -0.05815201252698898, -0.03381994739174843, 0.006425958592444658, -0.00023212282394524664, 0.01870395988225937, 0.00012426130706444383, 0.013119294308125973, 0.003991146106272936, 0.05162210762500763, 0.02092992700636387, 0.00024084783217404038, -0.02707652933895588, 0.052097778767347336, 0.010049219243228436, 0.029954278841614723, -0.011981808580458164, -0.02932770922780037, -0.024719737470149994, 0.02138945460319519, 0.014851986430585384, -0.0008767905528657138, -0.2936244606971741, -0.0011191075900569558, 0.0033647785894572735, -0.0243819672614336, 0.010767520405352116, -0.029498813673853874, 0.03735402971506119, -0.04801301658153534, -0.01259347703307867, -0.01913345418870449, 0.04765765741467476, -0.004428334068506956, 0.03768116235733032, 0.03240880370140076, 0.024650324136018753, 0.03354211896657944, 0.013711140491068363, -0.0507001094520092, 0.04017939046025276, 0.031203188002109528, -0.015140111558139324, -0.05712322145700455, -0.016276927664875984, 0.05986811965703964, -0.050002630800008774, 0.041922926902770996, -0.058454617857933044, 0.0021296171471476555, -0.01384180411696434, 0.0032538529485464096, -0.0026783207431435585, -0.017938267439603806, -0.00046420915168710053, 0.02860383875668049, 0.00850148405879736, -0.005912692751735449, 0.047067299485206604, -0.017324086278676987, 0.005519830621778965, -0.016331741586327553, -0.0015583778731524944, -0.0027682839427143335, -0.008729525841772556, -0.0036225870717316866, 0.0664236843585968, 0.005871425848454237, -0.04839644953608513, 0.013208409771323204, 0.0019780416041612625, 0.04190068691968918, -0.030928630381822586, -0.04342975839972496, -0.001601901836693287, 0.040455661714076996, -0.04055272042751312, -0.028268160298466682, 0.0035485909320414066, -0.0046931360848248005, -0.01248112227767706, 0.03374491631984711, -0.0009590627159923315, -0.04907945170998573, -0.013660568743944168, -0.012180965393781662, 0.011987760663032532, -0.019745592027902603, -0.03926406800746918, -0.0928177461028099, 0.03611214831471443, 0.010688257403671741, -0.011167737655341625, 0.009704950265586376, -0.02759607881307602, -0.11173047125339508, 0.028350897133350372, 0.020809980109333992, -0.01818949170410633, -0.05124855414032936, 0.021141337230801582, 0.044498976320028305, -0.023919453844428062, -0.068402960896492, 0.03875627741217613, -0.01542979571968317, 0.0017573753139004111, -0.030491003766655922, 0.03289408981800079, -0.006216841749846935, 0.003899744711816311, -0.05743297189474106, 0.06977730989456177, 0.025551404803991318, 0.020726647228002548, 0.028547653928399086, 0.029142413288354874, 0.014126983471214771, 0.033867888152599335, 0.033348653465509415, 0.02152330055832863, 0.03559790551662445, 0.022318875417113304, -0.0722588300704956, -0.00623871386051178, -0.05469287931919098, -0.03337418660521507, 0.025919109582901, -0.0339483879506588, 0.009628728963434696, 0.03643111139535904, -0.024506380781531334, -0.05561664700508118, -0.011121055111289024, 0.02911444939672947, 0.028531841933727264, 0.00858605932444334, -0.008721125312149525, 0.0192217156291008, -0.016224628314375877, 0.035304125398397446, -0.09144768118858337, -0.043811190873384476, 0.014283647760748863, -0.027400657534599304, 0.037937555462121964, 0.009641068987548351, -0.041293513029813766, 0.00477052154019475, 0.017274726182222366, 0.00080773705849424, 0.03540009260177612, -0.002220398746430874, 0.03049861267209053, 0.011643960140645504, 0.015421858057379723, 0.07198445498943329, -0.013885628432035446, -0.00839032232761383, -0.0030044016893953085, 0.017409492284059525, -0.01061762310564518, 0.017757609486579895, 0.011554026044905186, 0.009916740469634533, 0.05281670391559601, 0.013650551438331604, -0.008102274499833584, 0.015893545001745224, -0.03524905815720558, -0.006153950933367014, 0.014871770516037941, 0.018649792298674583, -0.039890073239803314, 0.0032683529425412416, -0.01128624752163887, -0.0011372767621651292, -0.000025976773031288758, 0.001389221753925085, -0.00774312624707818, 0.015278326347470284, -0.05225224792957306, 0.0529048852622509, 0.03819108009338379, -0.04562884941697121, 0.021189825609326363, -0.0007399427122436464, 0.025122418999671936, -0.026319533586502075, -0.02341807633638382, 0.021134687587618828, 0.019527073949575424, 0.012948613613843918, -0.040200065821409225, -0.03250083699822426, -0.018432866781949997, -0.022002950310707092, 0.030362464487552643, -0.007792424410581589, -0.0004262228321749717, -0.05471212789416313, 0.0437684990465641, 0.010148870758712292, 0.017192570492625237, 0.007022348698228598, -0.013393424451351166, 0.07625706493854523, 0.015280380845069885, 0.006453633774071932, -0.03437527269124985, -0.04520267993211746, 0.023132476955652237, -0.004743095487356186, 0.03505080193281174, -0.056853942573070526, 0.013904610648751259, -0.05930318683385849, -0.030039601027965546, -0.01806996390223503, 0.004133359529078007, 0.02658211812376976, -0.02220933698117733, 0.0024870748165994883, 0.027250846847891808, -0.006699246820062399, 0.012651157565414906, -0.01804807037115097, -0.05026121810078621, 0.011910359375178814, 0.04936835914850235, -0.04861181229352951, 0.027667229995131493, -0.040626417845487595, -0.004691576585173607, -0.06088356301188469, -0.033893439918756485, 0.008072812110185623, -0.040332261472940445, -0.04832620546221733, 0.00026276439893990755, -0.006796604488044977, -0.010752989910542965, -0.002187680918723345, -0.009515988640487194, -0.00026776641607284546, 0.02121625281870365, -0.0006991451955400407, 0.045040927827358246, -0.023722538724541664, 0.0033851570915430784, 0.052143849432468414, -0.026121480390429497, 0.023451635614037514, -0.02714102901518345, 0.021347083151340485, 0.05275367200374603, -0.008667301386594772, 0.0010211450280621648, -0.06637927889823914, 0.01997133530676365, 0.0021890420466661453, -0.021917447447776794, 0.014609714969992638, 0.019240403547883034, -0.050621066242456436, 0.016730887815356255, 0.03134089708328247, 0.04157174751162529, -0.005058725364506245, -0.02664688415825367, 0.013132658787071705, -0.00861604418605566, 0.0343342088162899, 0.03653569519519806, -0.017837530001997948, -0.021669598296284676, 0.06644861400127411, -0.037691812962293625, -0.004601314198225737, -0.07861354947090149, -0.04355940595269203, 0.014098589308559895, -0.007222057320177555, 0.009340239688754082, -0.014544974081218243, 0.04143139719963074, 0.02793675661087036, 0.03381972014904022, 0.008040173910558224, -0.021317286416888237, 0.022439036518335342, -0.05511017143726349, 0.008227342739701271, -0.057762764394283295, 0.020726248621940613, 0.0704992339015007, -0.025939326733350754, 0.01265550684183836, -0.032198525965213776, -0.05167734995484352, -0.009317446500062943, -0.03749657794833183, -0.04824540764093399, -0.01893860660493374, -0.011253648437559605, -0.035302381962537766, 0.00044596270890906453, -0.042744021862745285, 0.0009443322196602821, -0.02110886387526989, -0.03513986989855766, -0.013816911727190018, -0.008927697315812111, 0.0336465984582901, -0.014873780310153961, 0.018485380336642265, -0.015447882004082203, 0.009417006745934486, 0.016547592356801033, 0.04742717370390892, 0.016014093533158302, 0.013916388154029846, 0.015088971704244614, 0.0741216242313385, 0.022162148728966713, -0.014311672188341618, 0.028065701946616173, 0.0014892645413056016, -0.000642134400550276, -0.04041508957743645, 0.06186226010322571, 0.029710596427321434, -0.04286623373627663, -0.04710029065608978, 0.07353129237890244, 0.027493467554450035, -0.04835144430398941, -0.004146093036979437, 0.0391196571290493, -0.04221480339765549, -0.016994424164295197, -0.04373738542199135, 0.028862010687589645, -0.0026080780662596226, 0.07646414637565613, -0.016687653958797455, 0.019998453557491302, 0.05640983581542969, -0.0011777495965361595, 0.024818096309900284, 0.03455834090709686, 0.058428678661584854, 0.06898179650306702, 0.06766580045223236, 0.008235164918005466, 0.07882100343704224, -0.04754197970032692, -0.043601132929325104, -0.0021848271135240793, 0.0008512797066941857, -0.01105976477265358, -0.03650641441345215, 0.025272004306316376, 0.06483778357505798, 0.030758338049054146, 0.06413792818784714, -0.05877429619431496, 0.012142249383032322, 0.04811222478747368, 0.002268960000947118, -0.02269545942544937, 0.00910116545855999, 0.026904985308647156, -0.03315402939915657, 0.012979281134903431, -0.00951788853853941, 0.027760950848460197, -0.04052697867155075, 0.013737830333411694, 0.011241940781474113, -0.02331640012562275, 0.006366945803165436, -0.028326448053121567, 0.029904985800385475, 0.09305624663829803, -0.024725815281271935, -0.04277798905968666, 0.02333776280283928, 0.014979309402406216, 0.035444509238004684, 0.05117323622107506, -0.0007643635617569089, -0.05038522928953171, 0.009488306939601898, -0.05868940427899361, 0.002529522404074669, 0.0027753442991524935, -0.022600321099162102, 0.017972072586417198, -0.03485938161611557, -0.032173000276088715, 0.023773008957505226, -0.007743033580482006, -0.015207204036414623, -0.013797406107187271, -0.03452257439494133, -0.0358603335916996, -0.027895057573914528, -0.07695325464010239, 0.006762365810573101, 0.02587638609111309, -0.04488223418593407, 0.01140614878386259, -0.017725734040141106, -0.03854314982891083, 0.06248152628540993, -0.0430796854197979, 0.010161085985600948, 0.033961813896894455, 0.027253832668066025, -0.01928306184709072, 0.009611221961677074, 0.02017965167760849, -0.02221164107322693, -0.029704151675105095, 0.0221260879188776, 0.0015905664768069983, 0.03483947739005089, -0.00015216748579405248, -0.014698028564453125, -0.12681812047958374, -0.0009838605765253305, 0.006565840449184179, -0.050658583641052246, -0.07077536731958389, 0.014004937373101711, -0.031710099428892136, 0.03583236038684845, 0.0675913617014885, -0.031252458691596985, 0.012370404787361622, -0.04309510812163353, -0.012519299983978271, -0.016980772837996483, 0.01832166686654091, 0.04269571602344513, -0.01599668711423874, 0.06366704404354095, 0.014804544858634472, -0.01772177778184414, -0.01969294063746929, -0.0014408796560019255, -0.023432523012161255, 0.013271227478981018, -0.035990212112665176, -0.01661859080195427, -0.03894111514091492, -0.07958076894283295, -0.006929471623152494, 0.05726730823516846, -0.006886014714837074, -0.03885537385940552, -0.0154960872605443, -0.04019182175397873, -0.039819054305553436, -0.015617279335856438, 0.0063448031432926655, -0.009312205016613007, -0.03524165600538254, -0.04712962731719017, -0.06820251792669296, 0.036365851759910583, -0.023327162489295006, 0.0036776328925043344, -0.030236229300498962, -0.035979487001895905, 0.005278714932501316, 0.01896761544048786, 0.02024802751839161, 0.016282344236969948, 0.018044697120785713, -0.006964575964957476 ]
5,183
Replicable Online pricing
[ "Kiarash Banihashem", "Samira Goudarzi", "MohammadTaghi Hajiaghayi", "Mohammadhossein Bateni", "Hossein Esfandiari" ]
We explore the concept of replicability, which ensures algorithmic consistency despite input data variations, for online pricing problems, specifically prophet inequalities and delegation. Given the crucial role of replicability in enhancing transparency in economic decision-making, we present a replicable and nearly optimal pricing strategy for prophet inequalities, achieving a sample complexity of $\text{poly}(\log^*|\mathcal{X}|)$, where $\mathcal{X}$ is the ground set of distributions. Furthermore, we extend these findings to the delegation problem and establish a matching lower bound, proving the necessity of the $\log^*|\mathcal{X}|$ dependence. En route to obtaining these results, we develop a number of technical contributions which are of independent interest. Most notably, we propose a new algorithm for a variant of the heavy hitter problem, which has a nearly linear dependence on the inverse of the heavy hitter parameter, significantly improving upon existing results which have a cubic dependence.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.025759344920516014, -0.002137349219992757, -0.008835459128022194, 0.06562789529561996, 0.028295626863837242, 0.0378318652510643, -0.009536623023450375, 0.006532358005642891, -0.01091085746884346, -0.020498989149928093, -0.00007577420910820365, -0.0038765205536037683, -0.07710719853639603, -0.01717846840620041, 0.007897227071225643, 0.05736052244901657, 0.025126826018095016, -0.01605944335460663, -0.03444977104663849, 0.002181598450988531, -0.030141999945044518, 0.006058030761778355, 0.013767311349511147, 0.007007764186710119, 0.015169673599302769, 0.01662381738424301, 0.02628869190812111, 0.0033687541726976633, -0.046877652406692505, -0.0005421745008789003, 0.033069975674152374, 0.04067942500114441, 0.012389805167913437, 0.018930846825242043, -0.005462421104311943, 0.013326634652912617, 0.016013795509934425, 0.007973190397024155, -0.0036157264839857817, 0.019677113741636276, -0.021011583507061005, 0.005810960195958614, 0.011719882488250732, 0.025170233100652695, -0.04970557987689972, -0.027788059785962105, -0.04661766067147255, 0.023135000839829445, -0.013499807566404343, 0.002965392777696252, -0.0956234261393547, 0.017551057040691376, -0.005174060817807913, 0.01996610499918461, -0.0009582546190358698, 0.04345626384019852, 0.01947416178882122, -0.047925129532814026, -0.011854900978505611, -0.0838315337896347, -0.0235641710460186, 0.004155233968049288, 0.045730531215667725, 0.005082024727016687, -0.045496486127376556, -0.011134248226881027, 0.019175313413143158, 0.03958563506603241, -0.0392380952835083, -0.02403130568563938, -0.05586032196879387, -0.01364211831241846, 0.011210670694708824, -0.028792496770620346, -0.000015489093129872344, -0.030177123844623566, 0.020656710490584373, 0.0658586323261261, 0.05106860026717186, 0.00958938430994749, -0.0031648825388401747, 0.011619138531386852, 0.027244042605161667, 0.044071778655052185, 0.03439915180206299, -0.025583947077393532, -0.030209926888346672, -0.035534147173166275, -0.07232949882745743, 0.07883322238922119, 0.0033935271203517914, -0.036327581852674484, 0.0030257143080234528, 0.005672544240951538, -0.016661839559674263, -0.0004276763938833028, 0.05545999854803085, 0.0024497765116393566, 0.015439669601619244, -0.040609054267406464, -0.045697640627622604, -0.017064111307263374, 0.010006868280470371, -0.016495030373334885, -0.07280968129634857, 0.01477919239550829, -0.013044092804193497, -0.005208240821957588, 0.022397996857762337, 0.017616799101233482, -0.05790157988667488, 0.01851119101047516, -0.0010850330581888556, -0.008404620923101902, -0.08800330758094788, 0.011767780408263206, -0.004993635229766369, 0.02823086641728878, -0.01784469000995159, -0.0175352543592453, 0.0412880964577198, 0.03188953921198845, -0.01712079718708992, 0.07062499225139618, 0.014091404154896736, 0.0008303520153276622, 0.05920806899666786, 0.03496704250574112, -0.042459070682525635, -0.03900936245918274, 0.022826924920082092, 0.0328010730445385, -0.03183404728770256, -0.012591310776770115, -0.016949588432908058, -0.010364683344960213, -0.030191274359822273, 0.019748326390981674, 0.03927726298570633, 0.005349859595298767, -0.029543045908212662, -0.010061322711408138, 0.055329613387584686, 0.004309176001697779, 0.06384393572807312, -0.031720392405986786, 0.02194642461836338, -0.04432236775755882, -0.03131246939301491, 0.014371507801115513, 0.013447723351418972, -0.0007865888765081763, 0.02332909405231476, -0.05483658239245415, 0.022098124027252197, 0.02823879010975361, 0.03834061324596405, 0.017221646383404732, -0.011160371825098991, -0.00032237533014267683, 0.027527255937457085, -0.008912202902138233, 0.009572387672960758, -0.03608718514442444, 0.0018513132818043232, -0.05105499178171158, 0.07255881279706955, 0.04276134818792343, -0.03262116014957428, -0.02649804949760437, -0.04127716273069382, -0.021257717162370682, 0.05873657763004303, 0.01812603324651718, -0.006887456867843866, 0.015695011243224144, 0.06603730469942093, 0.019543340429663658, 0.07604975253343582, 0.010510466992855072, -0.08169044554233551, 0.017050128430128098, 0.029549220576882362, -0.02217579074203968, -0.025012418627738953, -0.025800613686442375, 0.03353133797645569, -0.02816201187670231, 0.023722607642412186, 0.009121146984398365, -0.0604090541601181, -0.0130392387509346, 0.029458653181791306, -0.01989179477095604, 0.04987318441271782, 0.008518666960299015, -0.03428329899907112, 0.030253373086452484, 0.016004400327801704, 0.01205431204289198, 0.030770959332585335, 0.012515377253293991, 0.043587107211351395, -0.00621873838827014, -0.05758881941437721, 0.01817801222205162, 0.06381578743457794, -0.06316324323415756, -0.05202616751194, 0.004916587378829718, -0.018822407349944115, 0.01065689418464899, 0.0096492450684309, -0.009406879544258118, -0.001435165060684085, -0.005258381832391024, -0.012435296550393105, 0.021481886506080627, 0.04483553394675255, -0.03500219061970711, 0.04650258645415306, 0.03576352819800377, 0.014677906408905983, 0.027284100651741028, -0.004534169100224972, 0.0814344733953476, 0.05531818047165871, -0.021365011110901833, -0.012697125785052776, 0.004349932540208101, 0.024414625018835068, 0.010100438259541988, -0.0077095492742955685, -0.04010646417737007, 0.06348312646150589, 0.01585272140800953, -0.036394085735082626, -0.05118762329220772, 0.0647420808672905, -0.01811278983950615, -0.001503653940744698, 0.06073988229036331, 0.00741965277120471, 0.08294107764959335, 0.021799718961119652, 0.015246212482452393, -0.002352598588913679, -0.011757493950426579, -0.021082663908600807, 0.00822705589234829, -0.051021333783864975, -0.014852354303002357, 0.01212916150689125, -0.03267604857683182, 0.0044861105270683765, -0.042238250374794006, 0.014029948972165585, 0.009942112490534782, 0.04062231630086899, 0.06004920229315758, 0.05655374005436897, 0.02717727981507778, -0.011572581715881824, -0.04432595893740654, -0.014159624464809895, -0.12314850091934204, -0.06315654516220093, 0.021576454862952232, 0.05324406549334526, 0.03856577351689339, 0.03494499996304512, -0.04733240231871605, 0.017940271645784378, 0.018403269350528717, -0.033516354858875275, -0.03573787212371826, 0.011877656914293766, -0.010660595260560513, -0.03362652286887169, -0.027736838907003403, 0.01725015603005886, 0.06608384847640991, -0.00813260581344366, 0.0028855393175035715, -0.02487337216734886, -0.043211907148361206, -0.005851897411048412, -0.07443803548812866, 0.0015588367823511362, 0.009070704691112041, 0.00041033062734641135, 0.0570695661008358, -0.011465698480606079, 0.01129807811230421, 0.053510311990976334, 0.026236876845359802, -0.023808998987078667, 0.0231513362377882, -0.021369099617004395, 0.0015592161798849702, 0.006792624481022358, -0.014669705182313919, -0.004009770695120096, 0.008337287232279778, -0.019890978932380676, -0.041553203016519547, 0.012235589325428009, 0.006222737021744251, -0.2810000479221344, 0.00008893006452126428, 0.019064808264374733, 0.006074588745832443, 0.01023059245198965, -0.02389899268746376, 0.03902589529752731, -0.013958037830889225, -0.023994112387299538, 0.016625843942165375, 0.03094903938472271, -0.0010117951314896345, -0.028212212026119232, 0.06136319413781166, 0.04979156330227852, 0.030324343591928482, -0.000739366514608264, -0.024877553805708885, 0.008104789070785046, -0.013288910500705242, -0.021688461303710938, -0.08728685230016708, 0.017193516716361046, 0.02240470051765442, 0.0038171180058270693, 0.04420548677444458, -0.07331448793411255, 0.010122714564204216, -0.05827646702528, -0.00166361965239048, -0.028513241559267044, -0.046999748796224594, -0.019902918487787247, 0.015425565652549267, 0.015343173407018185, -0.017483999952673912, 0.02425016462802887, 0.003048481186851859, -0.017701689153909683, 0.033781006932258606, -0.006836032960563898, 0.00521056167781353, -0.030424945056438446, -0.02805892936885357, 0.07791043072938919, 0.02260258048772812, 0.002471796702593565, -0.01110540609806776, -0.005636193323880434, 0.05161798745393753, 0.013956842944025993, -0.03354942426085472, -0.0383622832596302, -0.02914566546678543, 0.010240045376121998, -0.013492352329194546, -0.032670456916093826, -0.0472269132733345, 0.004660103004425764, 0.050961028784513474, 0.03546033054590225, -0.05205080658197403, 0.011620511300861835, 0.004848766606301069, -0.03200933709740639, -0.059964656829833984, -0.08307068794965744, -0.06500071287155151, 0.06667591631412506, 0.05891871824860573, 0.015798605978488922, -0.018230635672807693, 0.004173897672444582, -0.0884646400809288, 0.006584797520190477, 0.027790488675236702, 0.0009241296211257577, 0.038370151072740555, 0.012655654922127724, 0.045852504670619965, -0.029394246637821198, -0.0397329218685627, -0.011705668643116951, 0.000084433559095487, 0.04535229504108429, -0.03531698137521744, -0.011626285500824451, -0.012542624026536942, -0.028886977583169937, -0.02875399962067604, 0.014196068048477173, -0.0016912072896957397, 0.022292522713541985, -0.01808522827923298, 0.041771091520786285, 0.03751065582036972, 0.04133261740207672, 0.03600146621465683, 0.002351185539737344, 0.013285817578434944, 0.0031846424099057913, -0.08951640874147415, -0.02715558372437954, -0.053827088326215744, -0.037342481315135956, 0.04630574956536293, -0.04341105371713638, 0.008437996730208397, 0.004132957197725773, -4.988324917576392e-7, -0.025739626958966255, -0.046903062611818314, 0.00917671900242567, -0.018139610067009926, -0.0010468799155205488, -0.04156570881605148, -0.01652335934340954, 0.08395501226186752, 0.017989102751016617, 0.0028739655390381813, -0.0465051531791687, 0.024894708767533302, 0.0016282738652080297, -0.019629931077361107, -0.04201601818203926, 0.044998954981565475, 0.018428372219204903, -0.013576432131230831, -0.0017485290300101042, -0.03834235668182373, 0.031053347513079643, 0.019995087757706642, 0.01842140033841133, -0.025890538468956947, 0.05504591390490532, 0.024580292403697968, -0.024704033508896828, -0.0171051025390625, 0.03255768492817879, -0.00476633058860898, 0.04781423509120941, 0.006478578317910433, 0.03761778026819229, 0.010319245047867298, 0.04469727724790573, -0.0017890239832922816, -0.00926370918750763, 0.03300141170620918, 0.0009832385694608092, -0.008454903960227966, -0.0015965005150064826, -0.05283983051776886, 0.02556038089096546, -0.03599455952644348, 0.001925487071275711, -0.0012841984862461686, 0.027342353016138077, -0.028693949803709984, -0.015873439610004425, -0.05656542629003525, 0.019658688455820084, -0.015703612938523293, -0.033416617661714554, -0.016974208876490593, 0.03144291043281555, 0.0738196149468422, -0.057174380868673325, 0.006143029313534498, -0.01368606649339199, 0.018948178738355637, 0.0077489945106208324, -0.023888688534498215, -0.019671814516186714, -0.022352194413542747, -0.007652932312339544, -0.04006504267454147, 0.010787011124193668, -0.0181130301207304, -0.030643803998827934, -0.026942279189825058, 0.011663265526294708, -0.022437775507569313, -0.03876015543937683, 0.0033608446829020977, 0.07728119939565659, -0.011093035340309143, 0.015768231824040413, 0.008381451480090618, -0.02852764166891575, 0.03424254432320595, -0.0177463386207819, 0.024783581495285034, -0.028037015348672867, -0.03404723107814789, -0.0030796935316175222, -0.04327637329697609, 0.02434486150741577, -0.010605347342789173, -0.02481948770582676, -0.006922811735421419, 0.006648895796388388, -0.01984700746834278, -0.014320342801511288, -0.01159514021128416, 0.024403724819421768, -0.03672512248158455, -0.009252328425645828, 0.05476417392492294, -0.019007869064807892, 0.051399681717157364, -0.06420709192752838, -0.03812276944518089, -0.02862616442143917, 0.054953549057245255, 0.03427271544933319, -0.03854695335030556, -0.0476440005004406, -0.0018083895556628704, -0.035353634506464005, -0.0027311972808092833, 0.012055857107043266, -0.011324948631227016, 0.008744878694415092, -0.010316320694983006, 0.01690742000937462, 0.07835123687982559, -0.03548639640212059, -0.04672831669449806, 0.007287693675607443, 0.00015115363930817693, 0.006171416956931353, -0.07745374739170074, -0.02133546955883503, 0.061774611473083496, -0.002659610938280821, 0.03201897442340851, -0.03362263739109039, 0.06584791839122772, -0.06995412707328796, -0.032406337559223175, -0.021761629730463028, -0.0030688473489135504, 0.0032478272914886475, -0.02968548610806465, -0.018661927431821823, 0.027207747101783752, 0.00327230803668499, 0.03432188183069229, 0.04430948570370674, 0.026736056432127953, -0.014929043129086494, 0.003935272805392742, -0.059078652411699295, 0.008959846571087837, 0.05096251890063286, -0.02149438112974167, -0.03991888090968132, -0.06604645401239395, -0.02821088582277298, 0.01849265582859516, -0.03026410937309265, 0.022727862000465393, -0.029046783223748207, -0.01565287634730339, 0.04520939663052559, 0.037037186324596405, 0.016276882961392403, -0.029763497412204742, 0.026525532826781273, -0.06873571127653122, 0.0065345498733222485, -0.08001799136400223, 0.017022881656885147, 0.024271415546536446, -0.0015854542143642902, 0.0317038930952549, 0.034063488245010376, -0.00015480417641811073, 0.02812144346535206, -0.03075256198644638, -0.06753122806549072, 0.02190641686320305, -0.030287422239780426, -0.026357924565672874, 0.05001227185130119, -0.06314650923013687, -0.03027864173054695, 0.002758539281785488, -0.05381377413868904, 0.011268461123108864, -0.01643051579594612, 0.05196046829223633, 0.023991884663701057, 0.0021196056623011827, -0.05307720601558685, -0.007161091081798077, 0.062471672892570496, 0.019462179392576218, 0.0008594625978730619, 0.04631776735186577, -0.03508083149790764, 0.04116310551762581, 0.03718676418066025, 0.03653633967041969, 0.06572083383798599, 0.03868905082345009, -0.02307187393307686, -0.056459203362464905, 0.05037734657526016, -0.012966936454176903, -0.019436318427324295, -0.06494748592376709, 0.04244426637887955, 0.005197342950850725, -0.058323491364717484, -0.05140255019068718, 0.017519231885671616, -0.03966189920902252, 0.0137894032523036, 0.006796077825129032, -0.013030445203185081, 0.037302497774362564, 0.0778215155005455, 0.008470983244478703, 0.02954096533358097, 0.061022430658340454, 0.031546786427497864, 0.013638095930218697, -0.03536837548017502, 0.06616885215044022, 0.10128024220466614, 0.055609434843063354, -0.038835473358631134, 0.056814536452293396, -0.021456610411405563, -0.02942611277103424, -0.03129785135388374, -0.023943576961755753, -0.01984941028058529, -0.006861163303256035, 0.004490050021559, 0.04275713860988617, -0.017265930771827698, 0.07933908700942993, -0.05495043843984604, -0.001827775384299457, 0.024119865149259567, 0.021078338846564293, 0.024050502106547356, 0.050824616104364395, 0.03361928462982178, 0.02901492454111576, -0.021781153976917267, -0.05816047266125679, 0.01697390154004097, -0.004720768425613642, 0.0038594664074480534, 0.027628520503640175, 0.01493063848465681, 0.020727016031742096, 0.017668478190898895, -0.008062523789703846, 0.05744389817118645, -0.047836270183324814, -0.007612088695168495, 0.027769019827246666, 0.016325542703270912, 0.021300464868545532, 0.04821759834885597, 0.03338776156306267, -0.003470592899248004, -0.011494365520775318, -0.03249121084809303, 0.039888184517621994, 0.03410663455724716, 0.014572210609912872, 0.014096962288022041, 0.00681204441934824, 0.02074093371629715, 0.04154575243592262, 0.012280259281396866, -0.054722968488931656, -0.03549214452505112, -0.0256026741117239, -0.033525560051202774, -0.031162569299340248, -0.015658261254429817, 0.019841423258185387, -0.04077792912721634, -0.05044642835855484, 0.00429527135565877, 0.002987651387229562, 0.006226759869605303, 0.013711205683648586, -0.060842327773571014, -0.03607075661420822, 0.02977672405540943, 0.03246147930622101, 0.016049876809120178, -0.00800888892263174, 0.025202658027410507, -0.023494385182857513, -0.04028422757983208, -0.008687865920364857, 0.05724338814616203, 0.021653978154063225, -0.00465810764580965, 0.009875881485641003, -0.07386051118373871, -0.02813049592077732, 0.0251684058457613, -0.004434141796082258, -0.08409671485424042, 0.02072053588926792, -0.04827931895852089, -0.018796300515532494, 0.058898117393255234, 0.06458808481693268, 0.02480621449649334, -0.01990538090467453, 0.006639231462031603, 0.008686488494277, -0.0003157840110361576, 0.04924161732196808, -0.018935861065983772, 0.06500697880983353, 0.01982201635837555, -0.051999688148498535, -0.07470990717411041, 0.06513985991477966, -0.03798622637987137, -0.007893193513154984, -0.03209772706031799, -0.04100782051682472, 0.004751292522996664, -0.08159923553466797, -0.03297178074717522, 0.036282025277614594, -0.01537779625505209, -0.03234800323843956, -0.01152744423598051, 0.022347506135702133, -0.021384015679359436, 0.00339090870693326, -0.031992923468351364, -0.010524377226829529, -0.025575527921319008, -0.015614892356097698, -0.06050590053200722, 0.02779071405529976, -0.027952810749411583, 0.00889828335493803, -0.023075571283698082, -0.04180555045604706, -0.006537812761962414, -0.018509432673454285, 0.030072348192334175, 0.0351141020655632, 0.04589717462658882, -0.006179844960570335 ]
5,184
Deep Tree Tensor Networks
[ "Chang Nie" ]
Originating in quantum physics, tensor networks (TNs) have been widely adopted as exponential machines and parametric decomposers for recognition tasks. Typical TN models, such as Matrix Product States (MPS), have not yet achieved successful application in natural image recognition. When employed, they primarily serve to compress parameters within pre-existing networks, thereby losing their distinctive capability to enhance exponential-order feature interactions. This paper introduces a novel architecture named Deep Tree Tensor Network (DTTN), which captures -order multiplicative interactions across features through multilinear operations, while essentially unfolding into a tree-like TN topology with the parameter-sharing property. DTTN is stacked with multiple antisymmetric interacting modules (AIMs), and this design facilitates efficient implementation. Furthermore, our theoretical analysis demonstrates the equivalence between quantum-inspired TN models and polynomial/multilinear networks under specific conditions. We posit that the DTTN could catalyze more interpretable research within this field. The proposed model is evaluated across multiple benchmarks and application domains, demonstrating superior performance compared to both peer methods and state-of-the-art architectures. Our code will be made publicly available upon publication.
poster
2502.09928
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.006823843345046043, -0.018469443544745445, -0.00948715303093195, 0.04417702555656433, 0.026137512177228928, 0.025931471958756447, 0.026762399822473526, 0.0016031520208343863, -0.012918262742459774, -0.0431508794426918, -0.017408913001418114, -0.00382614484988153, -0.06408677995204926, 0.020165178924798965, -0.011446346528828144, 0.06697166711091995, 0.03956953063607216, -0.010260180570185184, -0.02153765596449375, 0.017021868377923965, -0.014542871154844761, -0.047557659447193146, 0.0009929058142006397, 0.01110783964395523, 0.03245789185166359, 0.005922113545238972, 0.017722174525260925, 0.010140717960894108, 0.006263455841690302, 0.00803013052791357, 0.02085820585489273, -0.0177385862916708, -0.016228383406996727, -0.03245047107338905, 0.025390855967998505, 0.008574873208999634, -0.06648940593004227, 0.00669026467949152, 0.01801484078168869, 0.010812366381287575, -0.026165248826146126, -0.036805957555770874, -0.010013648308813572, 0.028122447431087494, -0.06418882310390472, 0.024631325155496597, -0.09920396655797958, 0.0037680275272578, -0.004977408796548843, -0.019136004149913788, -0.07220654934644699, 0.043042294681072235, 0.0007320607546716928, 0.015702486038208008, 0.027214936912059784, 0.03352934494614601, 0.009312664158642292, -0.06339004635810852, 0.02433418110013008, -0.04267437011003494, -0.011535736732184887, 0.026620380580425262, 0.019320407882332802, -0.016026953235268593, -0.026080967858433723, -0.01833786629140377, 0.008526497520506382, 0.0595390722155571, -0.06923808157444, -0.046778127551078796, 0.012549384497106075, -0.006438591051846743, -0.02050209417939186, 0.03340953215956688, -0.0006690899608656764, -0.024688001722097397, 0.007410826161503792, -0.0025336972903460264, 0.06749133765697479, 0.005750772077590227, 0.001739999745041132, 0.013013570569455624, 0.02861354500055313, 0.010834496468305588, -0.005365029443055391, 0.0068046096712350845, -0.04569600895047188, -0.021772436797618866, -0.08776844292879105, 0.06095105782151222, -0.018254613503813744, -0.021122803911566734, 0.016359031200408936, 0.025670427829027176, -0.012201515026390553, -0.010425938293337822, 0.021622786298394203, -0.02931934967637062, -0.0037079062312841415, 0.0036242494825273752, 0.02966475673019886, -0.05319733917713165, 0.01946939155459404, -0.027381107211112976, -0.11503877490758896, -0.0010696948738768697, -0.013615621253848076, -0.028296105563640594, -0.001158126280643046, 0.003418741049245, -0.0470980703830719, -0.0018414398655295372, -0.005788396578282118, -0.01990607939660549, -0.09333330392837524, 0.006637597922235727, 0.011736865155398846, -0.0035020755603909492, -0.013358955271542072, -0.0035888368729501963, 0.0820508822798729, 0.052085019648075104, 0.001015126588754356, 0.05831712856888771, 0.05277475342154503, -0.008736048825085163, 0.008635453879833221, 0.013799968175590038, -0.02873057872056961, -0.05227242410182953, 0.031025828793644905, 0.019260888919234276, 0.01914464309811592, 0.002754051238298416, 0.017893923446536064, -0.07332237809896469, -0.0008123578154481947, 0.023373600095510483, 0.03697247430682182, -0.010964415036141872, 0.015433688648045063, -0.035385724157094955, 0.03309142589569092, -0.04764760658144951, 0.08538626879453659, -0.004888164810836315, -0.0031977491453289986, -0.016009634360671043, 0.016762984916567802, 0.0065908534452319145, -0.015185514464974403, -0.037347666919231415, -0.008404660038650036, -0.10829191654920578, 0.013307696208357811, 0.0329684279859066, 0.020688850432634354, 0.043939828872680664, 0.0051720524206757545, 0.02735043503344059, 0.04415195807814598, -0.03508499264717102, -0.04870730638504028, 0.009178106673061848, -0.030170898884534836, -0.04217780381441116, 0.05249355733394623, 0.04540005698800087, -0.023175647482275963, -0.006216196343302727, -0.031356412917375565, -0.06556311994791031, 0.035597920417785645, 0.009850986301898956, -0.037882376462221146, 0.01041414774954319, 0.04633721709251404, 0.002186990575864911, 0.033702392131090164, 0.0011725455988198519, -0.0944422259926796, 0.05218641832470894, 0.012607591226696968, -0.031784117221832275, 0.021337976679205894, -0.014035467989742756, 0.09537318348884583, -0.04142380133271217, 0.01616048254072666, 0.007611915934830904, -0.05223848298192024, 0.00907063391059637, 0.005109959747642279, -0.024953294545412064, 0.05487709864974022, 0.003626674646511674, -0.020785875618457794, 0.027567006647586823, 0.031112516298890114, 0.00809921883046627, 0.03962527588009834, -0.03604552894830704, 0.05837472155690193, -0.025147318840026855, -0.03429924324154854, 0.0009673218592070043, 0.03599489480257034, -0.059102240949869156, 0.0054702917113900185, 0.00787194725126028, 0.01851440966129303, -0.03341349959373474, -0.033392198383808136, 0.021433411166071892, 0.01586904749274254, 0.004944899119436741, -0.019248398020863533, -0.0034594261087477207, 0.023578621447086334, -0.029254842549562454, 0.03141951560974121, 0.026258649304509163, -0.02191138081252575, 0.005286616738885641, -0.03595719859004021, 0.12964899837970734, 0.051190268248319626, -0.01014208048582077, 0.03188435733318329, 0.06732966005802155, 0.018535494804382324, 0.00025648047449067235, 0.014944369904696941, -0.002992465393617749, 0.009302212856709957, -0.0013198958477005363, -0.006608572788536549, -0.038579463958740234, 0.07280892133712769, -0.03250394016504288, -0.030411984771490097, 0.06616026908159256, -0.05372940003871918, 0.03274565562605858, -0.008010943420231342, 0.004157796036452055, 0.04045065492391586, -0.03479810431599617, -0.03623158484697342, -0.035399578511714935, -0.028826981782913208, 0.006998819299042225, 0.0014437470817938447, -0.015889110043644905, 0.021842267364263535, -0.0593518503010273, -0.029032280668616295, 0.010410656221210957, 0.0684555321931839, 0.032650407403707504, 0.03429245576262474, 0.04796554520726204, 0.005841099191457033, -0.02427615039050579, -0.05882340669631958, -0.10283522307872772, -0.05025581642985344, -0.005989023018628359, 0.06305190175771713, 0.00600879080593586, 0.07562696933746338, 0.0011009150184690952, -0.00008408784196944907, -0.023980269208550453, -0.009150838479399681, -0.0018558503361418843, 0.023044953122735023, 0.023656444624066353, -0.04872814938426018, -0.030703304335474968, 0.009733099490404129, 0.03761773556470871, 0.009217734448611736, -0.02931073121726513, -0.03732797130942345, -0.04113294184207916, -0.004041161388158798, -0.03772519528865814, -0.01767434924840927, -0.012066095136106014, 0.024098023772239685, 0.03472587466239929, -0.02381049655377865, -0.01570485346019268, 0.03314557299017906, 0.08684027194976807, 0.054240286350250244, -0.00538995023816824, 0.002192149870097637, 0.015128997154533863, -0.013842522166669369, 0.04181712120771408, -0.016622865572571754, 0.02261182852089405, -0.027841735631227493, -0.003015238093212247, 0.018641136586666107, 0.001773119904100895, -0.26496952772140503, -0.013551980257034302, 0.01049660611897707, -0.0059429313987493515, 0.039973922073841095, -0.012377764098346233, 0.05276180058717728, -0.017411138862371445, -0.030060097575187683, 0.003613903885707259, 0.010127440094947815, 0.01464146375656128, -0.020052282139658928, 0.027317579835653305, 0.031151456758379936, -0.01275517139583826, -0.01593818888068199, -0.016943570226430893, 0.027224674820899963, 0.0559425912797451, -0.028122209012508392, -0.05553566664457321, -0.02098066732287407, 0.008754401467740536, -0.004357298836112022, 0.02238769456744194, -0.08995955437421799, -0.023347772657871246, -0.019064830616116524, -0.012445352971553802, -0.03046528808772564, -0.02738402783870697, 0.00208004517480731, 0.03789689764380455, -0.004883359652012587, 0.008267784491181374, 0.026521116495132446, -0.012559222988784313, 0.019955746829509735, -0.01907682791352272, -0.02375210076570511, -0.0016013142885640264, -0.019604574888944626, -0.00031769959605298936, 0.08060512691736221, 0.0410628616809845, 0.012926533818244934, 0.0008290652767755091, -0.010955524630844593, 0.02626279927790165, -0.01857784017920494, -0.03659305348992348, 0.001501429476775229, -0.018251091241836548, 0.014150775969028473, -0.034747492522001266, -0.037276726216077805, 0.027568163350224495, 0.000018713355530053377, 0.02369789406657219, 0.0092855179682374, -0.030956940725445747, 0.00041427675751037896, -0.011270677670836449, -0.03779185935854912, 0.003728599986061454, -0.06302450597286224, -0.055862538516521454, 0.04915222153067589, 0.027610333636403084, -0.016712816432118416, 0.03415016457438469, -0.04382634535431862, -0.0926898717880249, 0.041052184998989105, 0.014508363790810108, -0.008443497121334076, -0.031014610081911087, 0.029660167172551155, 0.03504940867424011, -0.00954583752900362, -0.08044644445180893, 0.000044635427911998704, 0.03068280778825283, 0.0062637729570269585, -0.015283508226275444, -0.01261055376380682, -0.05313678830862045, -0.026735670864582062, -0.04040680453181267, 0.02905256114900112, -0.031732507050037384, 0.03930243104696274, 0.013792377896606922, 0.04501482471823692, 0.04581887274980545, 0.011990344151854515, 0.040611766278743744, 0.026879120618104935, 0.00943153165280819, 0.025920039042830467, -0.012614987790584564, -0.005041124764829874, -0.006268985569477081, -0.039384692907333374, 0.034189820289611816, -0.046542808413505554, -0.015222877264022827, 0.04715975746512413, 0.004790899343788624, -0.057500094175338745, -0.034298066049814224, 0.004513696767389774, -0.02786419913172722, -0.009177234955132008, -0.013916434720158577, 0.008134107105433941, 0.0172672588378191, 0.04556412622332573, -0.04638151824474335, 0.010791896842420101, 0.05174143612384796, -0.017098354175686836, 0.012466064654290676, 0.003741722321137786, -0.007975355722010136, -0.024577077478170395, -0.029798679053783417, 0.004366256762295961, -0.03775128349661827, 0.037762660533189774, 0.05434156209230423, 0.03234921395778656, 0.02813275158405304, 0.043180420994758606, 0.018280625343322754, -0.025946615263819695, -0.0179820004850626, 0.03826330602169037, -0.03190510347485542, 0.035869184881448746, -0.016533907502889633, 0.01629033125936985, -0.0015809121541678905, -0.014636028558015823, 0.02751040831208229, 0.00037465093191713095, 0.02208046242594719, -0.015182822942733765, -0.01461100671440363, 0.04594571888446808, -0.0061831302009522915, -0.013233758509159088, -0.03190574422478676, 0.002785344608128071, 0.004372010938823223, 0.043341632932424545, -0.005607366096228361, 0.021494176238775253, -0.0770631954073906, 0.0493641160428524, 0.019011318683624268, -0.009443260729312897, -0.014279093593358994, 0.003099028952419758, 0.05964862182736397, -0.0051963008008897305, -0.005084535572677851, 0.019855791702866554, 0.015621247701346874, 0.006395524833351374, 0.0075998082756996155, -0.040340255945920944, -0.024813910946249962, -0.015190408565104008, 0.0181131474673748, 0.012113440781831741, 0.005628853105008602, -0.027394669130444527, 0.04722723364830017, 0.027365809306502342, 0.004618002101778984, -0.02264799363911152, 0.00755675695836544, 0.0855143591761589, 0.02326967939734459, 0.01107990462332964, -0.012620844878256321, -0.03321487456560135, 0.06801249086856842, 0.014808469451963902, 0.009798750281333923, -0.0430058017373085, -0.03862658888101578, -0.024981621652841568, -0.028528224676847458, -0.002898580627515912, 0.061704106628894806, -0.014750220812857151, -0.008781515061855316, 0.002489773789420724, 0.03377449885010719, -0.03908775374293327, -0.004222195129841566, 0.03423277661204338, -0.07539217919111252, 0.01001390814781189, 0.04273493215441704, -0.008228443562984467, -0.003027897095307708, 0.012112665921449661, -0.024899479001760483, -0.06584856659173965, -0.0735982283949852, -0.00494701461866498, 0.0028760763816535473, 0.018565215170383453, -0.0010444888612255454, 0.017691124230623245, -0.04296799749135971, 0.04018905758857727, 0.02215283364057541, 0.05378926545381546, -0.022754235193133354, 0.0026829584967345, 0.05391541123390198, 0.017362413927912712, 0.0461324006319046, -0.03169660642743111, -0.021402256563305855, 0.003075540764257312, -0.05719827860593796, 0.006644078530371189, 0.07289930433034897, -0.013746469281613827, -0.03552709519863129, -0.02448633871972561, -0.0018758113728836179, -0.00670393044129014, -0.022367147728800774, -0.0049542151391506195, -0.021232258528470993, -0.045217566192150116, 0.007976152934134007, -0.007832217961549759, 0.04533746838569641, 0.048109620809555054, -0.002924436703324318, 0.027861692011356354, -0.0033236867748200893, 0.04546170309185982, 0.022924533113837242, -0.08306241780519485, -0.030436184257268906, 0.036942947655916214, -0.03466621786355972, -0.027994783595204353, -0.08262436836957932, -0.00300470064394176, 0.0022426655050367117, -0.05261874198913574, 0.04614579677581787, -0.022567428648471832, 0.03826475888490677, 0.023969054222106934, 0.03733019903302193, 0.01604924164712429, -0.03589435666799545, 0.042281389236450195, -0.05156881362199783, -0.026548847556114197, -0.07399506121873856, -0.023360149934887886, 0.04745647683739662, -0.04129563644528389, 0.011187886819243431, 0.01051133032888174, -0.036931175738573074, 0.029803579673171043, -0.0283183790743351, -0.06042066961526871, 0.021160921081900597, -0.037594716995954514, 0.031115148216485977, 0.014052731916308403, -0.05876561999320984, -0.01977691985666752, -0.017042702063918114, -0.025638924911618233, 0.0063031823374331, -0.029408952221274376, 0.04711169749498367, -0.009030167944729328, -0.020547429099678993, 0.006204267963767052, -0.0015323266852647066, 0.0183434896171093, 0.06625946611166, 0.021820878610014915, 0.014816148206591606, -0.04616100341081619, 0.05323723703622818, 0.021723106503486633, 0.017585065215826035, 0.0186153557151556, 0.013327464461326599, -0.015186987817287445, -0.0768735408782959, 0.05475661903619766, 0.02217267081141472, -0.010606866329908371, -0.05692277103662491, 0.043492626398801804, 0.00935332290828228, -0.038409799337387085, 0.011541933752596378, 0.06315156072378159, -0.04297715052962303, -0.02055503986775875, -0.01189847569912672, -0.002565760165452957, 0.0023761994671076536, 0.07366304099559784, 0.0014216441195458174, 0.015903571620583534, 0.07610149681568146, 0.004076005425304174, -0.033047281205654144, -0.01576908864080906, 0.06794392317533493, 0.08389495313167572, 0.02841276302933693, -0.02424212358891964, 0.044508788734674454, -0.017879052087664604, -0.06539007276296616, 0.04543277248740196, 0.04021647199988365, -0.0006400910788215697, -0.015610016882419586, 0.022491993382573128, 0.10114287585020065, -0.01179884746670723, 0.06853307038545609, -0.03736735135316849, 0.012564987875521183, 0.04309897497296333, 0.019246650859713554, 0.0051571279764175415, 0.03303511068224907, 0.0319988988339901, -0.00908596906810999, -0.012971319258213043, -0.04118671640753746, -0.011305034160614014, -0.005767468828707933, 0.03969067335128784, 0.00631718197837472, -0.02994708903133869, 0.026927443221211433, 0.002444484969601035, 0.05807461217045784, 0.10127049684524536, -0.005926480051130056, -0.056948352605104446, -0.02149234712123871, 0.010213315486907959, 0.0008548113983124495, 0.034298818558454514, 0.010838458314538002, -0.022069184109568596, -0.003960608039051294, -0.05424869805574417, 0.03222602233290672, 0.004512283019721508, -0.020842228084802628, 0.002520667389035225, 0.021546021103858948, -0.03859968110918999, 0.03125776723027229, 0.0285381730645895, -0.00854437705129385, -0.04156014323234558, -0.051157396286726, -0.03454676270484924, -0.04003111273050308, -0.06567610055208206, 0.002464251359924674, 0.014251669868826866, -0.017873531207442284, -0.015149742364883423, -0.04297499731183052, 0.033002689480781555, 0.05106872692704201, -0.03948678448796272, 0.01461085770279169, 0.016968129202723503, 0.012686705216765404, -0.03379710391163826, 0.04777812957763672, 0.027346517890691757, 0.004741298034787178, -0.004203620366752148, 0.02307976223528385, 0.028582267463207245, 0.014733842574059963, -0.001298201153986156, -0.022610845044255257, -0.08427877724170685, 0.01161086093634367, -0.007852337323129177, -0.025565732270479202, -0.09118060022592545, 0.006875993218272924, -0.024550320580601692, 0.0313078910112381, 0.04858986660838127, -0.02102528139948845, 0.017259182408452034, -0.03128521144390106, 0.000883842003531754, -0.0016032700659707189, -0.007769682444632053, 0.06657508760690689, -0.036066602915525436, 0.05548003688454628, 0.049527838826179504, -0.035512715578079224, 0.008475144393742085, 0.014463006518781185, 0.026635248214006424, -0.004527408163994551, -0.02661246247589588, -0.029111448675394058, -0.05516471713781357, -0.07052160799503326, -0.024291839450597763, 0.027064569294452667, -0.012531804852187634, -0.04186641424894333, -0.014778581447899342, -0.020838994532823563, -0.0028022206388413906, -0.018492979928851128, -0.001502338913269341, -0.03273630514740944, -0.01262508425861597, -0.03750353679060936, -0.08342410624027252, 0.02738865278661251, 0.016449332237243652, -0.014253458939492702, -0.034252431243658066, -0.04562610015273094, -0.03449859097599983, -0.029376758262515068, 0.055663831532001495, 0.02342545986175537, 0.05168890208005905, -0.0032089611049741507 ]
5,185
Diffusion Tree Sampling: Scalable inference‑time alignment of diffusion models
[ "Vineet Jain", "Kusha Sareen", "Mohammad Pedramfar", "Siamak Ravanbakhsh" ]
Adapting a pretrained diffusion model to new objectives at inference time remains an open problem in generative modeling. Existing steering methods suffer from inaccurate value estimation, especially at high noise levels, which biases guidance. Moreover, information from past runs is not reused to improve sample quality, leading to inefficient use of compute. Inspired by the success of Monte Carlo Tree Search, we address these limitations by casting inference-time alignment as a search problem that reuses past computations. We introduce a tree-based approach that _samples_ from the reward-aligned target density by propagating terminal rewards back through the diffusion chain and iteratively refining value estimates with each additional generation. Our proposed method, Diffusion Tree Sampling (DTS), produces asymptotically exact samples from the target distribution in the limit of infinite rollouts, and its greedy variant Diffusion Tree Search (DTS*) performs a robust search for high reward samples. On MNIST and CIFAR-10 class-conditional generation, DTS matches the FID of the best-performing baseline with up to $5\times$ less compute. In text-to-image generation and language completion tasks, DTS* effectively searches for high reward samples that match best-of-N with $2\times$ less compute. By reusing information from previous generations, we get an _anytime algorithm_ that turns additional compute budget into steadily better samples, providing a scalable approach for inference-time alignment of diffusion models.
poster
2506.20701
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.012778908014297485, -0.008572171442210674, -0.013043465092778206, 0.06087670475244522, 0.03172421455383301, 0.05892153084278107, 0.027709204703569412, 0.009684394113719463, 0.02102981135249138, -0.04143610596656799, 0.017988713458180428, -0.020952144637703896, -0.047315921634435654, -0.012035517953336239, -0.005593675188720226, 0.04394526779651642, 0.01032161433249712, -0.0132359080016613, -0.013346733525395393, 0.0009040033328346908, -0.022195259109139442, -0.017199838533997536, 0.04137316346168518, 0.02777867577970028, 0.03286658599972725, 0.008886425755918026, 0.034426767379045486, -0.015199891291558743, -0.017812902107834816, -0.01324423123151064, 0.021419303491711617, -0.008327414281666279, 0.005774513352662325, -0.0202198289334774, -0.03749210387468338, -0.0399680957198143, -0.03585042431950569, -0.014001970179378986, 0.025513188913464546, 0.010756482370197773, -0.04238580912351608, 0.00359655125066638, -0.006563260685652494, 0.03685122728347778, -0.04141508787870407, -0.009234683588147163, -0.09525980055332184, 0.02475755102932453, 0.016860440373420715, -0.024014024063944817, -0.07968703657388687, 0.021434234455227852, 0.008606836199760437, -0.020269155502319336, -0.013273404911160469, 0.03355109319090843, 0.06248097866773605, -0.09163525700569153, -0.013983983546495438, -0.0601348951458931, -0.029888639226555824, -0.0034820986911654472, 0.004201642703264952, 0.008050143718719482, -0.006443074904382229, -0.012128718197345734, 0.016598885878920555, 0.055889058858156204, -0.054145630449056625, -0.05273755267262459, -0.027633024379611015, -0.0006692289025522768, -0.0019329929491505027, 0.0333871953189373, 0.0006202872027643025, -0.029266998171806335, 0.00806734710931778, 0.040576085448265076, 0.0666637122631073, -0.0007215481018647552, 0.005024534650146961, 0.016507752239704132, 0.023954031988978386, 0.05655848979949951, 0.005791680887341499, -0.0009778037201613188, -0.05040014162659645, -0.030791034922003746, -0.08194045722484589, 0.029737530276179314, -0.015344087965786457, -0.07166018337011337, 0.021132851019501686, 0.010591796599328518, 0.01922009512782097, -0.011822407133877277, 0.03561249002814293, 0.020647751167416573, 0.01993134804069996, -0.022417034953832626, -0.03880161792039871, -0.05454881489276886, -0.009420313872396946, 0.002931068418547511, -0.1057027280330658, -0.01472187414765358, -0.05125586315989494, -0.019642921164631844, -0.014232617802917957, 0.010950600728392601, -0.027599049732089043, -0.009175640530884266, 0.00395771861076355, -0.009147209115326405, -0.0900673046708107, 0.03218396380543709, 0.020831197500228882, 0.0029815270099788904, -0.009553119540214539, -0.019573645666241646, 0.03488047048449516, 0.034341610968112946, -0.013235000893473625, 0.07144366949796677, -0.0015982049517333508, 0.03585337847471237, 0.06471405178308487, 0.016403941437602043, -0.038602039217948914, -0.02779068984091282, 0.025991784408688545, 0.030318377539515495, 0.00421898253262043, 0.009596708230674267, 0.0005452267359942198, -0.056782498955726624, 0.0001203702631755732, 0.04018314182758331, 0.06312939524650574, -0.039872609078884125, 0.007262437604367733, -0.009518114849925041, 0.05577941983938217, 0.0017230960074812174, 0.039261795580387115, -0.04455289989709854, -0.02981998771429062, -0.03071596287190914, -0.05867976322770119, 0.013246414251625538, 0.013690631836652756, -0.0017534979851916432, 0.017815519124269485, -0.05003993585705757, -0.0038852058351039886, 0.08695860207080841, 0.00643134443089366, 0.03151492774486542, -0.01332463975995779, 0.008706066757440567, 0.05804400146007538, 0.00035841591306962073, -0.03643552586436272, -0.005673251114785671, -0.014891124330461025, -0.057903725653886795, 0.058536749333143234, 0.0303245447576046, -0.05141329765319824, -0.03698025643825531, -0.0244861152023077, -0.016568060964345932, 0.05948428809642792, -0.005413861479610205, -0.009205343201756477, 0.006678551901131868, 0.04278482124209404, 0.0016664606519043446, 0.03906555846333504, 0.020740682259202003, -0.07986145466566086, 0.0280336681753397, 0.027370747178792953, -0.021170418709516525, 0.012819735333323479, -0.03547406941652298, 0.07056844234466553, 0.014953876845538616, 0.01654224842786789, 0.0479419007897377, -0.06177660450339317, -0.012393194250762463, 0.03274829685688019, -0.020520159974694252, 0.05759941786527634, 0.013096136040985584, -0.013659678399562836, 0.029325829818844795, 0.051388729363679886, 0.020965225994586945, 0.046931199729442596, -0.0613514669239521, 0.03301326185464859, -0.0238144900649786, -0.04446025937795639, -0.01782710663974285, 0.05640357732772827, -0.037407923489809036, -0.02396436035633087, 0.02949371002614498, -0.023074625059962273, 0.033675309270620346, -0.016154345124959946, 0.009814207442104816, 0.031312014907598495, 0.015388845466077328, -0.02223162166774273, -0.0014833686873316765, 0.004093884956091642, -0.05153064429759979, 0.01936575211584568, 0.029665391892194748, -0.03995333984494209, 0.007964851334691048, -0.01322119776159525, 0.0917331799864769, 0.07073108851909637, -0.0415918342769146, 0.0017450139857828617, 0.027688195928931236, 0.005509232170879841, 0.009540400467813015, 0.030612777918577194, -0.039496053010225296, 0.04083513468503952, -0.006248865742236376, -0.0000899146543815732, -0.03860017657279968, 0.03659762442111969, -0.04188179969787598, 0.017972813919186592, 0.05429931357502937, -0.02521791122853756, 0.05856826528906822, 0.001989193959161639, 0.001824142411351204, 0.02352176047861576, -0.017507782205939293, -0.04249012470245361, -0.010277639143168926, -0.002096099080517888, 0.013944323174655437, 0.005900678690522909, -0.04345937445759773, 0.022440731525421143, -0.03035830892622471, -0.0013032341375946999, -0.00047185434959828854, 0.05313308909535408, 0.06440618634223938, 0.02914954349398613, 0.01282626111060381, 0.0005801982479169965, -0.02021847479045391, -0.007989450357854366, -0.11388547718524933, -0.029277672991156578, 0.01819230429828167, 0.04628249257802963, 0.007764331065118313, 0.041559699922800064, -0.021461864933371544, 0.02900554984807968, -0.026186445727944374, -0.020068703219294548, -0.025028018280863762, 0.009494281373918056, 0.02253781072795391, -0.026499370113015175, -0.017171021550893784, -0.00833867583423853, 0.0753113403916359, -0.03493787348270416, 0.008743793703615665, -0.021963952109217644, -0.037315160036087036, -0.005688338074833155, -0.005464368965476751, 0.01826561987400055, 0.03398531302809715, 0.04528893530368805, 0.030157074332237244, -0.026694780215620995, 0.02346985414624214, 0.05583488568663597, 0.045546919107437134, 0.05392846837639809, -0.008332580327987671, -0.014143615029752254, -0.010315202176570892, 0.01749095320701599, 0.011713377200067043, -0.026824448257684708, 0.0376674085855484, -0.022229449823498726, 0.008447091095149517, 0.03510094806551933, -0.02705775946378708, -0.25050148367881775, -0.0007545688422396779, 0.0017685102066025138, 0.005441224202513695, 0.00813730526715517, -0.016491170972585678, 0.05435306578874588, -0.05494338274002075, -0.028750469908118248, 0.020440425723791122, -0.029056835919618607, 0.02662837505340576, -0.023444483056664467, 0.06743918359279633, 0.05748230963945389, 0.009164915420114994, -0.02064945176243782, -0.02499365247786045, 0.006302274763584137, 0.032009102404117584, -0.008223576471209526, -0.07821333408355713, -0.008861992508172989, 0.030528251081705093, 0.006218282971531153, 0.06070837378501892, -0.08915553987026215, 0.011225835420191288, -0.02164405584335327, 0.011813539080321789, -0.042616941034793854, -0.03256121277809143, 0.0009490895317867398, 0.021000288426876068, 0.0035088825970888138, 0.00991366058588028, 0.018413735553622246, 0.01873277686536312, 0.003537988755851984, 0.008599353022873402, -0.0025413658004254103, -0.018576767295598984, -0.03754002973437309, 0.013904040679335594, 0.033275820314884186, -0.003360343398526311, -0.05276414379477501, -0.013005878776311874, 0.00961991399526596, 0.03388563171029091, 0.009375553578138351, -0.01558971218764782, -0.021342063322663307, 0.0055530681274831295, 0.0059891026467084885, -0.0298960879445076, -0.0028754554223269224, -0.02053004503250122, -0.0011752642458304763, 0.04441961273550987, 0.020401258021593094, -0.05686862766742706, 0.0024229162372648716, -0.028648024424910545, 0.002365579130128026, -0.02477794885635376, -0.0836821123957634, -0.046661704778671265, 0.019489800557494164, 0.027114231139421463, -0.0364779457449913, -0.008476036600768566, 0.009284649044275284, -0.10515157133340836, 0.009632349014282227, 0.022729072719812393, -0.0036046248860657215, -0.015969332307577133, -0.025802696123719215, 0.04125412926077843, -0.026133837178349495, -0.04331054538488388, -0.008005029521882534, -0.0019679912365972996, 0.01804906129837036, -0.03097325563430786, -0.004430762957781553, -0.05787196010351181, -0.002280126791447401, -0.06148295849561691, -0.0026924011763185263, 0.026445696130394936, 0.04709986597299576, -0.0075028506107628345, 0.07244661450386047, 0.04417188838124275, 0.06125262752175331, 0.05512750893831253, 0.035023801028728485, -0.0076357037760317326, 0.030484013259410858, -0.08176156133413315, -0.026521138846874237, -0.033213015645742416, -0.05468885973095894, 0.01163424737751484, -0.07412701100111008, -0.014793293550610542, -0.007670968305319548, 0.005257271230220795, -0.03805500268936157, -0.03650612384080887, 0.0025126098189502954, -0.004592874553054571, -0.0030802739784121513, -0.022844607010483742, -0.0195255596190691, 0.04764383286237717, 0.03599864989519119, -0.005966930650174618, 0.010118071921169758, 0.026388201862573624, -0.03971490263938904, 0.009493322111666203, 0.029701609164476395, -0.004803802818059921, 0.016606362536549568, -0.0007205891888588667, -0.015951620414853096, -0.020559266209602356, 0.044089872390031815, 0.06910207122564316, 0.006914875470101833, 0.028900528326630592, 0.038114454597234726, -0.0189044289290905, -0.006200817879289389, -0.022457949817180634, 0.057680513709783554, -0.04169880598783493, 0.014523666352033615, -0.011597961187362671, 0.03739462420344353, 0.04918089136481285, 0.03348458930850029, 0.010056091472506523, 0.006396258715540171, 0.024773001670837402, -0.008173431269824505, 0.0055798981338739395, 0.03136777505278587, -0.044697463512420654, -0.01122234296053648, -0.02386145107448101, -0.0009148902026936412, -0.0009013628587126732, -0.007304081693291664, -0.02878803201019764, 0.03092382289469242, -0.05844938009977341, 0.04019960016012192, -0.003444226225838065, -0.012487641535699368, 0.0019306899048388004, 0.006988121662288904, 0.04390617832541466, -0.03097761794924736, 0.007478852290660143, 0.002335629891604185, 0.022131750360131264, 0.019205359742045403, 0.005010093562304974, -0.060114536434412, -0.03842725232243538, -0.01747559942305088, 0.003647157922387123, 0.02452128380537033, -0.01563280075788498, -0.06002141907811165, 0.06388118863105774, -0.00901664700359106, -0.016860583797097206, -0.003435411024838686, -0.020233934745192528, 0.08998698741197586, 0.0003856719413306564, 0.01450428832322359, 0.011865806765854359, -0.05838766321539879, 0.030283691361546516, -0.008424940519034863, -0.002854574006050825, -0.03610633686184883, -0.08790424466133118, -0.022580036893486977, -0.013387683779001236, 0.010076205246150494, 0.0419108048081398, -0.014971593394875526, -0.00012142186460550874, -0.023942045867443085, -0.009787316434085369, -0.021563749760389328, -0.009103536605834961, 0.04952344670891762, -0.07135383039712906, -0.005693177692592144, 0.036503568291664124, -0.04204965755343437, 0.06580837815999985, 0.006807195022702217, -0.04493054747581482, -0.07762137800455093, -0.009294622577726841, 0.011368373408913612, -0.03376036509871483, -0.008018013089895248, -0.03266218677163124, -0.0027692096773535013, 0.007000838406383991, 0.022728949785232544, 0.0052780890837311745, -0.004475915804505348, -0.0005809802678413689, 0.015517991036176682, 0.040682803839445114, -0.05151212960481644, -0.02650468237698078, -0.022830456495285034, -0.015364120714366436, 0.017329540103673935, -0.06784117221832275, 0.0035455080214887857, 0.05549606680870056, 0.009785465896129608, -0.016244441270828247, -0.03160933032631874, 0.08124080300331116, -0.0024397161323577166, -0.00926858838647604, 0.034502577036619186, -0.0025840795133262873, -0.04957088828086853, 0.0052819144912064075, 0.006173992995172739, 0.018383478745818138, 0.013807044364511967, 0.004511493258178234, 0.009588994085788727, 0.04141441732645035, 0.03147739917039871, 0.02572910115122795, -0.047880325466394424, 0.04024400934576988, 0.05664598569273949, -0.05413138121366501, -0.05476797744631767, -0.05464698001742363, -0.024897009134292603, 0.02527173049747944, 0.00043653021566569805, 0.019111482426524162, -0.03275701031088829, 0.010030659846961498, 0.028910508379340172, 0.030387084931135178, 0.0035021440126001835, -0.004491838626563549, 0.022442761808633804, -0.05005103349685669, 0.009319908916950226, -0.08324827253818512, -0.025854799896478653, 0.05808889493346214, -0.048463352024555206, -0.001369247562251985, 0.03166401386260986, -0.010244580917060375, 0.036957208067178726, -0.013800953514873981, -0.07370898872613907, 0.038997944444417953, -0.012984377332031727, 0.006607287097722292, 0.028933966532349586, -0.05041193962097168, -0.011226155795156956, -0.0023257785942405462, -0.02301008068025112, -0.01062228623777628, 0.0050257970578968525, 0.05333685874938965, -0.005591188091784716, 0.009811769239604473, -0.030866818502545357, -0.003223185893148184, 0.038045138120651245, 0.04511028900742531, -0.004753264132887125, 0.03635173290967941, -0.018484005704522133, 0.04631662741303444, 0.050705596804618835, 0.032524626702070236, 0.00837450660765171, -0.011669360101222992, 0.01063910499215126, -0.040610555559396744, 0.055337321013212204, -0.017586328089237213, 0.004466700367629528, -0.05357334762811661, 0.06612404435873032, 0.035363949835300446, -0.07736895233392715, -0.04425441101193428, 0.024751076474785805, -0.021497178822755814, 0.020970774814486504, -0.02291995845735073, 0.015456529334187508, 0.013991358689963818, 0.06830193102359772, 0.016697820276021957, 0.03609652444720268, 0.07844887673854828, 0.007180941291153431, -0.0023036906495690346, 0.008926000446081161, 0.047404929995536804, 0.0705379769206047, 0.05098007246851921, -0.021279573440551758, 0.0941656231880188, -0.047117311507463455, -0.03551672399044037, 0.01889370195567608, 0.013329249806702137, -0.028483683243393898, -0.07373268902301788, 0.03569350019097328, 0.08831018954515457, -0.048576775938272476, 0.0513419583439827, -0.04121938720345497, -0.025073936209082603, 0.031667307019233704, 0.0003104342904407531, 0.01142480131238699, 0.031133456155657768, 0.04695706069469452, 0.0017908868612721562, -0.026526115834712982, 0.0035403110086917877, 0.038911059498786926, -0.019483737647533417, 0.012625680305063725, 0.02159780077636242, -0.021092131733894348, 0.011504242196679115, 0.012221219949424267, 0.027156520634889603, 0.08924663066864014, -0.03087531216442585, -0.035516407340765, 0.0017520526889711618, 0.027553616091609, 0.014973854646086693, 0.06768443435430527, -0.0026143095456063747, -0.005060620605945587, -0.0041084568947553635, -0.054248321801424026, 0.00032870820723474026, 0.028121521696448326, -0.008344986476004124, 0.025922954082489014, -0.03808166831731796, 0.008751120418310165, 0.03413316234946251, 0.0068082185462117195, -0.061394210904836655, -0.04934673756361008, -0.0236713457852602, -0.028278877958655357, -0.0660347118973732, -0.04644843935966492, 0.026245858520269394, 0.016073057428002357, -0.020771104842424393, 0.0031312305945903063, -0.03867673501372337, 0.0027115982957184315, 0.007511219475418329, -0.05851327255368233, -0.024508841335773468, 0.03113439679145813, -0.01053310465067625, -0.02638544701039791, 0.02003900334239006, 0.02515634149312973, -0.01756460778415203, -0.02747841738164425, 0.03261503949761391, 0.02575172670185566, 0.0022887480445206165, -0.01186696533113718, -0.0016181940445676446, -0.07150091975927353, 0.018451454117894173, 0.025314215570688248, -0.01035167183727026, -0.0904814749956131, 0.017613854259252548, -0.039980266243219376, 0.02385116182267666, 0.04863644391298294, 0.01838807947933674, -0.0024495667312294245, -0.0287515539675951, -0.02142389863729477, 0.01471790298819542, 0.000026175401217187755, 0.06389840692281723, -0.04610583931207657, 0.09812998026609421, 0.029478462412953377, -0.04826059564948082, -0.07112102210521698, 0.04164615273475647, 0.00480879470705986, -0.005360319744795561, 0.004203076008707285, -0.01997338980436325, -0.027770327404141426, -0.09679762274026871, -0.017198897898197174, -0.007820399478077888, -0.004520038142800331, -0.024228360503911972, 0.014394005760550499, -0.019028740003705025, -0.015675537288188934, 0.003645921591669321, -0.019623825326561928, -0.01943216845393181, -0.014461585320532322, -0.0007388336816802621, -0.06220463663339615, -0.0002617552818264812, -0.046038031578063965, 0.02015245333313942, -0.04999320209026337, -0.04838680475950241, -0.03360289707779884, -0.004686170723289251, 0.06251256167888641, 0.024346578866243362, 0.014424193650484085, 0.0034615134354680777 ]
5,186
Learning from A Single Markovian Trajectory: Optimality and Variance Reduction
[ "Zhenyu Sun", "Ermin Wei" ]
In this paper, we consider the general stochastic non-convex optimization problem when the sampling process follows a Markov chain. This problem exhibits its significance in capturing many real-world applications, ranging from asynchronous distributed learning to reinforcement learning. In particular, we consider the worst case where one has no prior knowledge and control of the Markov chain, meaning multiple trajectories cannot be simulated but only a single trajectory is available for algorithm design. We first provide an algorithm-independent lower bound with $\Omega(\epsilon^{-3})$ samples for any first-order methods accessing bounded variance gradient oracles to achieve $\epsilon$-approximate critical solution of the original problem. Then, we propose **Ma**rkov-**C**hain **SPIDER** (MaC-SPIDER), which leverages variance-reduced techniques, to achieve a $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-3})$ upper bound. To the best of our knowledge, MaC-SPIDER is the first to achieve $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-3})$ complexity when sampling from a single Markovian trajectory. And our proposed lower bound concludes its (near) optimality.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.039376985281705856, -0.004450324457138777, -0.008653014898300171, 0.04116890951991081, 0.058604393154382706, 0.024094991385936737, 0.04061570763587952, 0.01925305277109146, -0.018710119649767876, -0.04054838791489601, 0.013167908415198326, -0.021529128775000572, -0.07502198964357376, -0.021771349012851715, 0.01742757298052311, 0.03753082454204559, 0.01790660247206688, -0.018522506579756737, -0.01600903458893299, 0.01942044496536255, -0.020540576428174973, 0.022018352523446083, 0.04929384961724281, 0.012379891239106655, 0.020578721538186073, 0.010450346395373344, -0.008233475498855114, 0.041476160287857056, -0.0237603560090065, -0.008139283396303654, 0.026303887367248535, -0.0025990281719714403, 0.002267688512802124, -0.014335156418383121, 0.013811236247420311, 0.004792357794940472, -0.00975824985653162, 0.002326624933630228, 0.00990831758826971, 0.029296306893229485, -0.06198874115943909, -0.01010989211499691, -0.026631539687514305, 0.024829454720020294, -0.04702061042189598, 0.005857347510755062, -0.06856317073106766, 0.022508464753627777, 0.02474849484860897, -0.07162290066480637, -0.09295238554477692, 0.043785303831100464, 0.051116906106472015, -0.027149930596351624, -0.03748178482055664, 0.022591212764382362, 0.03514336049556732, -0.09346944838762283, -0.016341086477041245, -0.054755326360464096, 0.006356725003570318, 0.002679508877918124, 0.004937378223985434, 0.018593600019812584, -0.00905726570636034, -0.0057611363008618355, 0.04265584796667099, 0.06276227533817291, -0.013451702892780304, -0.01415997464209795, -0.04037934169173241, 0.0015576907899230719, 0.010384291410446167, 0.04643471911549568, -0.005290023982524872, -0.03279155492782593, 0.027345556765794754, 0.03090192936360836, 0.04694831743836403, 0.037540461868047714, 0.01532546617090702, 0.01593778096139431, 0.03601595014333725, 0.03702412545681, 0.0017343543004244566, -0.0050809672102332115, -0.06032935902476311, -0.016220083460211754, -0.08550854027271271, 0.05664091557264328, -0.05364958196878433, -0.07091953605413437, -0.0018293126486241817, 0.04679376631975174, 0.012419345788657665, -0.030210547149181366, 0.02952686697244644, 0.030183635652065277, 0.016824105754494667, -0.033952269703149796, -0.0291100163012743, -0.0095306895673275, 0.009312188252806664, -0.025818219408392906, -0.10631126910448074, -0.02310309372842312, -0.020285775884985924, 0.005607664585113525, 0.0021903864108026028, 0.01661333627998829, -0.042205553501844406, 0.0037183230742812157, 0.006121216341853142, -0.018899045884609222, -0.05588103458285332, 0.03578021377325058, -0.00859085749834776, 0.004080211278051138, 0.0030737007036805153, -0.00236079772002995, 0.025862298905849457, 0.05290523171424866, 0.00273457495495677, 0.06795307993888855, 0.005092195235192776, 0.02192177250981331, 0.032724689692258835, 0.015394764021039009, -0.028501296415925026, -0.03352666646242142, 0.012426136992871761, 0.03355630114674568, 0.0070562479086220264, 0.00929443072527647, -0.025533724576234818, -0.005301162600517273, -0.004081004299223423, 0.04514356330037117, 0.011445769108831882, 0.0018949147779494524, -0.023871010169386864, -0.003754273522645235, 0.08838499337434769, -0.0075208693742752075, 0.06467033922672272, -0.01714644394814968, 0.03881902992725372, -0.03513238951563835, -0.05945839360356331, -0.006202819757163525, -0.00501060439273715, -0.013211740180850029, -0.017665674909949303, -0.06160827353596687, 0.0030425514560192823, 0.003387071192264557, 0.007162225898355246, 0.04010262340307236, -0.0002673154813237488, 0.002753008157014847, 0.03783959522843361, 0.01979399099946022, -0.012220517732203007, 0.01381663791835308, -0.006692352704703808, -0.06750953197479248, 0.06999890506267548, 0.06403665989637375, -0.021219763904809952, -0.03720509260892868, -0.039089642465114594, -0.015218381769955158, 0.04298296570777893, -0.009341415949165821, -0.02075202204287052, 0.018060127273201942, 0.05265235900878906, -0.01785535179078579, 0.05332624912261963, -0.004385017324239016, -0.08516810834407806, 0.029120992869138718, 0.028516629710793495, 0.013135873712599277, -0.004863742273300886, -0.028753185644745827, 0.09928030520677567, -0.005807262845337391, -0.0016904205549508333, 0.0015316209755837917, -0.06574157625436783, -0.022678140550851822, 0.022961610928177834, -0.02978147566318512, 0.051599711179733276, -0.01274599228054285, -0.023818889632821083, 0.015557568520307541, 0.01392847765237093, 0.04234130308032036, 0.0236067958176136, -0.04190566763281822, 0.02761007659137249, 0.002160680014640093, -0.029134120792150497, 0.008420699276030064, 0.03771073743700981, -0.05172060430049896, -0.03746592625975609, 0.025875063613057137, -0.012109672650694847, 0.016408992931246758, -0.027988944202661514, -0.011494944803416729, 0.03834444284439087, -0.017563719302415848, -0.011524349451065063, -0.0140759302303195, 0.016144493594765663, -0.03179682418704033, 0.0312255397439003, -0.0072327908128499985, -0.02751643769443035, 0.016900096088647842, 0.019442256540060043, 0.08271878957748413, 0.10746563971042633, -0.02818668819963932, -0.009218215942382812, -0.01045029703527689, 0.003318468574434519, -0.0027422078419476748, -0.007503966800868511, -0.01781289279460907, 0.021028127521276474, 0.029529569670557976, -0.005317091476172209, -0.0173350777477026, 0.03812147676944733, -0.034358907490968704, -0.011470602825284004, 0.05429041013121605, 0.01373428013175726, 0.06506618857383728, 0.01875387318432331, -0.012282568961381912, 0.014887124300003052, 0.0160945113748312, -0.035437002778053284, -0.01342293992638588, -0.04228479415178299, 0.0020317104645073414, 0.016082679852843285, 0.0071791792288422585, -0.024907831102609634, -0.046865638345479965, 0.010530182160437107, -0.020559612661600113, 0.07118778675794601, 0.07562234252691269, 0.02751106023788452, 0.0350375697016716, 0.03892221674323082, -0.007672577630728483, -0.03818075358867645, -0.11516667157411575, -0.07728391885757446, -0.03256469592452049, 0.06357800960540771, 0.03959277644753456, 0.029964659363031387, -0.02291872352361679, 0.06938229501247406, -0.010874692350625992, -0.04751552641391754, 0.014548176899552345, -0.0007238949765451252, 0.026796171441674232, -0.028204895555973053, -0.002483592601493001, 0.018541846424341202, 0.08711627870798111, -0.020231902599334717, -0.011877484619617462, -0.02373768948018551, -0.0501127615571022, -0.0055724927224218845, -0.033274151384830475, -0.011971158906817436, 0.003175353864207864, -0.006111228372901678, 0.02139400690793991, -0.042225416749715805, 0.012898310087621212, 0.023190686479210854, 0.03804579749703407, 0.04205683246254921, -0.0028091049753129482, 0.006028046831488609, -0.014138518832623959, -0.004175539128482342, 0.0010913674486801028, -0.03805042803287506, 0.0005745460512116551, -0.011234035715460777, -0.012694013305008411, 0.038404595106840134, 0.005290473811328411, -0.26919975876808167, -0.012448624707758427, 0.01826774887740612, 0.004460775759071112, 0.04012249410152435, -0.005439866334199905, 0.07279045879840851, -0.039654720574617386, -0.03427986055612564, 0.02521446719765663, -0.014726615510880947, 0.02694566920399666, 0.005899462848901749, 0.07185042649507523, 0.05589338764548302, -0.002056322991847992, -0.033915624022483826, -0.023369386792182922, 0.007788276765495539, 0.013807573355734348, 0.0009795133955776691, -0.07992801815271378, -0.01742740534245968, 0.00472249835729599, 0.006514719221740961, 0.049849167466163635, -0.06170390173792839, -0.009395898319780827, -0.046297211199998856, 0.006540988106280565, -0.04809222370386124, -0.024370919913053513, -0.029097625985741615, -0.0026571827474981546, 0.029705457389354706, 0.021553143858909607, 0.04763467609882355, -0.018021296709775925, 0.022222505882382393, 0.02257419563829899, -0.009583164006471634, -0.0035848866682499647, -0.0286888275295496, 0.013000499457120895, 0.045771144330501556, 0.040810465812683105, -0.011660863645374775, 0.012436792254447937, 0.0059660752303898335, 0.031033683568239212, -0.005473645403981209, -0.026493960991501808, 0.013576233759522438, 0.003582889912649989, 0.018419411033391953, -0.030681241303682327, -0.008970942348241806, -0.017409658059477806, 0.0028765122406184673, 0.025122229009866714, 0.028524702414870262, -0.06962741911411285, -0.003466918133199215, -0.05961054190993309, 0.024748241528868675, -0.04320136830210686, -0.05950256064534187, -0.03042362816631794, 0.02416912466287613, 0.007164097391068935, -0.006783341523259878, -0.02913101203739643, -0.03605899214744568, -0.08794039487838745, 0.03145431727170944, 0.0046640667133033276, -0.006240942981094122, -0.008012483827769756, 0.03573539853096008, 0.0561145655810833, -0.051927611231803894, -0.05921405553817749, -0.005981265567243099, 0.016756653785705566, 0.03320835903286934, -0.04242900013923645, 0.03527083247900009, -0.03100566752254963, -0.024852974340319633, -0.03231135383248329, 0.011494902893900871, 0.027820339426398277, 0.05522565171122551, -0.020730648189783096, 0.06930175423622131, 0.04168478026986122, 0.037388622760772705, 0.02186916209757328, 0.03538663685321808, -0.0014482619008049369, 0.02615845389664173, -0.08370496332645416, -0.02169482596218586, -0.037304580211639404, -0.025261929258704185, 0.0337417908012867, -0.0564509779214859, -0.03231612592935562, 0.028872229158878326, 0.001982564339414239, -0.015167582780122757, -0.025944149121642113, 0.01035562064498663, -0.019479049369692802, -0.016357742249965668, -0.04513354226946831, -0.014774270355701447, 0.03754866495728493, 0.03173857927322388, -0.0080909738317132, -0.05565084144473076, 0.059244055300951004, -0.027374235913157463, 0.013484852388501167, -0.0053835678845644, -0.023057114332914352, 0.033734265714883804, 0.005038301460444927, 0.027124784886837006, -0.012272534891963005, 0.025527486577630043, 0.06621182709932327, 0.00197001569904387, 0.003930431790649891, 0.036962032318115234, 0.01649378053843975, -0.031088201329112053, -0.026849154382944107, 0.0444147102534771, 0.019883673638105392, -0.0021941657178103924, -0.0035174614749848843, 0.02115403115749359, 0.027454720810055733, 0.017327774316072464, 0.042274780571460724, 0.015694674104452133, 0.024235455319285393, 0.004464134108275175, -0.012079737149178982, 0.01999412290751934, -0.03994488716125488, 0.006431438960134983, -0.008981932885944843, 0.03502814471721649, -0.016937781125307083, 0.028377167880535126, -0.018188051879405975, 0.01698525808751583, -0.04529345780611038, 0.02460017427802086, 0.006958669051527977, -0.021611103788018227, -0.01326996274292469, -0.011303412728011608, 0.06977761536836624, -0.010676896199584007, 0.020629998296499252, 0.0060080778785049915, 0.0006103943451307714, 0.033319223672151566, -0.035290274769067764, -0.03631925955414772, -0.021923769265413284, -0.022348709404468536, 0.002818493405357003, 0.0005272382404655218, -0.024146849289536476, -0.06943489611148834, 0.0013108437415212393, 0.012816826812922955, 0.006185885053128004, -0.006818091031163931, 0.017658939585089684, 0.0651753693819046, -0.033945005387067795, 0.017962705343961716, -0.009562862105667591, -0.03517196327447891, 0.046323008835315704, 0.007805110886693001, 0.017701804637908936, -0.033826347440481186, -0.05909615382552147, 0.009325860999524593, -0.019350528717041016, 0.02796480990946293, 0.032927561551332474, -0.02921934612095356, 0.013338621705770493, 0.006932109594345093, 0.00012005239841528237, -0.007772497367113829, 0.014266668818891048, 0.03451058268547058, -0.053990043699741364, -0.0016422824701294303, 0.04521818459033966, -0.019758986309170723, 0.017550161108374596, -0.056897372007369995, -0.061736155301332474, -0.013297677040100098, 0.004904527682811022, 0.007046541199088097, -0.02375362627208233, -0.0419771671295166, 0.007752243895083666, 0.003909993451088667, 0.005913387518376112, 0.007590252906084061, -0.003919868730008602, 0.009808558970689774, -0.0376850888133049, 0.0039004776626825333, 0.05531597137451172, -0.0298107098788023, -0.021016472950577736, 0.04861919954419136, -0.005499458406120539, 0.011128341779112816, -0.06213798373937607, 0.004413869697600603, 0.04215939715504646, 0.0041575063951313496, 0.014453432522714138, -0.048015132546424866, 0.047491200268268585, -0.039056822657585144, -0.014188905246555805, -0.017935536801815033, 0.03273824602365494, -0.045588769018650055, -0.01501782052218914, 0.012364158406853676, 0.01563980057835579, 0.01698434166610241, 0.004506201483309269, 0.021577853709459305, 0.023133862763643265, 0.029040522873401642, 0.024426734074950218, -0.026333577930927277, 0.003890128806233406, 0.06327375769615173, 0.0083888228982687, -0.0506330281496048, -0.07698752731084824, -0.0018514831317588687, 0.03876318037509918, -0.049567680805921555, 0.0319894477725029, -0.04858176410198212, 0.009876449592411518, 0.023943820968270302, 0.03476817533373833, 0.02363610826432705, -0.018676504492759705, 0.03850498050451279, -0.06788111478090286, 0.03163623809814453, -0.08903975784778595, -0.01741519570350647, 0.07252104580402374, -0.02748827636241913, 0.03797118365764618, 0.04903659224510193, -0.012626799754798412, 0.034544579684734344, -0.028725944459438324, -0.07344452291727066, 0.009811430238187313, -0.045704446732997894, -0.006751254666596651, 0.031967271119356155, -0.04912968724966049, -0.035040222108364105, -0.01233260054141283, -0.05441146716475487, 0.011497097089886665, 0.005764329805970192, 0.050530385226011276, -0.008613787591457367, 0.02384842187166214, -0.050679825246334076, 0.007474956102669239, 0.046530790627002716, 0.039856161922216415, -0.020946603268384933, 0.0180315263569355, -0.05916435644030571, 0.0500178188085556, 0.026715032756328583, 0.02653026580810547, -0.005218301434069872, 0.01477663405239582, -0.004917113576084375, -0.03859671205282211, 0.04396267235279083, -0.011550438590347767, -0.0235117357224226, -0.044307369738817215, 0.05766306445002556, 0.034529805183410645, -0.05797719955444336, -0.05733545869588852, 0.018974782899022102, -0.061940789222717285, -0.019018644466996193, 0.01174126286059618, -0.001384085975587368, 0.009482722729444504, 0.07209902256727219, 0.016539903357625008, 0.029512640088796616, 0.05708022788167, 0.016001161187887192, 0.0002438899828121066, -0.029093287885189056, 0.06469449400901794, 0.047241438180208206, 0.039488550275564194, -0.02188642881810665, 0.054650600999593735, -0.06541101634502411, -0.03982573002576828, -0.0007132896571420133, -0.004524288233369589, -0.03213098645210266, -0.03322147578001022, 0.028304219245910645, 0.0462426021695137, 0.009782135486602783, 0.08475270867347717, -0.07043368369340897, -0.04566682502627373, 0.049682606011629105, -0.0114944688975811, -0.016411375254392624, 0.019065923988819122, 0.03302587568759918, 0.032512255012989044, -0.0009743827977217734, -0.04322041571140289, 0.014927598647773266, -0.00495859095826745, 0.00867236964404583, 0.011873560957610607, -0.019011540338397026, 0.00752750039100647, 0.032826125621795654, -0.015907224267721176, 0.10255509614944458, -0.07526770234107971, -0.036324698477983475, -0.018885288387537003, -0.0017517361557111144, -0.02864237129688263, 0.06499538570642471, 0.03868153691291809, -0.034544285386800766, 0.0031606359407305717, -0.04275041073560715, 0.01289370283484459, 0.04963301122188568, -0.0036069992929697037, -0.0028858324512839317, -0.0005624802433885634, 0.014775509014725685, 0.028276732191443443, 0.019992036744952202, -0.036544494330883026, -0.04637734219431877, -0.02674131654202938, -0.046382129192352295, -0.03412516415119171, -0.06338025629520416, 0.017424171790480614, -0.01452666986733675, -0.03378566727042198, 0.031734298914670944, -0.011130205355584621, 0.030133245512843132, 0.004199630580842495, -0.04331384599208832, -0.0398888997733593, 0.040238603949546814, -0.004616585560142994, 0.02736153081059456, 0.03078361414372921, 0.04947477579116821, 0.004410362336784601, -0.034570418298244476, 0.001066473196260631, 0.01197588536888361, 0.04118996858596802, -0.02637145109474659, 0.007213389966636896, -0.08240441977977753, 0.012639930471777916, 0.03420001640915871, -0.026284679770469666, -0.08486062288284302, 0.00839232373982668, -0.036948397755622864, 0.01121254451572895, 0.03973948955535889, -0.02864309959113598, -0.002509664511308074, -0.06508088111877441, -0.026843136176466942, -0.004008034244179726, 0.014261827804148197, 0.04534449428319931, -0.04348018765449524, 0.03462487831711769, 0.0196209829300642, -0.017193393781781197, -0.0758100226521492, 0.044082000851631165, -0.0073441509157419205, 0.0022622093092650175, 0.005543084349483252, -0.013331710360944271, -0.025674968957901, -0.10599695891141891, -0.03145106881856918, 0.0422971248626709, 0.033868227154016495, -0.0488797128200531, -0.005075966939330101, 0.0029839780181646347, 0.010384860448539257, 0.01342561561614275, -0.024655276909470558, -0.04969487711787224, -0.035687610507011414, -0.02104519121348858, -0.08552522957324982, 0.024695320054888725, -0.03896022588014603, 0.014529983513057232, -0.017825687304139137, -0.03177192434668541, -0.006017791107296944, -0.01604478806257248, 0.02386833354830742, 0.030531272292137146, 0.004015112295746803, 0.008744814433157444 ]
5,187
On Explaining Additive Models: A Complexity-Theoretic Perspective
[ "Shahaf Bassan", "Michal Moshkovitz", "Guy Katz" ]
Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) are commonly considered *interpretable* within the ML community, as their structure makes the relationship between inputs and outputs relatively understandable. Therefore, it may seem natural to hypothesize that obtaining meaningful explanations for GAMs could be performed efficiently and would not be computationally infeasible. In this work, we challenge this hypothesis by analyzing the *computational complexity* of generating different explanations for various forms of GAMs across multiple contexts. Our analysis reveals a surprisingly diverse landscape of both positive and negative complexity outcomes. Particularly, under standard complexity assumptions such as P$\neq$NP, we establish several key findings: (1) in stark contrast to many other common ML models, the complexity of generating explanations for GAMs is heavily influenced by the structure of the input space; (2) the complexity of explaining GAMs varies significantly with the types of component models used - but interestingly, these differences only emerge under specific input domain settings; (3) significant complexity distinctions appear for obtaining explanations in regression tasks versus classification tasks in GAMs; and (4) expressing complex models like neural networks additively (e.g., as neural additive models) can make them easier to explain, though interestingly, this benefit appears only for certain explanation methods and input domains. Collectively, these results shed light on the feasibility of computing diverse explanations for GAMs, offering a rigorous theoretical picture of the conditions under which such computations are possible or provably hard.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.0405009388923645, -0.018804881721735, -0.013452112674713135, 0.03474634885787964, 0.03383183106780052, 0.04324522987008095, 0.01597360149025917, -0.007141469977796078, -0.04907912015914917, -0.013105127029120922, -0.020253727212548256, 0.02660813182592392, -0.06794425845146179, 0.027722233906388283, 0.0019506087992340326, 0.0711551159620285, 0.030241798609495163, -0.011835298500955105, -0.01507104653865099, 0.00008756700117373839, 0.0063344514928758144, -0.017283687368035316, 0.027624426409602165, 0.009570944122970104, 0.011366811580955982, -0.01576870307326317, 0.03379213809967041, -0.015355726704001427, -0.025220463052392006, 0.009261923842132092, 0.04305875673890114, 0.02042422629892826, 0.010152763687074184, -0.027828320860862732, -0.012390347197651863, 0.04290810599923134, -0.06081583350896835, -0.00945787038654089, -0.006084783934056759, 0.02039138227701187, -0.037536781281232834, 0.01126112136989832, -0.01426202617585659, 0.0375196598470211, -0.06338896602392197, 0.022206299006938934, -0.09881733357906342, 0.02367645874619484, -0.0012961413012817502, -0.043884534388780594, -0.09491682052612305, 0.030912568792700768, -0.009482361376285553, -0.004786345642060041, 0.006764816585928202, 0.06070464849472046, 0.02990551106631756, -0.05500183627009392, -0.001545684994198382, -0.04450681060552597, -0.06291645765304565, 0.031021995469927788, -0.009787056595087051, -0.02488202601671219, -0.005705942865461111, -0.03350799158215523, 0.005065144971013069, 0.04823976755142212, -0.04874928295612335, -0.02939421869814396, -0.0326043963432312, -0.007275217212736607, 0.0008535654051229358, 0.00416425010189414, -0.0036267719697207212, -0.024680720642209053, 0.031639277935028076, 0.024926355108618736, 0.05394021421670914, -0.012118910439312458, -0.005674837622791529, 0.02346646599471569, 0.02385874278843403, 0.022428248077630997, 0.023668862879276276, 0.004110889509320259, -0.011324179358780384, -0.051329027861356735, -0.07936157286167145, 0.0525614395737648, -0.006605998147279024, -0.060955896973609924, 0.0011561466380953789, 0.04282417148351669, 0.013316474854946136, -0.011247851885855198, 0.02229899726808071, -0.007548348046839237, 0.009174828417599201, 0.00502178817987442, -0.02687952294945717, -0.020453814417123795, 0.019198352470993996, 0.017917806282639503, -0.12682075798511505, -0.030021917074918747, 0.004594221245497465, -0.018047800287604332, 0.001138362567871809, 0.004744921810925007, -0.04436211287975311, 0.009970050305128098, -0.008667326532304287, -0.005320166703313589, -0.07985612004995346, 0.032970283180475235, -0.017323466017842293, 0.01729663833975792, 0.0027429431211203337, 0.024869538843631744, 0.07360105961561203, 0.050413016229867935, -0.04514423757791519, 0.05714298039674759, -0.021979471668601036, -0.0017975196242332458, 0.03159792348742485, 0.056827105581760406, -0.03519400954246521, -0.037320978939533234, 0.010087553411722183, 0.025642523542046547, -0.00875968299806118, 0.007443128619343042, 0.011225362308323383, -0.027187790721654892, -0.032077182084321976, 0.021862180903553963, 0.027561310678720474, -0.0021411054767668247, -0.0008000100497156382, -0.01862935908138752, 0.039611127227544785, -0.0158335343003273, 0.04612831026315689, -0.022228505462408066, -0.013504691421985626, -0.00239365641027689, -0.02003350853919983, -0.030321605503559113, 0.01883016899228096, 0.0029765109065920115, 0.008428286761045456, -0.06810767948627472, 0.03290177881717682, 0.08514776825904846, -0.00900181196630001, 0.007782027591019869, 0.0032156745437532663, 0.012712844647467136, 0.009855775162577629, -0.021688170731067657, 0.012444178573787212, 0.014322234317660332, -0.010825245641171932, -0.04272547736763954, 0.029226331040263176, 0.04161527752876282, -0.045315176248550415, -0.0035713270772248507, -0.03628578782081604, -0.030308077111840248, 0.051305219531059265, 0.002786030527204275, -0.005153818987309933, -0.014370202086865902, 0.07654738426208496, 0.02468215674161911, 0.06257227063179016, -0.011009770445525646, -0.09760944545269012, 0.0038273001555353403, -0.005382151808589697, 0.02286343090236187, 0.00792502798140049, -0.021700778976082802, 0.08715435117483139, -0.06318250298500061, 0.024000946432352066, -0.017312414944171906, -0.052430521696805954, -0.006659773178398609, 0.027276821434497833, -0.009615661576390266, 0.0658465102314949, 0.026223594322800636, -0.017588911578059196, 0.034148920327425, 0.03932606428861618, 0.029701726511120796, 0.05007961764931679, -0.02801603265106678, 0.030052348971366882, -0.011312205344438553, -0.03617105260491371, 0.012004277668893337, 0.04498686268925667, -0.060111891478300095, -0.04652760922908783, 0.0060480996035039425, 0.010865632444620132, -0.031540919095277786, 0.027620229870080948, -0.023997457697987556, 0.03605126217007637, 0.02293465845286846, 0.021702025085687637, 0.008271045982837677, 0.0017114348011091352, -0.0339277945458889, 0.016007397323846817, 0.015900196507573128, -0.018655352294445038, 0.0070471991784870625, 0.010158320888876915, 0.08160115033388138, 0.09263370931148529, -0.022103507071733475, -0.004071241710335016, 0.007184631656855345, 0.03272024169564247, 0.01993591897189617, 0.016814906150102615, -0.011822788044810295, 0.009914937429130077, -0.01355554535984993, -0.022295961156487465, -0.040696099400520325, 0.04335499554872513, -0.06482158601284027, -0.021667243912816048, 0.08302954584360123, -0.040711309760808945, 0.07947633415460587, -0.023389598354697227, 0.018790816888213158, 0.024725116789340973, -0.005570665001869202, -0.06306467205286026, -0.009233632124960423, -0.0366186685860157, -0.002652078168466687, 0.01640103943645954, 0.019364167004823685, -0.008903753012418747, -0.06812778115272522, -0.029178965836763382, -0.012142596766352654, 0.07809149473905563, 0.034304238855838776, 0.024742787703871727, 0.02500210329890251, -0.00327553553506732, -0.04650707170367241, -0.002891225041821599, -0.12007062882184982, -0.06386633217334747, -0.028358986601233482, 0.06194966286420822, -0.007158931810408831, 0.0504743792116642, -0.019374653697013855, 0.031153779476881027, -0.009748745709657669, -0.01313853356987238, -0.0025215891655534506, 0.04621260613203049, -0.011723260395228863, -0.04676638916134834, -0.008301520720124245, 0.009797805920243263, 0.08010436594486237, -0.020411191508173943, -0.016694653779268265, -0.03016720525920391, -0.06162431836128235, -0.027983156964182854, -0.05029430240392685, -0.01456753071397543, 0.028225738555192947, 0.0043364171870052814, 0.022276921197772026, -0.00400485610589385, 0.006154903210699558, 0.0454757921397686, 0.06383316963911057, 0.024633588269352913, -0.00761034432798624, 0.0037227526772767305, 0.013032244518399239, -0.017393210902810097, 0.036571476608514786, 0.008273965679109097, 0.007839198224246502, -0.015374995768070221, 0.003953845240175724, 0.0106026167050004, 0.009868615306913853, -0.2930799722671509, -0.018559284508228302, 0.015486898832023144, -0.03375280648469925, 0.00963264424353838, -0.017161734402179718, 0.055203069001436234, -0.00010737703269114718, -0.014113122597336769, 0.00028242453117854893, 0.017856977880001068, 0.003354613669216633, 0.003406862961128354, 0.05747540667653084, 0.036555010825395584, 0.04524438828229904, 0.0016332672676071525, -0.007765982300043106, -0.01123680267482996, 0.04034516215324402, -0.006198577117174864, -0.06031922996044159, -0.02297259494662285, 0.05781510844826698, 0.01026034913957119, 0.03982365131378174, -0.05580930411815643, -0.021220380440354347, -0.06763721257448196, -0.0005583926104009151, -0.01388760469853878, -0.05475044623017311, -0.02550283633172512, 0.057775452733039856, 0.005087700206786394, -0.005000618752092123, 0.02272995188832283, 0.011171367950737476, -0.0018308641156181693, 0.02474764548242092, 0.017143143340945244, -0.007134552579373121, 0.006453183013945818, -0.005412557162344456, 0.06804097443819046, -0.0020384173840284348, -0.01634962670505047, -0.0036745776887983084, -0.020267046988010406, 0.03672382980585098, -0.004404418636113405, -0.020177042111754417, -0.01724960282444954, 0.007259948644787073, 0.014652464538812637, -0.01145994197577238, 0.02350510098040104, -0.05935303494334221, -0.023049643263220787, 0.006263431161642075, 0.0013633029302582145, -0.04539011791348457, -0.000776610744651407, -0.04622650891542435, -0.019676903262734413, -0.027682773768901825, -0.08455517888069153, -0.07345059514045715, 0.054618630558252335, 0.03193766251206398, 0.0025091052521020174, 0.009589381515979767, -0.00587459234520793, -0.0821179747581482, 0.00044677170808427036, -0.016784625127911568, 0.00408478919416666, -0.0037027711514383554, 0.019861117005348206, 0.03214699402451515, -0.05077601596713066, -0.04402222856879234, 0.010496243834495544, -0.001771789276972413, 0.0639408603310585, -0.0035722351167351007, 0.0077528017573058605, -0.002973272232338786, -0.058606699109077454, -0.008197504095733166, 0.012971523217856884, 0.027062097564339638, 0.0390009842813015, -0.00599971367046237, 0.04939711466431618, 0.023920254781842232, 0.04325578734278679, 0.04248039796948433, 0.047152742743492126, 0.0030132110696285963, 0.040492601692676544, -0.0672360435128212, -0.025915149599313736, -0.014914811588823795, -0.046369776129722595, 0.0068633342161774635, -0.04391488432884216, -0.0172859076410532, 0.04544525966048241, -0.03701568767428398, -0.0020860405638813972, -0.053132906556129456, -0.013262126594781876, -0.024033965542912483, -0.010228612460196018, -0.006793155800551176, -0.026684585958719254, 0.025291280820965767, 0.035365670919418335, -0.009507568553090096, -0.01649574376642704, 0.04956021532416344, -0.02303878217935562, 0.018479960039258003, -0.009565348736941814, 0.005384128075093031, -0.012531870976090431, -0.0223148912191391, 0.0018005924066528678, -0.0011569892521947622, 0.027318567037582397, 0.022308550775051117, 0.0004215169174131006, -0.015396489761769772, 0.04672776535153389, 0.02391640841960907, -0.009274124167859554, 0.012350741773843765, -0.012039228342473507, -0.04433949291706085, 0.03293119743466377, 0.0024125021882355213, 0.0400548093020916, 0.008593469858169556, 0.024154510349035263, 0.007086517754942179, 0.01368019450455904, 0.01122306939214468, 0.0013435044093057513, -0.048958659172058105, 0.04702989384531975, -0.04200315102934837, 0.005658586975187063, -0.04906170442700386, 0.0016388562507927418, -0.0030085176695138216, 0.034333452582359314, -0.005975629668682814, -0.005851007532328367, -0.08685307949781418, 0.06870408356189728, 0.00806176383048296, -0.02246960811316967, -0.034338437020778656, 0.01595105417072773, 0.07146832346916199, -0.014599061571061611, 0.004480937961488962, 0.02373124100267887, 0.04765887185931206, 0.02679234929382801, 0.0003835290262941271, -0.021211674436926842, -0.01263592578470707, -0.010529766790568829, -0.03086775355041027, 0.0118727320805192, -0.02235831879079342, -0.0333123654127121, 0.028408845886588097, -0.012418852187693119, -0.03469308838248253, 0.001329482183791697, 0.005429595243185759, 0.07411877810955048, 0.04299464076757431, 0.020491722971200943, 0.00811067596077919, -0.034954436123371124, 0.04089569300413132, -0.016199907287955284, 0.018559496849775314, 0.006189275532960892, -0.029908189550042152, -0.032850928604602814, -0.032619085162878036, -0.00006394521915353835, 0.03044995106756687, -0.005375710781663656, -0.00687360018491745, 0.01809064671397209, -0.00023703271290287375, -0.034915387630462646, 0.002917607082054019, 0.03446856513619423, -0.07679924368858337, 0.02946753054857254, 0.041221462190151215, -0.0031747862230986357, 0.005969384219497442, -0.01195494644343853, -0.008121439255774021, -0.08480847626924515, -0.019176747649908066, 0.02416754886507988, 0.017652172595262527, -0.018092593178153038, -0.0013085465179756284, 0.01667352393269539, 0.01668914593756199, 0.0037094373255968094, -0.006497652735561132, 0.015862874686717987, -0.030395470559597015, 0.003715161234140396, 0.04319049417972565, 0.01864057593047619, 0.005704422947019339, -0.012257133610546589, -0.04862107336521149, 0.026478910818696022, -0.02630802057683468, -0.021059446036815643, 0.05920741334557533, -0.00548321520909667, -0.014782282523810863, -0.016714951023459435, 0.038407858461141586, -0.012574741616845131, -0.006290005054324865, -0.025621652603149414, 0.0037819386925548315, -0.0270828939974308, 0.019277770072221756, 0.030092362314462662, 0.019627518951892853, -0.0035647389013320208, 0.00025828578509390354, -0.03513246774673462, 0.00059268664335832, -0.010943557135760784, 0.01253809779882431, -0.04618491232395172, -0.011804702691733837, 0.06748232245445251, -0.037771355360746384, -0.02876587025821209, -0.04551410675048828, -0.01516735926270485, 0.027845850214362144, -0.017335107550024986, 0.026813043281435966, -0.00849685724824667, 0.05463666096329689, 0.011483320035040379, 0.06196733936667442, 0.006182253826409578, 0.0027091079391539097, 0.04969731718301773, -0.05791948363184929, -0.011199179105460644, -0.06973319500684738, -0.011399494484066963, 0.05920157954096794, -0.02882295846939087, -0.011577156372368336, 0.004070075694471598, -0.03359990566968918, 0.04683878645300865, -0.03392477333545685, -0.04612437263131142, 0.023094289004802704, -0.010837573558092117, -0.011633757501840591, 0.012770921923220158, -0.06528537720441818, -0.025717345997691154, -0.011801027692854404, -0.06162324920296669, -0.003642587922513485, 0.02258734218776226, 0.041448429226875305, -0.004339056089520454, 0.0012461502337828279, 0.0036580353043973446, 0.012289617210626602, 0.019554952159523964, 0.07033219933509827, 0.030835401266813278, 0.018741171807050705, -0.052182700484991074, 0.06366164982318878, 0.006630219519138336, 0.018441516906023026, -0.03642915561795235, 0.025450842455029488, -0.02301759645342827, -0.07487405091524124, 0.027796011418104172, -0.006804748438298702, -0.020020175725221634, -0.05612534284591675, 0.04993193596601486, 0.033572692424058914, -0.027774374932050705, -0.024187063798308372, 0.029470518231391907, -0.0816454067826271, 0.025101587176322937, 0.017886502668261528, -0.005026139784604311, -0.00009632905857870355, 0.057328563183546066, -0.002492607571184635, 0.04107702523469925, 0.06729558110237122, 0.01197151280939579, -0.014946402050554752, 0.009370652958750725, 0.0559757724404335, 0.05715693533420563, 0.03662440925836563, 0.021349985152482986, 0.05785193294286728, -0.021775556728243828, -0.040052857249975204, -0.009906203486025333, 0.013170056976377964, -0.014315965585410595, -0.025726312771439552, 0.03296764940023422, 0.047216273844242096, 0.020672252401709557, 0.07620333880186081, -0.03513989597558975, 0.009153817780315876, 0.05342128500342369, -0.011717073619365692, -0.013232757337391376, 0.053786199539899826, 0.03701438009738922, -0.012180323712527752, -0.017789755016565323, -0.03575989603996277, -0.03705029934644699, -0.015067961998283863, 0.016179528087377548, 0.027300503104925156, -0.00021358259255066514, 0.018728334456682205, 0.01221394445747137, 0.049444131553173065, 0.112821064889431, -0.03704017028212547, -0.005503397434949875, 0.013684201054275036, 0.04174617677927017, 0.0024980176240205765, 0.04927493631839752, 0.017505353316664696, -0.03285108506679535, -0.03399910032749176, -0.03773054480552673, 0.024279724806547165, 0.02364477328956127, 0.02111375890672207, 0.018458779901266098, -0.02806347794830799, -0.04720717668533325, 0.0014535636873915792, 0.036596301943063736, -0.021488195285201073, -0.05202753096818924, -0.0343390591442585, -0.026847144588828087, -0.06682088971138, -0.03188465163111687, 0.04241098463535309, -0.041865456849336624, -0.0277831070125103, 0.022863175719976425, 0.01022623386234045, 0.007453215774148703, 0.02864038571715355, -0.06363100558519363, -0.004895977675914764, 0.046026378870010376, 0.019483257085084915, 0.00759184081107378, 0.03635173663496971, 0.03533797711133957, -0.019108302891254425, -0.011724868789315224, 0.02711375243961811, -0.00030449999030679464, 0.010016893967986107, 0.0013864509528502822, -0.022109948098659515, -0.09015434235334396, 0.006924618501216173, 0.004910448100417852, -0.058375075459480286, -0.08777820318937302, 0.041080109775066376, 0.0062681687995791435, 0.0033699464984238148, 0.07927371561527252, 0.023965533822774887, 0.00650539668276906, -0.05278507620096207, -0.008099306374788284, 0.00003875340917147696, 0.024290163069963455, 0.05026176944375038, -0.012277424335479736, 0.037791259586811066, 0.05498627945780754, -0.026133056730031967, -0.023177819326519966, 0.019076041877269745, -0.03988412395119667, 0.017247673124074936, -0.04955688491463661, -0.050128594040870667, -0.04468194395303726, -0.11422446370124817, -0.01453451532870531, 0.004259494598954916, -0.0137196509167552, -0.015397664159536362, -0.01624881848692894, -0.03135114535689354, 0.008565920405089855, -0.00898421835154295, -0.022517140954732895, -0.00677291676402092, -0.0401482917368412, -0.04017673805356026, -0.07525842636823654, 0.0164277795702219, 0.01265199389308691, -0.012034769169986248, -0.05214350298047066, -0.0634971410036087, -0.015212765894830227, -0.01280282437801361, 0.04000626504421234, -0.007238207850605249, 0.048038382083177567, 0.004289206583052874 ]
5,188
Reasoning as an Adaptive Defense for Safety
[ "Taeyoun Kim", "Fahim Tajwar", "Aditi Raghunathan", "Aviral Kumar" ]
Reasoning methods that adaptively allocate test-time compute have advanced LLM performance in math and code. We study how we can utilize this framework to train models that are robust to safety vulnerabilities. We build a recipe called $\textit{\textbf{TARS}}$ (Training Adaptive Reasoners for Safety), a reinforcement learning (RL) approach that trains models to reason about safety using Chain-of-Thought traces and a reward signal that balances safety with task completion. When building TARS, we identify three critical design choices: (1) a premature SFT training stage, (2) a mix of harmful, harmless, and ambiguous prompts to prevent shortcut behaviors such as over-refusal, and (3) a reward function to prevent an absence of reasoning. Models trained with TARS exhibit adaptive behaviors and spend more compute on ambiguous queries, achieve better safety-refusal trade-offs, internally learn to better distinguish between safe and unsafe prompts, and attain greater robustness to both white-box (e.g., GCG) and black-box attacks (e.g., PAIR). We find that TARS also preserves general reasoning capabilities (e.g., on math benchmarks) despite minimal exposure on such data. Overall, our work provides a principled and open recipe for LLMs for safety through adaptive reasoning.
poster
2507.00971
null
null
[]
[ "CMU-AIRe/TARS-1.5B", "danielkty22/TARS-SFT-1.5B" ]
[]
[ -0.011931882239878178, 0.006777407135814428, -0.029361175373196602, 0.06496120244264603, 0.05456716567277908, 0.010096695274114609, 0.03266700357198715, -0.013892092742025852, -0.0073130629025399685, -0.023814653977751732, -0.03785267099738121, 0.05330783501267433, -0.06995043158531189, -0.006818232126533985, -0.01993469148874283, 0.04080731421709061, 0.011904200538992882, -0.009684951975941658, 0.014608176425099373, -0.011878514662384987, -0.015433535911142826, -0.012167530134320259, 0.021043559536337852, 0.017733726650476456, 0.06498458236455917, 0.02859421819448471, 0.026704898104071617, 0.01825711317360401, -0.008233376778662205, 0.01563112437725067, 0.04702487960457802, 0.016975903883576393, -0.004206279758363962, -0.04145342856645584, 0.0008142832666635513, 0.023607077077031136, -0.03379353508353233, 0.02263789251446724, 0.00022932591673452407, 0.031523264944553375, -0.03302616998553276, 0.05051598325371742, -0.0023620747961103916, -0.003686249256134033, -0.04646586999297142, 0.01680571772158146, -0.07230406254529953, 0.007489415351301432, 0.018827855587005615, -0.025059906765818596, -0.1063811406493187, 0.061248522251844406, -0.021484997123479843, -0.014787949621677399, 0.01051811221987009, 0.02154918760061264, 0.057831648737192154, -0.09427089244127274, 0.01868804171681404, -0.06895234435796738, -0.05320911854505539, 0.03211221098899841, 0.02422468177974224, -0.00007401862239930779, -0.019971346482634544, -0.031033668667078018, 0.0029565126169472933, 0.037871330976486206, -0.04852550849318504, -0.00047142012044787407, -0.03068770095705986, -0.01226549968123436, -0.01653391122817993, 0.0030195016879588366, -0.01400144025683403, -0.02956777811050415, 0.029611440375447273, 0.021952316164970398, 0.036809440702199936, -0.005568242631852627, 0.018073171377182007, 0.021146181970834732, 0.015196733176708221, 0.03761744871735573, 0.05762911215424538, 0.007821150124073029, -0.031651854515075684, -0.023309826850891113, -0.06869029253721237, 0.034676093608140945, 0.004941105842590332, -0.031494058668613434, -0.001577648683451116, 0.026938030496239662, 0.014730371534824371, -0.002533126389607787, 0.0006890422664582729, 0.008783077821135521, 0.015004526823759079, 0.002248514909297228, -0.029286302626132965, -0.03567924350500107, 0.022236712276935577, -0.015346555039286613, -0.12036659568548203, 0.02818152867257595, -0.024453818798065186, -0.04268518090248108, -0.0013032607967033982, 0.009428589604794979, -0.023599836975336075, 0.006975413300096989, 0.041060321033000946, -0.02258368209004402, -0.08583122491836548, 0.038630206137895584, 0.01621898077428341, 0.04033029451966286, 0.0010180980898439884, -0.0013149211881682277, 0.043252233415842056, 0.017427587881684303, -0.03336026147007942, 0.062050752341747284, 0.011302795261144638, 0.004583537112921476, -0.015579394064843655, 0.03514593467116356, 0.004788744729012251, -0.03230037912726402, 0.021892530843615532, 0.04910371080040932, -0.012391985394060612, 0.006211926694959402, -0.03235563635826111, 0.058281075209379196, -0.024743366986513138, 0.008139220997691154, 0.01872004196047783, -0.0036608916707336903, 0.004377261735498905, -0.029973095282912254, 0.08204127103090286, -0.035304538905620575, 0.06293842196464539, -0.019620975479483604, 0.011570136994123459, -0.0034598533529788256, -0.0055540697649121284, -0.01780068129301071, 0.003244214691221714, -0.022082412615418434, -0.026111841201782227, -0.0716814175248146, 0.017742140218615532, 0.05066357180476189, 0.05108930170536041, 0.011941002681851387, -0.012203915044665337, -0.0008118796395137906, -0.00796939805150032, -0.03504013270139694, -0.05324779078364372, 0.0011014648480340838, -0.014084940776228905, -0.06127724051475525, 0.008017145097255707, 0.01681061089038849, -0.013979790732264519, 0.02109544165432453, -0.04553074389696121, -0.017097515985369682, 0.04902378097176552, -0.027221204712986946, 0.005324907600879669, -0.010564836673438549, 0.08195154368877411, -0.03819328546524048, 0.05860796570777893, 0.011921614408493042, -0.06761687248945236, 0.005981842055916786, -0.019992493093013763, 0.030478060245513916, -0.013436293229460716, -0.019672155380249023, 0.09372241050004959, -0.05073258653283119, 0.027185911312699318, 0.007531666196882725, -0.09903839230537415, -0.011430115438997746, 0.04694923013448715, -0.02100326120853424, 0.06645527482032776, 0.008384812623262405, 0.006089895963668823, 0.03279513493180275, 0.008554866537451744, 0.06751412153244019, 0.06416532397270203, 0.0014934532810002565, 0.06734249740839005, -0.018825996667146683, -0.02953929640352726, 0.02662944421172142, 0.041261859238147736, -0.040683913975954056, -0.048791855573654175, 0.020354891195893288, 0.00700451759621501, 0.026659535244107246, 0.01566903665661812, 0.0037962126079946756, -0.002307841321453452, -0.027027910575270653, -0.02354453131556511, -0.012344084680080414, 0.033672451972961426, -0.057991448789834976, 0.014113104902207851, -0.002296233316883445, -0.013335769064724445, 0.011394750326871872, -0.039859332144260406, 0.0831206813454628, 0.060037627816200256, -0.039888810366392136, 0.0018358122324571013, 0.030170755460858345, -0.021156523376703262, -0.004068432841449976, -0.00019815211999230087, -0.03589531406760216, 0.021727697923779488, -0.005234238691627979, 0.006912679877132177, -0.008671748451888561, 0.04782472923398018, -0.04806099832057953, 0.007625435013324022, 0.07067995518445969, -0.011291933245956898, 0.05411198362708092, -0.012162713333964348, -0.0005026716971769929, 0.04741234332323074, 0.0017116976669058204, 0.0019507427932694554, -0.03218485787510872, -0.02333798073232174, -0.007466024719178677, 0.025675857439637184, -0.011191201396286488, -0.013262476772069931, -0.06962662190198898, -0.008942530490458012, -0.004190624691545963, 0.07103798538446426, 0.040891408920288086, 0.0031799152493476868, 0.012980341911315918, 0.009764363057911396, -0.014502299949526787, 0.011140359565615654, -0.11467493325471878, -0.030487990006804466, 0.030193647369742393, 0.02911248989403248, 0.03409871831536293, 0.02701214700937271, -0.022568354383111, 0.04924524202942848, -0.002695715520530939, -0.03928839787840843, 0.014510173350572586, 0.014207951724529266, 0.020800620317459106, -0.03446044400334358, 0.006085724104195833, 0.02880512923002243, 0.05369650945067406, -0.019824357703328133, 0.004889355041086674, 0.009615871123969555, -0.004604127258062363, 0.0016164726112037897, -0.08228185027837753, -0.05505548417568207, 0.03384823724627495, 0.029870644211769104, 0.012906163930892944, -0.01569722220301628, 0.03966273367404938, 0.03975020721554756, 0.056430235505104065, 0.028270114213228226, -0.0020467692520469427, -0.003361613256856799, 0.025236882269382477, -0.0011279303580522537, 0.013422997668385506, -0.022651899605989456, 0.041832759976387024, -0.011464089155197144, 0.007924201898276806, -0.0065729254856705666, 0.014518490061163902, -0.28223729133605957, -0.027209274470806122, 0.029016707092523575, -0.0045246840454638, 0.022145679220557213, 0.018079718574881554, 0.06095365434885025, -0.025801008567214012, -0.036557432264089584, 0.002052988624200225, 0.03749816492199898, 0.019163047894835472, 0.06437283754348755, 0.041405387222766876, 0.05435056984424591, 0.026731986552476883, -0.025537198409438133, -0.033746328204870224, 0.005846587475389242, 0.009316164068877697, -0.0006161811179481447, -0.0781266912817955, -0.0353427492082119, 0.009253124706447124, -0.005568755324929953, 0.04452933743596077, -0.07265886664390564, 0.02805498242378235, -0.025840524584054947, -0.026159057393670082, -0.023087894544005394, -0.02388724312186241, -0.007512069307267666, 0.00330588361248374, 0.016014497727155685, 0.035259656608104706, 0.028959274291992188, -0.03421920910477638, 0.04119301959872246, 0.0405222624540329, -0.006242189556360245, -0.04371558874845505, -0.002029539318755269, 0.036067891865968704, 0.04865723475813866, 0.004766570404171944, -0.055309414863586426, -0.011947124265134335, 0.0010912258876487613, 0.024144360795617104, -0.019213814288377762, -0.03329835459589958, -0.012596533633768559, -0.007131123449653387, -0.008523194119334221, -0.017118796706199646, -0.002076681237667799, -0.026745671406388283, -0.016528058797121048, 0.018043652176856995, 0.0272873155772686, -0.033641837537288666, -0.0109562361612916, -0.030058518052101135, -0.005688817240297794, -0.029086647555232048, -0.05255072936415672, -0.0647628903388977, 0.04659706726670265, 0.018920643255114555, -0.01234959252178669, 0.01880227029323578, -0.002913817297667265, -0.10853554308414459, 0.00484572583809495, 0.020664213225245476, -0.025597678497433662, -0.032776106148958206, 0.030395375564694405, 0.04172791913151741, -0.022715896368026733, -0.030783770605921745, -0.016652483493089676, -0.01013936661183834, 0.04353470355272293, 0.016593191772699356, 0.026025991886854172, -0.04363284260034561, -0.006733711343258619, -0.02690337598323822, 0.043507274240255356, 0.03637094795703888, 0.01754721626639366, 0.00867776945233345, 0.06424599885940552, 0.029758136719465256, 0.03229391947388649, 0.03941090404987335, 0.054958444088697433, -0.005392818711698055, -0.0068198987282812595, -0.06826333701610565, 0.03434520587325096, -0.04298439249396324, -0.032436467707157135, -0.003138443687930703, -0.01780765689909458, 0.01518341526389122, 0.029292786493897438, -0.019681256264448166, -0.03123021125793457, -0.033186957240104675, 0.007224615663290024, -0.025450346991419792, -0.007984636351466179, 0.005342062562704086, -0.011374014429748058, 0.017987962812185287, 0.014786171726882458, -0.026430640369653702, -0.04677729681134224, 0.028640031814575195, -0.013647918589413166, 0.01614481955766678, -0.0033471782226115465, -0.028664028272032738, 0.021157098934054375, 0.00004541814269032329, 0.012255175970494747, -0.013912307098507881, 0.019608747214078903, 0.03038637712597847, 0.0071490160189569, 0.022884884849190712, 0.04327022656798363, -0.03353442996740341, -0.029075128957629204, 0.0034278524108231068, 0.025095384567975998, -0.03354579955339432, -0.011757981963455677, 0.00827876292169094, 0.06502196192741394, -0.003691886318847537, 0.009701216593384743, 0.0056429049000144005, 0.012435081414878368, -0.008532674051821232, 0.022854579612612724, -0.004464020952582359, 0.025688176974654198, -0.05411636829376221, 0.025314347818493843, -0.03587045893073082, 0.01578681170940399, -0.016428664326667786, 0.02887025475502014, -0.028666488826274872, 0.013751700520515442, -0.05073884502053261, 0.034126270562410355, 0.0038354871794581413, -0.027392402291297913, -0.030739279463887215, 0.029626404866576195, 0.0845128521323204, -0.05301353707909584, -0.03733501210808754, -0.029296614229679108, -0.02438143827021122, -0.031095482409000397, -0.04593604430556297, -0.02455936372280121, 0.00934141781181097, -0.019455909729003906, 0.009996101260185242, 0.016275998204946518, -0.05658690258860588, -0.04296151548624039, -0.0019836837891489267, -0.010278700850903988, -0.01155164185911417, -0.016160964965820312, -0.016323842108249664, 0.07546865195035934, -0.011113855056464672, 0.01108907163143158, -0.005913358181715012, -0.030475184321403503, 0.0011174943065270782, -0.009561752900481224, 0.0009815942030400038, -0.02517910860478878, -0.016334431245923042, -0.03104313462972641, -0.04715309292078018, 0.012844574637711048, 0.009237145073711872, 0.018520710989832878, -0.01859784685075283, -0.007412213832139969, 0.0065527246333658695, -0.02221769094467163, 0.005549644585698843, 0.014569452032446861, -0.043736781924963, 0.012241866439580917, 0.06827888637781143, 0.033229611814022064, 0.02854411117732525, -0.06780955195426941, -0.03588995337486267, -0.02601006254553795, -0.022832507267594337, 0.029978254809975624, -0.016465935856103897, -0.02719971537590027, 0.007814733311533928, -0.03180241212248802, -0.012580565176904202, 0.026395341381430626, -0.016094952821731567, 0.0054190694354474545, -0.013428584672510624, 0.0024047663901001215, 0.0425131618976593, -0.02557954005897045, -0.04247475415468216, 0.03031115047633648, -0.03228302672505379, -0.004516298417001963, -0.027818851172924042, 0.026221198961138725, 0.010339921340346336, -0.002966193947941065, -0.013687198050320148, -0.031589753925800323, 0.039510518312454224, -0.04099871963262558, -0.033447444438934326, -0.013580281287431717, -0.029785996302962303, 0.015174946747720242, 0.0004139379598200321, 0.0034463838674128056, 0.029751639813184738, 0.004936083685606718, 0.0198193471878767, 0.02056431770324707, 0.004810649901628494, -0.0006367850000970066, 0.007678948808461428, -0.027799459174275398, 0.00240838504396379, 0.05870863050222397, -0.03350664675235748, -0.0026814390439540148, -0.07980405539274216, -0.010094504803419113, 0.02125115506350994, -0.033898625522851944, 0.0184117890894413, -0.048441700637340546, 0.035720039159059525, -0.023416006937623024, 0.06690452247858047, 0.03185740113258362, -0.053055305033922195, 0.0488923080265522, -0.07921530306339264, -0.0003768069145735353, -0.0514039471745491, 0.05516120046377182, 0.05603403598070145, -0.07294908165931702, -0.006378122139722109, 0.009114410728216171, -0.04700963571667671, 0.024608677253127098, 0.0010136878117918968, -0.049214720726013184, 0.019340889528393745, -0.006515737622976303, -0.04075617715716362, 0.043960534036159515, -0.029284322634339333, -0.021627919748425484, -0.0054126945324242115, -0.033783406019210815, 0.033982619643211365, -0.02083871327340603, 0.04068586230278015, -0.014850337989628315, 0.004971107468008995, -0.03410721197724342, -0.014924196526408195, 0.009326119907200336, 0.06050466373562813, 0.03896889090538025, 0.0411783903837204, -0.02953552082180977, 0.0673515647649765, 0.033757682889699936, 0.055526427924633026, 0.025941021740436554, 0.01642998307943344, -0.003752252785488963, -0.045673321932554245, 0.0700254738330841, 0.0011174416868016124, -0.04422933608293533, -0.06398960947990417, 0.07176555693149567, 0.023210512474179268, -0.063511423766613, -0.013714451342821121, 0.0009496636921539903, -0.07020621001720428, -0.024789294227957726, 0.009716223925352097, -0.016730384901165962, 0.009724646806716919, 0.07967977225780487, -0.023463156074285507, 0.05800638720393181, 0.06753704696893692, 0.033185169100761414, -0.03958133980631828, -0.02054314874112606, 0.04523427039384842, 0.05630653351545334, 0.06604145467281342, -0.011637159623205662, 0.06432786583900452, -0.06441976130008698, -0.047388363629579544, 0.014704075641930103, -0.004674964118748903, -0.011528033763170242, -0.04437439516186714, 0.05845704674720764, 0.032393425703048706, -0.012247663922607899, 0.06472678482532501, -0.060536786913871765, 0.013273506425321102, 0.06880803406238556, 0.018581023439764977, 0.0069878241047263145, 0.059906844049692154, 0.011770322918891907, -0.02000819705426693, -0.009427044540643692, -0.04595523700118065, 0.004533172119408846, -0.01357310637831688, 0.005715860985219479, -0.015613006427884102, -0.004742157645523548, 0.012935086153447628, 0.010617861524224281, 0.042908839881420135, 0.11411892622709274, -0.050378359854221344, -0.023906109854578972, 0.027349911630153656, 0.015570069663226604, -0.012041589245200157, 0.02268940396606922, 0.017109235748648643, -0.017732614651322365, 0.0007053226581774652, -0.04574234038591385, 0.012012111023068428, 0.02807297557592392, -0.014035575091838837, 0.046212807297706604, -0.012571919709444046, -0.04963665455579758, 0.03754005208611488, -0.0014318894827738404, -0.010370383970439434, -0.05495981499552727, -0.032199252396821976, -0.019289806485176086, -0.034794650971889496, -0.04189802333712578, 0.0029296129941940308, -0.008203216828405857, -0.03439774736762047, 0.008941886946558952, -0.02793535217642784, 0.016855813562870026, -0.0023134113289415836, -0.0440322645008564, -0.009848537854850292, 0.06207764893770218, -0.004269495140761137, -0.012526705861091614, 0.044642794877290726, 0.014170772396028042, -0.004158180207014084, -0.013767874799668789, 0.000273969053523615, -0.006859227549284697, -0.019882461056113243, 0.02279079146683216, -0.02304164692759514, -0.0734865739941597, -0.018805895000696182, 0.015540843829512596, -0.008135361596941948, -0.06539441645145416, 0.015439610928297043, -0.0675780326128006, 0.008280617184937, 0.1021861806511879, 0.02992766536772251, 0.03187587857246399, -0.022911187261343002, -0.002652151510119438, 0.03285972401499748, 0.042072951793670654, 0.033799588680267334, -0.03559550642967224, 0.048666566610336304, 0.03272043913602829, -0.04366444796323776, -0.04227769374847412, 0.024704571813344955, 0.0055661736987531185, -0.025151599198579788, -0.007155784405767918, -0.04113401472568512, -0.013895452953875065, -0.11350057274103165, -0.006880020257085562, 0.001058343332260847, 0.014836311340332031, -0.02929239347577095, 0.007041674107313156, -0.006236092187464237, -0.04543641582131386, -0.01626722887158394, -0.06289565563201904, 0.013574903830885887, -0.05325073376297951, -0.03874264284968376, -0.04237915575504303, 0.0452926866710186, -0.016522390767931938, 0.015998415648937225, -0.04961211606860161, -0.05093061178922653, 0.004233980551362038, -0.0042719594202935696, 0.039402835071086884, 0.02209676243364811, 0.0019721316639333963, -0.002489956561475992 ]
5,189
ChunkKV: Semantic-Preserving KV Cache Compression for Efficient Long-Context LLM Inference
[ "Xiang Liu", "Zhenheng Tang", "Peijie Dong", "Zeyu Li", "Liuyue", "Bo Li", "Xuming Hu", "Xiaowen Chu" ]
Large Language Models (LLMs) require significant GPU memory when processing long texts, with the key value (KV) cache consuming up to 70\% of total memory during inference. Although existing compression methods reduce memory by evaluating the importance of individual tokens, they overlook critical semantic relationships between tokens, resulting in fragmented context and degraded performance. We introduce ChunkKV, which fundamentally reimagines KV cache compression by treating semantic chunks - rather than isolated tokens - as basic compression units. This approach preserves complete linguistic structures and contextual integrity, ensuring that essential meaning is retained even under aggressive compression. Our innovation includes a novel layer-wise index reuse technique that exploits the higher cross-layer similarity of preserved indices in ChunkKV, reducing computational overhead and improving throughput by 26.5\%. Comprehensive evaluations on challenging benchmarks: LongBench, Needle-In-A-HayStack, GSM8K, and JailbreakV demonstrate that ChunkKV outperforms state-of-the-art methods by up to 8.7\% in precision while maintaining the same compression ratio. These results confirm that semantic-aware compression significantly enhances both efficiency and performance for long-context LLM inference, providing a simple yet effective solution to the memory bottleneck problem.
poster
2502.00299
https://github.com/NVIDIA/kvpress
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.01908869296312332, -0.05189656466245651, -0.024479586631059647, 0.016802659258246422, 0.02743440307676792, 0.043994348496198654, 0.010696896351873875, 0.017960231751203537, -0.01582096517086029, -0.007351448759436607, -0.021729161962866783, -0.003618032205849886, -0.03808993846178055, 0.011530271731317043, 0.02049078792333603, 0.056905053555965424, 0.02727641351521015, -0.019107237458229065, 0.045684922486543655, 0.019074784591794014, 0.03550603985786438, -0.004257563967257738, 0.036966148763895035, 0.03473907709121704, 0.037203121930360794, 0.024493198841810226, -0.0005332159926183522, 0.02061268500983715, -0.03343276306986809, 0.00911185797303915, 0.021179836243391037, 0.02359771355986595, 0.009538075886666775, 0.014891847036778927, 0.017560500651597977, 0.008833829313516617, -0.055633269250392914, -0.011417041532695293, 0.011542942374944687, 0.013565713539719582, -0.001697028405033052, 0.016454307362437248, 0.025815023109316826, 0.020891007035970688, -0.04899901524186134, -0.0008897627703845501, -0.08196147531270981, 0.022693146020174026, -0.030133232474327087, -0.02330952137708664, -0.08936505019664764, 0.01964421384036541, 0.006214332766830921, -0.0058367266319692135, 0.018877876922488213, 0.04170036315917969, 0.04073883965611458, -0.09089430421590805, 0.012576264329254627, -0.013921685516834259, -0.06018118932843208, -0.02087934873998165, 0.022995615378022194, 0.016266319900751114, -0.005600322037935257, -0.023341255262494087, -0.01898721605539322, 0.017191864550113678, -0.08252795785665512, -0.08746413886547089, -0.0016001781914383173, 0.03221600502729416, -0.01336514763534069, -0.004715482238680124, 0.002699256641790271, -0.03272022306919098, 0.005854012910276651, 0.02346978150308132, 0.07763659954071045, 0.03132413700222969, -0.005498766899108887, 0.0197891928255558, -0.015840737149119377, 0.06796690821647644, 0.009763343259692192, 0.011221368797123432, -0.03723003342747688, -0.03946429118514061, -0.08332443982362747, 0.03694593161344528, -0.023248249664902687, -0.029664168134331703, 0.02462880313396454, 0.01737765036523342, -0.036387596279382706, 0.019403116777539253, 0.019580857828259468, 0.038552090525627136, 0.01376684196293354, -0.014768055640161037, -0.010286367498338223, -0.03340139985084534, 0.006865887437015772, -0.005562061909586191, -0.11857668310403824, -0.007302111480385065, -0.06876882165670395, -0.010023352690041065, 0.002735754707828164, -0.045529209077358246, 0.005273036193102598, -0.025516806170344353, 0.020916199311614037, -0.004010425880551338, -0.0586191788315773, 0.024292150512337685, 0.008401477709412575, 0.00146727345418185, -0.003527377499267459, 0.016293181106448174, 0.03161804378032684, 0.0716170147061348, 0.02422351762652397, 0.0859670639038086, 0.0003455645346548408, 0.01493237167596817, 0.018571607768535614, 0.02908623404800892, -0.011900709010660648, -0.04672187939286232, 0.024375787004828453, 0.03413417935371399, 0.009482822380959988, -0.011948238126933575, 0.006865764036774635, 0.013036184944212437, 0.03168470785021782, 0.025796853005886078, 0.06247083470225334, -0.025087205693125725, 0.007251071743667126, -0.046809662133455276, 0.04584074765443802, -0.03115476481616497, 0.07753346860408783, 0.01553634274750948, -0.022399410605430603, -0.02098836377263069, -0.01938769407570362, 0.007633659057319164, 0.007018012460321188, 0.0034161265939474106, -0.007385063450783491, -0.042831238359212875, 0.03442118689417839, 0.03815266117453575, -0.014044567942619324, -0.013458640314638615, 0.021093061193823814, 0.035266436636447906, 0.005404753610491753, -0.007754966150969267, -0.06846541911363602, 0.0062669008038938046, -0.01469344925135374, -0.05209013819694519, 0.04681912809610367, 0.017139628529548645, -0.04436008259654045, -0.0011030398309230804, -0.009454500861465931, -0.014827399514615536, 0.07871599495410919, -0.03188261017203331, -0.022813109681010246, -0.004141351208090782, 0.058343760669231415, -0.013978426344692707, 0.05306561291217804, 0.01629933901131153, -0.060567405074834824, 0.004936560522764921, 0.01410519890487194, -0.011122356168925762, -0.0310553889721632, 0.013781645335257053, 0.09196647256612778, -0.026554914191365242, -0.016252337023615837, -0.0057702502235770226, -0.10517940670251846, -0.012431629933416843, -0.012791357934474945, 0.007566263899207115, 0.08090391010046005, -0.026403112336993217, 0.021482957527041435, 0.014567099511623383, 0.03197336941957474, 0.03154334798455238, 0.03413400426506996, -0.0013999907532706857, 0.040513232350349426, -0.039066776633262634, -0.04687461256980896, 0.005489761475473642, 0.034375280141830444, -0.034368470311164856, -0.06623920798301697, -0.0049258386716246605, -0.004698348231613636, 0.0023955360520631075, 0.03473709151148796, 0.003395129693672061, -0.02085910737514496, -0.023063289001584053, -0.01603263057768345, 0.014331459067761898, 0.03548945114016533, -0.04739111661911011, 0.04424401372671127, 0.011987680569291115, -0.017666514962911606, 0.007547386456280947, -0.04187590628862381, 0.10748102515935898, 0.04501156508922577, -0.030677838250994682, 0.02828546240925789, 0.005800691433250904, -0.005930088926106691, -0.04587714746594429, 0.0018013952067121863, -0.04588937386870384, -0.007187847979366779, -0.023004679009318352, 0.00420073326677084, -0.04076395928859711, 0.05408983677625656, -0.0421023853123188, -0.04092622920870781, 0.0646156594157219, -0.010740960016846657, 0.04657566547393799, 0.010293514467775822, -0.006963755004107952, 0.023133300244808197, -0.04029124975204468, -0.033142492175102234, -0.02990194782614708, -0.019051523879170418, 0.017719756811857224, 0.003913593012839556, -0.011127190664410591, 0.025240585207939148, -0.061786357313394547, -0.03137809410691261, -0.0026577727403491735, 0.031238440424203873, 0.0427766889333725, -0.0009112230618484318, -0.0036686633247882128, 0.024275196716189384, -0.06708653271198273, 0.003825434250757098, -0.09236400574445724, -0.002002030611038208, -0.03191724047064781, 0.048416946083307266, -0.021202705800533295, 0.03730379045009613, -0.015008239075541496, 0.007832366973161697, -0.013714022003114223, 0.006374964490532875, -0.02598908357322216, 0.035156089812517166, -0.011818941682577133, -0.04762820526957512, -0.0091472202911973, -0.01419204194098711, 0.02595997229218483, -0.021754641085863113, -0.023757055401802063, -0.016833806410431862, -0.032564617693424225, 0.02797841653227806, -0.039777737110853195, 0.010750013403594494, 0.003108070930466056, 0.01435750350356102, -0.0061544934287667274, -0.07519250363111496, -0.011076829396188259, 0.04992012307047844, 0.06445251405239105, 0.06278294324874878, 0.004475409630686045, -0.014182239770889282, 0.02781996689736843, -0.013953087851405144, 0.019577836617827415, -0.00841781310737133, 0.03577180206775665, -0.036796875298023224, -0.0037252113688737154, -0.01823912002146244, -0.018496794626116753, -0.25601422786712646, 0.008114216849207878, -0.007218153215944767, -0.05185738578438759, 0.057893577963113785, 0.005319487303495407, 0.006025739945471287, -0.009889408014714718, -0.0039367969147861, 0.004723030142486095, 0.004879621788859367, 0.03811454400420189, 0.0007836417062208056, 0.004543139599263668, 0.04825996980071068, 0.0368938110768795, -0.035429708659648895, -0.01837722398340702, 0.006065876688808203, 0.02072765864431858, 0.032533954828977585, -0.0810151994228363, -0.01938883401453495, 0.017312169075012207, 0.008813029155135155, 0.016618605703115463, -0.08500213176012039, 0.015288349241018295, -0.01692686416208744, -0.019769135862588882, -0.01602480188012123, -0.03810274228453636, 0.029654622077941895, 0.04787609726190567, -0.031584482640028, 0.024279199540615082, 0.07085713744163513, 0.007604244165122509, 0.030497223138809204, 0.021166104823350906, 0.03164421021938324, -0.03157002851366997, 0.0008738905307836831, -0.0037255254574120045, 0.07046616077423096, -0.0022193703334778547, -0.10022798925638199, -0.012324766255915165, 0.0038377740420401096, 0.021740086376667023, -0.004362769890576601, -0.04336010664701462, -0.03180888667702675, 0.04106838256120682, 0.003482136409729719, -0.039812665432691574, -0.00030221379711292684, 0.006295205559581518, -0.017288897186517715, 0.006805869285017252, 0.015170258469879627, -0.04959693178534508, -0.041433755308389664, -0.0433165580034256, -0.018591200932860374, -0.04377415031194687, -0.07155527919530869, -0.052051298320293427, 0.018730510026216507, 0.052637454122304916, -0.04826485738158226, 0.0039888471364974976, -0.00841109361499548, -0.07920436561107635, -0.017549091950058937, 0.00945743452757597, -0.015122829005122185, -0.0167672298848629, 0.01835411973297596, 0.058286506682634354, -0.03654010593891144, -0.05534224584698677, 0.016927558928728104, 0.009045980870723724, 0.013730441220104694, -0.07040170580148697, -0.010111061856150627, -0.04693794250488281, -0.009796209633350372, -0.029805539175868034, 0.034157395362854004, 0.006634479854255915, -0.0011861261446028948, 0.01963002048432827, 0.03411160036921501, 0.01500793732702732, 0.007758828345686197, 0.08374445140361786, 0.02174210548400879, 0.021437745541334152, 0.017175523564219475, -0.05334597826004028, -0.01488142553716898, -0.06041347235441208, -0.011866891756653786, 0.057519860565662384, -0.06557310372591019, -0.03739466518163681, 0.04042839631438255, 0.030612070113420486, -0.04296198859810829, -0.025670528411865234, 0.0185096375644207, -0.002076907781884074, -0.007351391948759556, 0.01639893837273121, 0.02816861681640148, 0.027310093864798546, 0.026887912303209305, -0.010053753852844238, -0.020201120525598526, 0.027868881821632385, -0.006251236889511347, 0.012911882251501083, 0.020457305014133453, -0.0020934732165187597, -0.02004704810678959, -0.009314912371337414, -0.04142286628484726, -0.011993469670414925, 0.006868529599159956, 0.041914355009794235, -0.0005222162581048906, -0.0027374604251235723, 0.04195861518383026, -0.019371507689356804, 0.01680002361536026, -0.01704820804297924, 0.007085760124027729, -0.011130908504128456, 0.028892280533909798, -0.033766914159059525, 0.03696734458208084, 0.04458869248628616, 0.009973250329494476, 0.016034794971346855, 0.01997658982872963, -0.014898493885993958, -0.011578714475035667, 0.016138972714543343, 0.011276273056864738, -0.041425805538892746, 0.004987450782209635, -0.028392940759658813, 0.0021993329282850027, -0.039170462638139725, 0.01862422190606594, 0.011578750796616077, 0.02927098050713539, -0.067450150847435, 0.035424210131168365, -0.0007767133065499365, 0.025027086958289146, -0.006235511973500252, 0.0004769259539898485, 0.038847047835588455, -0.010761025361716747, 0.03400513902306557, 0.030076779425144196, 0.026610421016812325, -0.004935870412737131, -0.03337053582072258, -0.02769158035516739, -0.020894790068268776, 0.009687899611890316, 0.033420462161302567, 0.007330527063459158, 0.007279674522578716, -0.01105063408613205, 0.049128443002700806, 0.016325056552886963, -0.012727929279208183, 0.030486591160297394, 0.029540417715907097, 0.09557530283927917, -0.00415719673037529, 0.0027408956084400415, 0.034686777740716934, -0.03615732863545418, 0.02644251473248005, 0.00577525282278657, -0.005186148919165134, -0.014985484071075916, -0.02975364774465561, -0.017274850979447365, -0.055307768285274506, 0.024259086698293686, 0.004816124681383371, -0.011559365317225456, -0.01626618020236492, 0.003895674366503954, -0.039778031408786774, -0.03350800648331642, -0.009500030428171158, 0.03048061579465866, -0.06251045316457748, 0.006356292404234409, 0.02348223514854908, 0.01710529625415802, 0.0016979787033051252, 0.004621889442205429, -0.036450110375881195, -0.06088170409202576, 0.016961410641670227, 0.026000093668699265, -0.00043098966125398874, 0.00012723568943329155, -0.00919355172663927, -0.007137150503695011, -0.031601063907146454, 0.0005665558273904026, -0.005072678904980421, -0.00526574207469821, -0.007525992579758167, 0.007965891622006893, 0.043548695743083954, -0.03511688485741615, -0.010664939880371094, 0.014170728623867035, -0.015795907005667686, 0.03793853521347046, -0.08032587915658951, 0.06440593302249908, 0.0791068822145462, 0.012023315764963627, 0.021541878581047058, -0.03585599735379219, 0.03698068857192993, -0.0011064322898164392, -0.018140193074941635, -0.004478690214455128, -0.016853392124176025, -0.030364880338311195, 0.020878851413726807, -0.0055769276805222034, 0.027420731261372566, 0.031215807422995567, 0.026699664071202278, -0.029104795306921005, 0.007116470951586962, 0.010944533161818981, 0.013305227272212505, -0.01509818248450756, -0.03241976350545883, 0.07948162406682968, -0.028766047209501266, -0.04662996903061867, -0.07140447944402695, -0.03408924490213394, -0.0021794321946799755, -0.019317179918289185, 0.0311081875115633, -0.009014843963086605, 0.05865056440234184, 0.019261743873357773, 0.05515224486589432, -0.004695004317909479, -0.03781592845916748, 0.05180593580007553, -0.022508196532726288, 0.015343284234404564, -0.07869835197925568, -0.03137916326522827, 0.04033917933702469, -0.06331803649663925, 0.004851631820201874, -0.00011845363769680262, -0.06048877164721489, 0.017700830474495888, 0.007063130848109722, -0.03851175680756569, 0.008968348614871502, -0.04576822370290756, 0.017146805301308632, 0.04906003922224045, -0.041597630828619, -0.0186218973249197, -0.022965898737311363, -0.027460871264338493, -0.012408729642629623, -0.028782980516552925, 0.05823046341538429, -0.02222689799964428, 0.011327539570629597, -0.048129383474588394, 0.003086456097662449, 0.0018986891955137253, 0.048087745904922485, 0.03730568289756775, 0.02620575577020645, -0.015241834335029125, 0.05403922125697136, 0.022778131067752838, -0.006222143303602934, 0.009779139421880245, -0.015616091899573803, -0.0422082282602787, -0.058729302138090134, 0.058265525847673416, 0.015964696183800697, 0.005380888003855944, -0.021497860550880432, 0.06190605089068413, 0.03441659361124039, -0.007579800207167864, -0.023428941145539284, 0.04221891611814499, -0.05188518762588501, 0.007124313153326511, -0.028665630146861076, 0.005566023290157318, -0.021198797971010208, 0.08691520243883133, 0.025207236409187317, 0.03535905480384827, 0.10200575739145279, -0.0020292624831199646, -0.02081727422773838, -0.002685237443074584, 0.07680236548185349, 0.05392615869641304, 0.043750811368227005, -0.013966169208288193, 0.0712069496512413, -0.03973758965730667, -0.03377820551395416, 0.013651590794324875, 0.05240526795387268, -0.010172880254685879, -0.019350791350007057, 0.03503580763936043, 0.07273201644420624, -0.011313685216009617, 0.07754930853843689, -0.07013802975416183, 0.005825195461511612, 0.04656720906496048, 0.029246751219034195, 0.02595624327659607, 0.06831292062997818, 0.04046221449971199, 0.004474033135920763, -0.03707939013838768, -0.023978617042303085, 0.016714321449398994, 0.001360750524327159, -0.0037270644679665565, -0.014075291343033314, -0.014459477737545967, 0.003208518261089921, -0.0036830296739935875, 0.04262353107333183, 0.09436909109354019, -0.020212195813655853, -0.044820480048656464, -0.0002390480658505112, -0.0030010829214006662, 0.02375737391412258, 0.07204718142747879, -0.009118929505348206, -0.03951248899102211, 0.0035784675274044275, -0.03066331520676613, -0.023080484941601753, -0.011558888480067253, -0.016943620517849922, 0.025170983746647835, 0.012296363711357117, -0.049884624779224396, -0.0002656615397427231, 0.016118405386805534, -0.08548277616500854, -0.05138425901532173, -0.03380407392978668, -0.035634636878967285, -0.03959286957979202, -0.04806952923536301, 0.022782115265727043, 0.02959619089961052, -0.05722246319055557, 0.00853111781179905, -0.07188325375318527, -0.0021886753384023905, 0.01626100391149521, -0.07662788778543472, 0.03625541925430298, 0.02883004955947399, 0.006380879785865545, -0.029002541676163673, 0.04938656836748123, 0.029449820518493652, -0.03979874774813652, -0.01527355331927538, 0.04495854675769806, 0.009368187747895718, 0.011975694447755814, -0.00741363363340497, -0.022890150547027588, -0.09335552155971527, 0.017057836055755615, 0.031040538102388382, -0.022207235917448997, -0.06811647117137909, 0.0013185681309551, -0.010628012008965015, 0.008357807993888855, 0.07231968641281128, 0.010691074654459953, 0.07201746106147766, -0.03250517696142197, -0.027904260903596878, 0.006404451560229063, 0.02903919667005539, 0.032198045402765274, -0.007619088981300592, 0.07679568231105804, 0.05256165936589241, -0.006062424276024103, -0.03107289969921112, 0.0007160871755331755, -0.013575185090303421, -0.010969331488013268, -0.01799764670431614, 0.003871321212500334, -0.043629974126815796, -0.06860523670911789, -0.03332670405507088, 0.042997296899557114, 0.006837006192654371, -0.04065507650375366, 0.0031520535703748465, -0.006546762306243181, -0.01778906211256981, -0.017223600298166275, -0.007737511768937111, 0.021937478333711624, -0.026812080293893814, -0.03630642220377922, -0.06621204316616058, 0.026953093707561493, -0.026992231607437134, -0.04331672564148903, -0.00018868008919525892, -0.03705403581261635, 0.010665121488273144, 0.02596253715455532, 0.052664000540971756, -0.007917664013803005, 0.012998209334909916, -0.04816923290491104 ]
5,190
Compositional Discrete Latent Code for High Fidelity, Productive Diffusion Models
[ "Samuel Lavoie", "Michael Noukhovitch", "Aaron Courville" ]
We argue that diffusion models' success in modeling complex distributions is, for the most part, coming from their conditioning. This paper investigates the representation used to condition diffusion models from the perspective that ideal representations should improve modeling the data distribution, be easy to generate, and be compositional to allow generalizing outside the training distribution. We introduce Discrete Latent Code (DLC), an image representation derived from Simplicial Embeddings trained with a self-supervised learning objective. DLCs are sequences of discrete tokens, as opposed to the standard continuous image embeddings. They are easy to generate and their compositionality enables sampling of novel images beyond the training distribution.Diffusion models trained with DLCsimprove generation fidelity, establishing a new state-of-the-art for unconditional image generation on ImageNet. Additionally, we show that composing DLCs allows the image generator to produce interesting out-of-distribution samples that coherently combine the semantics of images in diverse ways.Finally, we showcase how DLCs can enable text-to-image generation by leveraging large-scale pretrained language models. Using only 9M image-caption pairs, we efficiently finetune a text diffusion model to generate novel DLCs that produces samples outside of the data distribution used to train the image generator.
poster
2507.12318
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.01901894435286522, -0.02246268279850483, -0.031106354668736458, 0.08853324502706528, 0.03940542787313461, 0.022677792236208916, -0.009941046126186848, 0.03590543940663338, 0.0074583073146641254, -0.05199340358376503, -0.01605665311217308, -0.03425154462456703, -0.034533463418483734, 0.016555212438106537, -0.002586035756394267, 0.04301653429865837, 0.008709593676030636, -0.022291265428066254, 0.00975299533456564, 0.03077206201851368, -0.017656151205301285, -0.02392599917948246, 0.022277841344475746, 0.0018505851039662957, 0.019764268770813942, -0.0029140955302864313, 0.03205423429608345, 0.003316901857033372, -0.025433653965592384, 0.0006643356755375862, 0.008837749250233173, 0.004432257730513811, 0.030038584023714066, -0.039933763444423676, 0.007872450165450573, -0.02122257836163044, -0.04808102548122406, 0.01266948040574789, 0.005261597689241171, -0.013893126510083675, -0.04957978054881096, 0.002160728210583329, 0.007333739660680294, 0.008082653395831585, -0.056482888758182526, -0.020330678671598434, -0.13892647624015808, 0.0434119775891304, -0.009348196908831596, -0.016240067780017853, -0.09271416068077087, 0.023579565808176994, -0.014975377358496189, 0.021275179460644722, -0.0038138744421303272, 0.03431949019432068, 0.03001805767416954, -0.046419933438301086, 0.0019140555523335934, -0.05190841481089592, -0.021654482930898666, 0.025935539975762367, -0.0005233254632912576, -0.014118850231170654, -0.010791166685521603, -0.022882649675011635, -0.011200100183486938, 0.056226033717393875, -0.06588072329759598, -0.06411272287368774, -0.011601417325437069, 0.0272549856454134, -0.028473518788814545, 0.007585807237774134, -0.013136208988726139, -0.060172393918037415, 0.015079264529049397, 0.010088101960718632, 0.06386411935091019, -0.00012279048678465188, 0.01829773187637329, 0.05338861048221588, 0.00855765026062727, 0.05453062057495117, -0.01986529678106308, 0.019192194566130638, -0.008357223123311996, -0.013559599407017231, -0.06345848739147186, 0.02184196561574936, -0.06742577999830246, -0.04198584333062172, 0.03021307662129402, 0.02227310836315155, 0.03432849049568176, -0.017893074080348015, 0.022582683712244034, 0.025691166520118713, 0.026644989848136902, -0.0030238644685596228, -0.05205395817756653, -0.03586430475115776, 0.0031262494157999754, -0.0028441818431019783, -0.09720753133296967, 0.010035589337348938, -0.021093735471367836, -0.01714389957487583, 0.004156860057264566, -0.009980874136090279, -0.0022010745014995337, -0.021515531465411186, -0.001802723272703588, -0.031001554802060127, -0.06458824127912521, 0.023968426510691643, 0.0340108759701252, 0.020894484594464302, -0.007159113418310881, 0.01131066121160984, 0.04962819814682007, 0.037848811596632004, -0.015405990183353424, 0.0951903760433197, -0.02573765255510807, 0.017324073240160942, 0.021328531205654144, 0.01639057695865631, -0.04179053753614426, -0.029861051589250565, 0.0009347793529741466, 0.037013184279203415, -0.003667099168524146, -0.001045771175995469, 0.011436467058956623, -0.048201899975538254, -0.008989274501800537, 0.012163175269961357, 0.020410267636179924, -0.037271369248628616, 0.005451243836432695, -0.03366298973560333, 0.041849371045827866, -0.031170068308711052, 0.051343273371458054, -0.014833788387477398, -0.029683802276849747, -0.017536599189043045, -0.002772518200799823, 0.0013428912498056889, 0.0368042066693306, -0.01016623992472887, 0.016924511641263962, -0.07110428810119629, 0.009562838822603226, 0.06386258453130722, 0.009182462468743324, 0.04731136932969093, -0.02682294324040413, 0.006768209859728813, 0.014875424094498158, -0.018834006041288376, -0.01772444322705269, 0.0017530814511701465, -0.016054263338446617, -0.08644358068704605, 0.030901245772838593, 0.02678418904542923, -0.05459587648510933, -0.04797391965985298, -0.021809125319123268, -0.007318392395973206, 0.01719602569937706, 0.02311013638973236, 0.012263081036508083, 0.0034612936433404684, 0.04944602772593498, 0.03846149891614914, 0.05185340344905853, 0.030632849782705307, -0.09657404571771622, 0.020276667550206184, 0.011507912538945675, -0.02877112291753292, 0.021313978359103203, -0.02636062726378441, 0.08338618278503418, -0.012748020701110363, -0.017656784504652023, 0.03682265803217888, -0.07735896855592728, -0.022059625014662743, 0.012449843809008598, -0.01001597847789526, 0.051306936889886856, 0.02110992930829525, -0.013660226948559284, 0.02345638908445835, 0.052274007350206375, 0.05222463980317116, 0.028787825256586075, -0.04603559896349907, 0.062310390174388885, -0.027828041464090347, 0.007079342845827341, 0.00029723154148086905, 0.05128994956612587, -0.03227882832288742, -0.058256715536117554, 0.0005961992428638041, -0.015059557743370533, -0.020560331642627716, 0.031683020293712616, 0.008770599961280823, 0.018109867349267006, -0.008554867468774319, 0.0019010738469660282, 0.04279759153723717, 0.020965363830327988, -0.06238941848278046, 0.02982252463698387, 0.02876141667366028, -0.05793139338493347, 0.012971083633601665, -0.05226489156484604, 0.09506399929523468, 0.058273300528526306, -0.05255942791700363, -0.0029715755954384804, 0.016079124063253403, -0.0028793837409466505, -0.005605711601674557, 0.013342943042516708, -0.011004991829395294, -0.000018183989595854655, -0.027903558686375618, 0.009559398517012596, -0.014953694306313992, 0.0506252683699131, -0.055684588849544525, -0.0033408496528863907, 0.049849677830934525, -0.018771836534142494, 0.0355820432305336, -0.03986293449997902, 0.04490935802459717, 0.04421527683734894, -0.019338585436344147, -0.011240841820836067, -0.030735675245523453, -0.018356958404183388, 0.012473128736019135, 0.009776396676898003, -0.03145788237452507, 0.026028426364064217, -0.042223066091537476, -0.0024094830732792616, 0.007151641882956028, 0.043634992092847824, 0.03720945864915848, -0.004644970875233412, 0.0018575156573206186, 0.003305653342977166, -0.03851000964641571, -0.02144922874867916, -0.11756785959005356, -0.024973677471280098, -0.008358458988368511, 0.043343283236026764, -0.008989469148218632, 0.06499984115362167, 0.008175232447683811, 0.032730329781770706, -0.04057681933045387, -0.0021020742133259773, -0.005177535116672516, 0.029979001730680466, 0.028088519349694252, -0.03230780363082886, -0.023033784702420235, -0.009779011830687523, 0.08482574671506882, -0.018665388226509094, 0.010514132678508759, -0.02425827458500862, -0.037609804421663284, 0.003984831273555756, -0.02617451921105385, -0.000018103553884429857, 0.032651931047439575, 0.03900351747870445, 0.012936892919242382, -0.016219034790992737, 0.013091221451759338, 0.02127433754503727, 0.06063501909375191, 0.05911744385957718, -0.021335652098059654, -0.043195873498916626, 0.01827905885875225, -0.012358800508081913, 0.031670063734054565, -0.004834550898522139, 0.02680974081158638, -0.017618540674448013, 0.002343430882319808, 0.021221715956926346, 0.0005242980550974607, -0.2746414542198181, 0.01830037496984005, -0.01101683545857668, -0.020859546959400177, 0.04772621765732765, -0.02046308107674122, 0.03713902086019516, -0.04068513587117195, -0.01671239174902439, 0.018237276002764702, -0.033326976001262665, 0.014526242390275002, -0.0006351785268634558, 0.05827261507511139, 0.053651195019483566, 0.024247970432043076, -0.0008179718279279768, -0.00395173579454422, 0.014483093284070492, 0.05034013092517853, -0.034294869750738144, -0.057409849017858505, -0.040802836418151855, 0.04681907221674919, -0.025067321956157684, 0.024822838604450226, -0.06577745825052261, 0.005042095668613911, -0.008653739467263222, -0.003051664913073182, -0.03444601222872734, -0.037149157375097275, 0.009199734777212143, 0.0430368073284626, -0.02091624215245247, 0.0038690627552568913, 0.05356171727180481, 0.010366966016590595, 0.021591436117887497, 0.00583375571295619, 0.007548936642706394, 0.008425848558545113, -0.020151620730757713, -0.013531196862459183, 0.06404783576726913, -0.007043053861707449, -0.08800126612186432, -0.023088540881872177, -0.025644542649388313, 0.014165841974318027, 0.021317195147275925, -0.007509377785027027, -0.00068918481701985, 0.0331752710044384, -0.0016205759020522237, -0.00838027335703373, -0.018979154527187347, -0.004529417492449284, -0.015301298350095749, 0.014697895385324955, 0.005409964360296726, -0.05941200256347656, -0.036496248096227646, -0.012124867178499699, -0.003952236380428076, -0.019630754366517067, -0.08599069714546204, -0.04541119560599327, 0.039327893406152725, 0.04312320798635483, -0.035683631896972656, 0.0028164491523057222, -0.01016713585704565, -0.09106822311878204, 0.021214371547102928, 0.006064687389880419, 0.0005926279700361192, -0.024030573666095734, -0.0031181685626506805, 0.017244014889001846, -0.0018307797145098448, -0.015486301854252815, 0.00031141561339609325, 0.005179341416805983, 0.005785225424915552, 0.0013567088171839714, 0.059067562222480774, -0.026402968913316727, -0.01956750452518463, -0.06504236906766891, 0.0546826533973217, 0.037876155227422714, 0.018323682248592377, -0.004868114832788706, 0.024130836129188538, 0.017422465607523918, 0.0382625088095665, 0.0646609291434288, 0.014356199651956558, 0.009505199268460274, 0.05172916501760483, -0.07384498417377472, -0.025164514780044556, -0.06573998928070068, -0.033900972455739975, 0.026635082438588142, -0.07851731032133102, -0.01202293299138546, 0.01427859254181385, 0.008838254027068615, -0.0649041160941124, -0.020473945885896683, -0.008114153519272804, -0.011869659647345543, -0.0019676212687045336, -0.03841065242886543, -0.0004175661306362599, 0.018975960090756416, 0.057355307042598724, -0.01795472949743271, -0.006409033667296171, 0.048399668186903, -0.013971568085253239, 0.028214307501912117, 0.026750318706035614, -0.00043305419967509806, -0.02103847824037075, -0.006620974745601416, 0.0015630784910172224, 0.013398165814578533, 0.07558134943246841, 0.04093679040670395, 0.0021117678843438625, 0.018343301489949226, 0.06746512651443481, 0.0016537588089704514, -0.019302325323224068, -0.014689427800476551, 0.03335889056324959, -0.03593138977885246, 0.009703423827886581, 0.0029451821465045214, 0.063920758664608, 0.017950231209397316, 0.04856998473405838, -0.018459860235452652, 0.02191081829369068, 0.026370296254754066, -0.01295679621398449, -0.03446684405207634, 0.02367379330098629, -0.04680003970861435, -0.027467409148812294, -0.011479288339614868, 0.020519936457276344, -0.0348055437207222, 0.019058305770158768, -0.028046153485774994, 0.0286196768283844, -0.061507999897003174, 0.05377643555402756, 0.015231125988066196, -0.04317275807261467, 0.009990853257477283, 0.019850170239806175, 0.04316139966249466, -0.01296608243137598, 0.0020615842659026384, 0.014144630171358585, -0.012475041672587395, 0.02968447282910347, 0.002839341526851058, -0.035515572875738144, -0.02647501230239868, 0.014482798986136913, 0.014323385432362556, -0.00704439589753747, -0.0038777776062488556, -0.05917153134942055, 0.07195879518985748, 0.011438658460974693, -0.040692705661058426, 0.027836257591843605, -0.013025485910475254, 0.08059999346733093, 0.015955841168761253, 0.0050999135710299015, 0.009520191699266434, -0.05581808090209961, 0.05546921491622925, -0.025486506521701813, -0.0019968103151768446, -0.0510190986096859, -0.041657667607069016, -0.039065614342689514, -0.039549320936203, 0.02354525215923786, 0.021907808259129524, -0.02262643352150917, 0.009436308406293392, 0.0016476245364174247, 0.00803383719176054, -0.032452747225761414, 0.016563914716243744, 0.011008597910404205, -0.05645250156521797, 0.038082994520664215, 0.01972697302699089, -0.02945864573121071, -0.00549958273768425, 0.006569933146238327, -0.015120127238333225, -0.06837452948093414, -0.060292232781648636, -0.01682705618441105, -0.0036036528181284666, -0.02262713946402073, -0.06304413080215454, 0.015634264796972275, -0.009786874055862427, 0.003333751345053315, 0.008871609345078468, -0.0043181017972528934, -0.014394398778676987, -0.0062972623854875565, 0.04106927663087845, -0.04020344465970993, -0.008539507165551186, -0.028918642550706863, -0.027828875929117203, 0.02076808176934719, -0.022482560947537422, 0.017040779814124107, 0.049094974994659424, -0.005572293419390917, 0.0008731610141694546, -0.04660620167851448, 0.04424504563212395, 0.010929717682301998, 0.0017496675718575716, 0.001629801350645721, -0.01828446052968502, -0.015619571320712566, 0.00920732319355011, 0.03716949373483658, 0.04921557754278183, -0.008737313561141491, 0.008766710758209229, 0.0061157699674367905, 0.023357780650258064, 0.02122119627892971, 0.007454986684024334, -0.05428998917341232, -0.01336249615997076, 0.0529303178191185, -0.03770208731293678, 0.0103988666087389, -0.05552453175187111, -0.058036014437675476, 0.025368038564920425, -0.0024864929728209972, 0.02398051880300045, -0.011919531971216202, 0.03607138991355896, 0.02576236054301262, 0.013482581824064255, 0.014656418934464455, 0.000022411919417208992, 0.028469689190387726, -0.04317527264356613, 0.010761026293039322, -0.05940229445695877, -0.003841900499537587, 0.05981118232011795, -0.019658884033560753, -0.004334453493356705, 0.002102904487401247, -0.034885670989751816, 0.03895619511604309, -0.043407004326581955, -0.07349184900522232, 0.0233941450715065, -0.03265075758099556, 0.014215843752026558, 0.04167243838310242, -0.03131945803761482, -0.0120879877358675, -0.002938303165137768, -0.05865967273712158, -0.010479255579411983, 0.011094868183135986, 0.03157218173146248, -0.016209939494729042, -0.009344187565147877, -0.00927012600004673, -0.006960473023355007, 0.026070425286889076, 0.06749898940324783, 0.04011552035808563, 0.04744378849864006, -0.022596098482608795, 0.06912848353385925, 0.01327583845704794, -0.0015764952404424548, 0.0302303247153759, 0.0013404468772932887, -0.003612825646996498, -0.05286196619272232, 0.017682261765003204, -0.003696348750963807, -0.013201502151787281, -0.0809592679142952, 0.04322680085897446, 0.020911550149321556, -0.032431863248348236, -0.03748837113380432, 0.05482003837823868, -0.04523870348930359, 0.020545268431305885, -0.019597988575696945, 0.014594796113669872, 0.0068884859792888165, 0.07642993330955505, 0.02069799229502678, 0.03679047152400017, 0.07351783663034439, -0.0005441402900032699, -0.011839805170893669, 0.0035524829290807247, 0.05179780349135399, 0.06551782786846161, 0.040024857968091965, -0.013056585565209389, 0.08250581473112106, -0.03528192266821861, -0.03737432137131691, 0.0013250393094494939, 0.036905065178871155, 0.009952574968338013, -0.05335482954978943, 0.002224070020020008, 0.10730961710214615, -0.017032122239470482, 0.061218515038490295, -0.04841550067067146, -0.00950878206640482, 0.017879504710435867, 0.0011666027130559087, -0.0068495082668960094, 0.011747696436941624, 0.04069603607058525, -0.009525182656943798, -0.020409144461154938, 0.02331668511033058, 0.010524480603635311, -0.044245362281799316, 0.03365350142121315, 0.007045059930533171, -0.004452859051525593, 0.005220029037445784, -0.0071211084723472595, 0.041317202150821686, 0.1058897003531456, -0.03955201804637909, -0.04312310740351677, -0.007889444939792156, -0.003168270690366626, 0.03137407451868057, 0.033389702439308167, -0.019094696268439293, -0.019220175221562386, -0.0029490001033991575, -0.044957906007766724, -0.005491501186043024, 0.016065115109086037, 0.012361930683255196, 0.023336069658398628, -0.01158533152192831, -0.017535625025629997, 0.005046912003308535, 0.0023353006690740585, -0.05050980672240257, -0.03577004373073578, -0.005494161508977413, -0.03716542571783066, -0.07341372966766357, -0.03117404878139496, 0.04346193000674248, 0.011654441244900227, -0.03612680733203888, -0.006002781447023153, -0.0465223491191864, 0.016530849039554596, 0.04838938266038895, -0.07226153463125229, -0.00427658949047327, 0.05514546111226082, 0.011516082100570202, -0.03830894082784653, 0.008063572458922863, 0.015390937216579914, -0.05096777155995369, -0.0022161470260471106, 0.017018591985106468, 0.003745520021766424, 0.009961007162928581, -0.013423282653093338, 0.01863754168152809, -0.10063639283180237, 0.032820411026477814, 0.04083810746669769, -0.017591606825590134, -0.0983223244547844, 0.05169277265667915, -0.03275159373879433, 0.022690577432513237, 0.07849384844303131, 0.006499150302261114, 0.02523600310087204, -0.032058537006378174, 0.008938932791352272, -0.01024854090064764, 0.03199637681245804, 0.05706583335995674, -0.01558775082230568, 0.08220738917589188, 0.056993234902620316, -0.010728683322668076, -0.028651082888245583, 0.05439049005508423, -0.015545114874839783, 0.0005274690920487046, -0.008975140750408173, -0.018810734152793884, -0.017251916229724884, -0.10748887062072754, -0.021771933883428574, 0.02568572759628296, -0.006691232323646545, -0.04342162236571312, -0.005879254080355167, -0.0054867444559931755, -0.03359483554959297, -0.020439501851797104, -0.0302239041775465, -0.010506904684007168, -0.0193845983594656, -0.015086060389876366, -0.046165503561496735, -0.0026097428053617477, -0.002251439495012164, 0.015529392287135124, -0.005940094590187073, -0.04180191084742546, -0.02126261778175831, 0.023477572947740555, 0.030095769092440605, 0.006767038721591234, 0.034833282232284546, -0.0003499141603242606 ]
5,191
Wonder Wins Ways: Curiosity-Driven Exploration through Multi-Agent Contextual Calibration
[ "Yiyuan Pan", "Zhe Liu", "Hesheng Wang" ]
Unlocking autonomous exploration in complex Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) systems, especially under sparse rewards, hinges on endowing agents with effective motivation. While artificial curiosity offers a powerful self-supervised drive, its efficacy is undermined when agents cannot robustly discern meaningful novelty from environmental stochasticity. Existing methods overlook the crucial need for agents to dynamically calibrate their intrinsic curiosity based on a learned understanding of their peers, leading to suboptimal performance in truly decentralized and communication-less settings. Inspired by how human children rapidly master new social games by observing peers and adaptively calibrating their own exploratory behaviors, we propose a novel approach to enhance multi-agent exploration. We introduce CERMIC, a principled framework that empowers agents to robustly filter noisy surprise signals and guide exploration by dynamically calibrating their intrinsic curiosity with inferred multi-agent contextual awareness. Additionally, CERMIC generates theoretically-grounded intrinsic rewards, encouraging agents to explore state transitions with high information gain. Finally, we evaluate CERMIC on benchmark suites including VMAS, MeltingPot, and SMACv2. Empirical results demonstrate that exploration with CERMIC significantly outperforms SoTA algorithms in sparse-reward environments.
poster
2509.20648
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.011629045940935612, -0.011325408704578876, -0.016075367107987404, 0.04625661298632622, 0.03186435624957085, -0.00844995304942131, 0.037776488810777664, 0.013178437016904354, -0.036168452352285385, -0.052947528660297394, -0.016697056591510773, 0.005608552601188421, -0.023325905203819275, -0.01565069518983364, 0.0054672821424901485, 0.0546085424721241, 0.02219126559793949, -0.011931702494621277, -0.02843167819082737, -0.009964868426322937, 0.004257324151694775, -0.021967723965644836, 0.040869325399398804, 0.011743076145648956, 0.022174092009663582, 0.025782905519008636, 0.06176169589161873, 0.00622208509594202, -0.008954008109867573, -0.0275470819324255, 0.009405015036463737, -0.022965582087635994, 0.04336987063288689, -0.057682156562805176, -0.02718105912208557, 0.008441485464572906, -0.036532193422317505, 0.015339687466621399, -0.013521119020879269, -0.019534684717655182, -0.030302414670586586, 0.032235223799943924, -0.0036254774313420057, -0.0020256030838936567, -0.03236370533704758, 0.03137510269880295, -0.04483797028660774, 0.050857722759246826, 0.006567882373929024, -0.02589746192097664, -0.06477359682321548, 0.03815079852938652, 0.05056022107601166, -0.018263226374983788, -0.0003721873217727989, 0.027299290522933006, 0.05694181099534035, -0.07275785505771637, -0.0028320339042693377, -0.059843894094228745, -0.020696409046649933, 0.026104342192411423, -0.006525993347167969, 0.012198512442409992, -0.006338272709399462, 0.01779349520802498, 0.04631504416465759, 0.033963751047849655, -0.015842070803046227, 0.00876424740999937, -0.04493097960948944, -0.013670667074620724, -0.029112132266163826, -0.0023645281326025724, -0.005841196049004793, -0.06276194751262665, 0.02574191801249981, 0.040226105600595474, 0.04485487937927246, 0.01188693568110466, 0.0062546515837311745, 0.025835199281573296, 0.007819728925824165, 0.0348174162209034, 0.008597691543400288, -0.015319766476750374, -0.014638391323387623, -0.006990763824433088, -0.07276230305433273, 0.05261233076453209, -0.04874139279127121, -0.07973707467317581, 0.021372070536017418, 0.04644276946783066, 0.07291503250598907, -0.024137772619724274, 0.02744227647781372, -0.015235922299325466, 0.021035252138972282, -0.023242682218551636, -0.02777283638715744, -0.01968120038509369, -0.011558286845684052, -0.0011541839921846986, -0.09726530313491821, -0.018423059955239296, -0.002168109640479088, -0.04084887355566025, -0.01762324385344982, 0.02728980779647827, -0.02441546507179737, -0.03677675127983093, 0.013859939761459827, -0.0016336849657818675, -0.08077014982700348, 0.04295546934008598, 0.054173197597265244, 0.04768509045243263, -0.01711508259177208, 0.024065431207418442, 0.049851398915052414, 0.06326425820589066, 0.03980569168925285, 0.05362560972571373, -0.009363706223666668, 0.0005051750340498984, 0.043577637523412704, 0.0133457500487566, 0.005121457856148481, -0.039492614567279816, 0.03753308206796646, 0.07044864445924759, -0.01704529859125614, -0.006950621958822012, -0.003952185157686472, -0.029411854222416878, 0.011766264215111732, 0.006943134590983391, 0.0055442373268306255, 0.030317388474941254, -0.012130004353821278, -0.0025363732129335403, 0.07463520765304565, 0.00016248127212747931, 0.08212932199239731, -0.0057931262999773026, -0.007522740866988897, -0.00865527056157589, -0.07011859863996506, 0.012107606045901775, -0.0015062238089740276, -0.03997024521231651, -0.007130479905754328, -0.04745697230100632, 0.029444333165884018, 0.03936761990189552, 0.03244327753782272, 0.012465287931263447, -0.005467694252729416, 0.008485097438097, 0.0051928055472671986, 0.002508288249373436, -0.001913957647047937, -0.008464278653264046, 0.002756458707153797, -0.040638960897922516, 0.049137867987155914, 0.04360060766339302, -0.030968980863690376, 0.0029165525920689106, -0.04361339658498764, -0.015074746683239937, 0.022248564288020134, -0.012222521007061005, 0.005988116376101971, 0.013460909947752953, 0.040757909417152405, -0.026718728244304657, 0.024900609627366066, 0.0314222127199173, -0.08053833246231079, 0.01416393369436264, -0.03547247126698494, -0.008359454572200775, 0.02379435859620571, -0.018162915483117104, 0.036405500024557114, -0.02154436521232128, 0.012290691025555134, 0.010414905846118927, -0.08037634193897247, -0.010879178531467915, 0.009831459261476994, -0.009915159083902836, 0.08130917698144913, -0.02595364674925804, -0.0009685325203463435, 0.03241566941142082, 0.016138354316353798, 0.04529404267668724, 0.012814007699489594, -0.011834532022476196, 0.021318776533007622, 0.021701207384467125, -0.049544766545295715, -0.0181762482970953, 0.0441603846848011, -0.06046627461910248, -0.010214374400675297, 0.026878368109464645, -0.04479111731052399, 0.024241618812084198, 0.0012000013375654817, -0.01412205956876278, 0.026501839980483055, -0.014358511194586754, -0.015126679092645645, 0.01074647530913353, -0.0001852745917858556, -0.04465167596936226, 0.007865953259170055, -0.015334547497332096, -0.024315349757671356, 0.03279770538210869, -0.017297288402915, 0.11726861447095871, 0.08385983109474182, -0.08183006197214127, 0.013270549476146698, 0.017169460654258728, -0.008656729944050312, 0.02792503498494625, 0.03439262509346008, -0.027275023981928825, 0.00907200574874878, -0.022835753858089447, 0.04280070960521698, -0.026430955156683922, 0.06478727608919144, -0.03313368186354637, -0.04417983815073967, 0.06610114872455597, -0.012186780571937561, 0.0709172785282135, -0.0025247358717024326, 0.016918834298849106, 0.06884826719760895, 0.00924806296825409, -0.021478014066815376, -0.02910475619137287, -0.02744540199637413, -0.005777670070528984, 0.013113000430166721, -0.0264792088419199, 0.01774747110903263, -0.07483471184968948, -0.013540380634367466, -0.03281421214342117, 0.0798574760556221, 0.0437009260058403, 0.027818920090794563, 0.018613116815686226, -0.01241445355117321, -0.025009244680404663, -0.003756459802389145, -0.12793570756912231, -0.03825939819216728, 0.003660273738205433, -0.00019714668451342732, 0.004230418708175421, 0.011499115265905857, -0.052006565034389496, 0.0646851435303688, -0.027892939746379852, -0.003285154700279236, 0.010979308746755123, 0.014312604442238808, 0.01761479116976261, 0.03191561996936798, -0.028675328940153122, 0.012328876182436943, 0.06348368525505066, -0.008573319762945175, -0.005914059933274984, 0.022129220888018608, -0.02742655575275421, -0.018752621486783028, -0.0036173502448946238, -0.010752774775028229, 0.0035935756750404835, 0.03267376124858856, -0.0010766626801341772, -0.015081197954714298, 0.04536017030477524, 0.014043834991753101, 0.031366076320409775, 0.04016852751374245, 0.010376044549047947, -0.029932746663689613, -0.005091499537229538, -0.02579948492348194, -0.026706352829933167, -0.05243110656738281, 0.011011875234544277, 0.005810814909636974, -0.02415151707828045, 0.04122885316610336, -0.00777624873444438, -0.24948526918888092, -0.016506263986229897, 0.03516106680035591, 0.04318572208285332, 0.017314046621322632, -0.0024631875567138195, 0.07173866778612137, -0.026160813868045807, -0.03868848830461502, 0.032829463481903076, 0.029636414721608162, 0.01897822879254818, -0.00600659754127264, 0.06649666279554367, 0.05316915363073349, 0.012422965839505196, -0.01887522265315056, 0.014860088936984539, -0.011323749087750912, 0.0064236801117658615, -0.045351069420576096, -0.04057897627353668, -0.039636630564928055, 0.027515113353729248, 0.027430381625890732, 0.03295666724443436, -0.07299976050853729, -0.014049878343939781, -0.011226828210055828, 0.01101203914731741, -0.025261981412768364, -0.03142092749476433, -0.014475946314632893, 0.010695133358240128, 0.036913271993398666, 0.02047056518495083, 0.04331359267234802, -0.006293157581239939, 0.027327271178364754, 0.011398833245038986, -0.015883492305874825, -0.0009467520867474377, -0.06511886417865753, 0.03088531456887722, 0.045113034546375275, -0.0031831020023673773, -0.048495180904865265, -0.017762474715709686, -0.014313464052975178, -0.0018908156780526042, 0.009030996821820736, -0.020604431629180908, -0.012167161330580711, -0.0030632822308689356, 0.004448916297405958, -0.01437370665371418, -0.01025918498635292, -0.017652085050940514, -0.04632458835840225, -0.014983383938670158, 0.010806854814291, -0.025440096855163574, -0.04411228001117706, -0.009801111184060574, 0.04280296713113785, -0.07309414446353912, -0.059614211320877075, -0.07833793014287949, 0.052014466375112534, 0.019425805658102036, 0.00858301855623722, -0.04249268025159836, -0.039117757230997086, -0.10352818667888641, 0.027301162481307983, -0.030745048075914383, -0.01670609414577484, -0.022796999663114548, 0.010800228454172611, 0.05852143466472626, -0.062250442802906036, -0.00353472912684083, 0.002216267166659236, 0.019147982820868492, 0.03946574032306671, -0.008498766459524632, 0.014705308713018894, -0.04711354896426201, -0.03699148818850517, -0.03466540202498436, 0.041538819670677185, 0.008924144320189953, 0.010765277780592442, 0.0026670487131923437, 0.0713614672422409, 0.028151696547865868, 0.04501069337129593, 0.042715929448604584, 0.03768792748451233, 0.02671295963227749, 0.013443232513964176, -0.09446769207715988, 0.019749077036976814, -0.020102763548493385, -0.03718574717640877, 0.009908344596624374, -0.03739245608448982, -0.01686713472008705, 0.0649036169052124, -0.00877869501709938, -0.013182778842747211, -0.00827512051910162, -0.000060864691477036104, 0.011017592623829842, -0.002507818629965186, -0.03804270550608635, 0.01688699796795845, 0.06283508241176605, 0.04593357443809509, -0.021438028663396835, -0.05428479611873627, 0.011922885663807392, -0.03820570930838585, 0.02782518044114113, 0.005681221839040518, -0.000842481036670506, 0.015423743054270744, 0.009440257214009762, 0.028606094419956207, -0.01937914825975895, 0.011208657175302505, 0.014718614518642426, 0.004149822052568197, 0.027709444984793663, 0.04278632253408432, -0.006324212998151779, -0.02530440129339695, -0.02600816637277603, 0.021815745159983635, -0.01596115343272686, 0.0062138475477695465, -0.01000810507684946, 0.042959194630384445, 0.03947946056723595, 0.031056508421897888, 0.015571465715765953, 0.016632771119475365, 0.010737565346062183, 0.01994847133755684, -0.011830475181341171, 0.034421708434820175, -0.04690674692392349, 0.028583252802491188, -0.012384966015815735, 0.011154373176395893, -0.06220899894833565, 0.0058563221246004105, -0.020580263808369637, 0.03561181202530861, -0.06001678481698036, 0.007091257255524397, 0.0059023150242865086, -0.01925264485180378, 0.010998864658176899, 0.021188143640756607, 0.06692647188901901, -0.030470361933112144, 0.009474600665271282, -0.007394213695079088, 0.0039506531320512295, 0.02618389204144478, -0.04308454319834709, -0.023749947547912598, -0.02111644111573696, -0.06963057816028595, -0.027589011937379837, -0.00012316384527366608, -0.06798387318849564, -0.058276932686567307, -0.0020067354198545218, -0.004754370544105768, -0.009542249143123627, -0.014964948408305645, -0.006131359376013279, 0.06763787567615509, -0.05409190431237221, 0.028219016268849373, -0.009430843405425549, -0.004087845794856548, -0.015934154391288757, 0.0008164927130565047, 0.035737525671720505, -0.03577509894967079, -0.04094018414616585, -0.026355216279625893, -0.04234003275632858, 0.029640033841133118, 0.012005948461592197, 0.006027995143085718, -0.016077086329460144, -0.004878998268395662, 0.007542581297457218, -0.015450323931872845, -0.020216451957821846, 0.03131068870425224, -0.09070376306772232, -0.0039490447379648685, 0.018096085637807846, -0.012542334385216236, 0.023676317185163498, -0.09119534492492676, -0.027628207579255104, -0.03246276080608368, -0.00016057636821642518, 0.0030488786287605762, -0.006138186436146498, -0.02751835063099861, -0.031274132430553436, -0.02497352473437786, 0.0138426898047328, 0.007720358669757843, -0.03748798742890358, 0.013040837831795216, -0.06657207757234573, 0.0019576572813093662, 0.01563851349055767, -0.02269229106605053, -0.022821348160505295, 0.006581042427569628, -0.02321961335837841, 0.03710073605179787, -0.013586864806711674, -0.007793336641043425, 0.008633938618004322, -0.02794799581170082, -0.01753050833940506, -0.02965647354722023, 0.03904516622424126, -0.047820135951042175, -0.012310213409364223, -0.02972981333732605, -0.0200030654668808, -0.04111246019601822, -0.025216830894351006, 0.03667048364877701, 0.014595570974051952, -0.011788791976869106, -0.0004601523105520755, 0.005193766672164202, 0.0032191690988838673, 0.024980781599879265, -0.029176609590649605, -0.02576413005590439, 0.014618492685258389, 0.04904862865805626, -0.008340385742485523, 0.003691498190164566, -0.01775544509291649, -0.023300159722566605, 0.0012743492843583226, -0.02455602027475834, 0.02298877201974392, -0.053492236882448196, 0.019580697640776634, -0.0022588816937059164, 0.008556989952921867, 0.0007535709301009774, -0.06527093052864075, 0.00132045429199934, -0.07192139327526093, 0.03243954852223396, -0.06803365796804428, 0.013987130485475063, 0.05870623514056206, -0.023445837199687958, 0.013141102157533169, 0.020721664652228355, -0.030034782364964485, 0.061153899878263474, -0.06459446251392365, -0.04181615263223648, 0.06757183372974396, -0.02205009013414383, -0.0008570905192755163, 0.061461061239242554, -0.023914596065878868, -0.04346504062414169, -0.037703897804021835, -0.04219016432762146, 0.009210217744112015, 0.027229102328419685, 0.025298459455370903, -0.006689919158816338, 0.015004974789917469, 0.024617640301585197, 0.007713515777140856, 0.01680876314640045, 0.0208517424762249, 0.01828564889729023, 0.017165876924991608, -0.05862872302532196, 0.07522393763065338, 0.08447457104921341, 0.04241946339607239, 0.048462603241205215, -0.018596133217215538, -0.04575295373797417, -0.0042764958925545216, 0.04712849110364914, -0.012440250255167484, -0.013132331892848015, -0.07864134013652802, 0.0382499061524868, 0.020181674510240555, -0.05283309146761894, 0.0233214870095253, 0.023594023659825325, -0.0577346496284008, -0.02660357393324375, 0.02973952889442444, -0.0019417473813518882, 0.011809214949607849, 0.053496405482292175, 0.014919759705662727, 0.08913347125053406, 0.047744669020175934, 0.02342136763036251, -0.027946779504418373, 0.026554415002465248, 0.07278899103403091, 0.0754893347620964, 0.036344099789857864, -0.008731295354664326, 0.06841272115707397, -0.05464022979140282, -0.028537536039948463, 0.021683046594262123, 0.018689369782805443, -0.027316905558109283, -0.0022463707718998194, 0.011844494380056858, 0.0691995844244957, -0.003259841585531831, 0.05269862338900566, -0.05590479075908661, -0.025148406624794006, 0.06714054942131042, 0.027491768822073936, 0.019228121265769005, 0.06722108274698257, 0.027205174788832664, 0.04976353794336319, -0.04989807680249214, -0.04223199561238289, 0.004017469938844442, -0.019775858148932457, 0.01888897642493248, 0.031190572306513786, -0.023601850494742393, 0.02616458386182785, 0.016809698194265366, 0.022201497107744217, 0.11186802387237549, -0.03177596628665924, 0.0069822994992136955, 0.0007909245905466378, -0.013501899316906929, 0.002414475195109844, 0.033025797456502914, 0.016172733157873154, 0.032170385122299194, -0.005074117332696915, -0.02870769612491131, 0.0026417686603963375, 0.045519765466451645, 0.02127610705792904, 0.024868838489055634, -0.01932736486196518, 0.00701240636408329, 0.00017699561431072652, 0.007721825502812862, -0.030651310458779335, -0.038248635828495026, -0.02648080512881279, -0.03559441864490509, -0.04796621948480606, -0.021737119182944298, 0.024795623496174812, -0.008976858109235764, -0.05609840154647827, 0.02233818732202053, -0.01940423622727394, 0.023732095956802368, -0.025052344426512718, -0.043022070080041885, -0.04243900626897812, 0.04656262323260307, 0.018174082040786743, 0.01917445845901966, 0.028409967198967934, 0.02491064742207527, -0.006239654961973429, 0.010403928346931934, -0.006567064672708511, -0.0012116099242120981, 0.017095761373639107, -0.04595469683408737, -0.0354468896985054, -0.07165409624576569, -0.007887588813900948, 0.0369800440967083, -0.027850506827235222, -0.08276543021202087, 0.029168561100959778, -0.06028291955590248, 0.035039760172367096, 0.08190751075744629, 0.018574200570583344, 0.025999918580055237, -0.04957006871700287, -0.016040489077568054, 0.013096132315695286, -0.020071271806955338, 0.05369502305984497, -0.04906462877988815, 0.03861096128821373, 0.015909597277641296, -0.05074788257479668, -0.05209660157561302, 0.05275797098875046, 0.01767832040786743, -0.028245193883776665, -0.0050971778109669685, -0.02096853032708168, -0.022153981029987335, -0.11274382472038269, -0.025391917675733566, 0.03842639923095703, 0.01848350465297699, -0.030115680769085884, 0.024473031982779503, 0.018754146993160248, 0.0005856714560650289, -0.02510259300470352, -0.023241518065333366, 0.011004388332366943, -0.016104869544506073, -0.021440718322992325, -0.060768090188503265, 0.009536116383969784, -0.05654849112033844, 0.0014323907671496272, -0.04256591573357582, -0.05062782019376755, 0.014292731881141663, -0.004588501527905464, 0.03748445585370064, 0.018934784457087517, 0.003233347786590457, -0.0031151091679930687 ]
5,192
Limit Theorems for Entropy-Regularized and Distributional Reinforcement Learning
[ "Yash Jhaveri", "Harley Wiltzer", "Patrick Shafto", "Marc Bellemare", "David Meger" ]
In the pursuit of finding an optimal policy, reinforcement learning (RL) methods generally ignore the properties of learned policies apart from their expected return. Thus, even when successful, it is difficult to characterize *which* policies will be learned and *what* they will do. In this work, we present a theoretical framework for policy optimization that guarantees convergence to a *particular* optimal policy, via vanishing entropy regularization and a novel *temperature decoupling mechanism*. Our approach realizes an interpretable, diversity-preserving optimal policy as the regularization temperature vanishes and ensures the convergence of policy derived objects—value functions and *return distributions*. In a particular instance of our method, for example, the realized policy samples all optimal actions uniformly. Inspired by these insights, we provide a convergent algorithm for control in distributional RL, addressing an open problem in distributional RL theory and bringing stability to optimal return distribution estimation.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.016320480033755302, -0.007234398741275072, -0.0036324746906757355, 0.037307389080524445, 0.07067809253931046, 0.03462999686598778, 0.013355244882404804, -0.023715414106845856, -0.04010108485817909, -0.03546849265694618, -0.018421104177832603, 0.01607232540845871, -0.07427337020635605, -0.000397392112063244, 0.041742511093616486, 0.07551729679107666, 0.02915184758603573, -0.019961493089795113, -0.013531952165067196, 0.029364533722400665, -0.010319961234927177, 0.008770805783569813, 0.02074507623910904, 0.009331341832876205, 0.06257256865501404, 0.0021907195914536715, 0.029045501723885536, 0.03232390433549881, -0.005429172422736883, -0.020884642377495766, 0.021085675805807114, 0.00554214371368289, -0.0009453035891056061, -0.022981921210885048, -0.004098449368029833, 0.006769614294171333, -0.03396783396601677, 0.00836996641010046, 0.015953585505485535, 0.023781681433320045, -0.014767874032258987, 0.0099975960329175, -0.03036811761558056, -0.004782318603247404, -0.021991809830069542, 0.00005714423969038762, -0.07944300770759583, 0.013586146757006645, 0.016175156459212303, -0.06364356726408005, -0.07511407881975174, 0.030996959656476974, 0.030073845759034157, -0.035902637988328934, -0.020492585375905037, 0.032428715378046036, 0.0036171439569443464, -0.041530054062604904, -0.01880054734647274, -0.06504268199205399, -0.019733885303139687, 0.02102021314203739, -0.008004833944141865, 0.007148316595703363, -0.006740299053490162, -0.002809339901432395, 0.02039446122944355, 0.05048735439777374, -0.020657002925872803, -0.044977907091379166, -0.07146625965833664, 0.001468266942538321, -0.007512337528169155, -0.00516292592510581, 0.011374961584806442, -0.05119176581501961, 0.014134793542325497, 0.022285206243395805, 0.0369437001645565, 0.0018708885181695223, -0.003917457070201635, 0.029073452576994896, 0.05265119671821594, 0.03720835968852043, 0.030595190823078156, 0.0012302420800551772, -0.0342366062104702, -0.02490447275340557, -0.08057985454797745, 0.027846835553646088, -0.023262230679392815, -0.05681760609149933, 0.008617398329079151, 0.03221846744418144, 0.017833655700087547, -0.026132898405194283, 0.03564954549074173, 0.01409225445240736, 0.023089531809091568, -0.0023553583305329084, -0.0461561344563961, -0.01459041889756918, -0.012486028485000134, -0.031461264938116074, -0.10005620867013931, -0.006632120348513126, -0.011993237771093845, 0.0036766035482287407, -0.022084571421146393, 0.030504576861858368, -0.04959484189748764, -0.00030550797237083316, 0.03189074248075485, -0.0251944400370121, -0.0980135127902031, -0.002255536848679185, 0.013944223523139954, 0.034647293388843536, 0.008181970566511154, -0.016823360696434975, 0.026542838662862778, 0.04563509672880173, 0.033454325050115585, 0.056192055344581604, -0.017396844923496246, -0.014348102733492851, 0.016283413395285606, 0.03168567642569542, -0.013060033321380615, -0.060057517141103745, 0.03457159921526909, 0.02214372344315052, 0.008017705753445625, 0.004946064669638872, -0.04174288362264633, 0.015291867777705193, 0.0026987921446561813, 0.0366489440202713, 0.007950411178171635, -0.00487914402037859, -0.019759994000196457, -0.012598304077982903, 0.07833689451217651, -0.021504687145352364, 0.05120312422513962, -0.0395304299890995, 0.023296598345041275, -0.0361369363963604, -0.04687081277370453, 0.002410613000392914, 0.020252827554941177, 0.0002560485154390335, -0.015813257545232773, -0.03178153932094574, 0.01778549700975418, 0.006869110744446516, 0.0012983096530660987, 0.03777329623699188, 0.0014559458941221237, 0.00191358826123178, 0.014094789512455463, 0.0042528752237558365, -0.0014396320329979062, 0.019518544897437096, -0.0016487432876601815, -0.07953616976737976, 0.06354688107967377, 0.04647155851125717, -0.008196018636226654, -0.03289945423603058, -0.04458813741803169, 0.005114211235195398, 0.044578053057193756, 0.020979931578040123, -0.00046554786968044937, 0.003711002878844738, 0.06310681253671646, -0.0010149853769689798, 0.03199565410614014, 0.03954746946692467, -0.08552854508161545, 0.030691729858517647, 0.00972619280219078, 0.005595643538981676, 0.010678708553314209, -0.03431077301502228, 0.06613418459892273, -0.025449685752391815, 0.03570854291319847, 0.01766160875558853, -0.06528119742870331, -0.0023356296587735415, 0.02783876471221447, -0.017607050016522408, 0.07019086182117462, 0.021496135741472244, -0.024658018723130226, 0.022168757393956184, 0.014048181474208832, 0.0636705532670021, 0.03918204456567764, -0.07127605378627777, 0.037563905119895935, 0.008989501744508743, -0.010159909725189209, -0.009456278756260872, 0.044714491814374924, -0.05132982134819031, -0.007654333487153053, 0.020481979474425316, -0.039270807057619095, 0.008472309447824955, 0.00018111571262124926, -0.002195941051468253, 0.03930959850549698, 0.004437943920493126, 0.011885273270308971, -0.008111432194709778, 0.023045677691698074, -0.0318625345826149, 0.043887659907341, -0.010508066043257713, -0.03769177570939064, 0.03406583517789841, 0.0018465504981577396, 0.0905831977725029, 0.09970460087060928, -0.017774226143956184, -0.01723324880003929, 0.02144693024456501, -0.00005861129830009304, -0.0070649669505655766, 0.026060620322823524, -0.016294579952955246, 0.023891376331448555, -0.0033189659006893635, -0.007655862718820572, -0.0346885621547699, 0.062454670667648315, -0.03729148209095001, 0.0008157035335898399, 0.06954469531774521, -0.0018451078794896603, 0.062246307730674744, -0.011433140374720097, 0.018883971497416496, 0.012402539141476154, 0.013635342009365559, -0.034288328140974045, -0.01269774604588747, -0.04561504349112511, 0.0010258418042212725, 0.045823391526937485, -0.026421986520290375, -0.01815449260175228, -0.05327403545379639, -0.0192711241543293, -0.005359135568141937, 0.08462958037853241, 0.054008517414331436, 0.016539501026272774, -0.0022934679873287678, -0.020492548123002052, 0.002012644661590457, -0.03736240789294243, -0.13252057135105133, -0.043567266315221786, 0.032358575612306595, 0.010820508003234863, 0.03820044547319412, 0.030955182388424873, -0.023426732048392296, 0.0428430549800396, -0.035774849355220795, -0.03735380247235298, 0.0007907598628662527, 0.028757436200976372, 0.03153008222579956, -0.017222251743078232, -0.021060962229967117, 0.0325290821492672, 0.0868353322148323, -0.004616369027644396, -0.027126407250761986, -0.029511263594031334, -0.06930439919233322, -0.014765000902116299, -0.039661917835474014, -0.03440139442682266, -0.010484241880476475, 0.027818817645311356, 0.0024776640348136425, -0.0059099323116242886, 0.02708527259528637, 0.019854361191391945, 0.058386482298374176, 0.0368938073515892, 0.021511627361178398, 0.02756640687584877, 0.024134928360581398, -0.016844263300299644, -0.02683866396546364, -0.014932210557162762, 0.032315269112586975, 0.011031413450837135, -0.04350195825099945, 0.029593832790851593, -0.0070032477378845215, -0.24719299376010895, 0.008398054167628288, 0.0269016120582819, 0.04070533066987991, 0.034412682056427, 0.007356263231486082, 0.0538213811814785, -0.04013928771018982, -0.04227810725569725, 0.019375961273908615, 0.02306971698999405, 0.012935924343764782, 0.020637478679418564, 0.07931513339281082, 0.04845427721738815, 0.026551375165581703, 0.004134547431021929, -0.002581996377557516, 0.022377334535121918, 0.020406490191817284, -0.014212419278919697, -0.09973137080669403, -0.021420828998088837, 0.013278278522193432, -0.011234431527554989, 0.03271361067891121, -0.04026558995246887, -0.004327302798628807, -0.06791559606790543, -0.007237234152853489, -0.0553932748734951, -0.01264496985822916, -0.023995477706193924, 0.03142588958144188, -0.00039790821028873324, 0.003739473409950733, 0.013768499717116356, -0.024842243641614914, 0.007654489018023014, 0.055124860256910324, -0.020295945927500725, 0.0037844718899577856, -0.04463353753089905, 0.012828947976231575, 0.02557155303657055, 0.03875463083386421, -0.06354968249797821, -0.010374397039413452, -0.017244534566998482, 0.03127218782901764, -0.006174453534185886, -0.02764241397380829, -0.0007933140732347965, 0.0162938442081213, 0.01884462684392929, -0.00000491344508191105, -0.029178783297538757, -0.025316137820482254, 0.008392789401113987, 0.017296213656663895, 0.023196404799818993, -0.06473779678344727, -0.005098169203847647, -0.007795909885317087, 0.01278909482061863, -0.04048895090818405, -0.0506105050444603, -0.07827545702457428, 0.04462738335132599, 0.04176277667284012, -0.012571524828672409, -0.050007786601781845, -0.04332764074206352, -0.09895958751440048, 0.022750509902834892, -0.023813676089048386, -0.013538961298763752, -0.016074517741799355, 0.027524063363671303, 0.047150421887636185, -0.045409876853227615, -0.03602991998195648, -0.007386213634163141, 0.022216051816940308, 0.005475414451211691, -0.013472070917487144, 0.026436707004904747, -0.04566532000899315, -0.04381781443953514, -0.057774703949689865, 0.025823218747973442, 0.017287788912653923, 0.02265162020921707, -0.015008199959993362, 0.0475710853934288, 0.04743269458413124, -0.005101230461150408, 0.03088907152414322, 0.03919106721878052, -0.011267236433923244, 0.01697496511042118, -0.0959240198135376, -0.0318685807287693, -0.05950965732336044, -0.0010147631401196122, 0.0322117954492569, -0.036127980798482895, -0.02450519986450672, 0.043627478182315826, 0.006619570776820183, -0.013040163554251194, -0.025099730119109154, 0.0007582908729091287, 0.002241977723315358, -0.012133004143834114, -0.011161498725414276, -0.045584406703710556, 0.04013634845614433, 0.05983142554759979, -0.007619320880621672, -0.04280274361371994, 0.04414054751396179, -0.025527574121952057, -0.0038054233882576227, -0.015148519538342953, -0.003619178431108594, 0.01734626665711403, -0.027479706332087517, 0.02356349490582943, -0.02707727625966072, 0.05254169926047325, 0.01518064085394144, 0.020907841622829437, 0.022834721952676773, 0.027632365003228188, 0.003836686024442315, 0.004884233232587576, -0.015311826020479202, 0.020919984206557274, -0.013492090627551079, 0.02461782470345497, -0.009197777137160301, 0.059880923479795456, 0.020909935235977173, -0.004282352514564991, 0.01844610460102558, 0.018283912912011147, 0.0232973862439394, 0.008749356493353844, -0.0013880388578400016, 0.017901794984936714, -0.04048197716474533, 0.004346082452684641, -0.02010456845164299, 0.018606577068567276, -0.03745022043585777, 0.04261980205774307, -0.015096607618033886, 0.024319259449839592, -0.05016903951764107, 0.039964742958545685, 0.014216995798051357, -0.06976144015789032, -0.010485891252756119, 0.021026570349931717, 0.0355759859085083, -0.03767961263656616, -0.013798888772726059, 0.002322065643966198, 0.0006934873526915908, 0.027183914557099342, -0.04183876886963844, -0.010941811837255955, -0.02945183590054512, -0.03192694112658501, -0.03251427784562111, 0.022584084421396255, -0.05670884996652603, -0.049407850950956345, 0.013763247057795525, 0.006252470891922712, -0.03168180212378502, -0.01292396243661642, 0.014526638202369213, 0.07728434354066849, -0.02450740896165371, 0.004026151727885008, -0.024658996611833572, -0.03826180100440979, 0.015159174799919128, 0.009816582314670086, 0.03638087585568428, -0.04859474301338196, -0.04734771326184273, -0.02551463060081005, -0.03733699768781662, 0.015762537717819214, 0.001513904077000916, -0.053248658776283264, 0.027034973725676537, -0.0009909518994390965, 0.0009654213790781796, -0.034040361642837524, -0.025331128388643265, 0.012464484199881554, -0.06782468408346176, -0.016903530806303024, 0.030980486422777176, -0.015248926356434822, 0.06467337906360626, -0.06458178907632828, -0.04014217481017113, -0.03333452716469765, 0.004246930591762066, 0.022975439205765724, -0.014501139521598816, -0.020833924412727356, -0.008702429942786694, -0.008040709421038628, 0.005662360228598118, 0.024731844663619995, -0.018186865374445915, 0.0044256169348955154, -0.036315396428108215, 0.009248278103768826, 0.0640641301870346, -0.053162962198257446, -0.012739703059196472, 0.03054906614124775, -0.007233084179461002, 0.009814002551138401, -0.048339735716581345, 0.020218953490257263, 0.04402473196387291, 0.007995774038136005, 0.024151511490345, -0.03993900492787361, 0.04867846518754959, -0.0618923082947731, -0.018745457753539085, -0.05548109486699104, 0.00814750138670206, -0.007833631709218025, -0.03348814696073532, 0.013332144357264042, 0.01660728268325329, 0.00813750084489584, 0.001258745207451284, 0.026955772191286087, 0.007332317531108856, 0.0199637059122324, -0.0017328218091279268, -0.0884287878870964, 0.00842548068612814, 0.07925966382026672, 0.01614738255739212, -0.012916815467178822, -0.06823355704545975, 0.02890944853425026, 0.039874639362096786, -0.024709274992346764, 0.0015583634376525879, -0.062493253499269485, 0.016708485782146454, -0.010560397990047932, 0.02339606173336506, -0.0031954178120940924, -0.018197642639279366, 0.02536112815141678, -0.07777240127325058, 0.007853168062865734, -0.07253427803516388, -0.009565030224621296, 0.042461466044187546, -0.019442303106188774, 0.02192317321896553, 0.01684858836233616, -0.015547825023531914, 0.06058838218450546, -0.026216493919491768, -0.044144030660390854, 0.03843862935900688, -0.033211469650268555, -0.02083284594118595, 0.07186957448720932, -0.05089961364865303, -0.059701886028051376, -0.012331896461546421, -0.033474527299404144, 0.01354940701276064, 0.013524378649890423, 0.033385224640369415, -0.0018935160478577018, -0.0245936568826437, -0.03768300637602806, 0.03987650200724602, 0.033623646944761276, 0.04643300175666809, 0.020012622699141502, 0.03180234879255295, -0.04290539398789406, 0.056999821215867996, 0.027302665635943413, 0.0451352596282959, 0.0061515639536082745, 0.018849754706025124, 0.019661610946059227, -0.020094944164156914, 0.03337966650724411, -0.017189612612128258, 0.007591200992465019, -0.059944674372673035, 0.02550201676785946, 0.010878960601985455, -0.0434826985001564, -0.026402167975902557, 0.01849302463233471, -0.059197798371315, -0.007032954134047031, -0.006687510292977095, 0.0006047339411452413, 0.04516628757119179, 0.07681773602962494, 0.011059017851948738, 0.05339644476771355, 0.04555914178490639, 0.032930634915828705, 0.008821175433695316, -0.006824146490544081, 0.08811134845018387, 0.07189562171697617, 0.030169643461704254, -0.019069641828536987, 0.057801101356744766, -0.055084068328142166, -0.06053084135055542, 0.036805033683776855, 0.00041183491703122854, 0.004155416507273912, -0.03868070989847183, 0.011437632143497467, 0.08215247094631195, 0.008821244351565838, 0.055938005447387695, -0.03984220325946808, -0.027787603437900543, 0.05801357701420784, 0.0034425577614456415, -0.002797679742798209, 0.03510168194770813, 0.04193767160177231, 0.005670681595802307, 0.00007561185339000076, -0.032221779227256775, 0.009810400195419788, 0.0006068889051675797, 0.031924717128276825, 0.007416944485157728, 0.0007002960192039609, -0.0021088155917823315, 0.040332213044166565, 0.025332028046250343, 0.1076543778181076, -0.0693245604634285, -0.014390671625733376, 0.015619207173585892, 0.009539625607430935, -0.012638108804821968, 0.021590029820799828, 0.0032897302880883217, -0.016024503856897354, 0.02810000628232956, -0.016190964728593826, 0.024987170472741127, 0.04385735094547272, 0.004094326868653297, 0.031010827049613, -0.030500877648591995, -0.025782397016882896, 0.016407528892159462, 0.047677475959062576, -0.0048496597446501255, -0.053391627967357635, -0.05025095120072365, -0.017186958342790604, -0.06547888368368149, -0.05780772864818573, 0.03631563484668732, 0.009112131781876087, -0.04239139333367348, 0.022452732548117638, -0.02875668741762638, 0.01922411285340786, -0.010592378675937653, -0.038587283343076706, -0.0019845112692564726, 0.046122170984745026, -0.01521348673850298, 0.020680036395788193, 0.016898158937692642, 0.03425189480185509, 0.011226574890315533, -0.04674440249800682, 0.019188422709703445, 0.031126990914344788, 0.021662810817360878, -0.030550258234143257, -0.0018605750519782305, -0.09386558085680008, 0.011582700535655022, 0.018217386677861214, -0.038678381592035294, -0.07828833162784576, 0.025104520842432976, -0.04250094294548035, -0.019753890112042427, 0.08880272507667542, -0.027852104976773262, 0.005665262695401907, -0.04962806776165962, -0.02415797859430313, -0.012360445223748684, 0.010874748229980469, 0.036380261182785034, -0.025424774736166, 0.04442206025123596, 0.03164168447256088, -0.04528704285621643, -0.06090143695473671, 0.04356038570404053, 0.00489721167832613, -0.008187873288989067, -0.01935173012316227, 0.014600275084376335, 0.005371390376240015, -0.11116573214530945, -0.03143682703375816, 0.05442216992378235, -0.03867343068122864, -0.008612187579274178, 0.0009537945152260363, -0.0020693496335297823, 0.016756167635321617, -0.010935980826616287, -0.03736459091305733, -0.025629065930843353, -0.027528781443834305, -0.019627943634986877, -0.0481889434158802, 0.030095089226961136, -0.035486429929733276, 0.01326058991253376, -0.018931204453110695, -0.023011324927210808, -0.015278380364179611, -0.03724975883960724, 0.028114227578043938, 0.03534042835235596, -0.024407701566815376, -0.003079561982303858 ]
5,193
metaTextGrad: Automatically optimizing language model optimizers
[ "Guowei Xu", "Mert Yuksekgonul", "Carlos Guestrin", "James Zou" ]
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in learning algorithms, evaluations, and optimization tasks. Recent studies have shown that using LLM-based optimizers to automatically optimize model prompts, demonstrations, predictions themselves, or other components can significantly enhance the performance of AI systems, as demonstrated by frameworks such as DSPy and TextGrad. However, optimizers built on language models themselves are usually designed by humans with manual design choices; optimizers themselves are not optimized. Moreover, these optimizers are general purpose by design, to be useful to a broad audience, and are not tailored for specific tasks. To address these challenges, we propose metaTextGrad, which focuses on designing a meta-optimizer to further enhance existing optimizers and align them to be good optimizers for a given task. Our approach consists of two key components: a meta prompt optimizer and a meta structure optimizer. The combination of these two significantly improves performance across multiple benchmarks, achieving an average absolute performance improvement of up to 6% compared to the best baseline.
poster
2505.18524
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.020107293501496315, -0.016493992879986763, 0.003976444713771343, 0.03629899024963379, 0.04247477278113365, 0.029368197545409203, 0.01542783435434103, 0.02344154752790928, -0.024291489273309708, -0.0028478719759732485, -0.02813657559454441, 0.044432759284973145, -0.0422988086938858, -0.006007376126945019, 0.003156389109790325, 0.043233178555965424, 0.02659369260072708, 0.0028782756999135017, 0.008908634074032307, 0.015482715331017971, 0.01908315345644951, -0.017224406823515892, 0.018292315304279327, 0.022127773612737656, 0.03621012344956398, 0.042493876069784164, 0.042526256293058395, 0.004005806520581245, -0.0460454560816288, -0.0012927663046866655, 0.04363878816366196, -0.019677409902215004, 0.0319623239338398, -0.00952779408544302, 0.0180736742913723, 0.012376572005450726, -0.04981052502989769, 0.011582459323108196, 0.017312966287136078, 0.022390242666006088, -0.029719801619648933, 0.04888856038451195, -0.017780205234885216, 0.015113499015569687, -0.027247482910752296, 0.01122851762920618, -0.1126684844493866, 0.028434574604034424, 0.00802686344832182, -0.037146564573049545, -0.12314236909151077, 0.03151246905326843, 0.0009552518604323268, -0.03634732961654663, -0.01480252668261528, 0.04620875045657158, 0.06793943047523499, -0.08383920788764954, -0.01102221105247736, -0.025185126811265945, -0.03928902745246887, 0.025432638823986053, 0.010248055681586266, 0.01849588192999363, 0.018273886293172836, -0.015529351308941841, -0.0034021148458123207, 0.024632303044199944, -0.06977815181016922, -0.03098427876830101, -0.02565343864262104, 0.024257183074951172, 0.012278544716536999, -0.010308930650353432, 0.013938269577920437, -0.03493699058890343, -0.004755509085953236, 0.04230104759335518, 0.05257628113031387, 0.013325031846761703, -0.012602058239281178, 0.03285058215260506, 0.027781013399362564, 0.04488557204604149, -0.002941043581813574, 0.027468299493193626, -0.03228151425719261, -0.018836118280887604, -0.07100735604763031, 0.009028478525578976, 0.006635109893977642, -0.04453638195991516, 0.016358306631445885, 0.046527616679668427, 0.03952677175402641, -0.005628712009638548, 0.027054686099290848, 0.036177441477775574, -0.009564077481627464, -0.0009543931228108704, -0.008213816210627556, -0.044821787625551224, 0.018420211970806122, -0.009668967686593533, -0.10041727870702744, -0.010189324617385864, -0.03067496046423912, 0.009161680936813354, 0.014201945625245571, -0.01286526583135128, -0.009121686220169067, -0.03107014112174511, 0.01055555883795023, -0.016888387501239777, -0.06352903693914413, 0.029630493372678757, -0.006603349931538105, 0.030182063579559326, -0.007835512980818748, 0.025406569242477417, 0.04724452272057533, 0.042520951479673386, 0.038959577679634094, 0.08095033466815948, -0.018298648297786713, 0.03261938691139221, 0.04728664457798004, 0.03513406589627266, -0.033420249819755554, -0.04651590809226036, 0.014460476115345955, 0.042943958193063736, -0.009649143554270267, -0.0024168987292796373, -0.012143077328801155, -0.004711658228188753, 0.025620626285672188, 0.007588530890643597, 0.06945210695266724, 0.0054226708598434925, -0.004554408602416515, -0.001648533740080893, 0.06938445568084717, -0.025966420769691467, 0.07398835569620132, -0.017929384484887123, -0.01463591493666172, -0.02014235220849514, -0.06063947081565857, 0.002132108435034752, 0.020440494641661644, -0.0006495530833490193, -0.03806775063276291, -0.04169537127017975, 0.03566921129822731, 0.06675858795642853, 0.019668104127049446, 0.025136705487966537, 0.004138508811593056, 0.025361543521285057, 0.014277039095759392, 0.01702718436717987, -0.08511621505022049, -0.0074506597593426704, 0.021265143528580666, -0.05685548484325409, 0.02495373971760273, 0.008465337567031384, -0.020066674798727036, -0.0007819318561814725, -0.050645265728235245, -0.04947659373283386, 0.07088848203420639, -0.024561399593949318, -0.03207443282008171, -0.005975225940346718, 0.059823501855134964, 0.004703105427324772, 0.032366760075092316, 0.027272356674075127, -0.08139897137880325, 0.027256393805146217, 0.004165543243288994, -0.0035641056019812822, 0.03810277208685875, -0.019749682396650314, 0.09461039304733276, -0.027058007195591927, 0.026877915486693382, 0.02950325794517994, -0.09772641956806183, -0.04446427896618843, 0.02333805151283741, -0.015683932229876518, 0.052978504449129105, -0.021252017468214035, -0.0027096178382635117, 0.0677732452750206, 0.028669238090515137, 0.049434807151556015, 0.05425335094332695, -0.015138816088438034, 0.029318658635020256, -0.010143733583390713, -0.009032751433551311, -0.008069779723882675, 0.04272700473666191, -0.05849003791809082, -0.045262835919857025, 0.030748017132282257, -0.028076328337192535, -0.001027339487336576, 0.0317748486995697, -0.0036376516800373793, 0.013715973123908043, -0.014695105142891407, -0.007504663430154324, 0.012616544961929321, 0.02026742324233055, -0.06045170873403549, 0.04258180037140846, 0.024561511352658272, 0.008743096143007278, -0.005596321541815996, -0.028846977278590202, 0.08393708616495132, 0.04723082482814789, -0.03313999995589256, -0.007585240062326193, 0.014081411063671112, 0.011802100576460361, 0.014654954895377159, 0.010603330098092556, -0.02377992495894432, 0.004851746838539839, -0.029991772025823593, -0.008972736075520515, -0.014419134706258774, 0.058744706213474274, -0.02166580781340599, -0.01819777488708496, 0.04592638835310936, -0.03249971196055412, 0.06857678294181824, -0.008680038154125214, 0.05015689879655838, 0.031090689823031425, -0.0070449234917759895, -0.024958407506346703, -0.02188016101717949, 0.01510442141443491, 0.005709887947887182, 0.010797727853059769, -0.021767951548099518, -0.00010065036622108892, -0.03399922326207161, -0.04705515131354332, -0.029372982680797577, 0.06133870780467987, 0.06664048135280609, -0.00019196816720068455, -0.006203255616128445, 0.006122929509729147, -0.026179084554314613, 0.023748086765408516, -0.09081830829381943, -0.011197526939213276, -0.044125646352767944, 0.024385100230574608, -0.011541430838406086, 0.027431657537817955, -0.0039523569867014885, -0.0052738068625330925, -0.03807323798537254, -0.022527724504470825, 0.029289573431015015, 0.04093890264630318, -0.0088113471865654, -0.05199239030480385, -0.028478866443037987, -0.025147544220089912, 0.04760320484638214, -0.02656090073287487, -0.01263620238751173, -0.04714454710483551, -0.059763941913843155, -0.011439410038292408, -0.05905598774552345, 0.017434680834412575, 0.019086763262748718, -0.0037044337950646877, 0.015749026089906693, -0.027592305094003677, 0.01955392025411129, 0.042691394686698914, 0.05448314547538757, 0.06516515463590622, -0.00837699230760336, -0.01960992068052292, 0.020228061825037003, -0.01946236938238144, -0.0030757139902561903, -0.018721461296081543, 0.04137106612324715, -0.020810438320040703, -0.00524137681350112, 0.0157299991697073, 0.009114285930991173, -0.26171061396598816, -0.00026921226526610553, -0.006888206582516432, -0.030132493004202843, 0.03449583426117897, -0.015931783244013786, 0.04001888632774353, -0.02643321268260479, -0.02293238788843155, -0.01925981231033802, 0.009142235852777958, 0.056156594306230545, 0.01225114706903696, 0.055440373718738556, 0.047037649899721146, 0.032042909413576126, -0.007329288870096207, -0.018238717690110207, -0.01784936711192131, 0.044267430901527405, 0.026375578716397285, -0.08247700333595276, 0.00014000719238538295, 0.05285317078232765, 0.007047079037874937, 0.05561937764286995, -0.1090102568268776, -0.012393818236887455, -0.021276913583278656, -0.014133076183497906, -0.0032939291559159756, -0.024395203217864037, -0.022204985842108727, 0.025160353630781174, 0.008849463425576687, 0.013666651211678982, 0.05365346372127533, 0.012754942290484905, 0.059514228254556656, 0.006451722234487534, 0.008556773886084557, -0.003347457153722644, -0.05838773399591446, -0.02070477046072483, 0.07254596054553986, -0.0019092496950179338, -0.06557609140872955, -0.01394383329898119, 0.0015731281600892544, 0.03676481917500496, -0.00925884023308754, -0.044635165482759476, -0.017284374684095383, 0.05741267278790474, 0.04656301438808441, -0.02554824948310852, 0.027059826999902725, -0.022108454257249832, 0.0019270672928541899, -0.03539775311946869, -0.00853950809687376, -0.03586149960756302, -0.017387600615620613, -0.02570837177336216, -0.01488112285733223, -0.028326887637376785, -0.04959448054432869, -0.040153034031391144, 0.029245734214782715, 0.06219061464071274, -0.030596936121582985, 0.022265862673521042, 0.007366841658949852, -0.0837802067399025, -0.018384533002972603, -0.0055361646227538586, -0.014442200772464275, -0.028652407228946686, -0.015630383044481277, 0.05215061083436012, -0.05072614550590515, -0.059745192527770996, -0.027216805145144463, -0.0009076509741134942, 0.02900363877415657, -0.05021461099386215, 0.018629997968673706, -0.04925878718495369, 0.001099339802749455, -0.058436520397663116, 0.036062318831682205, -0.020863648504018784, 0.00013355973351281136, 0.012197417207062244, 0.0609290637075901, 0.0068259527906775475, 0.033751893788576126, 0.05404738709330559, 0.04266129806637764, 0.0052004531025886536, 0.009958246722817421, -0.08781742304563522, -0.0021924017928540707, -0.014965931884944439, -0.02258104644715786, -0.0031681533437222242, -0.06827943027019501, -0.05853491276502609, 0.038555171340703964, -0.009174717590212822, -0.04197591170668602, -0.0401359386742115, -0.0037961306516081095, 0.00008812372107058764, -0.05366365611553192, -0.016747653484344482, 0.012218726798892021, 0.03265811502933502, 0.010296882130205631, -0.013855941593647003, -0.029788294807076454, 0.06563741713762283, -0.021557357162237167, 0.001494097406975925, -0.0035570107866078615, -0.01937572844326496, 0.012642771936953068, -0.02786271460354328, -0.018814915791153908, -0.0262822974473238, 0.024041615426540375, 0.02540346421301365, 0.003528223605826497, 0.004959180019795895, 0.02930746041238308, -0.02451222576200962, 0.002583603374660015, -0.019850488752126694, 0.05188513547182083, -0.008574975654482841, 0.007525925524532795, -0.0041782790794968605, 0.031833846122026443, 0.007677456829696894, 0.02628772146999836, 0.026108672842383385, 0.045173779129981995, 0.01092337816953659, -0.0011909408494830132, 0.02054133079946041, 0.047384291887283325, -0.052033908665180206, -0.02748585119843483, -0.01784106157720089, 0.03806993365287781, -0.01219349168241024, 0.002115885727107525, -0.011426893062889576, 0.012146144174039364, -0.05732747167348862, 0.03920668363571167, 0.004247036762535572, 0.004586776718497276, 0.018303722143173218, 0.011674468405544758, 0.015795040875673294, -0.022877488285303116, 0.0005861965473741293, 0.0255292896181345, 0.002102904487401247, 0.00820833444595337, -0.00906769186258316, -0.043509647250175476, -0.0012128789676353335, -0.04207601025700569, 0.007452052086591721, 0.03236124664545059, -0.020649613812565804, -0.043529581278562546, 0.04123568907380104, -0.010542387142777443, -0.055692315101623535, 0.005330666899681091, 0.02703256532549858, 0.0889771431684494, 0.00647752545773983, 0.00854579545557499, 0.027257489040493965, -0.04671669378876686, 0.0023294228594750166, -0.005213710479438305, -0.01763753592967987, -0.01148673053830862, -0.06028996780514717, -0.036007266491651535, -0.04735630378127098, 0.00454025249928236, 0.015201462432742119, 0.005808933638036251, 0.011764245107769966, -0.03449906036257744, 0.02603032998740673, -0.06253449618816376, -0.02950303442776203, 0.005362227093428373, -0.11066187173128128, -0.012755553238093853, -0.006999427452683449, 0.017318841069936752, 0.04010007157921791, -0.02818838320672512, -0.030803360044956207, -0.05383813753724098, -0.0269173514097929, 0.02887551486492157, -0.03278844803571701, -0.033121202141046524, -0.016419600695371628, -0.009303335100412369, -0.01275611948221922, 0.0025442768819630146, -0.012746448628604412, -0.005225891713052988, -0.04642599821090698, -0.01619541645050049, 0.04075836017727852, -0.03572719544172287, -0.025875365361571312, 0.00206164107657969, -0.016539545729756355, 0.059237971901893616, -0.0476299412548542, 0.03352460265159607, 0.04314025864005089, 0.022748850286006927, 0.027842804789543152, -0.045073866844177246, 0.03035634383559227, -0.012110131792724133, -0.020746363326907158, 0.004616938065737486, -0.0016054576262831688, -0.03711988776922226, 0.010580414906144142, -0.0138087198138237, 0.04910143092274666, -0.003397584892809391, -0.00009834435331868008, -0.0043191746808588505, 0.01692432165145874, 0.013578590005636215, 0.01881656050682068, -0.07225187122821808, -0.018120812252163887, 0.05567838251590729, -0.018300514668226242, -0.026767192408442497, -0.05331462621688843, -0.04104430601000786, 0.019191257655620575, -0.0030859250109642744, 0.036842718720436096, -0.026366792619228363, 0.06794381141662598, 0.0043796212412416935, 0.036523327231407166, 0.022043708711862564, -0.016958925873041153, 0.028235116973519325, -0.04631967470049858, -0.01627812162041664, -0.07846163958311081, -0.019626906141638756, 0.06030185893177986, -0.00898269284516573, -0.01727115735411644, -0.010059460066258907, -0.03982916101813316, 0.04234365001320839, -0.017532953992486, -0.0556269995868206, -0.006016605067998171, -0.02628474310040474, -0.0022281997371464968, 0.039310701191425323, -0.04182327166199684, 0.0013101708609610796, -0.026398513466119766, -0.038651179522275925, -0.012100569903850555, 0.023015761747956276, 0.058692965656518936, 0.00002377287637500558, 0.00890190526843071, -0.030274096876382828, 0.005799900274723768, 0.018736179918050766, 0.04312586784362793, 0.0335109680891037, 0.005056154914200306, -0.00674769002944231, 0.04080215096473694, 0.042988620698451996, 0.04289909824728966, -0.011787425726652145, 0.012998337857425213, -0.04283788055181503, -0.03704247623682022, 0.05643092840909958, 0.010737319476902485, -0.012991966679692268, -0.05309826880693436, 0.04400482773780823, 0.0324544832110405, -0.03710046783089638, -0.017952440306544304, 0.018671613186597824, -0.05634737014770508, 0.004101866390556097, -0.029350515455007553, 0.01853579841554165, 0.002299950923770666, 0.08279676735401154, 0.03832245245575905, 0.044195983558893204, 0.0899089127779007, -0.01689377799630165, -0.032363321632146835, -0.022775113582611084, 0.056114789098501205, 0.0595475509762764, 0.06813061982393265, -0.009436138905584812, 0.05234045535326004, -0.040922749787569046, -0.03653738275170326, 0.026022637262940407, 0.03050367534160614, -0.028947994112968445, -0.043016910552978516, 0.017333874478936195, 0.07360802590847015, -0.015269087627530098, 0.05843271687626839, -0.04572838172316551, 0.0027346271090209484, 0.009676330722868443, 0.021711552515625954, -0.009560966864228249, 0.057483747601509094, 0.030511891469359398, 0.03762834519147873, -0.033170200884342194, -0.03228837624192238, 0.003926063887774944, -0.013318886049091816, 0.026803748682141304, 0.000797068583779037, -0.009077380411326885, 0.007929782383143902, -0.0027473727241158485, 0.05258885771036148, 0.1128624901175499, -0.048744022846221924, -0.03413710370659828, 0.017797956243157387, -0.0059862504713237286, -0.002668044762685895, 0.043915100395679474, -0.007688481360673904, -0.025234714150428772, -0.014796431176364422, -0.051290322095155716, -0.01498879212886095, 0.02841038629412651, -0.0008841839153319597, 0.030455829575657845, -0.026586955413222313, -0.01320820301771164, 0.01882121153175831, 0.035009004175662994, -0.06079825758934021, -0.04585611820220947, -0.03636092320084572, -0.04874551296234131, -0.041325461119413376, -0.038944344967603683, 0.0007029256667010486, 0.006785384379327297, -0.030755359679460526, 0.013877886347472668, -0.03295358642935753, -0.0009161674533970654, 0.03148246929049492, -0.05591398850083351, 0.01488791685551405, 0.01821630820631981, 0.010932526551187038, -0.02299150638282299, 0.04384699836373329, 0.01059192419052124, -0.017938565462827682, -0.0008003777475096285, 0.049716074019670486, 0.031352803111076355, 0.0073527079075574875, 0.009470658376812935, -0.010679149068892002, -0.10784674435853958, -0.015536818653345108, 0.025486962869763374, -0.05290883406996727, -0.07154643535614014, 0.01644810475409031, -0.0020921460818499327, 0.04283761978149414, 0.05707382410764694, 0.018961895257234573, 0.0035137557424604893, -0.016961319372057915, -0.005797801073640585, -0.006672674790024757, 0.023646991699934006, 0.03249485045671463, -0.017193064093589783, 0.085429348051548, 0.044709738343954086, -0.030708735808730125, -0.0255507193505764, 0.011380366049706936, -0.004644840024411678, -0.012669493444263935, -0.005752561613917351, -0.010466021485626698, -0.028550365939736366, -0.08207149058580399, -0.023908188566565514, 0.037664372473955154, -0.030056949704885483, -0.028138382360339165, 0.00615433044731617, -0.009187820367515087, -0.030857129022479057, 0.009386405348777771, -0.011193237267434597, -0.02612634189426899, -0.030486615374684334, -0.032643917948007584, -0.05543650686740875, 0.023987779393792152, -0.004921731539070606, 0.0068311020731925964, -0.04301413148641586, -0.02193455956876278, 0.007001623045653105, 0.003163903718814254, 0.06767933815717697, -0.021896276623010635, 0.01695486530661583, -0.03208881989121437 ]
5,194
A Stable Whitening Optimizer for Efficient Neural Network Training
[ "Kevin Frans", "Sergey Levine", "Pieter Abbeel" ]
In this work, we take an experimentally grounded look at neural network optimization. Building on the Shampoo family of algorithms, we identify and alleviate three key issues, resulting in the proposed SPlus method. First, we find that naive Shampoo is prone to divergence when matrix-inverses are cached for long periods. We introduce an alternate bounded update combining a historical eigenbasis with instantaneous normalization, resulting in across-the-board stability and significantly lower computational requirements. Second, we adapt a shape-aware scaling to enable learning rate transfer across network width. Third, we find that high learning rates result in large parameter noise, and propose a simple iterate-averaging scheme which unblocks faster learning. To properly confirm these findings, we introduce a pointed Transformer training benchmark, considering three objectives (language modelling, image classification, and diffusion modelling) across different stages of training. On average, SPlus is able to reach the validation performance of Adam within 44% of the gradient steps and 62% of the wallclock time.
poster
2506.07254
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.02064122073352337, -0.02940259873867035, -0.007180037908256054, 0.021034015342593193, 0.020006105303764343, 0.04100535064935684, 0.032904502004384995, -0.017994094640016556, -0.008556357584893703, -0.05002443864941597, 0.0027733317110687494, 0.013787226751446724, -0.0400254987180233, -0.02021239511668682, -0.007495405618101358, 0.02608495019376278, 0.048854559659957886, 0.002802972448989749, 0.008621035143733025, 0.05033966526389122, -0.006779470015317202, -0.03403176739811897, 0.01679111272096634, 0.012628268450498581, 0.01211518608033657, -0.03149360790848732, -0.010853800922632217, -0.0039174496196210384, -0.04218882694840431, 0.0004907756811007857, 0.041782986372709274, 0.0019797433633357286, 0.00517964968457818, -0.01769225485622883, 0.04826207086443901, 0.03620138391852379, -0.049282412976026535, 0.003985770978033543, 0.005253778304904699, 0.022237783297896385, -0.05271931737661362, 0.016003528609871864, 0.0015454906970262527, 0.029172487556934357, -0.034646905958652496, 0.018394073471426964, -0.10596456378698349, 0.037235014140605927, 0.01975179649889469, -0.05122955143451691, -0.12792032957077026, 0.0070961713790893555, 0.002045152708888054, -0.015812357887625694, -0.008784596808254719, 0.03399381414055824, 0.02239232137799263, -0.06327571719884872, -0.006736470852047205, -0.05637282133102417, -0.026902930811047554, 0.005297577474266291, -0.005258452147245407, 0.016355304047465324, 0.007159779313951731, 0.01995508186519146, -0.0026918151415884495, 0.03960471972823143, -0.07214855402708054, -0.019334830343723297, -0.01140269823372364, -0.01335641834884882, -0.012570522725582123, 0.015192834660410881, 0.013478131964802742, -0.054980065673589706, 0.006028252653777599, 0.01722932979464531, 0.07649105042219162, -0.010247818194329739, 0.025036582723259926, 0.008188736625015736, 0.046376049518585205, 0.04361654818058014, 0.00334366736933589, 0.02785767987370491, -0.0327875129878521, -0.01873811148107052, -0.06813959032297134, 0.03083491139113903, -0.030093934386968613, -0.018841806799173355, 0.03898421302437782, 0.028180574998259544, 0.033531490713357925, -0.006206282414495945, 0.027532976120710373, 0.013956025242805481, 0.014984114095568657, -0.004285145550966263, -0.004751052241772413, -0.05590052157640457, 0.009206592105329037, -0.03158588707447052, -0.09759054332971573, -0.028106439858675003, -0.012890536338090897, 0.010395476594567299, 0.041175827383995056, 0.006578974425792694, -0.011854336597025394, 0.018157923594117165, 0.040467582643032074, -0.008082671090960503, -0.07767888903617859, 0.03949667140841484, 0.007437312975525856, 0.03980133682489395, -0.015189367346465588, 0.006133172661066055, 0.03125492110848427, 0.0516035370528698, -0.0014594157692044973, 0.07149244099855423, -0.010984637774527073, 0.034212883561849594, 0.01707388646900654, 0.03347031772136688, -0.029887910932302475, -0.051002420485019684, 0.026302356272935867, 0.0014875909546390176, 0.006692009977996349, 0.002997171599417925, -0.013243704102933407, 0.0031211499590426683, 0.0020711051765829325, -0.015281208790838718, 0.04804180935025215, -0.0012528259539976716, -0.037041012197732925, -0.019893648102879524, 0.05537132918834686, -0.020148571580648422, 0.09029098600149155, -0.04063980281352997, -0.013213537633419037, -0.027443449944257736, -0.04255665838718414, -0.001523760613054037, -0.014894581399857998, -0.012839262373745441, -0.004812296014279127, -0.09409025311470032, 0.028496503829956055, 0.061971697956323624, 0.01369373220950365, 0.02152564749121666, -0.004693887662142515, 0.009167789481580257, 0.02850019559264183, -0.01023929938673973, -0.020906999707221985, 0.02327946200966835, 0.004658911377191544, -0.020726488903164864, 0.05417322739958763, 0.009503082372248173, -0.011780602857470512, 0.014153447933495045, -0.034603383392095566, -0.006550078745931387, 0.05465824902057648, 0.01657114177942276, -0.008055130019783974, -0.012702228501439095, 0.048144664615392685, -0.0013021036284044385, 0.03478264808654785, 0.016145920380949974, -0.08011865615844727, 0.042507603764534, 0.02001882903277874, 0.04709582030773163, 0.011654148809611797, -0.0374210849404335, 0.08629295974969864, -0.05070324242115021, 0.020066561177372932, 0.017634574323892593, -0.0767289251089096, -0.019247276708483696, 0.003308000275865197, -0.015011101961135864, 0.0363553911447525, 0.022600164636969566, -0.028384849429130554, 0.01342436857521534, 0.03257801756262779, 0.06451189517974854, 0.06605998426675797, -0.06243913993239403, 0.016561148688197136, -0.00026270205853506923, -0.04025787487626076, -0.014305518940091133, 0.00038931495510041714, -0.06679459661245346, -0.03149373456835747, 0.0019069089321419597, -0.03547925502061844, -0.04582309350371361, -0.006998024415224791, 0.014798957854509354, 0.0217623021453619, 0.03482717648148537, -0.00561241339892149, 0.02435401827096939, 0.02015390805900097, -0.028703002259135246, 0.05624375119805336, 0.026204507797956467, -0.034063149243593216, 0.016001269221305847, 0.012100285850465298, 0.09265177696943283, 0.056606996804475784, -0.058882713317871094, -0.031770382076501846, -0.006304015405476093, 0.027949854731559753, -0.02963787317276001, 0.012719105929136276, -0.01641031727194786, -0.009168719872832298, -0.01631995476782322, -0.0017817307962104678, -0.021202867850661278, 0.09419893473386765, -0.02761887013912201, 0.009957097470760345, 0.06089470162987709, -0.0016989894211292267, 0.03343702480196953, 0.008581012487411499, 0.018526487052440643, 0.03269105404615402, 0.0017930509056895971, -0.024702895432710648, -0.026285260915756226, -0.002412628149613738, 0.009812913835048676, -0.024631813168525696, -0.022177161648869514, 0.017784424126148224, -0.053853839635849, -0.04117260128259659, -0.023221271112561226, 0.07371391355991364, 0.05069423094391823, 0.013403641059994698, 0.0190650075674057, -0.006987790577113628, -0.03624545410275459, -0.01944376900792122, -0.11857672780752182, -0.019848713651299477, -0.0010916278697550297, 0.052743714302778244, -0.0003923732729163021, 0.05344098433852196, -0.011904224753379822, -0.0010917371837422252, -0.06393563747406006, -0.0340619757771492, 0.003203972475603223, 0.04544135555624962, -0.020891109481453896, -0.016534896567463875, -0.04963410273194313, -0.010759151540696621, 0.06889810413122177, -0.017463253811001778, -0.009401485323905945, -0.04480510577559471, -0.04940751940011978, -0.014079658314585686, -0.0061467718333005905, -0.028537895530462265, 0.040686722844839096, 0.025721771642565727, 0.018372977152466774, -0.02758701518177986, 0.01897742599248886, 0.010293756611645222, 0.0721317008137703, 0.055338140577077866, 0.0034868710208684206, -0.0164176058024168, 0.028420081362128258, 0.011219054460525513, 0.011327528394758701, -0.004127795342355967, 0.026943117380142212, -0.015478416346013546, 0.009318050928413868, 0.03903701901435852, -0.028844621032476425, -0.27068036794662476, -0.008101622574031353, -0.004302016459405422, -0.02336810529232025, 0.04846159741282463, -0.039975304156541824, 0.01423539500683546, -0.017921339720487595, -0.017290959134697914, 0.012714340351521969, -0.002529535908252001, 0.03417617082595825, -0.0007109033758752048, 0.04133756831288338, 0.04331155866384506, -0.0015608944231644273, 0.006989868823438883, -0.03254838287830353, 0.00037335845991037786, 0.04929182678461075, -0.03197731822729111, -0.06476941704750061, 0.010372549295425415, 0.055450450628995895, -0.03949332609772682, 0.059654850512742996, -0.04763516038656235, -0.012619160115718842, -0.028106780722737312, -0.02579979971051216, -0.007598551921546459, -0.040642354637384415, -0.024860981851816177, 0.053485628217458725, 0.01897537149488926, 0.002360564423725009, 0.028522169217467308, -0.02074838988482952, 0.051774319261312485, 0.016997292637825012, 0.015861302614212036, -0.02822263166308403, -0.023624517023563385, 0.04360829293727875, 0.07045674324035645, 0.011369824409484863, -0.052718307822942734, -0.024875637143850327, -0.012543951161205769, 0.01948157139122486, -0.020695820450782776, -0.015038598328828812, -0.05516146123409271, 0.023097684606909752, -0.027225472033023834, -0.0051213037222623825, -0.00943541619926691, -0.007931459695100784, -0.008001016452908516, 0.00774996355175972, -0.02969948574900627, -0.04706632345914841, -0.021739237010478973, -0.060668375343084335, -0.004983250517398119, -0.01649005338549614, -0.04722326621413231, -0.04793230816721916, 0.028659068048000336, 0.05028831586241722, -0.0022366838529706, 0.024714834988117218, -0.026383163407444954, -0.09243515878915787, 0.014458758756518364, -0.00862343143671751, -0.01222282275557518, 0.00873984768986702, -0.006645991932600737, 0.04254291206598282, -0.02702217362821102, -0.08302032202482224, 0.024574732407927513, 0.005493608303368092, 0.012978319078683853, -0.02290811575949192, 0.04928387701511383, -0.003273663343861699, -0.003530575893819332, -0.025714298710227013, 0.05754917487502098, 0.041359614580869675, 0.016058165580034256, -0.020220547914505005, 0.02409440465271473, 0.012440735474228859, 0.006610888987779617, 0.06132088601589203, 0.02643590420484543, -0.02347046695649624, 0.05225500464439392, -0.053828563541173935, -0.03360912576317787, -0.04681115970015526, -0.045106325298547745, 0.0389273576438427, -0.053994692862033844, -0.014494223520159721, 0.04298950731754303, 0.011738400906324387, -0.033194709569215775, -0.03968111798167229, 0.011723294854164124, -0.0028942395001649857, 0.003278592601418495, -0.019458254799246788, 0.0005996600957587361, 0.029331766068935394, -0.0010842561023309827, -0.015723928809165955, -0.010830982588231564, 0.043705426156520844, 0.008658190257847309, 0.015096671879291534, 0.042777981609106064, -0.007279332727193832, -0.0060533140785992146, 0.004341646563261747, 0.002336867619305849, 0.0006910877418704331, 0.03743293508887291, 0.024282272905111313, -0.0010218165116384625, 0.03458476439118385, 0.051494769752025604, 0.005251350812613964, -0.005780191160738468, -0.03298823535442352, 0.033844929188489914, 0.018282445147633553, 0.02309577725827694, 0.006507471203804016, 0.050395213067531586, 0.01515306904911995, 0.035019002854824066, 0.05443548783659935, 0.01360740140080452, -0.04285981133580208, 0.002232392318546772, -0.004553595557808876, 0.03362609073519707, -0.04843561723828316, -0.05119602382183075, -0.03806735947728157, 0.03641233965754509, -0.027744749560952187, 0.03192395344376564, -0.002188007812947035, 0.006782398093491793, -0.0573272779583931, 0.05002345144748688, 0.029380209743976593, -0.05089125409722328, 0.036067284643650055, -0.004529591184109449, 0.033115144819021225, -0.033277563750743866, -0.018600936979055405, -0.00026880469522438943, 0.0004399745084811002, -0.008499220944941044, 0.0023044918198138475, -0.03243006393313408, 0.0002471710613463074, -0.018831336870789528, 0.01667572744190693, -0.003290455788373947, 0.02656853199005127, -0.027819691225886345, 0.02960788831114769, 0.00957759004086256, -0.0275124479085207, -0.01782567799091339, 0.012471919879317284, 0.08004891872406006, 0.008359378203749657, -0.013009984977543354, -0.015333758667111397, -0.03182206675410271, 0.033356815576553345, -0.027155917137861252, -0.0037688235752284527, -0.010776054114103317, -0.0369064137339592, -0.03167742118239403, -0.04858990013599396, -0.014080529101192951, 0.04405113309621811, -0.02364334650337696, -0.015778064727783203, -0.0061251320876181126, 0.016811834648251534, -0.043464746326208115, -0.014620129950344563, 0.009355517104268074, -0.11233604699373245, -0.003540403675287962, 0.054115355014801025, -0.05027998983860016, 0.03781756013631821, 0.012177408672869205, -0.03102176822721958, -0.04800056293606758, -0.029417486861348152, 0.00043136609019711614, -0.019838374108076096, -0.04182112589478493, -0.03308761864900589, 0.013349905610084534, -0.031757716089487076, 0.02127859741449356, -0.005210943520069122, -0.016073554754257202, -0.0012498783180490136, -0.020755646750330925, 0.040446195751428604, -0.03245798125863075, 0.02427096851170063, 0.01719045266509056, 0.007059234194457531, 0.024411452934145927, -0.05212816596031189, 0.010989858768880367, 0.06905515491962433, 0.01051552128046751, 0.02591792307794094, -0.03233373910188675, 0.06084387004375458, 0.012925264425575733, 0.013845672830939293, 0.038973744958639145, 0.032966502010822296, -0.03624983876943588, 0.007794680539518595, 0.012072945013642311, 0.04897754639387131, 0.02413165755569935, 0.016962451860308647, -0.002009137300774455, -0.0003515279677230865, 0.017231224104762077, 0.02710273116827011, -0.049058947712183, 0.0002837053616531193, 0.061266783624887466, -0.04582028090953827, -0.0004275469691492617, -0.09868625551462173, -0.027346381917595863, 0.007879994809627533, -0.03134935349225998, 0.03514552488923073, -0.0036901438143104315, 0.04479683190584183, 0.01932177133858204, -0.0002805932890623808, 0.012228332459926605, -0.0354890413582325, 0.06376303732395172, -0.033963266760110855, 0.008931111544370651, -0.05488171800971031, -0.0509248785674572, 0.0754438266158104, -0.03148243948817253, 0.004479346796870232, -0.030370883643627167, -0.023795826360583305, 0.04500947892665863, -0.04388650506734848, -0.0489652082324028, 0.002270410768687725, -0.05704088136553764, -0.007230814546346664, 0.02377460151910782, -0.020737987011671066, -0.014920398592948914, -0.04056734964251518, -0.04639260470867157, 0.012247880920767784, -0.004892793949693441, 0.04747743532061577, -0.0009904998587444425, 0.0008403559913858771, -0.06088424474000931, 0.029245533049106598, 0.051305077970027924, 0.056288786232471466, -0.004415672738105059, -0.007751199882477522, -0.026692230254411697, 0.07494853436946869, 0.020640593022108078, 0.001384378527291119, 0.005032416898757219, 0.009574406780302525, 0.007143174298107624, -0.06456494331359863, 0.025542287155985832, 0.009606915526092052, -0.0009865745669230819, -0.07544297724962234, 0.03572048991918564, 0.024339472874999046, -0.02023169957101345, -0.013209514319896698, 0.03674022853374481, -0.035719141364097595, -0.008908171206712723, 0.0009586569503881037, -0.015343944542109966, -0.02172740548849106, 0.059180572628974915, 0.01411520317196846, 0.033612556755542755, 0.07344222813844681, 0.0017138237599283457, -0.023345379158854485, 0.0020846945699304342, 0.08123207092285156, 0.047645747661590576, 0.0402299202978611, -0.015700770542025566, 0.05930434539914131, -0.04311059042811394, -0.047133564949035645, 0.021251119673252106, 0.04862963408231735, -0.06357074528932571, -0.04382605478167534, 0.005885876249521971, 0.0857747495174408, -0.004995204042643309, 0.06874211132526398, -0.04632241651415825, 0.01544943731278181, 0.024254504591226578, 0.009445942007005215, -0.0015108087100088596, 0.04664256051182747, 0.020883917808532715, 0.020785395056009293, -0.00527085829526186, -0.004204020369797945, -0.005743096116930246, -0.02216358296573162, 0.014451919123530388, -0.020526109263300896, -0.01847033016383648, 0.018140051513910294, 0.029451975598931313, 0.03359820321202278, 0.09697423130273819, -0.034951768815517426, -0.060342494398355484, 0.0029822257347404957, 0.01698402315378189, 0.02388138696551323, 0.026144443079829216, 0.004386739805340767, -0.042661089450120926, 0.0025173493195325136, -0.02338465489447117, 0.023284705355763435, 0.028234902769327164, 0.0068752518855035305, 0.019218800589442253, -0.029454762116074562, 0.0032304576598107815, -0.0034513252321630716, -0.005299022886902094, -0.04969795420765877, -0.06556414067745209, -0.011058432050049305, -0.07349812239408493, -0.053331997245550156, -0.08483825623989105, -0.0031919339671730995, -0.009320922195911407, -0.04667811468243599, -0.03798968717455864, -0.015451943501830101, 0.0025715306401252747, 0.0525459349155426, -0.05603638291358948, 0.0004480131028685719, 0.027386238798499107, 0.0016157316276803613, -0.038096386939287186, 0.014473402872681618, 0.025032764300704002, 0.010026080533862114, -0.007210204377770424, 0.06257058680057526, -0.04294368997216225, 0.022668790072202682, -0.01572977378964424, -0.021788183599710464, -0.09338334947824478, 0.007503691595047712, 0.008675233460962772, -0.018881548196077347, -0.08106570690870285, 0.04551752656698227, -0.029005596414208412, 0.07248597592115402, 0.03605787828564644, -0.012274784967303276, -0.002516977023333311, -0.03273117542266846, -0.004280802793800831, -0.01607322320342064, 0.028060343116521835, 0.032423313707113266, 0.01349326316267252, 0.058465782552957535, 0.05255920812487602, 0.0015345268184319139, -0.03536314144730568, 0.040392883121967316, -0.04274420067667961, 0.031618643552064896, -0.005497215781360865, -0.014122744090855122, -0.03132690489292145, -0.08679601550102234, -0.01796100102365017, 0.010374306701123714, -0.018112892284989357, -0.050733357667922974, 0.02328960970044136, -0.02254912070930004, -0.00098405999597162, -0.0024377526715397835, 0.023324688896536827, -0.04175305739045143, 0.004493632819503546, -0.022492948919534683, -0.06696779280900955, 0.012343506328761578, -0.008473871275782585, 0.01618771068751812, -0.03490656614303589, -0.001609177328646183, -0.004474440589547157, 0.021002663299441338, 0.02466709353029728, 0.0017713753040879965, 0.021882368251681328, -0.023814231157302856 ]
5,195
Parsimonious Predictions for Strategyproof Scheduling
[ "Richard Cole", "Anupam Gupta", "Pranav Jangir" ]
We consider the problem of scheduling $m$ jobs on $n$ unrelated strategic machines to minimize the maximum load of any machine, but the machines are strategic and may misreport processing times to minimize their own load. The pioneering work of Nisan and Ronen gave an $n$-approximate deterministic strategyproof mechanism for this setting, and this was recently shown to be best possible by the breakthrough results of Christodoulou et al. This large approxation guarantee begs the question: how can we avoid these large worst-case results. In this work, we use the powerful framework of algorithms with (machine-learned) predictions to bypass these strong impossibility results. We show how we can predict $O(m+n)$ values to obtain a deterministic strategyproof algorithm whose makespan is within a constant factor of the optimal makespan when the predictions are correct, and $O(n)$ times the optimum no matter how poor the predictions are.
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.0332554467022419, -0.0034997370094060898, -0.014100486412644386, 0.016089042648673058, 0.05689351633191109, 0.050391409546136856, 0.022355452179908752, 0.012091594748198986, -0.054745350033044815, -0.04976185783743858, -0.011058545671403408, -0.01230000052601099, -0.03891187533736229, -0.024612577632069588, -0.014709520153701305, 0.07276631891727448, 0.011848033405840397, -0.02323881722986698, 0.017140602692961693, -0.019817925989627838, -0.0026439232751727104, 0.029405947774648666, 0.05565828084945679, 0.013613156042993069, 0.042482197284698486, 0.009907983243465424, 0.0167908426374197, 0.0009501833701506257, -0.029238611459732056, -0.020504161715507507, 0.025248493999242783, 0.0019350306829437613, 0.011869541369378567, -0.028575710952281952, 0.0017266421345993876, 0.021986283361911774, -0.014169059693813324, -0.004253861960023642, -0.011558741331100464, 0.021876052021980286, -0.06983399391174316, 0.05558906868100166, 0.02040143497288227, 0.04155212640762329, -0.05598551779985428, 0.014349715784192085, -0.06561973690986633, 0.030879361554980278, 0.0018808095483109355, -0.023755254223942757, -0.08160915970802307, 0.033806826919317245, 0.021560344845056534, 0.011440353468060493, -0.033787939697504044, 0.04490681365132332, 0.045984163880348206, -0.04942997172474861, -0.002119633601978421, -0.041538987308740616, -0.036122336983680725, 0.0032069000881165266, 0.002508978359401226, 0.014425077475607395, -0.01554331835359335, -0.029598873108625412, 0.042500585317611694, 0.040424373000860214, -0.0498424731194973, -0.008244178257882595, -0.08099706470966339, -0.00905527826398611, -0.0005357662448659539, 0.008371151052415371, 0.026240713894367218, -0.042543403804302216, 0.02860904484987259, 0.03400031849741936, 0.039228785783052444, 0.0263532642275095, -0.00041577304364182055, 0.013231877237558365, 0.030879739671945572, 0.0498039685189724, 0.027011360973119736, 0.005599753465503454, -0.05760735645890236, -0.0353364534676075, -0.08792886883020401, 0.06258814036846161, 0.0008677142905071378, -0.04623807594180107, 0.008881698362529278, 0.03225613757967949, -0.01658015139400959, -0.005980727728456259, 0.029241710901260376, 0.04795569181442261, 0.00112132728099823, -0.006238814443349838, -0.041029274463653564, -0.020451314747333527, 0.013243462890386581, -0.024831974878907204, -0.10880440473556519, -0.025100242346525192, 0.0046031419187784195, -0.01453346386551857, 0.020829452201724052, 0.02416452392935753, -0.012259270995855331, 0.001266905223019421, 0.038305290043354034, -0.02130904048681259, -0.08477713912725449, 0.044977664947509766, -0.021550897508859634, 0.0010300279827788472, -0.0029200210701674223, -0.011266965419054031, 0.062059201300144196, 0.04930642619729042, -0.022108450531959534, 0.0710834413766861, -0.028489790856838226, 0.009295177645981312, 0.03397743031382561, 0.015137173235416412, -0.03118329867720604, -0.06821741908788681, 0.03599730506539345, 0.04141391068696976, -0.014216696843504906, -0.018379751592874527, -0.012783121317625046, 0.0013116742484271526, -0.04715316370129585, 0.04313889145851135, 0.02961689978837967, 0.012740060687065125, -0.013249138370156288, -0.038578178733587265, 0.05744992569088936, -0.007142341695725918, 0.033845432102680206, -0.03162147104740143, 0.03590526059269905, -0.03771907463669777, -0.06256543844938278, -0.003375720465555787, 0.0006281104870140553, 0.0103019243106246, -0.014152592048048973, -0.06314509361982346, 0.033911868929862976, 0.0462416335940361, 0.035198647528886795, 0.01489687617868185, -0.006975483614951372, 0.0010373733239248395, 0.029037799686193466, 0.022922826930880547, -0.02267349883913994, -0.0060786292888224125, 0.0016911698039621115, -0.04299509897828102, 0.0771058052778244, 0.03475246950984001, -0.009252027608454227, -0.007562496233731508, -0.031191624701023102, -0.012622429057955742, 0.0805075615644455, 0.011918089352548122, 0.008388200774788857, 0.025269927456974983, 0.07417649775743484, -0.013774457387626171, 0.06143072247505188, 0.0029262343887239695, -0.07392466068267822, 0.01950828731060028, 0.0008218463626690209, 0.023836692795157433, -0.015299763530492783, -0.024324921891093254, 0.05839129537343979, -0.04006524384021759, 0.02060999907553196, 0.007037338800728321, -0.07319240272045135, -0.06220310181379318, 0.04450934752821922, -0.049737874418497086, 0.06406354904174805, 0.02212282083928585, -0.014072616584599018, 0.013446183875203133, -0.01312747411429882, 0.032513391226530075, 0.04324145242571831, 0.0022820145823061466, 0.06948822736740112, -0.014575617387890816, -0.06240842118859291, 0.05314675718545914, 0.030801255255937576, -0.036502812057733536, -0.03591169789433479, 0.010978872887790203, -0.02109096385538578, -0.023732725530862808, 0.009951417334377766, -0.010122552514076233, 0.03599045053124428, -0.029361633583903313, -0.008763850666582584, -0.00027202226920053363, 0.028503725305199623, -0.0487787090241909, 0.052412841469049454, 0.04279904067516327, -0.04396342858672142, 0.030891969799995422, 0.001496247248724103, 0.0873681828379631, 0.056740500032901764, -0.03888557851314545, 0.006474507972598076, 0.04838744178414345, 0.016361253336071968, 0.004801311530172825, -0.021564332768321037, -0.019124843180179596, 0.02504698559641838, 0.007208673749119043, -0.03594068065285683, -0.01522657461464405, 0.05183400213718414, -0.06737261265516281, 0.0027981530874967575, 0.03371162340044975, -0.01660108007490635, 0.08363328129053116, 0.009745070710778236, 0.005488038528710604, -0.003448057221248746, 0.016559842973947525, -0.016664057970046997, -0.0029995618388056755, -0.0564408153295517, -0.012318994849920273, 0.015323343686759472, -0.013395318761467934, -0.01740461401641369, -0.04805842787027359, -0.005730079486966133, 0.019396809861063957, 0.08214903622865677, 0.04475468024611473, 0.014998904429376125, 0.019307319074869156, -0.004146486520767212, -0.025922279804944992, 0.005292117595672607, -0.10540815442800522, -0.026805536821484566, 0.030161814764142036, 0.042700059711933136, 0.011318155564367771, 0.0434219092130661, -0.04222296550869942, 0.03476506099104881, 0.002104057464748621, -0.04728088527917862, -0.018867816776037216, 0.016476059332489967, 0.006076473277062178, -0.05429280549287796, -0.008240032009780407, 0.023682616651058197, 0.06864884495735168, -0.015395990572869778, 0.005366670433431864, -0.05457979440689087, -0.0351078137755394, -0.005625843070447445, -0.090883769094944, -0.033234234899282455, 0.010927579365670681, -0.0027989130467176437, 0.03717255964875221, -0.041944652795791626, 0.006770509760826826, 0.04807279631495476, 0.05207057669758797, 0.004352916497737169, 0.009058596566319466, 0.021020524203777313, -0.018399253487586975, 0.00304507277905941, 0.012230995111167431, -0.002979462267830968, -0.003011806635186076, -0.0213499516248703, -0.03779841586947441, 0.012281836941838264, 0.012852375395596027, -0.25212669372558594, -0.025068385526537895, 0.012466874904930592, -0.0017718351446092129, 0.015615846030414104, -0.020506275817751884, 0.028135597705841064, 0.006973740644752979, -0.035777803510427475, -0.017857203260064125, 0.02976413443684578, 0.007086907979100943, -0.026445340365171432, 0.06106865406036377, 0.031465623527765274, 0.03385119512677193, 0.010064136236906052, -0.034762196242809296, 0.009371034801006317, -0.0020363323856145144, -0.008990591391921043, -0.0749267190694809, -0.01412846241146326, -0.000422581477323547, 0.013074970804154873, 0.053037215024232864, -0.0684381052851677, 0.004063616506755352, -0.051788873970508575, -0.02392667345702648, -0.02918643318116665, -0.024587661027908325, -0.014462902210652828, -0.00010504754754947498, 0.038097530603408813, -0.0157870352268219, 0.061453644186258316, -0.007298779208213091, 0.006123068276792765, 0.05242527276277542, 0.02315804548561573, -0.0032287819776684046, -0.06436102837324142, 0.005605457816272974, 0.05553116649389267, 0.016630709171295166, -0.008897373452782631, -0.0053356708958745, -0.009346703998744488, 0.026386190205812454, 0.017061220481991768, -0.038540732115507126, 0.006163700949400663, -0.013179854489862919, 0.0038191438652575016, -0.011557026766240597, -0.038659773766994476, -0.0048157526180148125, -0.017777573317289352, 0.017652519047260284, 0.024232616648077965, -0.0743972584605217, -0.02092522196471691, -0.0025358102284371853, -0.031654905527830124, -0.03926090523600578, -0.05758121982216835, -0.04676490277051926, 0.05343230813741684, 0.011519845575094223, 0.010447406210005283, -0.007616011891514063, 0.00044003702350892127, -0.09790493547916412, -0.0206876490265131, 0.03757929801940918, -0.035264752805233, 0.03317292779684067, 0.01779814437031746, 0.07454178482294083, -0.01743755117058754, -0.03539705276489258, -0.0028866995126008987, -0.005717908032238483, 0.036949627101421356, -0.015519730746746063, 0.01175539568066597, -0.0029004993848502636, -0.027391701936721802, -0.0018370682373642921, -0.006890306249260902, 0.031166328117251396, 0.023562952876091003, -0.001756065059453249, 0.08246658742427826, 0.01629513129591942, 0.015894750133156776, 0.039556536823511124, 0.043368421494960785, -0.004670105408877134, -0.003935941029340029, -0.05789214000105858, 0.014527084305882454, -0.01561182551085949, -0.0317549929022789, 0.029993347823619843, -0.03311574086546898, -0.011787554249167442, 0.02726055309176445, -0.0017437830101698637, 0.0009332899353466928, -0.043263938277959824, 0.008395079523324966, -0.003317836672067642, 0.0020738178864121437, -0.026467762887477875, -0.005930017679929733, 0.031942181289196014, 0.017554473131895065, -0.0003339326358400285, -0.06825868040323257, 0.042349353432655334, -0.03221488744020462, -0.004983432590961456, -0.014944089576601982, 0.018121149390935898, 0.036465223878622055, -0.008933056145906448, 0.039461638778448105, -0.00621772138401866, 0.011738425120711327, 0.029716214165091515, 0.025212425738573074, 0.0012175764422863722, 0.05299856513738632, 0.018426144495606422, -0.03963690996170044, -0.024906810373067856, -0.004566551186144352, -0.007427164353430271, 0.00460260733962059, 0.01635361649096012, 0.01820913329720497, 0.013965470716357231, 0.03365321829915047, 0.028183167800307274, 0.006501434370875359, -0.000502732815220952, 0.04631350561976433, -0.008592208847403526, 0.00942549854516983, -0.041022706776857376, 0.051235511898994446, -0.03288706764578819, 0.026309916749596596, 0.004816135391592979, 0.026735685765743256, -0.026754042133688927, 0.015183552168309689, -0.06885369122028351, 0.027947336435317993, -0.007172023877501488, -0.04287304729223251, -0.013779586181044579, 0.05787323787808418, 0.09360843151807785, -0.060105472803115845, 0.02422160841524601, -0.016158083453774452, 0.03037278912961483, -0.008785201236605644, -0.055282190442085266, -0.05102402716875076, 0.0036398700904101133, -0.0034859105944633484, -0.00043029419612139463, 0.02442464418709278, -0.004947298672050238, -0.04083060845732689, -0.02104996331036091, -0.012876007705926895, -0.001996331149712205, -0.013812619261443615, 0.0009704467956908047, 0.054714351892471313, -0.0053514945320785046, 0.025155339390039444, -0.014765122905373573, -0.05468351021409035, 0.03172357380390167, -0.006115648429840803, 0.004432111047208309, 0.004213067702949047, -0.047564852982759476, -0.020693451166152954, -0.03226470947265625, 0.033506982028484344, 0.006966451182961464, -0.029516683891415596, -0.003063553012907505, 0.021865027025341988, 0.0031678106170147657, -0.05574887618422508, -0.010299645364284515, 0.03137126937508583, -0.06171761453151703, 0.012929268181324005, 0.03933822736144066, 0.02831978350877762, 0.009737147018313408, -0.06167304888367653, 0.039601657539606094, -0.026064379140734673, 0.010644440539181232, 0.02018066681921482, -0.035455841571092606, -0.007841820828616619, 0.024202201515436172, 0.00020047857833560556, -0.01660977676510811, 0.0045392559841275215, -0.009014845825731754, 0.003949341364204884, -0.035529471933841705, 0.0009557834709994495, 0.05809912830591202, 0.005251219496130943, -0.048918116837739944, 0.01821749284863472, -0.021062683314085007, 0.024559704586863518, -0.06870591640472412, -0.0006999742472544312, 0.025325672701001167, -0.012880642898380756, 0.020433643832802773, -0.008195142261683941, 0.039403725415468216, -0.03174695372581482, -0.02678026258945465, -0.0025862236507236958, -0.025500241667032242, -0.004499127622693777, -0.02306067943572998, -0.025674276053905487, 0.005742089357227087, 0.01615498587489128, -0.016449978575110435, 0.00904774945229292, -0.00005944976510363631, -0.013073373585939407, 0.03163198381662369, -0.07692611962556839, -0.005184210371226072, 0.04467766359448433, 0.014777246862649918, -0.019450340420007706, -0.023460753262043, -0.023659227415919304, -0.003886675927788019, -0.08805451542139053, 0.03792610019445419, -0.0012002253206446767, 0.010522960685193539, 0.029556237161159515, 0.0699332132935524, 0.01248879637569189, -0.04386745020747185, 0.03815104812383652, -0.08475673943758011, -0.003099342342466116, -0.0669240951538086, 0.004472045693546534, 0.03930530324578285, 0.004898744635283947, 0.029780173674225807, 0.009667589329183102, -0.02833087183535099, 0.010228040628135204, -0.02103244699537754, -0.07400145381689072, 0.027484139427542686, -0.054888930171728134, 0.007715667597949505, 0.03771307319402695, -0.06848262250423431, -0.03346945345401764, 0.012573939748108387, -0.047963909804821014, 0.02193920686841011, 0.009829108603298664, 0.03564829379320145, 0.0325358584523201, -0.031988710165023804, -0.06400389224290848, 0.015302794985473156, 0.05183069035410881, 0.035455841571092606, 0.005806271918118, 0.03621157631278038, -0.023870980367064476, 0.030045460909605026, 0.04789141193032265, 0.03718659654259682, -0.015052057802677155, 0.024795832112431526, -0.044023752212524414, -0.04120906442403793, 0.01791463792324066, -0.02846582978963852, 0.013406582176685333, -0.049297723919153214, 0.04861535504460335, 0.022988151758909225, -0.05043138936161995, -0.03368336707353592, 0.013890068978071213, -0.07396385073661804, 0.016209665685892105, 0.003771758871152997, 0.00624652998521924, 0.020443571731448174, 0.06279882788658142, 0.013421091251075268, 0.02995465323328972, 0.09552551805973053, 0.002541597466915846, -0.01077770534902811, -0.02772039920091629, 0.053764984011650085, 0.05121955648064613, 0.05571356788277626, -0.01663871668279171, 0.06417352706193924, -0.04898602515459061, -0.04110975190997124, -0.01004776917397976, -0.02325945906341076, -0.04333220049738884, -0.009279419668018818, 0.04478282853960991, 0.08890882134437561, 0.0026996966917067766, 0.06441748887300491, -0.0613827221095562, -0.012073041871190071, 0.05162191018462181, 0.018442044034600258, 0.008525893092155457, 0.0895007997751236, 0.02291470393538475, 0.019697103649377823, -0.020508022978901863, -0.04342971369624138, 0.007531329058110714, -0.008478711359202862, 0.016259903088212013, 0.017325518652796745, -0.03370753303170204, 0.005159514956176281, 0.018383413553237915, 0.029450416564941406, 0.0783575251698494, -0.03782609477639198, -0.03020811453461647, 0.009134518913924694, 0.03666052594780922, -0.016833117231726646, 0.029235217720270157, 0.016106845811009407, -0.02346445620059967, 0.01003218162804842, -0.015873733907938004, 0.022186771035194397, 0.013880204409360886, -0.006450415588915348, 0.008100274950265884, 0.009486451745033264, -0.012289902195334435, 0.009372591972351074, -0.00518546998500824, -0.032794803380966187, -0.03694436699151993, 0.00021714290778618306, -0.06344743072986603, -0.03907833620905876, -0.04299671947956085, 0.011342693120241165, -0.020789995789527893, -0.050531793385744095, 0.011424724012613297, 0.0034040173050016165, -0.002948026405647397, 0.012381067499518394, -0.0646393671631813, -0.03906155750155449, 0.034262098371982574, 0.025949476286768913, 0.011309999041259289, 0.03154125437140465, 0.044349342584609985, -0.031361546367406845, -0.02420729026198387, 0.020748605951666832, 0.04044104367494583, 0.01068074256181717, 0.00364050199277699, -0.01034583244472742, -0.07980282604694366, -0.0002867852454073727, 0.01874670572578907, -0.039124153554439545, -0.08556312322616577, 0.015097809955477715, -0.011709338054060936, -0.009995047934353352, 0.08144564926624298, 0.02352873980998993, 0.046322647482156754, -0.027851652354002, 0.018858464434742928, 0.02633318118751049, -0.018416380509734154, 0.03719506412744522, -0.04375782981514931, 0.02792239375412464, 0.0464392825961113, -0.048779092729091644, -0.04437602683901787, 0.06114644557237625, -0.029365917667746544, 0.013331246562302113, -0.031156625598669052, -0.049486663192510605, -0.033980537205934525, -0.10521069169044495, -0.002601600019261241, 0.028967201709747314, 0.005370297934859991, -0.06483040750026703, 0.019367389380931854, -0.03106367029249668, -0.010948589071631432, -0.01641121692955494, -0.04130999743938446, -0.014069144614040852, -0.03476124629378319, -0.014597374014556408, -0.06970047950744629, 0.021542709320783615, -0.02343306876718998, -0.0063146562315523624, -0.02423902601003647, -0.07480790466070175, -0.004701764322817326, 0.020798368379473686, 0.018439559265971184, 0.023339761421084404, 0.035060569643974304, -0.016988085582852364 ]
5,196
SpaceServe: Spatial Multiplexing of Complementary Encoders and Decoders for Multimodal LLMs
[ "zhicheng li", "Shuoming Zhang", "Jiacheng Zhao", "Siqi Li", "Xiyu Shi", "Yangyu Zhang", "Shuaijiang Li", "Donglin Yu", "Zheming Yang", "YUAN WEN", "Huimin Cui" ]
Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) marry modality-specificvision or audio encoders with a shared text decoder. While the encoder is compute-intensive but memory-light, the decoder is the opposite, yet state-of-the-art servingstacks still time-multiplex these complementary kernels, idling SMs or HBM inturn. We introduce SpaceServe, a serving system that space-multiplexes MLLMs:it decouples all modality encoders from the decoder, and co-locates them on thesame GPU using fine-grained SM partitioning available in modern runtimes. Acost-model-guided Space-Inference Scheduler (SIS) dynamically assigns SM slices,while a Time-Windowed Shortest-Remaining-First (TWSRFT) policy batches en-coder requests to minimise completion latency and smooth decoder arrivals. Eval-uation shows that SpaceServe outperforms state-of-the-art by up to 29.71x onNvidia A100 GPUs
poster
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ 0.008007862605154514, -0.016918638721108437, -0.00009059486910700798, 0.03589138016104698, 0.036712516099214554, 0.04423381760716438, 0.01870754174888134, 0.04171806573867798, -0.03994042053818703, -0.03083510883152485, -0.02603595331311226, 0.03317210078239441, -0.0642642229795456, 0.0028121538925915956, -0.01691570319235325, 0.04229109361767769, 0.007060322444885969, -0.029051458463072777, 0.028468437492847443, 0.03470943123102188, 0.021711481735110283, -0.026605673134326935, 0.053755857050418854, 0.00019175877969246358, 0.008721590042114258, 0.02814061939716339, -0.009313344024121761, 0.05743212625384331, -0.05110105872154236, 0.009626282379031181, 0.015112815424799919, 0.030063049867749214, -0.001479624304920435, -0.012182296253740788, 0.02878122590482235, -0.021123891696333885, -0.06507841497659683, 0.025657381862401962, 0.019654300063848495, 0.03231329843401909, -0.0347173847258091, -0.0008754358859732747, -0.005042038857936859, -0.010564649477601051, -0.03370991349220276, 0.00468991557136178, -0.11913513392210007, 0.019805893301963806, -0.009528907015919685, -0.03350917622447014, -0.09779123961925507, 0.006094235926866531, 0.0040034158155322075, -0.0002851074968930334, 0.01100845541805029, 0.02394857257604599, 0.05592525377869606, -0.10317806899547577, -0.011384204030036926, -0.02020404487848282, -0.05940074473619461, -0.006678400561213493, 0.026942994445562363, 0.012407269328832626, 0.01229470781981945, -0.018559932708740234, -0.010057147592306137, 0.0363750196993351, -0.02995576523244381, -0.08058369159698486, 0.0045034755021333694, 0.0264712143689394, 0.002739065559580922, 0.013713191263377666, 0.016634246334433556, -0.06308003515005112, 0.03075866587460041, 0.027793224900960922, 0.05675223097205162, -0.014566618949174881, -0.01685798540711403, -0.004829739686101675, 0.010825617238879204, 0.07008958607912064, -0.003093923209235072, 0.020039265975356102, -0.027784939855337143, -0.005542087368667126, -0.0811379924416542, 0.023878203704953194, -0.009228981100022793, -0.050479382276535034, 0.021178772673010826, 0.017757268622517586, 0.020080633461475372, 0.029760394245386124, 0.012767480686306953, 0.024742625653743744, -0.008199380710721016, 0.00862825382500887, -0.03022756800055504, -0.03021278977394104, 0.010896609164774418, 0.008459056727588177, -0.07655786722898483, -0.016478346660733223, -0.0419144444167614, -0.00024002925783861428, 0.0019524662056937814, 0.00009317792864749208, -0.009983900934457779, -0.020185712724924088, 0.04279254749417305, -0.006042483728379011, -0.069037526845932, 0.013577351346611977, 0.03589650243520737, 0.031990181654691696, -0.013673973269760609, 0.00021961939637549222, 0.0657714381814003, 0.06526358425617218, 0.005837856791913509, 0.07193231582641602, -0.029551971703767776, -0.012288068421185017, -0.002356326673179865, 0.01124888751655817, -0.036551374942064285, -0.058825381100177765, 0.022408049553632736, 0.01699221320450306, 0.021161312237381935, 0.0018045151373371482, 0.011027799919247627, 0.009533466771245003, 0.029701700434088707, 0.002294330159202218, 0.07317811995744705, -0.02558569796383381, 0.003160511376336217, 0.0030488211195915937, 0.039124995470047, -0.04043763130903244, 0.09436224400997162, -0.01714727096259594, -0.018340198323130608, -0.022494712844491005, -0.05036662146449089, 0.014081152155995369, 0.011905750259757042, -0.027841096743941307, -0.0012818529503419995, -0.050990793853998184, 0.04200718179345131, 0.03446389362215996, -0.008153010159730911, 0.02112487144768238, 0.021078789606690407, 0.02145453542470932, -0.011519808322191238, -0.0030110583174973726, -0.062077783048152924, 0.008073955774307251, -0.023125406354665756, -0.02204582653939724, 0.02677707001566887, 0.010892616584897041, -0.03025549277663231, -0.021540004760026932, -0.04467597231268883, -0.009670141153037548, 0.045529235154390335, -0.035528264939785004, -0.03893927484750748, -0.015067405998706818, 0.08382245153188705, 0.046750277280807495, 0.042862243950366974, -0.010009334422647953, -0.0714263916015625, 0.01809108257293701, 0.0019332709489390254, 0.005308549851179123, 0.037436097860336304, -0.023151062428951263, 0.10684259980916977, -0.04781710356473923, -0.009748714976012707, 0.012694007717072964, -0.07858607918024063, -0.025806529447436333, 0.01173461228609085, -0.005538778379559517, 0.056088514626026154, 0.005614032037556171, -0.002861092798411846, 0.019195113331079483, 0.0461585558950901, 0.013281470164656639, 0.0513046458363533, -0.019517304375767708, 0.07687816768884659, -0.0033645976800471544, -0.04149169847369194, -0.02452176995575428, 0.0457022599875927, -0.05882821977138519, -0.053316518664360046, 0.030643071979284286, 0.00007792250107740983, -0.02762320637702942, 0.017133081331849098, 0.0002976527321152389, 0.0184458140283823, -0.002636242425069213, 0.004879406653344631, 0.027730539441108704, -0.002809870755299926, -0.052370406687259674, 0.06861373782157898, -0.0029446871485561132, -0.03224535658955574, -0.0013626347063109279, -0.04513923451304436, 0.10849492251873016, 0.05871986225247383, -0.03773566707968712, 0.0033088689669966698, 0.013775085099041462, 0.01223505288362503, -0.005236075259745121, -0.004477411974221468, -0.059641264379024506, -0.009287582710385323, -0.015292157419025898, 0.020814569666981697, -0.040945861488580704, 0.03836553916335106, -0.040765196084976196, -0.03959675878286362, 0.06800974160432816, -0.008287674747407436, 0.03631560504436493, 0.002568914322182536, 0.01878168061375618, 0.030646873638033867, -0.030208712443709373, 0.014798334799706936, -0.02218119613826275, 0.007842794992029667, -0.002243810100480914, -0.01714305579662323, -0.030902905389666557, -0.013178552500903606, -0.032314497977495193, -0.02514965832233429, -0.020240696147084236, 0.06457985937595367, 0.05402363836765289, 0.017624525353312492, 0.029713502153754234, -0.012917207553982735, -0.04643949866294861, -0.010397203266620636, -0.11063463240861893, -0.01736309565603733, -0.022016219794750214, 0.009720525704324245, -0.002537462394684553, 0.04913950711488724, -0.018119744956493378, 0.0037877054419368505, -0.01798640377819538, 0.011619827710092068, -0.019873404875397682, 0.060645248740911484, -0.023438232019543648, -0.012739884667098522, -0.03664984554052353, 0.026017773896455765, 0.054604414850473404, -0.017517082393169403, 0.012181405909359455, -0.06674889475107193, -0.01562853530049324, 0.005331238731741905, -0.037146564573049545, -0.007978704757988453, -0.006798256654292345, 0.027641067281365395, 0.012009200640022755, -0.016304219141602516, -0.004315531812608242, 0.016765549778938293, 0.07080704718828201, 0.061166469007730484, -0.004315519239753485, -0.04427679255604744, 0.021131357178092003, -0.015396574512124062, 0.012924544513225555, 0.011569845490157604, 0.010065993294119835, -0.018306663259863853, -0.030133547261357307, 0.024678660556674004, -0.03283877670764923, -0.2597944438457489, -0.024810250848531723, 0.00895044393837452, -0.026063740253448486, 0.06423494219779968, -0.023022260516881943, 0.024838853627443314, -0.03166886791586876, -0.011591712012887001, -0.0186017956584692, 0.017807599157094955, 0.024817533791065216, 0.013463236391544342, 0.022471154108643532, 0.06382947415113449, 0.020940028131008148, -0.03971108794212341, -0.01315194834023714, 0.03949803486466408, 0.03920780122280121, -0.011554722674190998, -0.06946086883544922, 0.005848592147231102, 0.0343300960958004, 0.000980291166342795, 0.03186916932463646, -0.07078304886817932, 0.005141209810972214, -0.0234760083258152, -0.02846892923116684, -0.0014190137153491378, -0.033840473741292953, -0.018569085747003555, 0.03321779891848564, -0.0012927416246384382, 0.031646326184272766, 0.04698120057582855, -0.003096045460551977, 0.0531034879386425, -0.019593458622694016, 0.02219480834901333, -0.04146953672170639, -0.01637355424463749, -0.027549413964152336, 0.06464426964521408, 0.018185682594776154, -0.05211300030350685, -0.004830253776162863, -0.018473632633686066, 0.017046647146344185, 0.002512748586013913, -0.053735408931970596, -0.0005958135006949306, 0.026876719668507576, -0.0002455780340824276, -0.02616286464035511, -0.01422808412462473, 0.028126396238803864, 0.0030948398634791374, -0.004747224971652031, 0.012233452871441841, -0.05821014940738678, -0.03571285679936409, -0.06125199422240257, 0.002477284986525774, -0.04271437227725983, -0.0684175044298172, -0.021249044686555862, 0.03790563344955444, 0.02563151717185974, -0.014359106309711933, 0.0011147396871820092, -0.0012581715127453208, -0.10387267917394638, 0.025739766657352448, 0.010715308599174023, -0.030348023399710655, -0.021429872140288353, 0.007193642668426037, 0.04905958101153374, -0.02279096655547619, -0.03647332265973091, 0.006026807241141796, 0.008519523777067661, 0.021191008388996124, -0.034613702446222305, -0.004538958892226219, -0.05256912112236023, -0.005068272352218628, -0.028085768222808838, 0.041463494300842285, -0.027058254927396774, -0.004199524410068989, 0.035932041704654694, 0.03743627294898033, 0.016824573278427124, 0.03740701079368591, 0.06735245138406754, 0.035155050456523895, 0.005480896681547165, 0.010219129733741283, -0.07748928666114807, -0.014163271524012089, -0.02862478978931904, -0.01076617743819952, 0.038389112800359726, -0.04034234955906868, -0.047976382076740265, 0.04390319809317589, 0.009933380410075188, -0.04188288748264313, 0.016912849619984627, 0.006730786524713039, -0.004423072561621666, -0.003457705257460475, -0.000856227648910135, 0.009810609742999077, 0.029255179688334465, 0.02183062769472599, -0.01985178329050541, -0.03563084080815315, 0.026224995031952858, -0.017036929726600647, 0.021795421838760376, 0.01823851466178894, 0.0014424602268263698, -0.0009415513486601412, -0.017015965655446053, -0.016432523727416992, -0.008709924295544624, 0.04024643078446388, 0.04496276378631592, 0.015707828104496002, 0.008069690316915512, 0.05265969783067703, -0.021061580628156662, 0.0022119295317679644, 0.018417220562696457, 0.03561355546116829, 0.009007187560200691, 0.0340442918241024, -0.03423040360212326, 0.039635080844163895, 0.033868566155433655, 0.011363583616912365, 0.032145898789167404, 0.0018296868074685335, 0.006372108124196529, -0.022454138845205307, -0.006363673135638237, 0.017810044810175896, -0.04541937634348869, -0.041757162660360336, -0.031443968415260315, 0.043042801320552826, -0.03874776139855385, 0.017966074869036674, -0.03079572692513466, 0.0235489159822464, -0.06625878810882568, 0.041878197342157364, 0.013730972073972225, -0.023989181965589523, 0.021715717390179634, -0.02338068187236786, 0.017169717699289322, -0.02635742351412773, 0.01634279265999794, 0.04168028011918068, 0.007082969881594181, 0.012531987391412258, -0.03311867266893387, -0.02215549908578396, 0.013523907400667667, -0.033177733421325684, 0.004474966786801815, -0.017977675423026085, -0.005393037106841803, -0.033383261412382126, 0.05589646100997925, 0.03978251665830612, 0.0037071886472404003, 0.0015332105103880167, 0.022930758073925972, 0.09592852741479874, -0.0023508581798523664, -0.006558752153068781, -0.0032501837704330683, -0.017429310828447342, 0.020847821608185768, -0.008581092581152916, 0.050247471779584885, -0.0651606097817421, -0.028966443613171577, -0.03848784416913986, -0.013804822228848934, 0.0037149551790207624, 0.031146567314863205, -0.006234232801944017, -0.02711336873471737, 0.01938118226826191, 0.005226734559983015, -0.04721265286207199, -0.028262805193662643, 0.02786112017929554, -0.05119185894727707, 0.03104197420179844, 0.018353024497628212, -0.04608463868498802, 0.0035730209201574326, -0.023105623200535774, -0.021814489737153053, -0.03187764063477516, 0.0026733484119176865, -0.00005479961328092031, 0.0051768869161605835, -0.03538452461361885, -0.018157843500375748, -0.007364890072494745, -0.009018613025546074, -0.0027022850699722767, -0.019692979753017426, -0.01035768911242485, -0.030708933249115944, -0.016414690762758255, 0.04721218720078468, -0.04554646089673042, 0.005228094756603241, 0.005209673661738634, -0.023096511140465736, 0.01253335177898407, -0.05022714287042618, 0.019628651440143585, 0.06559184938669205, -0.0029586225282400846, 0.008796491660177708, -0.061304204165935516, 0.01074777077883482, -0.0033129877410829067, 0.0160042904317379, 0.039799872785806656, 0.004905885551124811, -0.04342382401227951, 0.01972539722919464, 0.0293259434401989, 0.08355522155761719, 0.0013731642393395305, 0.018282094970345497, -0.001857888069935143, -0.006457301788032055, 0.013769141398370266, -0.007339476607739925, -0.06266611069440842, -0.006210929714143276, 0.06104813143610954, -0.01003469992429018, -0.0182745773345232, -0.07894735783338547, -0.06074747070670128, 0.007771527860313654, -0.004363048821687698, 0.015125386416912079, -0.02236800827085972, 0.05299418047070503, 0.04036743566393852, 0.035973530262708664, 0.051646072417497635, -0.02222520299255848, 0.037767842411994934, -0.034559909254312515, 0.015881970524787903, -0.05948040261864662, -0.046084292232990265, 0.031150901690125465, -0.007121521048247814, 0.0027917225379496813, 0.0043889847584068775, -0.052450668066740036, 0.03232864663004875, -0.02233874425292015, -0.03787868842482567, 0.006418358068913221, -0.039567966014146805, -0.020463833585381508, 0.037624701857566833, -0.03338358551263809, 0.017914634197950363, -0.012659640982747078, -0.03146300092339516, -0.00018217071192339063, -0.01100915390998125, 0.02879174053668976, -0.031704455614089966, 0.04082289710640907, -0.013932634145021439, -0.007857086136937141, 0.0024393165949732065, 0.028100360184907913, 0.005104928743094206, 0.0337936133146286, -0.013341040350496769, 0.06500307470560074, 0.03038521483540535, -0.02685016579926014, 0.03143485262989998, -0.015731733292341232, -0.014240687713027, -0.04394179955124855, 0.03894083574414253, 0.01605655811727047, -0.01027370523661375, -0.07685717940330505, 0.08339893817901611, 0.046445369720458984, -0.031239103525877, -0.011570683680474758, 0.04924171790480614, -0.03374311327934265, -0.012704746797680855, -0.016214469447731972, 0.01951385661959648, -0.0362405963242054, 0.06917280703783035, -0.0006289186421781778, 0.05209548398852348, 0.10168667882680893, 0.009724147617816925, -0.0138936722651124, 0.020178114995360374, 0.05800803378224373, 0.0697309747338295, 0.03351150453090668, 0.008323321118950844, 0.08214067667722702, -0.05996539816260338, -0.0417279489338398, 0.025603124871850014, 0.030509838834404945, -0.05681046098470688, -0.05632567033171654, 0.008971218019723892, 0.09060797840356827, -0.008900376968085766, 0.04759305715560913, -0.06066431105136871, -0.009004411287605762, 0.02874184027314186, 0.03471812978386879, 0.02013336308300495, 0.029753409326076508, 0.05942973494529724, 0.0076661850325763226, -0.005357021000236273, -0.03257282078266144, 0.011925427243113518, -0.031090574339032173, 0.015337386168539524, 0.018576782196760178, 0.00664536701515317, 0.01750105246901512, -0.03480996936559677, 0.03694521263241768, 0.09667373448610306, -0.007702598813921213, -0.02623230218887329, 0.004405595362186432, 0.0024965154007077217, -0.00024866839521564543, 0.053333383053541183, -0.01906072534620762, -0.03156987205147743, 0.013939334079623222, -0.07556333392858505, 0.006964579224586487, 0.0037075376603752375, -0.014391408301889896, 0.011159449815750122, -0.03311987221240997, -0.009328050538897514, -0.016091471537947655, 0.03590436652302742, -0.07637758553028107, -0.028531482443213463, -0.06328291445970535, -0.03256244957447052, -0.06634946167469025, -0.033052507787942886, 0.023365648463368416, 0.039843954145908356, -0.0489710308611393, 0.010943983681499958, -0.05869131535291672, -0.000004435577466210816, 0.017724212259054184, -0.05751422047615051, 0.0017957661766558886, 0.033876050263643265, -0.010703147388994694, -0.004194008652120829, 0.03061641752719879, 0.052417855709791183, -0.011912926100194454, -0.01936555653810501, 0.011961406096816063, 0.017832983285188675, 0.019575271755456924, -0.003494089236482978, -0.0424753874540329, -0.11179876327514648, 0.03152122721076012, 0.014829955995082855, 0.018956784158945084, -0.08405597507953644, 0.0000704706835676916, -0.002622567815706134, 0.058818042278289795, 0.050056084990501404, -0.006777966395020485, 0.03676944226026535, -0.013343244791030884, -0.007054517511278391, -0.0012583709321916103, -0.004102020058780909, 0.028775116428732872, 0.0005534765077754855, 0.055520158261060715, 0.0472678579390049, -0.014094001613557339, 0.004966616630554199, 0.02723252959549427, -0.005408188793808222, 0.013535062782466412, -0.022896796464920044, -0.024485455825924873, -0.03019869141280651, -0.08365032076835632, -0.04880979657173157, 0.036779772490262985, -0.02767387218773365, -0.0458582267165184, 0.021536091342568398, -0.0014570556813850999, -0.05584445595741272, -0.03768381476402283, 0.0021230147685855627, -0.02897820621728897, -0.018797995522618294, -0.03321978822350502, -0.06072147935628891, 0.004648707807064056, -0.013938367366790771, -0.024324873462319374, -0.025478562340140343, -0.039812564849853516, 0.004766375757753849, 0.033864982426166534, 0.04803013801574707, 0.028345387428998947, 0.027740709483623505, 0.026694610714912415 ]
5,197
LittleBit: Ultra Low-Bit Quantization via Latent Factorization
[ "Banseok Lee", "Dongkyu Kim", "Youngcheon You", "Youngmin Kim" ]
Deploying large language models (LLMs) often faces challenges from substantial memory and computational costs. Quantization offers a solution, yet performance degradation in the sub-1-bit regime remains particularly difficult. This paper introduces LittleBit, a novel method for extreme LLM compression. It targets levels like 0.1 bits per weight (BPW), achieving nearly 31$\times$ memory reduction, e.g., Llama2-13B to under 0.9 GB. LittleBit represents weights in a low-rank form using latent matrix factorization, subsequently binarizing these factors. To counteract information loss from this extreme precision, it integrates a multi-scale compensation mechanism. This includes row, column, and an additional latent dimension that learns per-rank importance. Two key contributions enable effective training: Dual Sign-Value-Independent Decomposition (Dual-SVID) for stable quantization-aware training (QAT) initialization, and integrated Residual Compensation to mitigate errors. Extensive experiments confirm LittleBit's superiority in sub-1-bit quantization: e.g., its 0.1 BPW performance on Llama2-7B surpasses the leading method's 0.7 BPW. This establishes a superior size-performance trade-off, with kernel-level benchmarks indicating potential for a 5$\times$ speedup compared to FP16. LittleBit paves the way for deploying powerful LLMs in resource-constrained environments.
poster
2506.13771
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.015328475274145603, -0.05811794847249985, -0.009100526571273804, 0.032251033931970596, 0.04153365269303322, 0.040205080062150955, -0.007128837052732706, -0.0059566074050962925, -0.01885627955198288, 0.0019245874136686325, -0.016128912568092346, -0.006030968390405178, -0.057400960475206375, 0.015177163295447826, -0.009602215141057968, 0.03200151398777962, 0.034291818737983704, -0.022407377138733864, 0.025160670280456543, 0.02921397052705288, 0.00622071186080575, -0.005991862155497074, 0.03124227374792099, 0.011873733252286911, 0.03991372138261795, 0.014846635982394218, 0.013763896189630032, -0.0022091399878263474, -0.05021331459283829, 0.044273100793361664, 0.008184358477592468, 0.004452542867511511, 0.021775251254439354, 0.005084845703095198, 0.03455234318971634, -0.010358539409935474, -0.06381873041391373, 0.02838996797800064, 0.020100345835089684, 0.00098345335572958, -0.002524658804759383, 0.02550569735467434, 0.029527848586440086, 0.02958603948354721, -0.06092767044901848, 0.011942870914936066, -0.1072312593460083, 0.003711684374138713, 0.006162576377391815, -0.06313277035951614, -0.097632497549057, 0.052053794264793396, -0.01743137836456299, 0.0072512333281338215, 0.01533855777233839, 0.005677976179867983, 0.03133615851402283, -0.0821540430188179, -0.01773112080991268, -0.04596492275595665, -0.04634106904268265, -0.014109578914940357, 0.02347392961382866, 0.01817367412149906, 0.0084375673905015, -0.04413424804806709, -0.02277548983693123, 0.04813165217638016, -0.08544743061065674, -0.053070709109306335, 0.003169844625517726, 0.017623981460928917, -0.03325073421001434, -0.015201765112578869, 0.028583882376551628, -0.04414241015911102, 0.04850699380040169, 0.013226150535047054, 0.07553593069314957, 0.024329807609319687, -0.0031936115119606256, 0.011354218237102032, 0.01516793668270111, 0.05029118061065674, -0.008337453939020634, 0.036508262157440186, -0.02895393781363964, -0.01276952400803566, -0.10622231662273407, 0.03622047230601311, 0.002529288874939084, -0.04903208464384079, 0.046533867716789246, 0.03809132054448128, 0.01657131128013134, 0.015028535388410091, 0.03633125498890877, 0.028531579300761223, 0.009039292111992836, -0.002194687258452177, -0.029938023537397385, -0.013533644378185272, 0.04549594223499298, -0.001092596328817308, -0.10818059742450714, 0.00954222958534956, -0.018021078780293465, -0.014613470062613487, 0.018016282469034195, 0.0037297566886991262, 0.008597939275205135, -0.013818398118019104, 0.0069732326082885265, -0.010669724084436893, -0.0723438635468483, 0.032182641327381134, -0.008474447764456272, 0.010357793420553207, -0.01902654953300953, -0.006395301781594753, 0.075437530875206, 0.08297935873270035, -0.0010564447147771716, 0.08373801410198212, -0.0018625202355906367, -0.006770826876163483, 0.02505272626876831, 0.04200128838419914, -0.011740748770534992, -0.025277486070990562, 0.005624736659228802, 0.02505933865904808, 0.007015863433480263, 0.0015984461642801762, -0.0013527122791856527, 0.0027374918572604656, 0.005209516733884811, 0.005886616185307503, 0.046545855700969696, -0.04663426801562309, 0.025592075660824776, -0.03217284381389618, 0.03136657550930977, -0.05060882866382599, 0.07480444759130478, -0.014401695691049099, -0.042401961982250214, -0.023607417941093445, -0.025389567017555237, -0.023481454700231552, 0.009163766168057919, -0.00941765122115612, -0.01475901436060667, -0.08808409422636032, -0.00888433214277029, 0.04963681846857071, 0.0019133244641125202, -0.0039829048328101635, -0.021344352513551712, 0.013305917382240295, 0.004694641102105379, -0.03345571830868721, -0.03780467435717583, 0.011127079837024212, -0.02760503441095352, -0.05802995339035988, 0.06368391960859299, -0.009618736803531647, -0.04138680547475815, 0.006009228527545929, -0.01977209746837616, -0.049229107797145844, 0.04949513077735901, -0.0016810764791443944, -0.03283452242612839, 0.0042985049076378345, 0.06308408081531525, 0.04818759113550186, 0.021014001220464706, 0.046026866883039474, -0.08449329435825348, 0.00989795383065939, 0.035548135638237, -0.012459789402782917, 0.013119864277541637, -0.03060283325612545, 0.09753044694662094, -0.039655476808547974, -0.010608375072479248, 0.01981087028980255, -0.07632444053888321, 0.013314846903085709, 0.0047758654691278934, 0.023742500692605972, 0.039125945419073105, 0.03693900257349014, 0.011109077371656895, 0.02041184902191162, 0.03323560953140259, 0.028190720826387405, 0.016803476959466934, -0.027771078050136566, 0.056910738348960876, -0.012635658495128155, -0.03359537944197655, 0.01687801629304886, 0.02894432097673416, -0.028684794902801514, -0.02580522559583187, 0.023416245356202126, -0.028834080323576927, -0.00918976403772831, 0.03246551752090454, 0.0013828618684783578, -0.02448148839175701, -0.025646019726991653, -0.00435049831867218, 0.013606361113488674, 0.02965725213289261, -0.04093565791845322, 0.035550303757190704, 0.029312387108802795, -0.009165940806269646, 0.0177488811314106, -0.038472142070531845, 0.10214284807443619, 0.045486971735954285, -0.05688914656639099, -0.002515684813261032, 0.0006715428899042308, 0.005903614219278097, -0.034344643354415894, -0.006259606219828129, -0.02832990139722824, 0.004050256684422493, -0.004860963672399521, -0.0030149631202220917, -0.042469292879104614, 0.06361528486013412, -0.05713671073317528, -0.017911378294229507, 0.07391751557588577, -0.011067473329603672, 0.03853611648082733, -0.0029442806262522936, -0.00792387593537569, 0.06233746558427811, -0.02461223490536213, -0.010929304175078869, -0.05171907693147659, -0.02905762381851673, 0.001980035798624158, -0.0001282508746953681, -0.023973772302269936, 0.006368543021380901, -0.051608260720968246, -0.0076488349586725235, 0.019452309235930443, 0.025680607184767723, 0.020748049020767212, -0.00940829049795866, 0.02047285996377468, 0.011548472568392754, -0.04658033698797226, -0.019176119938492775, -0.0685444101691246, -0.03706418350338936, -0.0018406874733045697, 0.04654132202267647, -0.021599682047963142, 0.042300835251808167, 0.04571546986699104, 0.0014310174155980349, -0.04522254317998886, 0.005494715180248022, 0.004831571597605944, 0.04878535121679306, 0.018317341804504395, -0.02789570577442646, -0.02854539453983307, -0.008859751746058464, 0.047467563301324844, -0.031929340213537216, -0.03877948969602585, -0.04015500098466873, -0.03379560261964798, 0.0004074221069458872, -0.061418648809194565, 0.011506592854857445, -0.014462088234722614, 0.017596039921045303, 0.008051357232034206, -0.04025046154856682, 0.013974075205624104, 0.0504428893327713, 0.04676910862326622, 0.038698792457580566, 0.0019000157481059432, -0.026405094191432, 0.04633002355694771, 0.007656755857169628, 0.03231814503669739, 0.009479796513915062, 0.037354979664087296, -0.04509754106402397, -0.012009454891085625, 0.014554578810930252, -0.022949296981096268, -0.27676260471343994, 0.007664191070944071, -0.004398587625473738, -0.05040885508060455, 0.04849753901362419, -0.04997529089450836, 0.009573609568178654, -0.026309624314308167, -0.015286634676158428, 0.026936881244182587, -0.012268493883311749, 0.03977973386645317, 0.007466838229447603, 0.012836269102990627, 0.0797186940908432, 0.02583569847047329, -0.017729131504893303, 0.007317979354411364, 0.009570661000907421, 0.03744709864258766, 0.019229410216212273, -0.06293679028749466, -0.0040298039093613625, 0.05418458953499794, -0.011734791100025177, 0.04522537812590599, -0.06270205229520798, -0.0037063322961330414, -0.02345932461321354, -0.02580137550830841, -0.027521058917045593, -0.02353130280971527, 0.014434962533414364, 0.016468413174152374, -0.013862677849829197, 0.02053341642022133, 0.0335739403963089, -0.00630596186965704, 0.05416608974337578, 0.027922779321670532, 0.012866111472249031, -0.02359696663916111, 0.0201214998960495, -0.0012181908823549747, 0.07995757460594177, 0.017275579273700714, -0.05445065721869469, -0.03787537291646004, -0.01010286808013916, 0.01756046712398529, 0.006860166788101196, -0.04445942863821983, -0.03209060803055763, 0.0029322754126042128, -0.010846338234841824, -0.042148470878601074, -0.0393594354391098, -0.018933100625872612, -0.00424035731703043, -0.007364132907241583, 0.007013989146798849, -0.02419174090027809, -0.037680335342884064, -0.023059919476509094, -0.00036869372706860304, -0.030274204909801483, -0.0555633045732975, -0.048887934535741806, 0.03683704510331154, 0.0324886217713356, -0.014320442453026772, 0.017268158495426178, 0.002596069360151887, -0.07764281332492828, 0.009947012178599834, 0.030038874596357346, -0.01991502195596695, 0.004229648504406214, 0.0017805882962420583, 0.05248895660042763, -0.019098738208413124, -0.03568871319293976, 0.019759662449359894, 0.022546758875250816, 0.03176649287343025, -0.04028070345520973, -0.009678592905402184, -0.014261032454669476, -0.00340835377573967, -0.05351957306265831, 0.05217374488711357, 0.007994487881660461, -0.0004297212290111929, 0.011060409247875214, 0.05869540572166443, 0.01676187478005886, 0.01969391107559204, 0.07192712277173996, -0.0013382573379203677, 0.01442244928330183, 0.04288152977824211, -0.017170727252960205, -0.009809569455683231, -0.06567589193582535, -0.03589789941906929, 0.061115287244319916, -0.056864410638809204, -0.019423143938183784, 0.03289990872144699, -0.012992574833333492, -0.05466584116220474, -0.006474337074905634, -0.005890353117138147, 0.004765622317790985, -0.0002881513792090118, -0.004928824957460165, 0.010042166337370872, 0.019962258636951447, 0.010331430472433567, -0.03302910923957825, -0.013868403621017933, 0.018409783020615578, 0.0014663265319541097, -0.0006921936292201281, -0.0019854295533150434, -0.009708588942885399, -0.016264693811535835, -0.010644436813890934, -0.03638038784265518, -0.032665614038705826, 0.05167293921113014, 0.04213937371969223, -0.009965321980416775, -0.00523519329726696, 0.06978879868984222, -0.016759926453232765, -0.00647213589400053, -0.012939753010869026, 0.04508903995156288, -0.010671150870621204, 0.018596766516566277, -0.017170842736959457, 0.04143388941884041, 0.031807463616132736, 0.021953735500574112, 0.01671319641172886, 0.022787753492593765, -0.016830964013934135, -0.0084081394597888, -0.016185855492949486, 0.04706519842147827, -0.04699388146400452, -0.02243799902498722, 0.00007016352901700884, 0.019918469712138176, -0.023824350908398628, 0.02094179578125477, -0.013784012757241726, 0.02928556129336357, -0.07339119166135788, 0.06763053685426712, 0.00920134037733078, -0.02213197946548462, 0.011015254072844982, 0.05357419326901436, 0.03932137042284012, 0.0004041980719193816, 0.004549676086753607, 0.016784802079200745, 0.012473458424210548, -0.00796479545533657, -0.019248275086283684, -0.01545289158821106, 0.0022917259484529495, 0.02569461613893509, 0.028795696794986725, -0.013775881379842758, -0.01702932082116604, -0.037531375885009766, 0.049723025411367416, 0.05279655009508133, -0.01585674285888672, -0.014651745557785034, 0.0039527881890535355, 0.0811186358332634, 0.010404270142316818, -0.01175708044320345, 0.006658884231001139, -0.0651295855641365, 0.03498968109488487, 0.015475512482225895, -0.009590686298906803, -0.00213875574991107, -0.002878898289054632, -0.04429236799478531, -0.052659619599580765, 0.0401105172932148, 0.027279101312160492, -0.039195626974105835, -0.0054585374891757965, -0.02249510958790779, 0.0065530333667993546, -0.03696420043706894, -0.017625868320465088, 0.025040840730071068, -0.08894321322441101, 0.021871346980333328, 0.029463989660143852, -0.04414068162441254, -0.003051943611353636, -0.01813848689198494, -0.042811356484889984, -0.04539233818650246, -0.024312125518918037, 0.0037245298735797405, -0.025229796767234802, 0.014906437136232853, -0.018619472160935402, 0.01727469265460968, -0.04743646830320358, 0.009054691530764103, -0.017654377967119217, -0.02505061775445938, -0.006416676100343466, 0.018747080117464066, 0.07687248289585114, -0.04182162135839462, 0.018415816128253937, 0.004399054683744907, -0.025443611666560173, 0.00902304146438837, -0.06433014571666718, 0.04093047231435776, 0.04935893788933754, -0.04098799079656601, 0.022822227329015732, -0.06179632991552353, 0.03387690708041191, 0.006713204085826874, -0.007841477170586586, -0.002894139615818858, -0.014849498867988586, -0.033851440995931625, 0.01848326437175274, -0.007793772965669632, 0.04077098146080971, -0.009445412084460258, -0.0007716295658610761, -0.022681640461087227, 0.03399104252457619, -0.013104593381285667, 0.02196892909705639, -0.04767948389053345, -0.012949743308126926, 0.046833135187625885, -0.023435307666659355, -0.02108852006494999, -0.06195273995399475, 0.0026852788869291544, -0.009710509330034256, -0.004591078031808138, 0.03846801444888115, -0.031359001994132996, 0.058528006076812744, 0.05058779567480087, 0.04241335764527321, 0.013469459488987923, -0.03742801770567894, 0.03430137783288956, -0.031410593539476395, -0.02151293121278286, -0.03546340763568878, -0.03778788447380066, 0.041405461728572845, -0.046050556004047394, 0.03074863739311695, 0.00041259481804445386, -0.06345687806606293, 0.0027904140297323465, -0.009188788011670113, -0.044832993298769, 0.005887084640562534, -0.001856721588410437, 0.0018639930058270693, 0.03915610536932945, -0.0356370285153389, -0.02403060719370842, -0.01602512039244175, -0.049441058188676834, 0.015111732296645641, -0.004166518338024616, 0.044411852955818176, 0.001059148577041924, 0.024179473519325256, -0.04017871245741844, -0.020607098937034607, 0.018970128148794174, 0.03646943345665932, 0.042730461806058884, 0.006210801191627979, -0.016202012076973915, 0.04817485809326172, 0.043080806732177734, -0.013250120915472507, 0.005987507291138172, 0.00008292232814710587, -0.029241252690553665, -0.07395336776971817, 0.033492859452962875, -0.02418271079659462, -0.014243662357330322, -0.037870194762945175, 0.044533804059028625, 0.04997464641928673, -0.06183841824531555, -0.03631558269262314, 0.03829355165362358, -0.037472113966941833, 0.012459318153560162, -0.04354650527238846, -0.0007172711775638163, -0.024131909012794495, 0.08496654778718948, 0.022683611139655113, 0.03732233867049217, 0.07022057473659515, 0.008661909960210323, -0.04712912440299988, -0.008142692036926746, 0.08433114737272263, 0.06911914050579071, 0.03953385725617409, -0.019980138167738914, 0.07552193850278854, -0.04773998633027077, -0.07057150453329086, 0.022545693442225456, 0.021434994414448738, -0.011640756390988827, -0.02099641039967537, 0.03507122024893761, 0.06891782581806183, -0.011879506520926952, 0.08085662126541138, -0.045919813215732574, 0.012278430163860321, 0.06114428862929344, 0.009587062522768974, 0.008860480971634388, 0.02855227142572403, 0.036029405891895294, 0.01581612415611744, -0.03500135987997055, -0.011025309562683105, 0.004093861673027277, -0.017541030421853065, 0.03346645087003708, -0.007918688468635082, -0.016084887087345123, 0.007271211128681898, -0.02742975577712059, 0.05003778263926506, 0.10465811938047409, -0.03190232813358307, -0.04669387266039848, 0.0024686167016625404, 0.016333037987351418, -0.0053430283442139626, 0.06930312514305115, -0.04041400924324989, -0.0113468486815691, -0.001471710973419249, -0.04977824538946152, 0.021223459392786026, 0.036273043602705, 0.0006554857245646417, 0.015592671930789948, 0.007680936250835657, -0.0207202285528183, -0.005098160821944475, 0.03220459073781967, -0.07157301157712936, -0.05006936937570572, -0.04842401295900345, -0.036252811551094055, -0.041765302419662476, -0.004367120563983917, 0.007661321200430393, 0.02678769826889038, -0.004167162347584963, -0.009664150886237621, -0.0709519311785698, 0.0005156522383913398, 0.028482332825660706, -0.08785063773393631, 0.013263815082609653, 0.037498682737350464, -0.00978032499551773, -0.024723438546061516, 0.05223245173692703, 0.03321684151887894, -0.0191078782081604, -0.010077917948365211, 0.03416023775935173, 0.020216288045048714, 0.011833768337965012, 0.003541142214089632, -0.021121399477124214, -0.09816529601812363, 0.03787447512149811, 0.04251845180988312, -0.008133089169859886, -0.06729279458522797, 0.000020137276806053706, -0.016784587875008583, 0.04071628302335739, 0.07295794039964676, 0.01965883933007717, 0.029593542218208313, -0.02070111781358719, -0.01795785501599312, -0.03040272742509842, 0.012712165713310242, 0.032983072102069855, -0.006888537667691708, 0.06938423961400986, 0.017186205834150314, 0.007818255573511124, -0.03435680642724037, 0.021067654713988304, -0.012573374435305595, -0.017792103812098503, -0.013709498569369316, -0.020716331899166107, -0.014670469798147678, -0.09112732857465744, -0.028097985312342644, 0.03331880271434784, -0.0005250235553830862, -0.03565649315714836, 0.014598066918551922, -0.0025567724369466305, -0.010421870276331902, -0.03125477209687233, -0.027877874672412872, -0.024478424340486526, -0.03550703451037407, -0.019123848527669907, -0.04960259050130844, 0.02513464353978634, -0.013259833678603172, -0.008451110683381557, -0.034924302250146866, -0.011313088238239288, 0.025696968659758568, 0.024228006601333618, 0.04368318244814873, 0.017943063750863075, -0.0017171390354633331, -0.033396389335393906 ]
5,198
Boosting Knowledge Utilization in Multimodal Large Language Models via Adaptive Logits Fusion and Attention Reallocation
[ "Wenbin An", "Jiahao Nie", "Feng Tian", "Haonan Lin", "mingxiang cai", "Yaqiang Wu", "QianYing Wang", "Xiaoqin Zhang", "Shijian Lu" ]
Despite their recent progress, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) often struggle in knowledge-intensive tasks due to the limited and outdated parametric knowledge they acquired during training. Multimodal Retrieval Augmented Generation addresses this issue by retrieving contextual knowledge from external databases, thereby enhancing LVLMs with expanded knowledge sources. However, existing LVLMs often fail to fully leverage the retrieved contextual knowledge. We examine representative LVLMs and identify two major causes, namely, attention bias toward different tokens and knowledge conflicts between parametric and contextual knowledge. To this end, we design Adaptive Logits Fusion and Attention Reallocation (ALFAR), a training-free and plug-and-play approach that improves LVLM responses by maximizing the utility of the retrieved knowledge. Specifically, ALFAR tackles the challenges from two perspectives. First, it alleviates attention bias by adaptively shifting attention from visual tokens to relevant context tokens according to query-context relevance. Second, it decouples and weights parametric and contextual knowledge at output logits, mitigating conflicts between the two types of knowledge. As a plug-and-play method, ALFAR achieves superior performance across diverse datasets without requiring additional training or external tools. Extensive experiments over multiple LVLMs and benchmarks show that ALFAR consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art by large margins. Our code and data will be made publicly available.
oral
null
null
null
[]
[]
[]
[ -0.009103468619287014, -0.026982516050338745, 0.02120683155953884, 0.04427891969680786, 0.02674262598156929, 0.005059489514678717, 0.030226893723011017, 0.023837927728891373, -0.033199336379766464, 0.01585550606250763, -0.052648477256298065, 0.04040171951055527, -0.06382674723863602, -0.008643369190394878, 0.003996091894805431, 0.05691959336400032, 0.032497189939022064, -0.0019504105439409614, 0.024754714220762253, 0.02047930471599102, -0.011860976926982403, -0.021607335656881332, 0.04161031171679497, 0.0040905531495809555, 0.03885703161358833, -0.007772908080369234, 0.005610722117125988, -0.005950022954493761, -0.04015973582863808, 0.004953215830028057, 0.01803690195083618, -0.027508173137903214, 0.016317809000611305, -0.015482115559279919, 0.009599695913493633, 0.002671307884156704, -0.014992039650678635, 0.023635026067495346, 0.006159646902233362, 0.0054890066385269165, -0.04213872179389, 0.019309142604470253, 0.005832177586853504, 0.006343413610011339, -0.052749525755643845, -0.013492717407643795, -0.07938005775213242, 0.020279154181480408, 0.04884052649140358, -0.016550792381167412, -0.11459436267614365, 0.026294594630599022, -0.009462110698223114, -0.014630517922341824, 0.00800917949527502, 0.027557531371712685, 0.05797873064875603, -0.09103911370038986, 0.009277408011257648, -0.020209871232509613, -0.05805094912648201, 0.026045657694339752, 0.02603019028902054, -0.010656616650521755, 0.0025706631131470203, -0.0287861917167902, -0.031712498515844345, 0.03904486820101738, -0.04830413684248924, -0.06050436943769455, -0.021377122029662132, -0.001925954013131559, -0.011036863550543785, 0.01266576163470745, -0.009097988717257977, -0.03799720108509064, 0.007850351743400097, 0.03075854294002056, 0.04842103272676468, -0.011365484446287155, -0.006117650773376226, 0.022116614505648613, 0.018592828884720802, 0.0234699584543705, 0.024077091366052628, 0.02070925012230873, -0.02349950559437275, -0.05166595056653023, -0.05678597837686539, 0.024843711405992508, -0.005483842920511961, -0.07253370434045792, 0.01275863591581583, 0.022781072184443474, 0.005145430564880371, 0.04441756755113602, 0.04569431021809578, 0.005602399818599224, -0.010796761140227318, 0.005590922199189663, -0.02521657571196556, -0.019138896837830544, 0.03544497862458229, -0.006757705472409725, -0.10517551004886627, -0.01658831536769867, -0.030171748250722885, 0.005324116442352533, -0.01347252819687128, -0.0019483097130432725, -0.051541104912757874, -0.022771283984184265, 0.00888031255453825, -0.029929088428616524, -0.06874018162488937, 0.016691651195287704, 0.013644035905599594, 0.050662681460380554, 0.005659165326505899, 0.03000691719353199, 0.048266008496284485, 0.058005042374134064, 0.006147228647023439, 0.07344193756580353, -0.017607172951102257, 0.006606440991163254, -0.02044491656124592, 0.02251051366329193, -0.045781031250953674, -0.018975703045725822, 0.03168167918920517, 0.030694497749209404, -0.009932761080563068, 0.007655385881662369, -0.019466914236545563, 0.04501647502183914, 0.03043629415333271, 0.0028121185023337603, 0.052855510264635086, -0.017366962507367134, 0.006907994858920574, -0.020272843539714813, 0.039933208376169205, -0.020300207659602165, 0.08626055717468262, -0.01140730269253254, -0.03784846514463425, -0.010891387239098549, -0.041975751519203186, -0.0065986597910523415, 0.024462802335619926, -0.018411744385957718, 0.0040930151008069515, -0.0305417999625206, 0.03066929057240486, 0.08147568255662918, 0.0044151595793664455, -0.03423460200428963, 0.03339330479502678, 0.025577109307050705, 0.024809421971440315, 0.029955977573990822, -0.03659524768590927, 0.029779059812426567, -0.017217297106981277, -0.08892129361629486, 0.00878595095127821, 0.006961217150092125, -0.03697919100522995, 0.011626762337982655, -0.05869023874402046, -0.028824137523770332, 0.03816992789506912, -0.044302649796009064, -0.048045314848423004, 0.005444444715976715, 0.08007104694843292, 0.012112203985452652, 0.07057341188192368, 0.01874840445816517, -0.05712742730975151, 0.03231726959347725, -0.0032854683231562376, -0.025528891012072563, 0.021551795303821564, 0.0034131458960473537, 0.0552152618765831, -0.03293420746922493, 0.020422041416168213, 0.011042444966733456, -0.06567268818616867, 0.010086139664053917, 0.008162152953445911, 0.021841226145625114, 0.07825848460197449, 0.0066693187691271305, 0.021413717418909073, 0.08113853633403778, 0.04535798728466034, 0.03666532412171364, 0.0571393184363842, 0.008918591775000095, 0.042559459805488586, 0.00026081354008056223, -0.01467660628259182, 0.0013977785129100084, 0.007976188324391842, -0.057374801486730576, -0.02723647654056549, 0.043270546942949295, -0.03139548748731613, 0.03648854047060013, 0.009533606469631195, 0.01534957904368639, -0.00493144616484642, 0.015437696129083633, -0.010288571938872337, -0.005224545020610094, -0.012655755504965782, -0.03167557343840599, 0.05146624520421028, 0.009414182975888252, -0.010828214697539806, -0.0037209668662399054, -0.0313410609960556, 0.08275224268436432, 0.053548287600278854, -0.022083086892962456, -0.008407712914049625, 0.05326692387461662, 0.002583675552159548, -0.021622367203235626, 0.03133811801671982, -0.022734852507710457, 0.012512663379311562, -0.04367207735776901, 0.0037540278863161802, -0.009497325867414474, 0.03901989758014679, -0.03713567554950714, -0.03769863024353981, 0.06151431053876877, -0.029346253722906113, 0.03325389698147774, -0.013290660455822945, 0.003115555504336953, 0.03660649061203003, 0.02110864408314228, 0.0077545833773911, -0.03297954052686691, 0.00589976878836751, -0.01108715869486332, -0.023114308714866638, -0.02911275438964367, 0.014600163325667381, -0.048499852418899536, -0.031992875039577484, -0.02264724113047123, 0.05953240767121315, 0.04702308773994446, 0.03205893188714981, 0.0325012132525444, -0.004662749823182821, -0.045925162732601166, -0.008209974505007267, -0.07412660121917725, -0.006312628276646137, -0.05173374339938164, 0.010028932243585587, 0.01377306692302227, 0.03423650562763214, 0.018262922763824463, 0.03424762561917305, 0.0004425143706612289, -0.00479712663218379, 0.01173338107764721, 0.03361273184418678, 0.027539949864149094, -0.028220295906066895, -0.030310841277241707, -0.026384014636278152, 0.04778501018881798, -0.01694270595908165, -0.045610710978507996, -0.036952484399080276, -0.03193850442767143, -0.017844079062342644, -0.0453210175037384, -0.0026356885209679604, 0.013157125562429428, 0.02117341011762619, 0.001964351860806346, -0.01666208915412426, 0.011206472292542458, 0.022294973954558372, 0.01002599485218525, 0.05249110609292984, 0.019574128091335297, -0.040235597640275955, 0.05794098228216171, -0.0681377500295639, 0.001183564541861415, 0.0072340816259384155, 0.04297199472784996, 0.00786408968269825, -0.017153751105070114, -0.0014831467997282743, -0.003007012652233243, -0.2698966860771179, -0.006221421994268894, 0.013613494113087654, -0.008451160043478012, 0.025878846645355225, -0.039717309176921844, 0.014643879607319832, -0.043511901050806046, -0.03545307368040085, 0.00009367305028717965, 0.02793574519455433, 0.05856950208544731, -0.011456762440502644, 0.036649346351623535, 0.02647300995886326, 0.046972401440143585, 0.005186520982533693, -0.0069864848628640175, 0.007036338560283184, 0.036035001277923584, -0.007307949010282755, -0.06470589339733124, -0.046632759273052216, 0.07065100967884064, -0.010900929570198059, 0.05314360558986664, -0.0955820307135582, 0.012827296741306782, -0.017814485356211662, -0.00140771537553519, 0.030422605574131012, -0.02235538884997368, -0.007220345549285412, 0.04383302107453346, -0.002531366189941764, 0.0384678989648819, 0.05431213602423668, -0.00006843034498160705, 0.04581022262573242, -0.015487116761505604, 0.017080392688512802, -0.02994043193757534, -0.029009487479925156, 0.002092289738357067, 0.04964074119925499, -0.013558789156377316, -0.0955517515540123, -0.02617068588733673, -0.016684183850884438, 0.04280358552932739, -0.025225235149264336, -0.055228203535079956, -0.04293248802423477, 0.0001528128341306001, 0.006240202113986015, -0.045976266264915466, 0.04151100292801857, -0.05327757075428963, -0.021525893360376358, -0.023877408355474472, 0.02255050092935562, -0.05527857318520546, -0.034728001803159714, -0.027370942756533623, -0.002778403926640749, -0.033880382776260376, -0.04951067268848419, -0.04162585735321045, 0.0466751866042614, 0.05425997078418732, -0.03145874664187431, 0.03741353377699852, -0.0018195509910583496, -0.1025351881980896, -0.036297645419836044, -0.0038849813863635063, -0.02191648632287979, -0.0288227591663599, -0.011925038881599903, 0.05604608356952667, -0.03867245465517044, -0.05374866724014282, 0.014470905065536499, -0.012946583330631256, 0.031093984842300415, -0.012674067169427872, 0.002473654458299279, -0.04912703484296799, -0.01634855940937996, -0.04567105323076248, 0.01126437820494175, -0.019286148250102997, -0.0071285259909927845, 0.01992649771273136, 0.031392425298690796, 0.013261762447655201, 0.0111911715939641, 0.07482440024614334, 0.04080916568636894, 0.02112843655049801, 0.010255945846438408, -0.07571461796760559, -0.016916951164603233, -0.009815458208322525, -0.029383135959506035, 0.029241444543004036, -0.0542452409863472, 0.0000017947503465620684, 0.026810456067323685, -0.008795317262411118, -0.04776794835925102, 0.005958354566246271, 0.0013319087447598577, 0.020033247768878937, -0.0065036132000386715, 0.0008674950222484767, 0.010660138912498951, 0.037664253264665604, 0.033578190952539444, -0.021043889224529266, -0.026235708966851234, 0.028544221073389053, -0.030673494562506676, -0.01098286546766758, -0.00509913545101881, -0.02200149931013584, -0.006808773148804903, -0.021438462659716606, -0.024877309799194336, 0.005736125633120537, 0.027100583538413048, 0.008388156071305275, -0.005695294123142958, 0.011586586013436317, 0.058878712356090546, -0.05483650416135788, 0.02872973307967186, -0.011730995029211044, 0.02587299793958664, -0.01943732611835003, 0.006709920708090067, -0.010631663724780083, 0.027207965031266212, 0.05717026814818382, 0.00735047459602356, 0.00197570095770061, -0.011889905668795109, 0.014215659350156784, 0.004755347967147827, 0.021121157333254814, 0.03597474843263626, -0.029402822256088257, -0.021117428317666054, -0.015845900401473045, 0.04416714608669281, -0.0037433963734656572, 0.01922653429210186, -0.019269943237304688, 0.027580508962273598, -0.06986618041992188, 0.04127565771341324, -0.002288471208885312, -0.010689126327633858, 0.001370420679450035, 0.05008379742503166, 0.01281851064413786, -0.0034148350823670626, 0.011206048540771008, 0.037913259118795395, 0.035464584827423096, 0.010477759875357151, -0.026230454444885254, -0.02133069932460785, -0.011172705329954624, -0.04724154621362686, 0.005400253459811211, 0.0005022921832278371, -0.014954933896660805, -0.0203967597335577, 0.05947628617286682, 0.018378932029008865, -0.023985719308257103, 0.008178853429853916, 0.006906677968800068, 0.08709733933210373, 0.026783252134919167, -0.0072626653127372265, -0.021448656916618347, -0.05316140130162239, -0.009317629039287567, -0.03724706918001175, 0.021094754338264465, -0.02155829407274723, -0.06583556532859802, -0.051757149398326874, -0.06273341923952103, -0.002960366429761052, 0.00011427259596530348, -0.01919788122177124, 0.00348086841404438, 0.0013367065694183111, 0.0032486130949109793, -0.06187423691153526, -0.01922028139233589, 0.027590474113821983, -0.06871207058429718, -0.0035613756626844406, -0.017677947878837585, -0.04171808436512947, 0.03680496662855148, -0.02222924865782261, -0.036094047129154205, -0.04673876240849495, 0.008454046212136745, 0.01793903112411499, -0.05416923388838768, -0.04641156271100044, -0.03199617564678192, 0.003989162389189005, -0.0034444101620465517, 0.028805263340473175, -0.005702884867787361, -0.007576473522931337, -0.03652598708868027, 0.012207022868096828, 0.056655991822481155, -0.020313149318099022, -0.023159855976700783, 0.023027634248137474, -0.04402647167444229, 0.043146561831235886, -0.054419904947280884, 0.02419937215745449, 0.07427701354026794, -0.020425885915756226, 0.015376540832221508, -0.039334677159786224, 0.039436910301446915, 0.039741214364767075, -0.017234984785318375, 0.018941959366202354, 0.029913851991295815, -0.004888497292995453, 0.021131988614797592, -0.005440405569970608, 0.03902565687894821, 0.004214743617922068, 0.015198084525763988, 0.01356137078255415, 0.015795448794960976, 0.010437115095555782, -0.020009417086839676, -0.05292469263076782, -0.012158676981925964, 0.045696984976530075, -0.03118324838578701, -0.018296828493475914, -0.07790012657642365, -0.05353778973221779, 0.017128456383943558, 0.011299125850200653, 0.025589507073163986, -0.042584557086229324, 0.03171677142381668, 0.021268190816044807, 0.03616185486316681, -0.0107203908264637, -0.005689528305083513, 0.026584791019558907, -0.02545199915766716, 0.011970311403274536, -0.07478106766939163, -0.04089706391096115, 0.07493537664413452, -0.005834972020238638, -0.022364303469657898, -0.005302107892930508, -0.07269399613142014, 0.06647804379463196, 0.0011004854459315538, -0.022195253521203995, 0.016086004674434662, -0.012800917960703373, -0.00867740623652935, 0.03206552565097809, -0.03969282656908035, -0.008477339521050453, -0.029709303751587868, -0.03206045180559158, -0.027079325169324875, -0.03914067521691322, 0.05488725006580353, -0.0006939698942005634, 0.04312671720981598, -0.030814355239272118, 0.03701908141374588, 0.0048154061660170555, 0.058386899530887604, 0.015409167855978012, 0.013351211324334145, 0.006617103703320026, 0.06377954035997391, 0.01475992426276207, 0.017334824427962303, 0.027264254167675972, 0.0013720139395445585, -0.04109521210193634, -0.049984388053417206, 0.06891834735870361, -0.0055017732083797455, 0.009494395926594734, -0.045525867491960526, 0.08902961760759354, 0.04978455603122711, -0.02707717753946781, -0.021000675857067108, 0.010048545897006989, -0.053174398839473724, -0.006749223452061415, -0.03068935126066208, 0.015168512240052223, -0.015779929235577583, 0.06647669523954391, 0.0287939440459013, 0.0441521517932415, 0.05718096345663071, 0.011598566547036171, -0.025034673511981964, 0.02612541988492012, 0.05967863276600838, 0.038430631160736084, 0.07619088143110275, -0.00988185964524746, 0.07192099094390869, -0.025165146216750145, -0.05116523057222366, 0.05548682436347008, 0.034351445734500885, 0.002425234066322446, -0.06247900426387787, -0.005283980630338192, 0.06789395958185196, 0.022194212302565575, 0.0703599750995636, -0.03622449189424515, -0.008547646924853325, 0.045699380338191986, 0.020901067182421684, 0.0027220596093684435, 0.03490389883518219, 0.03920156508684158, 0.01285907719284296, -0.04459090903401375, -0.037842147052288055, 0.017385102808475494, -0.03645743802189827, 0.02152099274098873, -0.013660060241818428, -0.007667896803468466, 0.0004313817771617323, 0.006631375756114721, 0.04145162180066109, 0.1201801598072052, -0.042365580797195435, -0.023102935403585434, 0.005156544502824545, 0.024871869012713432, 0.011405978351831436, 0.06341363489627838, -0.025912463665008545, -0.004309826530516148, -0.010703532956540585, -0.06330669671297073, 0.011741716414690018, 0.013209385797381401, -0.007562544196844101, 0.02526189014315605, -0.03846731036901474, -0.048269931226968765, 0.012675704434514046, 0.005769520532339811, -0.04630650207400322, -0.041440464556217194, -0.024907050654292107, -0.049736104905605316, -0.04948582872748375, -0.027072139084339142, 0.01922544650733471, 0.05034034326672554, -0.005118441767990589, -0.004277737345546484, -0.042540211230516434, -0.019292443990707397, 0.0004486289981286973, -0.04263422265648842, 0.042524103075265884, 0.005925565026700497, 0.004512960556894541, -0.03506597504019737, 0.05108125880360603, 0.022896423935890198, -0.0067000919952988625, 0.01711987517774105, 0.07420305907726288, 0.037061188369989395, 0.013421472162008286, -0.0027868428733199835, -0.03477424755692482, -0.09768933802843094, 0.0049141752533614635, -0.018635960295796394, -0.016318345442414284, -0.06520769745111465, 0.032345470041036606, -0.00010467956599313766, 0.04537882283329964, 0.03177189826965332, 0.008327442221343517, 0.02232440747320652, -0.03660549223423004, -0.014593765139579773, 0.026344746351242065, 0.015041660517454147, 0.03779968246817589, -0.03333145007491112, 0.05943404138088226, 0.033067647367715836, -0.0033202595077455044, -0.02409675531089306, 0.018082519993185997, -0.0017081780824810266, 0.010530856437981129, -0.03144688159227371, -0.02694115601480007, -0.043060142546892166, -0.10001002252101898, -0.026121528819203377, 0.03795025497674942, 0.0011134912492707372, -0.014267150312662125, -0.01439981535077095, -0.024667901918292046, -0.014139053411781788, 0.013056527823209763, -0.003189021721482277, -0.0166764073073864, -0.0063471198081970215, -0.0498993806540966, -0.061625756323337555, 0.010023245587944984, -0.02414689213037491, -0.015571452677249908, -0.012786961160600185, -0.0239217858761549, 0.000836809747852385, -0.021389197558164597, 0.05034508556127548, -0.002155526541173458, 0.01976333186030388, -0.06941793859004974 ]
5,199
ChartSketcher: Reasoning with Multimodal Feedback and Reflection for Chart Understanding
[ "Muye Huang", "Lingling Zhang", "Jie Ma", "Han Lai", "Fangzhi Xu", "Yifei Li", "Wenjun Wu", "Yaqiang Wu", "Jun Liu" ]
Charts are high-density visualization carriers for complex data, serving as a crucial medium for information extraction and analysis. Automated chart understanding poses significant challenges to existing multimodal large language models (MLLMs) due to the need for precise and complex visual reasoning. Current step-by-step reasoning models primarily focus on text-based logical reasoning for chart understanding. However, they struggle to refine or correct their reasoning when errors stem from flawed visual understanding, as they lack the ability to leverage multimodal interaction for deeper comprehension. Inspired by human cognitive behavior, we propose ChartSketcher, a multimodal feedback-driven step-by-step reasoning method designed to address these limitations. ChartSketcher is a chart understanding model that employs Sketch-CoT, enabling MLLMs to annotate intermediate reasoning steps directly onto charts using a programmatic sketching library, iteratively feeding these visual annotations back into the reasoning process. This mechanism enables the model to visually ground its reasoning and refine its understanding over multiple steps. We employ a two-stage training strategy: a cold start phase to learn sketch-based reasoning patterns, followed by off-policy reinforcement learning to enhance reflection and generalization. Experiments demonstrate that ChartSketcher achieves promising performance on chart understanding benchmarks and general vision tasks, providing an interactive and interpretable approach to chart comprehension.
poster
2505.19076
https://github.com/muyehuang/chartsketcher
null
[]
[]
[ "MuyeHuang/ChartSketcher-Data" ]
[ -0.0007096881745383143, -0.04818962886929512, 0.0027532780077308416, 0.03567260503768921, 0.03900431841611862, 0.003472022945061326, 0.0074602277018129826, 0.021069452166557312, -0.048820070922374725, -0.03837155923247337, -0.038646988570690155, 0.05097246170043945, -0.0712277814745903, -0.0009351194021292031, 0.03043556958436966, 0.047637373208999634, 0.030132373794913292, 0.0039899153634905815, 0.02078745700418949, -0.011645080521702766, -0.005509522743523121, -0.03855303302407265, 0.0152793750166893, -0.016128700226545334, 0.015337355434894562, -0.0012642599176615477, 0.009446646086871624, 0.02052513137459755, -0.04052476957440376, 0.007179266307502985, 0.035614680498838425, -0.00031954629230313003, 0.01476900652050972, -0.025998970493674278, 0.002203074051067233, -0.024921689182519913, -0.03595489263534546, 0.039843279868364334, 0.013298671692609787, -0.010757604613900185, -0.06184347718954086, 0.037352412939071655, 0.025817759335041046, -0.004725008737295866, -0.012764899991452694, 0.01753687672317028, -0.07948194444179535, 0.027414066717028618, 0.024089407175779343, -0.01993846334517002, -0.10603364557027817, 0.04562172666192055, -0.0010669518960639834, -0.0033102890010923147, -0.029522646218538284, 0.039373598992824554, 0.046893130987882614, -0.0773901715874672, 0.007862533442676067, -0.02321011945605278, -0.010153330862522125, 0.002548814984038472, 0.004783906973898411, 0.002785487798973918, -0.004051549825817347, -0.032962895929813385, -0.012119032442569733, 0.0352509543299675, -0.03950515389442444, -0.03247693181037903, -0.019435765221714973, -0.0042676194570958614, -0.03738759458065033, 0.013844738714396954, -0.008262136951088905, -0.020670870319008827, 0.02945755049586296, 0.012669462710618973, 0.04078923165798187, -0.006435760296881199, -0.015131422318518162, 0.02884797751903534, 0.05225687474012375, 0.03156426548957825, 0.026429595425724983, -0.00036477771936915815, -0.03417019546031952, -0.03972892835736275, -0.08720513433218002, 0.017846696078777313, -0.007312735076993704, -0.0607028491795063, 0.02430826798081398, 0.03818142041563988, 0.029773076996207237, 0.025281090289354324, 0.005413463339209557, 0.0352025181055069, -0.008776933886110783, -0.037630584090948105, -0.026949657127261162, -0.00825560837984085, 0.05893954262137413, 0.04114040359854698, -0.09729864448308945, -0.022037899121642113, 0.01526749785989523, -0.031188271939754486, -0.0026019513607025146, -0.0096796415746212, -0.04068203642964363, -0.028222782537341118, -0.0009356724331155419, -0.028825979679822922, -0.05382904037833214, 0.04725021868944168, 0.014897143468260765, 0.008624237030744553, -0.01667781174182892, 0.02080807089805603, 0.0653356984257698, 0.03181059658527374, 0.017357518896460533, 0.07438328862190247, -0.035838495939970016, -0.008693655952811241, -0.007086633704602718, 0.025364244356751442, -0.024384306743741035, -0.033735986799001694, 0.016372645273804665, 0.03802279010415077, -0.01199924387037754, -0.0002842746034730226, 0.019612949341535568, 0.04718923941254616, 0.03340333327651024, -0.039118073880672455, 0.01931116171181202, 0.03641169145703316, 0.0113517539575696, -0.015754735097289085, 0.06340896338224411, -0.028774702921509743, 0.043271057307720184, 0.015265753492712975, -0.04300340265035629, -0.04812738671898842, -0.04228753596544266, 0.005793359130620956, 0.0261453315615654, -0.02075011283159256, 0.01149592362344265, -0.013905501924455166, 0.010865543968975544, 0.05185695365071297, 0.012990965507924557, 0.01188312191516161, 0.05310486629605293, 0.0008286548545584083, 1.7537179530791036e-7, 0.0333951972424984, -0.03972243517637253, 0.02000112645328045, -0.018288137391209602, -0.05880714952945709, 0.004456291440874338, 0.02040250599384308, -0.06188226863741875, -0.0010530012659728527, -0.01649233140051365, -0.00798244308680296, 0.027837172150611877, -0.01619119942188263, 0.017840832471847534, 0.004395535681396723, 0.06236151605844498, 0.02289249561727047, 0.056255389004945755, 0.028966309502720833, -0.06287828087806702, 0.04390810802578926, -0.008053985424339771, -0.028503281995654106, 0.0011391517473384738, -0.010491005145013332, 0.08598988503217697, -0.03309378772974014, 0.006277569569647312, -0.011561691761016846, -0.06341620534658432, -0.04247310012578964, 0.04715057834982872, 0.021658582612872124, 0.04225806146860123, -0.02527570351958275, -0.02124391309916973, 0.06639134138822556, 0.03151191025972366, 0.07989551872015, 0.04006660729646683, -0.005106047727167606, 0.057744864374399185, -0.00201171706430614, -0.0060582514852285385, -0.018479900434613228, 0.040079034864902496, -0.048870749771595, -0.06495096534490585, 0.008162976242601871, -0.011180582456290722, 0.00032823142828419805, 0.03200080618262291, 0.015515707433223724, 0.021596692502498627, 0.03646474704146385, 0.024578601121902466, -0.0016882249619811773, -0.0003736970538739115, -0.047363974153995514, 0.01234055683016777, -0.0037974969018250704, -0.013413525186479092, -0.04847097769379616, -0.02918967418372631, 0.09054464101791382, 0.07377130538225174, -0.018278583884239197, -0.0033023993019014597, 0.011257434263825417, -0.03199978545308113, 0.0034435151610523462, 0.008800996467471123, -0.06867284327745438, -0.009084374643862247, -0.03767953813076019, -0.014408200979232788, -0.014494628645479679, 0.050531502813100815, -0.047105662524700165, 0.006996536627411842, 0.04627213254570961, -0.027168486267328262, 0.05027393996715546, 0.04759373143315315, -0.016038449481129646, 0.012073121033608913, 0.04769297316670418, 0.0030261061619967222, -0.004700386896729469, -0.018034184351563454, 0.020269041880965233, -0.010075603611767292, -0.07449871301651001, -0.026868339627981186, -0.00808093510568142, -0.02084251306951046, -0.05132118985056877, 0.064142607152462, 0.07867321372032166, 0.031438980251550674, -0.017011193558573723, -0.014217161573469639, -0.014433924108743668, 0.01740182191133499, -0.09201046824455261, -0.034821346402168274, 0.015171509236097336, 0.03572013974189758, 0.025722187012434006, 0.07039135694503784, -0.001551261404529214, 0.04095456004142761, -0.011268538422882557, -0.01585141196846962, -0.011696073226630688, 0.038591399788856506, 0.0011980293784290552, -0.05220617353916168, -0.023198623210191727, -0.0043245116248726845, 0.05180917680263519, -0.01299589779227972, -0.01203853078186512, -0.0012179232435300946, -0.023250505328178406, -0.008116712793707848, -0.02491106279194355, 0.032338012009859085, 0.04071759060025215, 0.002913928357884288, 0.013858639635145664, -0.017298094928264618, -0.00005405143747339025, 0.0489024817943573, 0.032079439610242844, 0.04495197534561157, -0.02811850979924202, -0.0389704592525959, 0.03544820100069046, -0.032612502574920654, -0.0012225620448589325, 0.05878923460841179, 0.01684240810573101, -0.0042659505270421505, 0.00922391563653946, -0.012906072661280632, -0.016652287915349007, -0.2690085470676422, -0.015468074008822441, 0.025916537269949913, -0.034597817808389664, 0.02624025195837021, -0.0010441032936796546, 0.07185132801532745, -0.06428971141576767, -0.012719761580228806, -0.014135800302028656, 0.02738693542778492, 0.04865974932909012, -0.008705159649252892, 0.04781526327133179, 0.04216480627655983, 0.033050086349248886, -0.012999220751225948, -0.05811062827706337, 0.034760572016239166, 0.0538678839802742, -0.016292013227939606, -0.054397668689489365, -0.022990379482507706, 0.06403185427188873, -0.014241372235119343, 0.03448960557579994, -0.08288515359163284, 0.0007905943202786148, -0.02760407328605652, -0.02288852073252201, 0.01371596846729517, -0.034884825348854065, -0.023452043533325195, 0.04534602165222168, 0.012765364721417427, -0.010690920986235142, 0.05719631910324097, -0.02856370247900486, 0.05408084765076637, -0.015545000322163105, 0.0049957106821238995, -0.020072828978300095, -0.05382320284843445, -0.011977830901741982, 0.044224727898836136, 0.01298702321946621, -0.04583479464054108, -0.017743585631251335, 0.009025021456182003, 0.06973543018102646, -0.026420513167977333, -0.03524984046816826, -0.009214113466441631, -0.040486354380846024, 0.015339366160333157, -0.05982648581266403, 0.016338391229510307, -0.0185482706874609, -0.054433465003967285, -0.024774285033345222, 0.021176863461732864, -0.030392145738005638, -0.018778780475258827, -0.04566437751054764, -0.0021153688430786133, -0.05821036919951439, -0.0528651624917984, -0.04264301806688309, 0.05393558740615845, 0.04548132047057152, -0.009274444542825222, 0.014646445401012897, 0.010244186967611313, -0.10307476669549942, 0.03263017535209656, -0.02103188820183277, -0.005404864903539419, -0.027440058067440987, 0.032566819339990616, 0.015023061074316502, -0.02488323487341404, -0.04064862057566643, 0.02221771515905857, -0.0026706368662416935, 0.02901674248278141, -0.02074679546058178, 0.018399059772491455, -0.04643236845731735, -0.0005356264882721007, -0.02622617967426777, 0.028807293623685837, 0.01712927594780922, 0.008641291409730911, 0.013425936922430992, 0.04461260139942169, 0.02780991792678833, 0.06529722362756729, 0.027517028152942657, 0.0382220633327961, -0.008549325168132782, 0.030755802989006042, -0.11015388369560242, -0.0014030433958396316, -0.013801994733512402, 0.007962139323353767, -0.024091826751828194, -0.03916245698928833, -0.0036341343075037003, 0.035207197070121765, -0.01578998565673828, -0.03726954385638237, -0.01892007701098919, -0.0014936922816559672, -0.021351780742406845, -0.028846614062786102, -0.006748003885149956, 0.018335960805416107, 0.021743549033999443, 0.01470845565199852, -0.029363159090280533, -0.001633158535696566, 0.0024847807362675667, -0.012641377747058868, 0.021425746381282806, -0.024089284241199493, -0.03172675892710686, 0.014729363843798637, -0.002544968854635954, 0.03899290785193443, 0.040317781269550323, 0.038688987493515015, 0.034730661660432816, 0.005534358322620392, 0.006610579323023558, 0.05043363198637962, -0.028158508241176605, -0.0021594122517853975, -0.017213840037584305, 0.03311360999941826, -0.019245710223913193, -0.0044512017630040646, -0.009870910085737705, 0.01859065517783165, 0.015637023374438286, 0.02366778627038002, -0.0159356277436018, -0.0004245195887051523, 0.006276019383221865, 0.002703916048631072, 0.027499297633767128, -0.01183538418263197, -0.029603231698274612, 0.0058728475123643875, -0.013941369019448757, -0.002456219168379903, 0.015933595597743988, 0.0050990697927773, -0.006123069673776627, 0.01866278238594532, -0.05872584879398346, 0.06276754289865494, -0.0007195179350674152, -0.0016978307394310832, -0.0041261413134634495, -0.0044931285083293915, 0.01082105003297329, -0.03852422162890434, 0.03856971487402916, 0.04164213687181473, 0.007906783372163773, 0.0005412228056229651, -0.04432137310504913, -0.01293372455984354, 0.02946307882666588, -0.04921239614486694, 0.02520158514380455, 0.008346585556864738, -0.02587374486029148, -0.0292756836861372, 0.030382700264453888, -0.015993908047676086, -0.0076967328786849976, -0.013277173042297363, -0.012306219898164272, 0.07631229609251022, -0.00016170412709470838, 0.012737782672047615, -0.006727679166942835, -0.04618997126817703, 0.03155703470110893, -0.00021090898371767253, 0.0057249367237091064, -0.032935939729213715, -0.027163242921233177, -0.05641035735607147, -0.05724169686436653, -0.021337926387786865, -0.007720371708273888, 0.016654273495078087, 0.00026659155264496803, -0.03532185032963753, 0.01655268296599388, -0.060541074723005295, -0.059076663106679916, 0.014440628699958324, -0.05499850586056709, 0.0024333421606570482, 0.017567146569490433, 0.007651850581169128, 0.027773207053542137, -0.023622216656804085, -0.049798063933849335, -0.05859513208270073, -0.04349536821246147, 0.02467101812362671, -0.0040228599682450294, -0.014150327071547508, -0.06025981158018112, 0.011678576469421387, -0.01918729767203331, 0.015326117165386677, 0.007283467799425125, -0.03285564109683037, -0.01985080912709236, 0.021041085943579674, 0.04316801205277443, -0.02103610895574093, -0.02366199530661106, 0.0019709335174411535, -0.06276779621839523, 0.013539677485823631, -0.0275573767721653, 0.02521122433245182, 0.07986591011285782, 0.029653847217559814, -0.006999053526669741, -0.06140143796801567, 0.03572847694158554, 0.03297847509384155, -0.016116449609398842, 0.02539527602493763, -0.030206728726625443, -0.0271436907351017, -0.022697005420923233, 0.05195321515202522, 0.041195884346961975, 0.01420530304312706, -0.03319074586033821, 0.03976157680153847, 0.010247508063912392, 0.028831226751208305, -0.019948409870266914, -0.006061941850930452, -0.04801012948155403, 0.0748719796538353, -0.04047313705086708, -0.033418815582990646, -0.03213430196046829, -0.05592324957251549, 0.04165199026465416, -0.042351845651865005, 0.008125756867229939, -0.044686466455459595, 0.04296588897705078, 0.0025212473701685667, 0.05619882047176361, 0.03151528909802437, 0.0006399779813364148, 0.03271098807454109, -0.06281470507383347, 0.007662697229534388, -0.08614804595708847, -0.0021160710602998734, 0.058447662740945816, -0.03551444411277771, -0.04301124066114426, -0.02056121453642845, -0.04455965384840965, 0.03656872361898422, -0.02513851970434189, -0.04332571476697922, 0.0048207170329988, 0.0076600899919867516, -0.0004274201637599617, 0.04476926848292351, -0.02981255017220974, -0.0010548167629167438, -0.03185117617249489, -0.025513364002108574, -0.013369975611567497, -0.020762650296092033, 0.07178929448127747, 0.0006524172495119274, 0.01635400950908661, -0.030296288430690765, 0.022752875462174416, 0.029358964413404465, 0.06014774367213249, 0.03931055963039398, 0.037409864366054535, -0.012517804279923439, 0.08197829872369766, 0.03470122814178467, 0.0370611697435379, -0.003155234269797802, 0.03216547146439552, -0.01879940554499626, -0.021790560334920883, 0.05889323353767395, 0.008674601092934608, -0.06822855025529861, -0.05831681564450264, 0.06882353872060776, -0.004956348333507776, -0.03848450630903244, -0.023478148505091667, 0.009409685619175434, -0.027545813471078873, 0.010488267056643963, -0.017267955467104912, 0.018176382407546043, 0.007241201587021351, 0.051691971719264984, 0.006478006485849619, 0.03753286972641945, 0.0638403445482254, 0.012681098654866219, -0.0011273887939751148, -0.015581636689603329, 0.03783898428082466, 0.05929920822381973, 0.09826146811246872, 0.03195778653025627, 0.06248868629336357, -0.052257295697927475, -0.011151249520480633, 0.016009509563446045, 0.057545606046915054, 0.02485201694071293, -0.04649730771780014, -0.0189973134547472, 0.05335969477891922, 0.029769819229841232, 0.04748023301362991, -0.030575627461075783, -0.00789677444845438, 0.021398179233074188, -0.006700429599732161, -0.02359773777425289, 0.04213728755712509, 0.0018783777486532927, -0.001987715717405081, -0.029940767213702202, -0.03438892960548401, 0.0319276861846447, -0.057447463274002075, -0.019059712067246437, 0.007124962285161018, -0.005577036179602146, 0.005072981119155884, -0.008306221105158329, 0.04489561915397644, 0.10401280224323273, -0.027248388156294823, -0.025353649631142616, 0.05317884683609009, 0.028172750025987625, 0.015341531485319138, 0.04151848703622818, 0.0024896073155105114, 0.020791271701455116, 0.03313666582107544, -0.05315406620502472, 0.025712748989462852, 0.01268180925399065, 0.038299668580293655, 0.024880481883883476, -0.033374153077602386, -0.04208793491125107, 0.027288177981972694, -0.0007960150833241642, -0.05211247503757477, -0.06270550936460495, -0.02462582103908062, -0.020449604839086533, -0.04453616961836815, -0.04953150078654289, 0.036997150629758835, -0.007534165401011705, -0.03829345852136612, -0.020676389336586, -0.031802739948034286, 0.00849153846502304, -0.027798928320407867, -0.06535480171442032, 0.01319072488695383, 0.028428202494978905, 0.027434570714831352, -0.0011289796093478799, 0.02859628200531006, 0.026745600625872612, -0.0034559632185846567, -0.012489044107496738, -0.002651659306138754, 0.037861134856939316, 0.025334015488624573, 0.018627887591719627, -0.02182718738913536, -0.09334069490432739, -0.010619016364216805, -0.030605657026171684, -0.019896263256669044, -0.0663442388176918, 0.006710277404636145, -0.04188460484147072, 0.025584127753973007, 0.0733698233962059, 0.038502540439367294, 0.0025705001316964626, -0.01379434298723936, -0.01009740773588419, 0.016099218279123306, 0.035622771829366684, 0.0236340519040823, -0.04975254833698273, 0.049463190138339996, 0.013450469821691513, 0.006926579866558313, -0.023064084351062775, 0.00509076751768589, 0.01449825894087553, 0.006032416597008705, -0.027786029502749443, -0.02578907087445259, -0.015012670308351517, -0.10054907202720642, -0.015349900349974632, 0.05930298939347267, 0.02485605888068676, -0.062117621302604675, -0.024793090298771858, -0.004717589356005192, -0.02062191069126129, -0.003628024598583579, -0.025326037779450417, -0.014017698355019093, -0.03150710090994835, -0.04716768115758896, -0.05095713585615158, 0.03221592679619789, -0.02327575720846653, 0.010785073973238468, -0.05330991744995117, -0.045539237558841705, 0.005784128792583942, -0.006599831394851208, 0.006905349437147379, 0.0033888542093336582, 0.026122257113456726, -0.05336639657616615 ]