paper_id
uint32 0
3.7k
| title
stringlengths 14
154
| paper_url
stringlengths 42
42
| authors
listlengths 1
21
| type
stringclasses 3
values | abstract
stringlengths 413
2.52k
| keywords
stringlengths 4
397
| TL;DR
stringlengths 5
250
⌀ | submission_number
int64 2
14.3k
| arxiv_id
stringlengths 10
10
⌀ | embedding
listlengths 768
768
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3,400
|
Weighted Point Set Embedding for Multimodal Contrastive Learning Toward Optimal Similarity Metric
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=uSz2K30RRd
|
[
"Toshimitsu Uesaka",
"Taiji Suzuki",
"Yuhta Takida",
"Chieh-Hsin Lai",
"Naoki Murata",
"Yuki Mitsufuji"
] |
Spotlight
|
In typical multimodal contrastive learning, such as CLIP, encoders produce one
point in the latent representation space for each input. However, one-point representation
has difficulty in capturing the relationship and the similarity structure of a
huge amount of instances in the real world. For richer classes of the similarity, we
propose the use of weighted point sets, namely, sets of pairs of weight and vector,
as representations of instances. In this work, we theoretically show the benefit
of our proposed method through a new understanding of the contrastive loss of
CLIP, which we call symmetric InfoNCE. We clarify that the optimal similarity
that minimizes symmetric InfoNCE is the pointwise mutual information, and show
an upper bound of excess risk on downstream classification tasks of representations
that achieve the optimal similarity. In addition, we show that our proposed
similarity based on weighted point sets consistently achieves the optimal similarity.
To verify the effectiveness of our proposed method, we demonstrate pretraining of
text-image representation models and classification tasks on common benchmarks.
|
contrastive learning, representation learning, multimodal representation learning, theoretical analysis, InfoNCE, pointwise mutual information
|
We propose a new multimodal representation learning method and theoretically show benefits of our method.
| 10,847
|
2404.19228
|
[
0.0003039131697732955,
-0.028218531981110573,
0.025907253846526146,
0.06979915499687195,
0.0075456080958247185,
0.03417471796274185,
0.004110878333449364,
0.005122676491737366,
-0.027385840192437172,
-0.05037173628807068,
-0.04476271569728851,
0.0003295525093562901,
-0.0750264897942543,
-0.020223388448357582,
0.0013195415958762169,
0.03760039061307907,
0.028081156313419342,
0.004217721987515688,
0.015988074243068695,
0.04703153669834137,
-0.023234300315380096,
-0.030860334634780884,
0.03114185854792595,
0.0021253288723528385,
0.037654321640729904,
-0.0010443318169564009,
0.02098442055284977,
-0.001043935539200902,
-0.037260688841342926,
-0.002413384849205613,
0.00750771863386035,
0.007269028574228287,
-0.005471725016832352,
-0.015331732109189034,
0.00458977185189724,
0.0025099555496126413,
-0.025065947324037552,
0.033543940633535385,
0.05428333953022957,
-0.015928443521261215,
-0.029488330706954002,
-0.01059696450829506,
0.0025181975215673447,
0.012095248326659203,
-0.039231233298778534,
-0.00028246865258552134,
-0.11213993281126022,
0.025215184316039085,
0.0003383927105460316,
-0.027557970955967903,
-0.07907867431640625,
0.05602726340293884,
-0.012417171150445938,
-0.0007481853826902807,
-0.007224781438708305,
0.02970084547996521,
0.012804176658391953,
-0.07123874872922897,
-0.0288914255797863,
-0.05987141281366348,
-0.03933382406830788,
0.03891114145517349,
0.020500225946307182,
0.007086933124810457,
0.007833645679056644,
0.005071241874247789,
0.005243049934506416,
0.03725338727235794,
-0.036755066365003586,
-0.049331821501255035,
0.013975968584418297,
-0.020126188173890114,
-0.00006464825855800882,
0.013177908025681973,
0.014223961159586906,
-0.050168707966804504,
-0.018192950636148453,
-0.011559287086129189,
0.0528462789952755,
-0.011087940074503422,
0.02416509948670864,
0.04146810993552208,
-0.00024142659094650298,
0.040307190269231796,
-0.0146345729008317,
0.00774498051032424,
-0.003318514209240675,
-0.027732456102967262,
-0.05226471275091171,
0.021464379504323006,
-0.0630979835987091,
-0.03150710463523865,
0.023592952638864517,
0.056936077773571014,
0.03385133296251297,
-0.0163203626871109,
0.047209832817316055,
0.012322995811700821,
0.03778945654630661,
-0.009612354449927807,
-0.02871752344071865,
-0.021912749856710434,
0.030294397845864296,
0.010055532678961754,
-0.09704901278018951,
-0.018446344882249832,
-0.018573865294456482,
0.0194831732660532,
-0.0009941416792571545,
0.02465340681374073,
-0.0895470455288887,
-0.03475876525044441,
0.007471440359950066,
-0.016649167984724045,
-0.05770288407802582,
-0.0053477538749575615,
0.007973422296345234,
0.0231634471565485,
-0.040269166231155396,
0.017204975709319115,
0.030059369280934334,
0.048048052936792374,
0.012991112656891346,
0.08477497100830078,
0.002338955644518137,
0.013037195429205894,
0.01770232617855072,
0.07650845497846603,
-0.06430704146623611,
-0.03404773399233818,
0.024377601221203804,
0.03344572335481644,
0.001184559427201748,
0.009017008356750011,
0.011065032333135605,
-0.02078130654990673,
0.00496707484126091,
-0.0022890442050993443,
0.036059554666280746,
-0.016395844519138336,
0.004838033113628626,
-0.0359826534986496,
0.04509317874908447,
0.017682058736681938,
0.08995430916547775,
-0.0343797467648983,
-0.00391964428126812,
-0.018752725794911385,
-0.03340922296047211,
-0.003970343619585037,
-0.003833087394014001,
-0.03356298431754112,
0.024681266397237778,
-0.04783475771546364,
0.017841696739196777,
0.04818218573927879,
0.025366947054862976,
0.04081156477332115,
0.013805445283651352,
0.02433529682457447,
0.022797878831624985,
-0.011207991279661655,
-0.04634328931570053,
0.02730565331876278,
-0.013545543886721134,
-0.06286578625440598,
0.0015590860275551677,
0.042379677295684814,
-0.035374145954847336,
0.016892360523343086,
-0.045140717178583145,
-0.04530711472034454,
0.05009635537862778,
-0.002825838280841708,
-0.023115690797567368,
0.0082083186134696,
0.06728588789701462,
0.029357196763157845,
0.05472786724567413,
0.004027373623102903,
-0.08115026354789734,
0.0269162580370903,
0.013173438608646393,
-0.015316899865865707,
0.04908373951911926,
-0.013124899007380009,
0.06589718908071518,
-0.04267313703894615,
-0.0164649598300457,
-0.0020112108904868364,
-0.052016448229551315,
-0.012026569806039333,
0.0010561988456174731,
-0.022636402398347855,
0.06658770143985748,
0.007142048329114914,
-0.024207578971982002,
0.017609573900699615,
0.030995521694421768,
0.04223573952913284,
0.03273368999361992,
-0.013927062042057514,
0.07955470681190491,
-0.01613527722656727,
-0.014792217873036861,
-0.02404581382870674,
0.03122296743094921,
-0.07046302407979965,
-0.07654409110546112,
-0.0005142245208844543,
-0.0008230163366533816,
0.008576122112572193,
0.010932045057415962,
0.0037217321805655956,
0.014174966141581535,
-0.015692662447690964,
0.03712451085448265,
0.005044963210821152,
0.038465652614831924,
-0.0720624178647995,
0.046929940581321716,
0.003394282190129161,
-0.00738923717290163,
0.01188939530402422,
-0.011490609496831894,
0.09183226525783539,
0.08249502629041672,
-0.036953844130039215,
0.008546950295567513,
0.007856576703488827,
0.002039894927293062,
0.012564149685204029,
0.010660567320883274,
-0.021206269040703773,
-0.0000334829674102366,
-0.011958494782447815,
0.014903618954122066,
-0.019401125609874725,
0.06523872166872025,
-0.06059574335813522,
-0.03286217525601387,
0.06871321052312851,
-0.030179688706994057,
0.011000918224453926,
0.010004419833421707,
0.03143017366528511,
0.07179964333772659,
0.029406489804387093,
-0.031178254634141922,
-0.03294884040951729,
-0.0040834625251591206,
0.005455979611724615,
-0.01964471861720085,
-0.03586443513631821,
0.013700696639716625,
-0.03057035058736801,
0.010187927633523941,
-0.030356666073203087,
0.06833025068044662,
0.050491224974393845,
0.01322302408516407,
0.037818923592567444,
-0.013075652532279491,
-0.04491003230214119,
-0.016783930361270905,
-0.0896320790052414,
-0.046041421592235565,
-0.011149195954203606,
0.04720517247915268,
-0.005751696415245533,
0.07277443259954453,
-0.007212277967482805,
0.005437979940325022,
-0.042785611003637314,
-0.018827367573976517,
0.03700666502118111,
0.023629004135727882,
0.02815505675971508,
-0.02445404976606369,
-0.0031292482744902372,
0.007676966488361359,
0.04840663820505142,
-0.005715734791010618,
-0.02696661278605461,
0.0007923929370008409,
-0.05257835611701012,
-0.0207366906106472,
-0.04750464856624603,
0.003856635419651866,
0.028848640620708466,
0.03248048573732376,
0.0076470389030873775,
-0.021025462076067924,
-0.0016766797052696347,
0.042525485157966614,
0.03269131854176521,
0.05662627890706062,
0.004181550350040197,
-0.03369509056210518,
0.01473304070532322,
-0.0013994323089718819,
0.04209999367594719,
0.005822054576128721,
0.025033103302121162,
-0.020518794655799866,
0.008752470836043358,
0.023137042298913002,
0.002484335331246257,
-0.2906174957752228,
-0.03068063221871853,
0.014406168833374977,
0.004820925649255514,
0.024962324649095535,
-0.03345206752419472,
0.05316460505127907,
-0.06165895238518715,
-0.039383888244628906,
0.004266662057489157,
-0.002685226732864976,
0.016676750034093857,
-0.003338160226121545,
0.030613455921411514,
0.05726539343595505,
0.025136277079582214,
-0.0004130112938582897,
-0.003303110133856535,
0.03011327050626278,
0.06434336304664612,
-0.04479990899562836,
-0.0509440079331398,
-0.049926090985536575,
0.07249019294977188,
-0.02563927136361599,
0.04740676283836365,
-0.058392103761434555,
-0.015077679418027401,
-0.007602098397910595,
-0.03452242910861969,
0.01799321547150612,
-0.03176821023225784,
-0.002270318800583482,
0.054418858140707016,
0.02104923129081726,
0.011074518784880638,
0.048242487013339996,
-0.02427518740296364,
0.00283134076744318,
-0.0040912204422056675,
-0.008680567145347595,
-0.01827692985534668,
-0.004563232883810997,
0.0053407857194542885,
0.051971547305583954,
-0.0003398410335648805,
-0.005993169266730547,
0.0084706861525774,
-0.018094314262270927,
0.018716273829340935,
0.02088499441742897,
-0.0567438118159771,
-0.013489443808794022,
0.0017661495367065072,
0.0031651961617171764,
-0.03702229633927345,
0.032472457736730576,
-0.019675366580486298,
-0.025825735181570053,
0.01102953590452671,
-0.012849941849708557,
-0.0720779076218605,
-0.021679822355508804,
-0.03833126649260521,
-0.021624751389026642,
-0.03841768950223923,
-0.07950334995985031,
-0.05272119119763374,
0.015753215178847313,
0.0467543751001358,
-0.003344082273542881,
0.01731530949473381,
-0.030041145160794258,
-0.09216205030679703,
0.04234637692570686,
0.023614171892404556,
0.012608688324689865,
-0.0016518539050593972,
-0.01265514176338911,
0.03449740633368492,
-0.01470915786921978,
-0.04802119359374046,
0.051415182650089264,
0.009395891800522804,
0.020093627274036407,
-0.05156124755740166,
0.012301668524742126,
-0.021577058359980583,
-0.012334704399108887,
-0.03876787796616554,
0.024254657328128815,
0.017684975638985634,
0.020068133249878883,
0.013988933525979519,
0.025388143956661224,
0.017132049426436424,
0.04685349762439728,
0.03758646175265312,
0.03873136267066002,
0.017147239297628403,
-0.000708821346051991,
-0.058858584612607956,
-0.02245517633855343,
-0.05337504297494888,
-0.04793699458241463,
0.014284638687968254,
-0.05687374249100685,
0.0001713616366032511,
0.06371603906154633,
-0.032284535467624664,
-0.05529147386550903,
-0.021258432418107986,
0.01628524623811245,
-0.007197333499789238,
-0.007241101004183292,
-0.020797422155737877,
-0.006617813371121883,
0.004603257402777672,
0.02105890028178692,
-0.020141037181019783,
-0.009807780385017395,
0.024609046056866646,
-0.03009464591741562,
-0.006775545421987772,
-0.02865786664187908,
-0.010760798119008541,
-0.04482465237379074,
-0.05083613470196724,
-0.057059045881032944,
0.02572719007730484,
0.07254315912723541,
0.01524515263736248,
-0.0021354130003601313,
0.03744564205408096,
0.08614236116409302,
0.003645617514848709,
0.017948511987924576,
-0.012435714714229107,
0.0574880875647068,
-0.04185468703508377,
0.038977138698101044,
0.0008969168411567807,
0.034565094858407974,
0.03444316238164902,
0.05415792018175125,
-0.029931513592600822,
-0.02944714017212391,
-0.02448032610118389,
-0.0413489043712616,
-0.01620687171816826,
0.007326965685933828,
-0.03694998472929001,
-0.025340236723423004,
0.015531101264059544,
0.010725487023591995,
0.0030636608134955168,
-0.01864306814968586,
0.019909946247935295,
0.02952657826244831,
-0.057650044560432434,
0.04972022771835327,
0.02226756326854229,
-0.013169340789318085,
-0.0007193252095021307,
0.00627848831936717,
0.00408477196469903,
0.008399464190006256,
0.006795964203774929,
0.02471797727048397,
-0.00863336306065321,
0.04174765571951866,
-0.019077297300100327,
-0.056560344994068146,
-0.03280572220683098,
-0.013722429051995277,
-0.018123583868145943,
-0.03342362865805626,
0.007319644093513489,
-0.07677702605724335,
0.022461652755737305,
0.021319033578038216,
-0.03222784399986267,
0.011669433675706387,
0.002639882965013385,
0.0797685980796814,
-0.00868513248860836,
-0.005758901592344046,
0.0021356637589633465,
-0.02782033570110798,
0.02401626855134964,
-0.03341568633913994,
-0.006234010215848684,
-0.06229224056005478,
-0.018030475825071335,
-0.037629444152116776,
-0.04635278880596161,
-0.010225103236734867,
-0.017737971618771553,
-0.012795526534318924,
-0.02570287138223648,
-0.038778193295001984,
0.039360057562589645,
-0.05328360199928284,
-0.025265203788876534,
0.030021924525499344,
-0.05124455317854881,
0.01939832791686058,
0.002908894792199135,
-0.054478663951158524,
0.0009614117443561554,
-0.039694298058748245,
-0.03460471332073212,
-0.05951697379350662,
-0.025509176775813103,
0.03840363398194313,
-0.05504845082759857,
-0.033038921654224396,
-0.049877092242240906,
0.0020462169777601957,
-0.021661359816789627,
0.03381742909550667,
-0.01502812746912241,
-0.019033178687095642,
-0.02620246820151806,
0.01392795704305172,
0.05332893133163452,
0.013127831742167473,
-0.007428665179759264,
-0.010203283280134201,
-0.029019124805927277,
0.0014884345000609756,
-0.034768007695674896,
-0.0014976310776546597,
0.05971763655543327,
-0.022035136818885803,
0.0007588227745145559,
-0.05666547641158104,
0.02353125996887684,
0.015303429216146469,
0.0206595566123724,
0.03530831262469292,
0.020538441836833954,
-0.004384396132081747,
0.03574761003255844,
0.013740817084908485,
0.03626055642962456,
0.009270844981074333,
-0.006652656476944685,
0.002564235357567668,
-0.0007934172754175961,
-0.0073381457477808,
-0.005002692341804504,
-0.07007463276386261,
0.0035911414306610823,
0.043158646672964096,
-0.03534586355090141,
-0.011227509938180447,
-0.06646523624658585,
-0.033559318631887436,
0.03353257104754448,
-0.00021732218738179654,
0.02853301540017128,
-0.006129655987024307,
0.02754218503832817,
0.020211661234498024,
0.029129687696695328,
0.027394115924835205,
0.004067353438585997,
0.004804920870810747,
-0.037703849375247955,
0.006014940328896046,
-0.07639021426439285,
-0.019887875765562057,
0.05066467821598053,
-0.010249147191643715,
-0.009208323433995247,
-0.008659791201353073,
-0.04096723720431328,
0.038500215858221054,
-0.020439570769667625,
-0.026726316660642624,
-0.011837628670036793,
-0.031229248270392418,
-0.01395535096526146,
0.039611149579286575,
-0.025133445858955383,
0.021772703155875206,
-0.007230916526168585,
-0.053950630128383636,
0.010069738142192364,
0.010843230411410332,
0.04072483628988266,
-0.017650634050369263,
0.02891233190894127,
-0.02253708802163601,
0.028251443058252335,
0.021098976954817772,
0.06839821487665176,
0.0007892079302109778,
0.03267939016222954,
-0.017199698835611343,
0.054015129804611206,
0.01570158638060093,
-0.024615831673145294,
0.028459548950195312,
0.039571572095155716,
-0.016139492392539978,
-0.047914501279592514,
0.04791947454214096,
0.020690040662884712,
-0.029701964929699898,
-0.06272358447313309,
0.059393107891082764,
0.035768184810876846,
-0.043017275631427765,
-0.021479880437254906,
0.061129309237003326,
-0.027888886630535126,
0.050314344465732574,
-0.01724693737924099,
0.005151423159986734,
-0.035027530044317245,
0.0863385871052742,
0.019871963188052177,
0.0481715053319931,
0.045952796936035156,
-0.014236623421311378,
0.0014144019223749638,
-0.013383104465901852,
0.06118384748697281,
0.04766473174095154,
0.05330483987927437,
-0.0003231629088986665,
0.04834756627678871,
-0.05056316778063774,
-0.021434567868709564,
0.0026086117140948772,
0.012445258907973766,
-0.0028523076325654984,
-0.02677347883582115,
-0.037976037710905075,
0.08719741553068161,
0.011010030284523964,
0.0584675632417202,
-0.043454609811306,
-0.011853277683258057,
0.02716425247490406,
0.02113201469182968,
-0.008204124867916107,
0.020259927958250046,
0.03089853748679161,
0.05855006352066994,
-0.03700926527380943,
0.0010133386822417378,
0.020286735147237778,
-0.01971796154975891,
0.046803075820207596,
0.008006189949810505,
-0.025057094171643257,
0.05050133168697357,
-0.020835934206843376,
0.024669567123055458,
0.08179423958063126,
-0.023569919168949127,
-0.0811740979552269,
0.002304845256730914,
0.02595456875860691,
0.03920755907893181,
0.06920361518859863,
0.0018704805988818407,
-0.025454265996813774,
0.0234837643802166,
-0.044732533395290375,
0.03090338222682476,
0.01349856797605753,
0.004139523487538099,
-0.020566342398524284,
-0.04188981652259827,
-0.0315701924264431,
0.02388838119804859,
0.043836016207933426,
-0.04667246714234352,
-0.020320480689406395,
-0.018694359809160233,
-0.03410479053854942,
-0.063426174223423,
-0.03190116956830025,
0.02430654689669609,
0.03279716148972511,
-0.022655149921774864,
-0.018818113952875137,
-0.02312782220542431,
0.036598026752471924,
0.027437036857008934,
-0.06664109975099564,
0.007899089716374874,
0.040982749313116074,
0.04250858351588249,
-0.013372298330068588,
0.021320125088095665,
0.027453476563096046,
-0.019896605983376503,
-0.04502022638916969,
0.05270722508430481,
0.015842223539948463,
0.03360756114125252,
-0.04405680671334267,
-0.017521129921078682,
-0.10121940821409225,
0.018361957743763924,
0.000636807584669441,
-0.042053669691085815,
-0.06115460768342018,
0.0008048461168073118,
0.008920351043343544,
0.03368144854903221,
0.04558582603931427,
0.009649195708334446,
0.014904803596436977,
-0.03797392547130585,
0.013866624794900417,
-0.003940299153327942,
-0.0019396155839785933,
0.058958087116479874,
-0.01170650776475668,
0.054413795471191406,
0.026456160470843315,
0.016709916293621063,
-0.01942400075495243,
-0.0005140927969478071,
-0.03394034504890442,
0.024015221744775772,
-0.01357267890125513,
-0.05039006471633911,
-0.032021038234233856,
-0.09223479777574539,
-0.037417564541101456,
0.04555061459541321,
0.0010042464127764106,
-0.013696321286261082,
0.005465637892484665,
0.023307401686906815,
-0.02041754685342312,
-0.004828596021980047,
-0.009117715060710907,
-0.02750452794134617,
-0.008469189517199993,
-0.008043193258345127,
-0.08327072113752365,
0.01535043865442276,
-0.01741824857890606,
0.008256032131612301,
-0.01861620880663395,
-0.026548059657216072,
-0.023754974827170372,
0.035631678998470306,
0.021763797849416733,
0.00170990452170372,
0.014085173606872559,
0.017000848427414894
] |
3,401
|
Can LLMs Really Learn to Translate a Low-Resource Language from One Grammar Book?
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=aMBSY2ebPw
|
[
"Seth Aycock",
"David Stap",
"Di Wu",
"Christof Monz",
"Khalil Sima'an"
] |
Spotlight
|
Extremely low-resource (XLR) languages lack substantial corpora for training NLP models, motivating the use of all available resources such as dictionaries and grammar books. Machine Translation from One Book (Tanzer et al., 2024) suggests that prompting long-context LLMs with one grammar book enables English–Kalamang translation, an XLR language unseen by LLMs—a noteworthy case of linguistics helping an NLP task. We investigate the source of this translation ability, finding almost all improvements stem from the book’s parallel examples rather than its grammatical explanations. We find similar results for Nepali and Guarani, seen low-resource languages, and we achieve performance comparable to an LLM with a grammar book by simply fine-tuning an encoder-decoder translation model. We then investigate where grammar books help by testing two linguistic tasks, grammaticality judgment and gloss prediction, and we explore what kind of grammatical knowledge helps by introducing a typological feature prompt that achieves leading results on these more relevant tasks. We thus emphasise the importance of task-appropriate data for XLR languages: parallel examples for translation, and grammatical data for linguistic tasks. As we find no evidence that long-context LLMs can make effective use of grammatical explanations for XLR translation, we conclude data collection for multilingual XLR tasks such as translation is best focused on parallel data over linguistic description.
|
llms, translation, low-resource, grammar, long-context, linguistics
|
We show LLMs fail to exploit grammatical explanations for translation, but benefit from typological knowledge for linguistic tasks.
| 10,831
|
2409.19151
|
[
-0.01103846076875925,
-0.0065810102969408035,
-0.03550659120082855,
0.015245025046169758,
0.04491075873374939,
0.02765871211886406,
0.02579830028116703,
0.03113873302936554,
-0.013747354969382286,
0.006871304474771023,
-0.03526829183101654,
0.03501687943935394,
-0.06387075036764145,
0.014592617750167847,
-0.002366409869864583,
0.05215360224246979,
0.02893238700926304,
-0.015369259752333164,
0.03856473043560982,
-0.018576137721538544,
0.003818500554189086,
-0.0069641489535570145,
0.04129892587661743,
0.027255283668637276,
0.029074542224407196,
0.013464115560054779,
0.031881045550107956,
0.01033003069460392,
-0.04700490087270737,
-0.006411501672118902,
0.06473902612924576,
-0.0303935706615448,
0.009577630087733269,
0.0035995193757116795,
0.02146785706281662,
-0.014596152119338512,
-0.029820363968610764,
0.00028768274933099747,
0.009345496073365211,
-0.002060194732621312,
-0.03009640984237194,
0.029048947617411613,
-0.0039052146021276712,
0.028852151706814766,
-0.06885720789432526,
0.02921718917787075,
-0.09509265422821045,
0.00582590838894248,
0.008550973609089851,
-0.036647915840148926,
-0.12643617391586304,
0.028972189873456955,
0.01595509611070156,
-0.048545174300670624,
0.014224017038941383,
0.04659412056207657,
0.0450868234038353,
-0.07416840642690659,
-0.007804192136973143,
-0.010676541365683079,
-0.029792508110404015,
0.010045098140835762,
-0.015311245806515217,
0.013532646931707859,
0.03973918780684471,
-0.027595773339271545,
-0.03267714008688927,
0.012652006931602955,
-0.06621904671192169,
-0.052781861275434494,
-0.03898016735911369,
0.011562425643205643,
-0.038773342967033386,
0.024926582351326942,
0.009121841751039028,
-0.044336121529340744,
-0.01594311185181141,
0.040872663259506226,
0.07119102776050568,
0.018462790176272392,
-0.0011428606230765581,
0.020596656948328018,
0.040797650814056396,
0.018528230488300323,
0.038434114307165146,
0.020169425755739212,
-0.0571427196264267,
-0.03438756614923477,
-0.0492728129029274,
0.016017012298107147,
0.00847045611590147,
-0.06301747262477875,
0.010306584648787975,
0.03579472377896309,
0.03772372752428055,
0.009816611185669899,
0.039417099207639694,
0.03306598961353302,
-0.02238299697637558,
0.007164396811276674,
-0.028687866404652596,
-0.04398211091756821,
0.050329942256212234,
0.04092046618461609,
-0.1089213639497757,
-0.05834733694791794,
-0.017940890043973923,
0.006181248463690281,
0.001010123291052878,
-0.012736544013023376,
-0.00002545055940572638,
-0.014445910230278969,
-0.005635329056531191,
-0.01214007381349802,
-0.05248917639255524,
0.028810234740376472,
0.01931285671889782,
0.018645063042640686,
-0.04734333977103233,
-0.0015991464024409652,
0.05269395932555199,
0.05112699419260025,
0.029883285984396935,
0.08144010603427887,
-0.021803447976708412,
0.007154015824198723,
-0.011486081406474113,
0.054911792278289795,
-0.026399293914437294,
-0.015715274959802628,
-0.00311727961525321,
0.06817802786827087,
0.007950952276587486,
0.030365781858563423,
-0.007126112934201956,
0.01502920500934124,
0.01628657802939415,
0.021894995123147964,
0.05377262830734253,
0.006695474032312632,
0.0001920385257108137,
0.019021563231945038,
0.04901677742600441,
-0.02293686755001545,
0.07892873138189316,
0.009339313954114914,
-0.021856216713786125,
-0.03552939370274544,
-0.048192575573921204,
-0.0272195003926754,
0.03314267098903656,
0.001685541938059032,
0.02970486879348755,
-0.0372813455760479,
0.02243022993206978,
0.060723915696144104,
0.01130420621484518,
0.0007722112932242453,
0.0009743724367581308,
0.0006369554903358221,
-0.0009455351973883808,
0.037988800555467606,
-0.04167856276035309,
0.007029286120086908,
-0.023818297311663628,
-0.06793664395809174,
0.015117713250219822,
0.030284877866506577,
-0.044743288308382034,
0.015642788261175156,
-0.024904273450374603,
-0.0297907255589962,
0.061704229563474655,
-0.0317685641348362,
-0.044650621712207794,
-0.009592537768185139,
0.057556673884391785,
-0.005607766564935446,
0.06252726167440414,
0.008686709217727184,
-0.07723493129014969,
0.03795285522937775,
0.02294543758034706,
-0.009983912110328674,
0.04440020024776459,
0.021884717047214508,
0.08929727971553802,
-0.0017935397336259484,
0.0022414089180529118,
0.014683432877063751,
-0.04840588569641113,
-0.0071667879819869995,
0.0290629044175148,
-0.014557002112269402,
0.04915443807840347,
-0.0158945731818676,
-0.011985644698143005,
0.09215467423200607,
0.029490893706679344,
0.04889063537120819,
0.0542343407869339,
0.0012526281643658876,
0.029559200629591942,
-0.006543261464685202,
-0.02962636947631836,
0.0188760906457901,
0.018665069714188576,
-0.04141158238053322,
-0.03432449698448181,
0.01571788266301155,
-0.017716238275170326,
0.03016986884176731,
0.03340941295027733,
0.018218761309981346,
-0.0026771563570946455,
0.01718175783753395,
-0.033087845891714096,
-0.03271924704313278,
0.0317181721329689,
-0.032163072377443314,
0.04729902744293213,
0.021213632076978683,
0.005719451233744621,
-0.012310956604778767,
-0.05351656675338745,
0.08339200168848038,
0.04961327463388443,
0.005430716555565596,
-0.0411558523774147,
0.01808597706258297,
-0.0020973265636712313,
0.0001857472088886425,
0.004850194789469242,
-0.024758806452155113,
-0.02435363084077835,
-0.03379599750041962,
-0.025008244439959526,
-0.06212284788489342,
0.03408833593130112,
-0.02393677644431591,
-0.010087089613080025,
0.07214973866939545,
-0.028525428846478462,
0.032957080751657486,
-0.00482186721637845,
-0.008140343241393566,
0.007748332340270281,
-0.018384573981165886,
-0.006877833511680365,
-0.007630654610693455,
-0.009288913570344448,
-0.021504424512386322,
-0.03393755480647087,
0.01619906909763813,
0.0038429019041359425,
-0.03995630145072937,
-0.05673493072390556,
-0.021374868229031563,
0.06136433407664299,
0.053608283400535583,
0.039678458124399185,
0.05009979382157326,
0.01828841306269169,
-0.049974337220191956,
0.005955979228019714,
-0.09628428518772125,
0.0033068221528083086,
-0.04029218107461929,
0.03698718547821045,
0.02532738819718361,
0.04276007041335106,
0.0268704816699028,
0.018345190212130547,
-0.01469395961612463,
-0.013815847225487232,
-0.0006181440548971295,
0.03413529694080353,
-0.005969000514596701,
-0.06156203895807266,
-0.013400360010564327,
-0.023063423112034798,
0.04071807861328125,
-0.023420775309205055,
-0.03283467888832092,
-0.05700629577040672,
-0.04288799315690994,
-0.02475300431251526,
-0.06515902280807495,
0.0197571013122797,
0.017091240733861923,
-0.003989368677139282,
0.013568791560828686,
0.005980926565825939,
-0.03663531690835953,
0.013839715160429478,
0.019982321187853813,
0.031509879976511,
-0.004371576476842165,
0.010028569027781487,
0.040237393230199814,
-0.02841050922870636,
0.007110006641596556,
0.013549587689340115,
0.044048212468624115,
-0.02965014986693859,
0.015356303192675114,
-0.012994966469705105,
-0.01277361623942852,
-0.28534671664237976,
-0.03017146699130535,
-0.0025957683101296425,
-0.05943083390593529,
0.012974119745194912,
-0.018266325816512108,
0.04791884496808052,
-0.034391049295663834,
-0.02868638001382351,
0.022568052634596825,
0.002157146343961358,
0.02977951429784298,
-0.0009280855301767588,
0.03828192502260208,
0.037785328924655914,
0.04229063168168068,
-0.006980452220886946,
-0.015127814374864101,
0.003973685670644045,
0.0517670214176178,
-0.011975743807852268,
-0.04522519186139107,
-0.0069840457290410995,
0.055843599140644073,
0.0025126447435468435,
0.06792789697647095,
-0.0727788507938385,
-0.017928143963217735,
-0.032841578125953674,
0.027049502357840538,
-0.008138827048242092,
-0.01603224128484726,
0.002679087920114398,
-0.016335997730493546,
-0.013545664958655834,
0.003632244886830449,
0.04875146597623825,
0.026738543063402176,
0.04223169386386871,
0.018549786880612373,
0.003406209871172905,
-0.024303507059812546,
0.0007451513083651662,
-0.001788198365829885,
0.05226707458496094,
-0.006666605826467276,
-0.08280236274003983,
-0.035026852041482925,
-0.014170740731060505,
0.05980817601084709,
-0.0338405966758728,
-0.03572098910808563,
-0.027582382783293724,
0.009982407093048096,
0.015926018357276917,
-0.0025117332115769386,
0.012890955433249474,
-0.0246907826513052,
-0.026324711740016937,
-0.023790014907717705,
0.023609286174178123,
-0.0322544164955616,
-0.012383957393467426,
-0.06621900200843811,
-0.0380280427634716,
-0.01527391653507948,
-0.062186021357774734,
-0.053083259612321854,
0.03211703523993492,
0.05122177302837372,
-0.02912832796573639,
0.03687764331698418,
0.00503075635060668,
-0.07858941704034805,
-0.02069380134344101,
-0.057985976338386536,
-0.04507479444146156,
-0.02401052415370941,
-0.006150523666292429,
0.036638375371694565,
-0.04718949645757675,
-0.04808662831783295,
-0.014619613066315651,
0.021488085389137268,
0.04002586007118225,
-0.004829193465411663,
-0.017091291025280952,
-0.012496714480221272,
-0.02809213288128376,
-0.046601179987192154,
0.0419536791741848,
0.001612969907000661,
-0.01023612730205059,
0.01815926656126976,
0.04869888350367546,
0.013763952068984509,
0.0339781828224659,
0.04395595192909241,
0.031205346807837486,
-0.007710492238402367,
0.0015410081250593066,
-0.05217808112502098,
-0.0006551196565851569,
-0.020210478454828262,
0.001777233905158937,
0.02252664789557457,
-0.07239683717489243,
-0.01952495612204075,
0.0061914753168821335,
-0.044491957873106,
-0.054138343781232834,
-0.01755945011973381,
0.008857178501784801,
-0.0001396801817463711,
-0.023258151486516,
0.0298469215631485,
0.00893502775579691,
0.011928094550967216,
0.017618434503674507,
-0.039968039840459824,
-0.037485335022211075,
0.002707119332626462,
-0.01310375239700079,
-0.025840135291218758,
-0.0009839030681177974,
-0.014522336423397064,
0.016206758096814156,
-0.03866811841726303,
-0.05925529822707176,
-0.002815318526700139,
0.023316826671361923,
0.020455824211239815,
0.024409450590610504,
0.013050509616732597,
0.03821645304560661,
0.0015465238830074668,
-0.006971726659685373,
-0.018643178045749664,
0.01713765598833561,
-0.02448362670838833,
-0.0016910290578380227,
-0.03278988599777222,
0.03389662131667137,
0.04278559237718582,
0.054110124707221985,
-0.027047976851463318,
0.016836561262607574,
0.0008825144032016397,
-0.011151597835123539,
0.02084023505449295,
0.058783307671546936,
-0.02851376309990883,
-0.0026132648345083,
-0.039586931467056274,
0.029826859012246132,
0.0028549316339194775,
0.026356065645813942,
0.03250078856945038,
0.0033582933247089386,
-0.07387890666723251,
0.07155512273311615,
-0.03173985332250595,
-0.01030750758945942,
0.025225739926099777,
0.03731847181916237,
0.027609560638666153,
-0.005003190133720636,
0.011961298994719982,
0.03857553005218506,
0.007597918156534433,
0.03182075545191765,
-0.04710054770112038,
-0.02484920807182789,
0.01215844601392746,
-0.0362633541226387,
0.007108306512236595,
0.017762750387191772,
0.006831272505223751,
-0.029719170182943344,
0.07821932435035706,
-0.023323606699705124,
-0.0051811374723911285,
0.00627446873113513,
-0.0024561183527112007,
0.07797234505414963,
0.044862233102321625,
0.024012548848986626,
0.0006487377104349434,
-0.03499693423509598,
0.010268115438520908,
0.0008047859300859272,
0.0020987167954444885,
0.005919880233705044,
-0.03661985322833061,
-0.030471181496977806,
-0.060674648731946945,
0.0072934492491185665,
0.0003940304450225085,
-0.010569854639470577,
0.01623251661658287,
-0.027763938531279564,
-0.011897322721779346,
-0.03846956044435501,
-0.02117525227367878,
0.026278795674443245,
-0.08655454963445663,
0.006337801925837994,
0.0059219663962721825,
-0.019962657243013382,
0.003647993551567197,
-0.03273060545325279,
-0.04462596774101257,
-0.03816551715135574,
-0.028474530205130577,
0.057657621800899506,
-0.02345302700996399,
-0.05490715801715851,
-0.011491728946566582,
0.01018503401428461,
-0.0198153555393219,
-0.01273421198129654,
0.009875436313450336,
-0.014531546272337437,
-0.0279894657433033,
-0.0034904470667243004,
0.02927580289542675,
-0.027925357222557068,
-0.0055603208020329475,
0.006048022769391537,
-0.06455517560243607,
0.045145194977521896,
-0.05174276605248451,
0.03131856396794319,
0.05986328050494194,
0.009612968191504478,
0.016730153933167458,
-0.05955066904425621,
0.021465588361024857,
0.023444900289177895,
-0.005002471152693033,
0.023634159937500954,
-0.004701717756688595,
-0.009962523356080055,
0.01829923503100872,
-0.0022040847688913345,
0.03906920924782753,
0.005692684091627598,
-0.021205458790063858,
-0.03670336306095123,
0.022165320813655853,
0.009220884181559086,
0.02029230445623398,
-0.014704187400639057,
-0.019554924219846725,
0.06835617870092392,
-0.0004983965773135424,
-0.05694017559289932,
-0.029190102592110634,
-0.03644572198390961,
0.04400552436709404,
0.02386409230530262,
0.022649481892585754,
-0.022128501906991005,
0.05192197486758232,
0.01855839230120182,
0.0530816987156868,
-0.0009420991409569979,
-0.017453016713261604,
0.05385296791791916,
-0.03339516371488571,
-0.025563014671206474,
-0.07968790084123611,
-0.02634672448039055,
0.05586136877536774,
-0.01595870405435562,
-0.008945240639150143,
-0.02276555635035038,
-0.017796918749809265,
0.02772168256342411,
-0.025410853326320648,
-0.0412680059671402,
0.013351933099329472,
0.003360836999490857,
-0.010040047578513622,
0.015867212787270546,
-0.041556812822818756,
0.01598956808447838,
-0.001650702441111207,
-0.03319903463125229,
-0.016055619344115257,
-0.0394909530878067,
0.07293519377708435,
0.006756776478141546,
0.009853800758719444,
-0.0260385163128376,
0.00403464213013649,
0.012039813213050365,
0.08121795952320099,
0.03356509655714035,
0.008263394236564636,
-0.031206317245960236,
0.051774442195892334,
0.020134232938289642,
-0.022498050704598427,
-0.014555877074599266,
0.0043456717394292355,
-0.01578204333782196,
-0.05646875873208046,
0.062440142035484314,
0.008581604808568954,
0.019323037937283516,
-0.03491867706179619,
0.055122971534729004,
0.04437320679426193,
-0.04076999053359032,
-0.02395612746477127,
0.023133108392357826,
-0.05118358135223389,
0.008469203487038612,
-0.008216801099479198,
0.021866334602236748,
-0.026402533054351807,
0.04831378534436226,
0.01582206040620804,
0.04924409091472626,
0.06472093611955643,
0.008051899261772633,
-0.028803611174225807,
0.02916126511991024,
0.06638979911804199,
0.04495389014482498,
0.04219820350408554,
0.006449884735047817,
0.056051962077617645,
-0.06088157743215561,
-0.06552757322788239,
0.008849255740642548,
0.021549034863710403,
0.018512139096856117,
-0.019432060420513153,
0.031499411910772324,
0.06447574496269226,
-0.01519558485597372,
0.055624525994062424,
-0.02232564613223076,
-0.026308583095669746,
0.01561763882637024,
0.03400132432579994,
0.02560238167643547,
0.05753755941987038,
-0.001535253832116723,
0.01296196412295103,
-0.00951384101063013,
-0.006427673157304525,
-0.006968699395656586,
-0.07089760154485703,
-0.009396404027938843,
-0.002285364083945751,
-0.026520924642682076,
0.003494759788736701,
-0.03180912509560585,
0.08786354213953018,
0.08897894620895386,
-0.02096756175160408,
-0.019104762002825737,
0.003212118521332741,
0.04199737310409546,
-0.0010117832571268082,
0.06151317059993744,
-0.00046147333341650665,
-0.019816899672150612,
0.004233480431139469,
-0.03240799531340599,
-0.0014838112983852625,
0.007504277862608433,
-0.019340408965945244,
0.04080615192651749,
0.002567775547504425,
-0.027591006830334663,
0.006489633582532406,
0.031178399920463562,
-0.08522891253232956,
-0.04644017666578293,
-0.002318586688488722,
-0.050534214824438095,
-0.028949927538633347,
-0.04054716229438782,
0.03532915189862251,
0.022897634655237198,
-0.004944990389049053,
0.0000489459780510515,
-0.039423517882823944,
0.008464175276458263,
-0.0031427450012415648,
-0.09992019832134247,
-0.005158688873052597,
0.022365404292941093,
-0.004191280342638493,
-0.03890428692102432,
0.054516348987817764,
0.0234199371188879,
-0.044870540499687195,
-0.00937688909471035,
0.04038482531905174,
0.016670076176524162,
0.005678161513060331,
0.01783822663128376,
-0.00021160677715670317,
-0.10278762876987457,
-0.04470665752887726,
0.014923060312867165,
-0.0024531176313757896,
-0.07347867637872696,
0.01794552616775036,
-0.004964074585586786,
0.06965377181768417,
0.04964592680335045,
0.02757352776825428,
0.015019301325082779,
-0.009496952407062054,
-0.024622516706585884,
-0.0014647127827629447,
0.04303088039159775,
0.05246802046895027,
-0.0004969314904883504,
0.07147844135761261,
0.02720382995903492,
0.009869185276329517,
-0.04606092721223831,
-0.003466302528977394,
-0.03463805094361305,
-0.0010758843272924423,
-0.02257722057402134,
-0.042198363691568375,
-0.009701034985482693,
-0.09016703814268112,
-0.04551701992750168,
0.03265155851840973,
-0.023158224299550056,
-0.01935313083231449,
0.020124392583966255,
-0.024469925090670586,
-0.011352111585438251,
0.014953228645026684,
-0.010682524181902409,
-0.010771618224680424,
-0.022723931819200516,
-0.02817581780254841,
-0.05811614915728569,
-0.0016038956819102168,
-0.0007579259690828621,
-0.011271080933511257,
-0.010428523644804955,
-0.036413803696632385,
0.010185027495026588,
0.014419028535485268,
0.02636340633034706,
-0.015424343757331371,
0.007550163194537163,
-0.05720094218850136
] |
3,402
|
Retri3D: 3D Neural Graphics Representation Retrieval
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=q3EbOXb4y1
|
[
"Yushi Guan",
"Daniel Kwan",
"Jean Sebastien Dandurand",
"Xi Yan",
"Ruofan Liang",
"Yuxuan Zhang",
"Nilesh Jain",
"Nilesh Ahuja",
"Selvakumar Panneer",
"Nandita Vijaykumar"
] |
Spotlight
|
Learnable 3D Neural Graphics Representations (3DNGR) have emerged as promising 3D representations for reconstructing 3D scenes from 2D images. Numerous works, including Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF), 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS), and their variants, have significantly enhanced the quality of these representations. The ease of construction from 2D images, suitability for online viewing/sharing, and applications in game/art design downstream tasks make it a vital 3D representation, with potential creation of large numbers of such 3D models. This necessitates large data stores, local or online, to save 3D visual data in these formats. However, no existing framework enables accurate retrieval of stored 3DNGRs. In this work, we propose, Retri3D, a framework that enables accurate and efficient retrieval of 3D scenes represented as NGRs from large data stores using text queries. We introduce a novel Neural Field Artifact Analysis technique, combined with a Smart Camera Movement Module, to select clean views and navigate pre-trained 3DNGRs. These techniques enable accurate retrieval by selecting the best viewing directions in the 3D scene for high-quality visual feature embeddings. We demonstrate that Retri3D is compatible with any NGR representation. On the LERF and ScanNet++ datasets, we show significant improvement in retrieval accuracy compared to existing techniques, while being orders of magnitude faster and storage efficient.
|
Neural Graphics Representation; 3D Retrieval; Database
|
A framework for the retrieval of neural graphics representation
| 10,814
| null |
[
0.004614156670868397,
-0.025777004659175873,
0.002798814093694091,
0.030448030680418015,
0.03219309449195862,
0.030177706852555275,
-0.020810676738619804,
0.024735823273658752,
-0.05270475521683693,
-0.05952538549900055,
-0.024188397452235222,
0.010665124282240868,
-0.036803025752305984,
0.02882649190723896,
-0.024311846122145653,
0.05155368894338608,
0.011809518560767174,
-0.018180523067712784,
-0.001971207093447447,
0.051983416080474854,
-0.018209926784038544,
-0.0677320659160614,
-0.021929863840341568,
0.001420700689777732,
0.00604588445276022,
-0.013463922776281834,
0.004555608611553907,
0.046289704740047455,
-0.01974119246006012,
0.007632092107087374,
0.002509479410946369,
-0.02322431467473507,
0.013155242428183556,
-0.07080788910388947,
0.015871895477175713,
-0.009096252731978893,
-0.060746513307094574,
0.006524819880723953,
0.0004201175179332495,
-0.01398900244385004,
-0.029014473780989647,
-0.011366663500666618,
-0.0063898684456944466,
0.0004660237755160779,
-0.029490873217582703,
0.0507192425429821,
-0.06607149541378021,
0.013560410588979721,
-0.0017451569437980652,
0.008911743760108948,
-0.06801299750804901,
0.01644756831228733,
-0.0001091923113563098,
-0.006384873762726784,
0.005726682022213936,
0.017259802669286728,
0.04390357807278633,
-0.05801031365990639,
-0.019017895683646202,
-0.03561483696103096,
-0.00846561137586832,
0.01478972751647234,
-0.0033336058259010315,
0.032181646674871445,
-0.017109304666519165,
0.00002333805969101377,
0.00842345505952835,
0.05976298823952675,
-0.008807721547782421,
-0.014561779797077179,
-0.00006316768849501386,
0.01777741312980652,
-0.00327973160892725,
0.041779834777116776,
0.00900360569357872,
-0.03015214018523693,
0.010929486714303493,
0.007992928847670555,
0.06433282047510147,
-0.0043383631855249405,
0.03557191044092178,
0.016299951821565628,
0.02459179051220417,
0.024320164695382118,
-0.002648249501362443,
0.015798484906554222,
-0.02527654357254505,
-0.03241156041622162,
-0.052155859768390656,
0.03924153000116348,
-0.057723067700862885,
-0.01627938635647297,
0.025794753804802895,
0.04965529963374138,
0.010849765501916409,
0.03638562187552452,
0.0034071903210133314,
0.009261682629585266,
0.025295933708548546,
0.012270811945199966,
-0.00037094412255100906,
-0.054318808019161224,
0.0036010246258229017,
0.008188114501535892,
-0.08149196952581406,
-0.02381696179509163,
0.014555200934410095,
-0.03472905606031418,
-0.017914624884724617,
-0.01836555264890194,
-0.04976348206400871,
0.005115905776619911,
0.010544122196733952,
-0.01701166108250618,
-0.07475020736455917,
0.01380808837711811,
0.017369255423545837,
0.008575139567255974,
-0.030226005241274834,
0.03247562795877457,
0.06482261419296265,
0.03934847190976143,
-0.029513336718082428,
0.04151633381843567,
0.008488585241138935,
0.012927367351949215,
0.013497271575033665,
0.008334253914654255,
-0.06518744677305222,
-0.060468096286058426,
0.012685311026871204,
0.04496193304657936,
-0.02827417477965355,
0.020488273352384567,
0.011800491251051426,
-0.05226542800664902,
-0.009697938337922096,
-0.011418083682656288,
0.02987660840153694,
-0.01290495228022337,
0.004831396043300629,
-0.01354007888585329,
0.0262689758092165,
-0.026974860578775406,
0.10489840060472488,
-0.018561743199825287,
0.012770162895321846,
-0.007407179567962885,
-0.01753491535782814,
0.03410697355866432,
-0.0037554558366537094,
0.0030378943774849176,
0.018509503453969955,
-0.06560909003019333,
-0.018157396465539932,
0.052741825580596924,
0.03153873234987259,
0.04388957843184471,
0.011259321123361588,
-0.004619859158992767,
0.017665525898337364,
-0.032305508852005005,
-0.042788319289684296,
0.016902092844247818,
-0.016601156443357468,
-0.037966202944517136,
0.015502274967730045,
0.03274621069431305,
0.0070464517921209335,
-0.01589430309832096,
-0.030089687556028366,
-0.060657400637865067,
0.016387593001127243,
-0.018140776082873344,
-0.008491224609315395,
-0.04243169724941254,
0.058784544467926025,
0.024664975702762604,
0.00115453009493649,
-0.0062623643316328526,
-0.08030285686254501,
0.008380766957998276,
0.002882927656173706,
-0.014704687520861626,
-0.024325724691152573,
-0.04595640301704407,
0.08990844339132309,
-0.04688984528183937,
-0.0030674596782773733,
0.02862917259335518,
-0.07719873636960983,
-0.02827400155365467,
0.01352076418697834,
-0.025695059448480606,
0.04246756434440613,
0.029001915827393532,
-0.028256312012672424,
0.01908804103732109,
0.022424204275012016,
0.01260510366410017,
0.0662074014544487,
-0.023805826902389526,
0.07332855463027954,
-0.010098823346197605,
-0.046053677797317505,
-0.073494091629982,
0.048326604068279266,
-0.03177250921726227,
-0.034215446561574936,
0.0258939228951931,
0.02477031759917736,
-0.01062501035630703,
0.011592484079301357,
-0.006082428619265556,
0.02756521664559841,
0.017716657370328903,
0.00032740706228651106,
0.041678205132484436,
-0.018593521788716316,
-0.04631633311510086,
0.026377690955996513,
0.025982016697525978,
-0.006926312111318111,
0.0038720660377293825,
-0.00835403986275196,
0.11441678553819656,
0.049855075776576996,
-0.04402034357190132,
0.0003867395280394703,
-0.01884297840297222,
0.007010997738689184,
0.03338460624217987,
0.007062388118356466,
-0.050441719591617584,
-0.017201395705342293,
-0.026210781186819077,
0.02501155249774456,
-0.02740062028169632,
0.05685912445187569,
-0.05372980609536171,
-0.062313470989465714,
0.022985635325312614,
-0.008155912160873413,
0.03218382969498634,
0.026510993018746376,
0.01586155965924263,
0.026374507695436478,
-0.018318714573979378,
-0.021126898005604744,
-0.06829328835010529,
0.0038595283403992653,
0.026698622852563858,
-0.02803643047809601,
0.008887267671525478,
-0.008293225429952145,
-0.03831268474459648,
-0.02695091813802719,
-0.050973352044820786,
0.07177731394767761,
0.04064338281750679,
0.030780475586652756,
0.012743579223752022,
0.013965727761387825,
-0.019466591998934746,
-0.05769497901201248,
-0.0914655402302742,
-0.03872202709317207,
-0.04405810683965683,
0.03532271832227707,
0.023760782554745674,
0.06001560017466545,
0.04672844335436821,
-0.0082414411008358,
-0.013411883264780045,
-0.05277920886874199,
-0.03249196708202362,
0.015894858166575432,
-0.00026609149063006043,
-0.044267769902944565,
-0.03962064906954765,
0.019464315846562386,
0.04539196193218231,
-0.01556440070271492,
0.004665018990635872,
-0.037748537957668304,
-0.025944607332348824,
0.014233242720365524,
0.007656015921384096,
-0.008823667652904987,
-0.0312822163105011,
-0.0017267653020098805,
0.03727409616112709,
-0.012179301120340824,
0.010775540955364704,
0.0696224495768547,
0.07700354605913162,
0.04208936542272568,
-0.032579101622104645,
-0.038246430456638336,
0.032440152019262314,
-0.04475671797990799,
-0.0060404702089726925,
0.03098737634718418,
0.012459303252398968,
-0.011846566572785378,
-0.009381365031003952,
0.025005480274558067,
-0.007416633423417807,
-0.25772926211357117,
-0.041259005665779114,
0.004820612259209156,
-0.010653060860931873,
0.02805176004767418,
0.0008425350533798337,
0.03120242990553379,
-0.033880092203617096,
0.02028757892549038,
0.018554439768195152,
0.01621127687394619,
0.025167740881443024,
0.0035087272990494967,
0.0681842789053917,
0.03299322351813316,
0.04141395166516304,
0.024066362529993057,
-0.01213283371180296,
-0.0034460790921002626,
0.030088966712355614,
-0.025438129901885986,
-0.05612356960773468,
-0.05573268234729767,
0.02015456184744835,
-0.03908133879303932,
0.02725760079920292,
-0.06652741879224777,
-0.0015406041638925672,
-0.03540991246700287,
-0.019234124571084976,
0.01435935404151678,
-0.038625363260507584,
-0.02318318374454975,
0.05851764976978302,
-0.022185295820236206,
-0.00183578219730407,
0.03217051550745964,
-0.012661602348089218,
0.061565905809402466,
-0.011314285919070244,
0.013975042849779129,
-0.0005852351314388216,
-0.023069174960255623,
0.02490907348692417,
0.09784651547670364,
-0.05363911762833595,
-0.06993314623832703,
0.020987173542380333,
-0.012453505769371986,
0.011177935637533665,
-0.01140841469168663,
-0.029086560010910034,
-0.0058644236996769905,
0.042394716292619705,
-0.02951524779200554,
-0.047764092683792114,
-0.00363179761916399,
0.015142691321671009,
-0.0344621017575264,
-0.012530668638646603,
0.01608552411198616,
-0.04252556711435318,
-0.06300386041402817,
-0.02622762881219387,
-0.017765484750270844,
-0.05496419593691826,
-0.04126351326704025,
-0.0778500959277153,
0.023782532662153244,
0.042408984154462814,
-0.03022450953722,
0.048567645251750946,
-0.04945633187890053,
-0.09314050525426865,
0.03700447455048561,
0.014380102045834064,
-0.046287838369607925,
-0.0247575081884861,
-0.026837194338440895,
0.037753500044345856,
-0.009081010706722736,
-0.076471708714962,
0.0032761958427727222,
0.01585126668214798,
-0.004748809617012739,
0.01981719583272934,
-0.0016268395120278,
-0.05942847207188606,
-0.01036684401333332,
-0.018585171550512314,
0.06270483136177063,
-0.00022817254648543894,
0.04394669085741043,
-0.003473235759884119,
0.02174968086183071,
0.04360664263367653,
0.06902041286230087,
0.05246711149811745,
0.05928076058626175,
0.0072738537564873695,
0.04203514754772186,
-0.08977508544921875,
-0.01652010902762413,
-0.006927067413926125,
-0.018170582130551338,
0.036249637603759766,
-0.020872557535767555,
-0.010854189284145832,
0.06325733661651611,
0.010270761325955391,
-0.032053761184215546,
0.02096209116280079,
0.029185662046074867,
0.032373785972595215,
0.0050757755525410175,
-0.028134122490882874,
0.024988841265439987,
0.02621888741850853,
0.0105861471965909,
-0.01995437778532505,
-0.027699749916791916,
0.013072415255010128,
-0.01713625155389309,
0.012553200125694275,
0.008574239909648895,
0.009695016779005527,
0.014272179454565048,
-0.014232775196433067,
-0.007652523461729288,
0.021576544269919395,
0.05090843141078949,
0.02909555844962597,
0.0013641207478940487,
0.0267043337225914,
0.06427829712629318,
-0.021326808258891106,
0.007065154612064362,
-0.008688868023455143,
0.07869492471218109,
0.009124833159148693,
0.017081204801797867,
0.014051235280930996,
0.010672729462385178,
0.01730593480169773,
0.023912958800792694,
-0.0043191309086978436,
0.024964677169919014,
0.02376529760658741,
-0.013909431174397469,
-0.015655692666769028,
-0.0036032143980264664,
-0.05385815352201462,
-0.021399306133389473,
-0.035624295473098755,
-0.003388207871466875,
-0.012747767381370068,
0.030778054147958755,
-0.044489890336990356,
0.014222055673599243,
-0.04533444344997406,
0.09816136956214905,
0.04257741943001747,
-0.001481256796978414,
0.006742279510945082,
-0.01651306450366974,
0.04175322502851486,
0.04366089031100273,
-0.01030719093978405,
0.02802000753581524,
0.007026223000138998,
0.03119402751326561,
0.0016270463820546865,
-0.008739901706576347,
-0.01670772396028042,
-0.026020873337984085,
0.050126250833272934,
0.016832537949085236,
0.012027735821902752,
-0.002513318555429578,
0.04144853353500366,
-0.006204044912010431,
0.003546335967257619,
-0.0007778416620567441,
0.014881620183587074,
0.04408934712409973,
0.026993727311491966,
0.019700588658452034,
0.005108761601150036,
-0.019940754398703575,
0.02308577299118042,
-0.007418361026793718,
0.035714756697416306,
-0.05186380073428154,
0.004831989295780659,
-0.016099190339446068,
-0.04123704880475998,
-0.03731334209442139,
-0.022275177761912346,
-0.01932738721370697,
-0.029315238818526268,
-0.008749525994062424,
0.009254034608602524,
-0.04952376335859299,
-0.042642783373594284,
0.013407504186034203,
-0.04613518714904785,
0.030482565984129906,
0.024563726037740707,
-0.018281979486346245,
0.005375483073294163,
-0.008452029898762703,
0.0059120310470461845,
-0.04730940982699394,
-0.05139002948999405,
0.034655146300792694,
0.01166587695479393,
-0.00726652005687356,
-0.026529330760240555,
-0.015494530089199543,
0.012632915750145912,
0.035941533744335175,
-0.006262082140892744,
-0.025183318182826042,
-0.005852000322192907,
-0.007323566824197769,
0.04454555734992027,
-0.006678054574877024,
-0.009980964474380016,
-0.044289492070674896,
0.00015689241990912706,
0.016843782737851143,
-0.025658423081040382,
0.025555431842803955,
0.056913167238235474,
0.012051822617650032,
0.007998745888471603,
-0.04896731674671173,
0.058693114668130875,
0.011036976240575314,
0.011682041920721531,
0.0225437730550766,
0.007600885350257158,
-0.027933284640312195,
0.03073141723871231,
0.04032181203365326,
-0.01822974719107151,
-0.0012836753157898784,
0.02143382839858532,
-0.010691449046134949,
0.023708714172244072,
0.016063403338193893,
-0.03780302777886391,
-0.06016979739069939,
-0.03443794697523117,
0.032028678804636,
-0.0475662499666214,
-0.004060547333210707,
-0.056231558322906494,
-0.03694373369216919,
0.011551511473953724,
-0.0009005810134112835,
0.027362298220396042,
-0.055357787758111954,
0.028162868693470955,
0.028257545083761215,
0.02703205496072769,
0.004237462766468525,
0.004424892831593752,
0.04635872319340706,
-0.052340589463710785,
-0.015833508223295212,
-0.02484322153031826,
-0.019801096990704536,
0.06222498416900635,
-0.028977055102586746,
-0.01598201133310795,
-0.008102054707705975,
-0.04030808061361313,
0.021666621789336205,
-0.06694242358207703,
-0.06857973337173462,
-0.004905030131340027,
-0.031360190361738205,
-0.040184058248996735,
0.01392605435103178,
-0.02206185832619667,
-0.0007417599554173648,
-0.0018017281545326114,
-0.0515010841190815,
-0.05568642541766167,
0.0012118396116420627,
0.04639724642038345,
-0.04714033380150795,
0.0143814068287611,
-0.01637391932308674,
0.020602446049451828,
0.031648267060518265,
0.05704786628484726,
-0.015297312289476395,
0.043344732373952866,
-0.02917608432471752,
0.06450758129358292,
0.06444618105888367,
-0.028090566396713257,
0.06322990357875824,
-0.014506194740533829,
0.03814946115016937,
-0.03403209522366524,
0.02012847550213337,
0.02829504758119583,
-0.05221282318234444,
-0.0741194412112236,
0.05056207627058029,
0.018570106476545334,
-0.03293917328119278,
-0.023815684020519257,
0.04435904696583748,
-0.032975971698760986,
0.03509613499045372,
-0.017269382253289223,
0.00829408224672079,
0.02644171193242073,
0.06853874027729034,
-0.006562478374689817,
0.046355199068784714,
0.05626628175377846,
0.035731054842472076,
-0.022366998717188835,
0.0051443204283714294,
0.06608828902244568,
0.06087767332792282,
0.020073242485523224,
-0.005726368632167578,
0.058878228068351746,
-0.005488886963576078,
-0.03798586502671242,
0.017217257991433144,
0.016083458438515663,
0.005231330171227455,
-0.060459576547145844,
-0.01988079771399498,
0.08219350874423981,
0.014224615879356861,
0.04351923242211342,
-0.003520014462992549,
0.009193028323352337,
0.023246899247169495,
0.016223836690187454,
-0.02129608392715454,
0.02013380639255047,
0.05072431638836861,
0.0076864794827997684,
-0.024079063907265663,
-0.003397896885871887,
-0.02234688214957714,
-0.010336260311305523,
0.033958494663238525,
0.009149960242211819,
-0.005085456185042858,
0.027102945372462273,
-0.015448609367012978,
0.022897154092788696,
0.11618400365114212,
-0.03346104547381401,
-0.05311856046319008,
-0.010436291806399822,
0.010853015817701817,
0.002722123172134161,
0.03417552635073662,
0.038336340337991714,
-0.011885450221598148,
-0.010129395872354507,
-0.07357070595026016,
-0.00043006931082345545,
0.017786644399166107,
-0.01953834667801857,
0.022024990990757942,
-0.03209181874990463,
-0.03558480367064476,
0.015334509313106537,
-0.012407339178025723,
-0.045118190348148346,
-0.0555398128926754,
-0.049938347190618515,
-0.03064773976802826,
-0.0734751746058464,
-0.023227550089359283,
0.02985023707151413,
-0.02017054706811905,
-0.07202096283435822,
-0.018109040334820747,
-0.029238635674118996,
0.01995343714952469,
0.03130509704351425,
-0.0667305439710617,
-0.0035410113632678986,
0.054145414382219315,
0.01950063928961754,
0.00011671322863548994,
0.07035265862941742,
0.030834659934043884,
-0.015235502272844315,
-0.020618807524442673,
0.03454999998211861,
0.02069738134741783,
0.03032759018242359,
0.016101770102977753,
-0.04845279082655907,
-0.12315287441015244,
0.0003686648851726204,
0.02594328485429287,
-0.02071666345000267,
-0.07465331256389618,
-0.00528464512899518,
-0.03273681551218033,
0.024208687245845795,
0.0520864836871624,
0.009039183147251606,
0.03274625912308693,
-0.042527008801698685,
0.002841752953827381,
-0.002166496589779854,
0.020704584196209908,
0.0772320032119751,
-0.018967948853969574,
0.06509534269571304,
0.0715356096625328,
-0.007910111919045448,
0.021300852298736572,
0.0036706856917589903,
0.01803186535835266,
0.006567168515175581,
-0.043536052107810974,
-0.04758889600634575,
-0.05971190705895424,
-0.10261587053537369,
-0.012246496044099331,
0.0061858766712248325,
0.003731329692527652,
-0.0380348339676857,
-0.018272273242473602,
0.008877737447619438,
0.035706158727407455,
-0.04672649875283241,
-0.001479511964134872,
-0.0026977320667356253,
-0.007299178279936314,
-0.026827773079276085,
-0.05274691432714462,
0.023537859320640564,
-0.013794834725558758,
0.047356341034173965,
0.0012548743980005383,
-0.04246169328689575,
-0.022483810782432556,
0.012771003879606724,
0.017956199124455452,
0.0008756882161833346,
0.06196405366063118,
0.013082468882203102
] |
3,403
|
Test-time Adaptation for Cross-modal Retrieval with Query Shift
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=BmG88rONaU
|
[
"Haobin Li",
"Peng Hu",
"Qianjun Zhang",
"Xi Peng",
"XitingLiu",
"Mouxing Yang"
] |
Spotlight
|
The success of most existing cross-modal retrieval methods heavily relies on the assumption that the given queries follow the same distribution of the source domain.
However, such an assumption is easily violated in real-world scenarios due to the complexity and diversity of queries, thus leading to the query shift problem.
Specifically, query shift refers to the online query stream originating from the domain that follows a different distribution with the source one.
In this paper, we observe that query shift would not only diminish the uniformity (namely, within-modality scatter) of the query modality but also amplify the gap between query and gallery modalities.
Based on the observations, we propose a novel method dubbed Test-time adaptation for Cross-modal Retrieval (TCR).
In brief, TCR employs a novel module to refine the query predictions (namely, retrieval results of the query) and a joint objective to prevent query shift from disturbing the common space, thus achieving online adaptation for the cross-modal retrieval models with query shift.
Expensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed TCR against query shift.
Code is available at https://github.com/XLearning-SCU/2025-ICLR-TCR.
|
Test-time adaptation, Cross-modal retrieval, Query shift
|
We propose a novel test-time adaptation method for achieving robust cross-modal retrieval against query shift.
| 10,708
|
2410.15624
|
[
-0.0065092178992927074,
-0.04458816349506378,
0.01754920929670334,
0.04813398793339729,
0.043814197182655334,
-0.043547678738832474,
0.03654225915670395,
0.04787987470626831,
-0.012055609375238419,
-0.01624685525894165,
-0.03708677366375923,
0.028541987761855125,
-0.05687907710671425,
-0.011318893171846867,
0.01496985461562872,
0.06910718232393265,
0.006255028769373894,
-0.03632739931344986,
0.05522561073303223,
0.004480473697185516,
-0.010291141457855701,
-0.03270383179187775,
0.01593821495771408,
-0.0007713742088526487,
0.04983847215771675,
0.0011690539540722966,
-0.007695895619690418,
0.026423970237374306,
-0.06851962953805923,
-0.001025199075229466,
0.019825713708996773,
-0.027677221223711967,
-0.01191649865359068,
-0.0015173375140875578,
-0.009306726045906544,
-0.0029050898738205433,
-0.024935254827141762,
0.009556309320032597,
0.0179473627358675,
-0.0057501294650137424,
-0.036199234426021576,
-0.008684474043548107,
0.020119909197092056,
0.0198834128677845,
-0.04297041893005371,
-0.005332858767360449,
-0.083011195063591,
0.05066116526722908,
0.010789296589791775,
0.005824114661663771,
-0.07962560653686523,
0.028185157105326653,
0.017056187614798546,
-0.013019801117479801,
0.017336390912532806,
0.05136576294898987,
0.044456806033849716,
-0.04344455525279045,
-0.009416173212230206,
-0.0333680585026741,
-0.025699757039546967,
0.027237042784690857,
0.026453129947185516,
0.007097385358065367,
0.0005851318128407001,
-0.026579808443784714,
0.000022136722691357136,
0.05723493546247482,
-0.050634462386369705,
0.0032657980918884277,
0.009914150461554527,
0.02150392346084118,
0.008815784007310867,
0.022444946691393852,
-0.001026294194161892,
0.014944764785468578,
-0.007856116630136967,
0.0007995339692570269,
0.04867655411362648,
-0.03482719138264656,
0.006754240486770868,
0.007523908279836178,
0.04876859858632088,
0.03656848892569542,
0.04207213222980499,
-0.02645084075629711,
-0.06948447972536087,
-0.02923872321844101,
-0.06422033160924911,
0.042844224721193314,
-0.014784720726311207,
-0.04152768477797508,
0.04578879103064537,
0.0352572463452816,
0.018488332629203796,
-0.0063292644917964935,
0.026840277016162872,
-0.01018241886049509,
0.007228772155940533,
-0.017464205622673035,
-0.018630295991897583,
-0.030286910012364388,
0.024843482300639153,
-0.010406467132270336,
-0.09907316416501999,
-0.002301757223904133,
-0.03502022475004196,
-0.012169278226792812,
-0.014536733739078045,
0.022864650934934616,
-0.06695478409528732,
-0.006560944486409426,
0.025835076346993446,
-0.005252024624496698,
-0.0777965858578682,
0.006531293969601393,
0.016002878546714783,
0.016105394810438156,
-0.02029719576239586,
0.010926787741482258,
0.02562878094613552,
0.03366316854953766,
-0.024307388812303543,
0.06235167384147644,
0.0055802958086133,
0.015306216664612293,
0.0020496579818427563,
0.020146142691373825,
-0.04648378863930702,
-0.03672688826918602,
0.022152211517095566,
0.019511332735419273,
0.00025859553716145456,
0.025794269517064095,
-0.019472362473607063,
0.01107747945934534,
0.01873837225139141,
-0.007878323085606098,
0.06768228113651276,
-0.01260355580598116,
0.03026590123772621,
-0.053170833736658096,
0.00470314035192132,
-0.03357909247279167,
0.07333801686763763,
-0.0012138251913711429,
-0.04076024144887924,
-0.01747809536755085,
-0.01923369988799095,
0.003613194450736046,
0.032669272273778915,
0.01508999988436699,
0.025122229009866714,
-0.06474696844816208,
0.019992565736174583,
0.06985189765691757,
-0.024107251316308975,
-0.0010684196604415774,
0.02305743470788002,
0.014570477418601513,
-0.009371940046548843,
-0.018198369070887566,
-0.04313931614160538,
0.05540984869003296,
-0.02503790706396103,
-0.035688210278749466,
-0.014135392382740974,
0.05944701284170151,
-0.016082514077425003,
0.0008231740794144571,
-0.05661913380026817,
-0.05009101703763008,
0.0457284189760685,
-0.017421424388885498,
-0.0349249392747879,
0.022705955430865288,
0.07658117264509201,
0.012581796385347843,
0.03081928938627243,
-0.01364546362310648,
-0.08040706068277359,
0.04762139171361923,
-0.017155027016997337,
0.008194479160010815,
0.04260551556944847,
0.006234191823750734,
0.09326760470867157,
0.0064968629740178585,
0.0075277709402143955,
0.011453093029558659,
-0.0886448472738266,
-0.009882225655019283,
-0.01133219338953495,
0.01089908555150032,
0.06535325199365616,
0.013793161138892174,
0.004611122887581587,
0.0680973082780838,
0.011472608894109726,
0.03126952797174454,
0.04209008067846298,
-0.011406208388507366,
0.049796212464571,
-0.022251764312386513,
-0.02089455910027027,
-0.00731256790459156,
0.03742721676826477,
-0.05226939916610718,
-0.04716775193810463,
0.010380522347986698,
-0.010529795661568642,
0.048796817660331726,
-0.028606995940208435,
0.027599547058343887,
-0.014581000432372093,
0.012150297872722149,
0.027179989963769913,
0.011903430335223675,
-0.0034759151749312878,
-0.0740479975938797,
0.07741297781467438,
0.023107942193746567,
-0.01222236268222332,
-0.016371307894587517,
-0.03331461548805237,
0.09071892499923706,
0.041366782039403915,
-0.015284677036106586,
0.007647733669728041,
0.013021540828049183,
0.01569409854710102,
0.0032492997124791145,
0.008789904415607452,
-0.04298802465200424,
0.021027032285928726,
-0.014636573381721973,
0.01762501150369644,
-0.0022485819645226,
0.028875503689050674,
-0.024551546201109886,
-0.015850041061639786,
0.06761354207992554,
-0.019843285903334618,
0.03663090243935585,
0.007737079169601202,
-0.0060979584231972694,
0.024046428501605988,
0.0028458430897444487,
-0.0007301483419723809,
-0.015023239888250828,
0.014728805981576443,
-0.00225501274690032,
-0.022178685292601585,
-0.058842387050390244,
0.03728325664997101,
-0.04326650872826576,
0.022463113069534302,
-0.008765514008700848,
0.04164716973900795,
0.04820472374558449,
0.01748076267540455,
0.045772142708301544,
0.02771828882396221,
-0.019627537578344345,
-0.030728016048669815,
-0.08812277764081955,
-0.062356870621442795,
-0.02204333432018757,
0.011459040455520153,
0.0050778454169631,
0.047920528799295425,
-0.00499010318890214,
0.030399959534406662,
0.001199568621814251,
-0.048577532172203064,
0.004220802802592516,
0.036440297961235046,
0.03868393227458,
-0.01896316185593605,
-0.007862943224608898,
-0.0058828312903642654,
0.023923669010400772,
-0.02400488592684269,
-0.033112313598394394,
-0.0521916039288044,
-0.03964357078075409,
-0.030941858887672424,
-0.06251359730958939,
-0.031449899077415466,
0.009202943183481693,
0.015128149650990963,
0.031484153121709824,
0.010178588330745697,
0.020115839317440987,
0.05240646004676819,
0.03762257471680641,
0.044221360236406326,
0.02496662177145481,
-0.00792575441300869,
0.02762194722890854,
-0.02424047887325287,
0.020171497017145157,
0.02232331410050392,
0.021606221795082092,
0.0023189522325992584,
-0.026056142523884773,
-0.034941330552101135,
-0.003603647230193019,
-0.2697415351867676,
-0.008912953548133373,
0.023509090766310692,
0.017493220046162605,
0.01290275901556015,
-0.029925914481282234,
0.02554391510784626,
-0.041115809231996536,
-0.02429569885134697,
0.035691361874341965,
0.018473876640200615,
0.06622117757797241,
0.010290543548762798,
0.07167910784482956,
0.01826605200767517,
0.048170655965805054,
0.003134386846795678,
-0.020724816247820854,
0.027177274227142334,
0.018422365188598633,
0.0009107354562729597,
-0.057664815336465836,
-0.010391266085207462,
-0.008382238447666168,
-0.010945582762360573,
0.03375115618109703,
-0.08716825395822525,
0.00908167939633131,
-0.024939708411693573,
-0.011456743814051151,
0.03897393122315407,
-0.026652051135897636,
-0.013951439410448074,
0.06457560509443283,
0.04149588569998741,
0.018735790625214577,
0.06803064793348312,
0.0011148643679916859,
0.02699076384305954,
0.007173033431172371,
-0.01288569625467062,
0.008370609022676945,
-0.02175467647612095,
0.008662921376526356,
0.05549211427569389,
-0.019480440765619278,
-0.039877355098724365,
-0.00003118868698948063,
0.005038002505898476,
0.03899829462170601,
-0.01518054585903883,
-0.0529995895922184,
-0.04213426634669304,
0.020697101950645447,
0.005051713436841965,
-0.08513780683279037,
0.040515754371881485,
-0.036522652953863144,
-0.011159087531268597,
-0.021083034574985504,
-0.019266588613390923,
-0.044511403888463974,
-0.004268771968781948,
-0.055719006806612015,
0.0013961062068119645,
-0.04112878441810608,
-0.06905298680067062,
-0.027333678677678108,
0.05064758285880089,
0.023160969838500023,
-0.04848872497677803,
0.03457678109407425,
-0.0070637790486216545,
-0.11024070531129837,
0.003946345765143633,
0.019749945029616356,
0.010899093002080917,
-0.018100695684552193,
-0.030329430475831032,
0.027205662801861763,
-0.03894307464361191,
-0.03344637528061867,
-0.023290157318115234,
0.03219696134328842,
0.02256336249411106,
-0.04406619444489479,
-0.004879558924585581,
-0.028306763619184494,
-0.012199931778013706,
-0.019465412944555283,
0.06428013741970062,
-0.055865563452243805,
-0.015013006515800953,
0.030269579961895943,
0.03933514654636383,
0.028709733858704567,
0.04654298722743988,
0.05105027183890343,
0.06525323539972305,
0.004569798242300749,
-0.0010789957595989108,
-0.09054809808731079,
-0.006162699311971664,
-0.030213097110390663,
-0.012461606413125992,
0.02260606922209263,
-0.04968394711613655,
0.003060458227992058,
0.007696291897445917,
-0.032925087958574295,
-0.044615425169467926,
-0.009675162844359875,
-0.03984455764293671,
-0.0004879309271927923,
0.0010256562381982803,
-0.0337534137070179,
0.008881333284080029,
-0.014765486121177673,
-0.0013062086654826999,
-0.019426457583904266,
0.02794650010764599,
0.01746307872235775,
0.007490082178264856,
0.021318716928362846,
-0.022969599813222885,
-0.014077755622565746,
-0.015444964170455933,
0.002329445444047451,
-0.007656347472220659,
-0.02820086106657982,
0.021522441878914833,
0.014765948988497257,
0.0066998740658164024,
0.029588282108306885,
0.03902152553200722,
-0.010319442488253117,
0.01894194260239601,
0.00544276786968112,
0.048406947404146194,
-0.02349524199962616,
0.014101396314799786,
-0.034707099199295044,
0.040987007319927216,
0.042362280189991,
0.016137978062033653,
0.00627709086984396,
-0.00790080800652504,
0.025629663839936256,
-0.03964507579803467,
0.01587715744972229,
-0.012050011195242405,
-0.04522670805454254,
-0.016743812710046768,
-0.031530868262052536,
0.015573984943330288,
-0.006509645842015743,
0.047118399292230606,
0.014050484634935856,
0.022549258545041084,
-0.05188127979636192,
-0.00023814052110537887,
-0.02186557464301586,
0.016178900375962257,
-0.002312289085239172,
0.00738828768953681,
0.0031859350856393576,
-0.021593475714325905,
0.02100968174636364,
0.026733538135886192,
0.0011144638992846012,
-0.0461421012878418,
0.0023728138767182827,
-0.017839403823018074,
-0.00906694307923317,
-0.033295679837465286,
-0.009166722185909748,
0.009581322781741619,
0.01491068210452795,
-0.012924500741064548,
0.048007287085056305,
0.032479625195264816,
0.031522054225206375,
-0.0018847803585231304,
0.0284117478877306,
0.09411822259426117,
0.002505077514797449,
-0.008645557798445225,
-0.017326846718788147,
-0.0236998088657856,
0.022565796971321106,
0.013734870590269566,
0.011534329503774643,
-0.03368416801095009,
-0.054427050054073334,
0.0013700174167752266,
-0.06130165606737137,
0.029607564210891724,
0.0010420795297250152,
-0.013223638758063316,
0.0038163200952112675,
-0.0033673483412712812,
0.0074240234680473804,
-0.028650930151343346,
-0.02365122176706791,
-0.002179633127525449,
-0.041481971740722656,
0.024855472147464752,
0.018139896914362907,
-0.09161745011806488,
0.011470380239188671,
-0.017296673730015755,
-0.06952041387557983,
-0.051311228424310684,
0.03588273376226425,
-0.008576532825827599,
-0.022080322727560997,
-0.041005250066518784,
-0.02785084955394268,
0.02086516283452511,
-0.021319111809134483,
0.02271047607064247,
-0.010491201654076576,
0.012411859817802906,
0.015928495675325394,
0.0004685529274865985,
0.06308890879154205,
0.0009805540321394801,
-0.024790529161691666,
-0.00016536215844098479,
-0.02784760482609272,
0.02355668880045414,
-0.051235783845186234,
0.022516444325447083,
0.05873657017946243,
-0.017975840717554092,
-0.0326886884868145,
-0.053135644644498825,
0.033912934362888336,
-0.0031999351922422647,
-0.0055745136924088,
0.017591247335076332,
-0.03816380351781845,
0.004904215224087238,
0.024066945537924767,
0.006310565397143364,
0.034549638628959656,
-0.009091490879654884,
-0.002451773965731263,
0.02878446690738201,
0.029572252184152603,
0.03601094335317612,
0.022553833201527596,
-0.036314234137535095,
-0.017937583848834038,
0.0426303893327713,
-0.03967320919036865,
-0.02307087741792202,
-0.08809111267328262,
-0.05027579143643379,
0.06178051605820656,
0.010935315862298012,
0.012143854983150959,
-0.009879427030682564,
0.01392020471394062,
0.003188001923263073,
0.05111744999885559,
0.012760183773934841,
-0.02630034275352955,
0.04298337176442146,
-0.051751021295785904,
-0.02712608501315117,
-0.05275876820087433,
0.0002742728393059224,
0.049837738275527954,
-0.01675245352089405,
0.0015997894806787372,
-0.019623106345534325,
-0.01663214899599552,
0.050256259739398956,
0.01067789550870657,
-0.04277817904949188,
0.011302699334919453,
-0.016353128477931023,
-0.019259000197052956,
0.02040388435125351,
-0.017270199954509735,
0.01614006981253624,
-0.013876059092581272,
-0.012496215291321278,
-0.00881877075880766,
-0.020545365288853645,
0.06492692977190018,
-0.03654421120882034,
0.027118252590298653,
-0.054019659757614136,
0.000328567810356617,
0.03251247853040695,
0.0700727105140686,
-0.01893806643784046,
0.040782809257507324,
-0.023333106189966202,
0.042891502380371094,
0.051854703575372696,
-0.039909880608320236,
0.05321875214576721,
0.023619549348950386,
-0.027954665943980217,
-0.050853900611400604,
0.06584552675485611,
-0.003278606804087758,
-0.02735111303627491,
-0.05992059409618378,
0.08349733054637909,
0.04324367642402649,
-0.058428652584552765,
-0.0177078228443861,
0.021516885608434677,
-0.04104936867952347,
-0.008848974481225014,
-0.021574459969997406,
-0.03185120224952698,
-0.00977068766951561,
0.07448633015155792,
0.0015384879661723971,
0.040560297667980194,
0.07929152995347977,
0.013159151189029217,
-0.029393324628472328,
0.009929051622748375,
0.03773778676986694,
0.08328704535961151,
0.07478705793619156,
-0.010456881485879421,
0.0776156410574913,
-0.015561643987894058,
-0.0410105399787426,
0.017397094517946243,
-0.010761392302811146,
-0.02757219970226288,
-0.0299083162099123,
-0.04524976387619972,
0.06578002870082855,
-0.01637977547943592,
0.06646508723497391,
-0.06192473694682121,
0.010464009828865528,
0.02550843171775341,
-0.004269251599907875,
0.009743225760757923,
0.04980720579624176,
0.03015250712633133,
0.016685912385582924,
-0.03979724273085594,
-0.0011607466731220484,
0.006789149716496468,
0.0011213768739253283,
0.02589847892522812,
-0.00324459932744503,
-0.0037907438818365335,
-0.0048325397074222565,
-0.042216986417770386,
0.029429029673337936,
0.1093381941318512,
-0.04827036336064339,
-0.0263555645942688,
0.019819365814328194,
0.023598304018378258,
0.02341577596962452,
0.06065645441412926,
0.00020353909349069,
-0.009836536832153797,
0.025165004655718803,
-0.07515160739421844,
0.0056628212332725525,
0.048743367195129395,
-0.01660783775150776,
-0.002729144413024187,
-0.04687665402889252,
-0.04295042157173157,
0.054004598408937454,
0.016287563368678093,
-0.05230512470006943,
-0.057594772428274155,
-0.03737141937017441,
-0.047213755548000336,
-0.0487171933054924,
-0.0435309037566185,
0.0545133501291275,
0.017251016572117805,
-0.03160557150840759,
0.0050637503154575825,
-0.05360367149114609,
0.03377179056406021,
0.016845785081386566,
-0.07240261882543564,
-0.005840103607624769,
0.021598663181066513,
0.024723390117287636,
0.007656865753233433,
0.03002963773906231,
0.06608890742063522,
-0.026083525270223618,
-0.005765843670815229,
0.004569310694932938,
0.01902959868311882,
0.03175590932369232,
0.007821532897651196,
-0.03091980144381523,
-0.08233291655778885,
-0.002415785798802972,
-0.02404486946761608,
0.00229273340664804,
-0.08689254522323608,
0.00538435997441411,
-0.05121047422289848,
0.007656892295926809,
0.03320188447833061,
0.015378796495497227,
0.059146758168935776,
-0.0026007224805653095,
-0.007807033136487007,
0.026331840083003044,
0.030465582385659218,
0.01500941626727581,
-0.019940804690122604,
0.04458668828010559,
0.01986665092408657,
-0.010490513406693935,
-0.02554963156580925,
0.010706950910389423,
0.00860508531332016,
-0.01841886341571808,
-0.05449128895998001,
-0.07703422009944916,
-0.07129513472318649,
-0.07322050631046295,
-0.05469592660665512,
0.02136809378862381,
0.023169020190835,
-0.03936237841844559,
-0.015530690550804138,
0.031984440982341766,
-0.034196849912405014,
-0.01693608984351158,
-0.014711834490299225,
-0.03229057416319847,
-0.029063889756798744,
-0.04471820965409279,
-0.05110376328229904,
0.012845573015511036,
-0.049090635031461716,
-0.01008202787488699,
0.007000877987593412,
-0.04678236320614815,
0.008351222611963749,
-0.03128815442323685,
0.012609513476490974,
0.014443066902458668,
0.036516427993774414,
-0.020991943776607513
] |
3,404
|
Universal generalization guarantees for Wasserstein distributionally robust models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=0h6v4SpLCY
|
[
"Tam Le",
"Jerome Malick"
] |
Spotlight
|
Distributionally robust optimization has emerged as an attractive way to train robust machine learning models, capturing data uncertainty and distribution shifts. Recent statistical analyses have proved that generalization guarantees of robust models based on the Wasserstein distance have generalization guarantees that do not suffer from the curse of dimensionality. However, these results are either approximate, obtained in specific cases, or based on assumptions difficult to verify in practice. In contrast, we establish exact generalization guarantees that cover a wide range of cases, with arbitrary transport costs and parametric loss functions, including deep learning objectives with nonsmooth activations. We complete our analysis with an excess bound on the robust objective and an extension to Wasserstein robust models with entropic regularizations.
|
generalization guarantees, optimal transport, distributionally robust optimization, nonsmooth analysis
|
Exact generalization guarantees for Wasserstein distributionally robust models with dimension-free sample rates.
| 10,606
|
2402.11981
|
[
-0.023136267438530922,
-0.01817944087088108,
0.0216851644217968,
0.04495290666818619,
0.036921098828315735,
0.03093675710260868,
0.02914229780435562,
0.005628325045108795,
-0.007217892911285162,
-0.02987423725426197,
-0.03681676462292671,
-0.00794723629951477,
-0.07113119959831238,
-0.013960993848741055,
0.01404486782848835,
0.0729176476597786,
0.0401659831404686,
0.0294022299349308,
-0.03672044351696968,
0.03876488283276558,
-0.02286672405898571,
-0.013851147145032883,
0.0211601834744215,
0.010913879610598087,
0.006407489068806171,
-0.014616336673498154,
0.017237601801753044,
0.020967500284314156,
-0.029833292588591576,
0.01016414724290371,
0.025854649022221565,
0.019387345761060715,
0.011819667182862759,
-0.015489885583519936,
0.011703397147357464,
0.027848120778799057,
-0.011763734742999077,
-0.016375968232750893,
0.018752893432974815,
0.03116319328546524,
-0.02998165972530842,
-0.007570392917841673,
-0.03360379859805107,
0.013599474914371967,
-0.07179149985313416,
0.016581902280449867,
-0.09828010201454163,
0.009243402630090714,
0.0014044152339920402,
-0.07326694577932358,
-0.06820237636566162,
0.033622242510318756,
0.009051745757460594,
-0.030903508886694908,
0.0023011304438114166,
0.04015996307134628,
0.012510626576840878,
-0.06237286329269409,
-0.029156288132071495,
-0.0685475766658783,
-0.027551675215363503,
0.031769998371601105,
-0.0010553213069215417,
0.0065139406360685825,
0.0070694126188755035,
0.03130717575550079,
0.03180232644081116,
0.06477866321802139,
-0.040348682552576065,
-0.05388401076197624,
-0.03997596725821495,
-0.04491414502263069,
0.021565597504377365,
0.020374635234475136,
0.0007608122541569173,
-0.03810752555727959,
-0.01141554769128561,
-0.002385188592597842,
0.04998902603983879,
0.006100676022469997,
-0.01344385463744402,
-0.0004396280273795128,
0.02928890660405159,
0.03657841309905052,
0.02173658274114132,
-0.0000742294141673483,
-0.03699569031596184,
-0.021279439330101013,
-0.08322101086378098,
0.055907852947711945,
-0.02025902457535267,
-0.024089019745588303,
0.025584768503904343,
0.019505469128489494,
0.008756991475820541,
-0.010946275666356087,
0.0009069540537893772,
0.006174521986395121,
0.009168516844511032,
-0.010986506938934326,
-0.04602187126874924,
-0.0327116884291172,
-0.0207259189337492,
-0.023625411093235016,
-0.09610676020383835,
-0.016915036365389824,
-0.018825553357601166,
0.01223933044821024,
0.009735402651131153,
-0.01319296844303608,
-0.05573943629860878,
0.031960614025592804,
0.009773178957402706,
-0.013597511686384678,
-0.079895980656147,
0.00028778481646440923,
0.016409769654273987,
0.0025951422285288572,
-0.009519238024950027,
-0.045801836997270584,
0.05096432939171791,
0.019558755680918694,
-0.019811207428574562,
0.06693558394908905,
0.012047522701323032,
0.0071138120256364346,
0.007083825301378965,
0.027878765016794205,
-0.03989072144031525,
-0.03482349216938019,
0.0019675239454954863,
0.04349008947610855,
0.018763858824968338,
0.03164736554026604,
-0.0013652406632900238,
0.007431626319885254,
-0.018537795171141624,
0.011889235116541386,
0.029577098786830902,
-0.020226921886205673,
-0.00973285362124443,
-0.014136224053800106,
0.05389874055981636,
-0.024764645844697952,
0.0640634298324585,
-0.025463027879595757,
0.04201371222734451,
-0.01672082394361496,
-0.04158703237771988,
0.006153225898742676,
0.010163179598748684,
-0.012943028472363949,
-0.010601396672427654,
-0.0637127012014389,
0.02020248956978321,
0.014395171776413918,
-0.011614699847996235,
0.01732025109231472,
-0.009238684549927711,
0.009668359532952309,
0.026467446237802505,
0.005095943342894316,
-0.036934733390808105,
-0.017807576805353165,
0.017364416271448135,
-0.07202710211277008,
0.06799260526895523,
0.05641444772481918,
-0.017273172736167908,
-0.017887718975543976,
-0.02686035819351673,
-0.006117226555943489,
0.05063685029745102,
0.026736393570899963,
-0.0010983801912516356,
-0.009668073616921902,
0.07663972675800323,
0.015736306086182594,
0.06374205648899078,
0.012071152217686176,
-0.09401703625917435,
0.036703530699014664,
0.04971212521195412,
0.010807057842612267,
0.0008276206790469587,
-0.032505035400390625,
0.06896822154521942,
-0.018723050132393837,
0.041015733033418655,
0.04183034226298332,
-0.08316751569509506,
-0.024827130138874054,
0.0027313188184052706,
-0.04018951207399368,
0.07797576487064362,
0.03509421646595001,
-0.02208211086690426,
0.027915943413972855,
0.026865072548389435,
-0.001860737451352179,
0.056251462548971176,
-0.039575401693582535,
0.015237370505928993,
-0.004144199192523956,
-0.0580327995121479,
0.015615860000252724,
0.015158233232796192,
-0.041761986911296844,
-0.020820796489715576,
0.018844550475478172,
-0.006290168035775423,
0.007132401689887047,
-0.0060974727384746075,
-0.011535560712218285,
0.03172581270337105,
-0.013702374882996082,
0.005805863533169031,
-0.006568137090653181,
0.040185946971178055,
-0.043482281267642975,
0.04919179156422615,
0.01975969597697258,
0.011278089135885239,
0.021404346451163292,
-0.00324757257476449,
0.08971337974071503,
0.08327291905879974,
-0.007623051758855581,
-0.011524103581905365,
0.0033383306581526995,
0.007196611724793911,
-0.0022964549716562033,
0.008005271665751934,
-0.015039931982755661,
0.02877615951001644,
0.01446960587054491,
0.00014002759417053312,
-0.0449834018945694,
0.06418009102344513,
-0.04427197575569153,
0.011749545112252235,
0.08088305592536926,
-0.012723632156848907,
0.07012947648763657,
-0.024783501401543617,
0.0178977120667696,
0.04933759570121765,
-0.0009139682515524328,
-0.0340389609336853,
-0.023211617022752762,
-0.053268883377313614,
-0.0019786180928349495,
0.006148695945739746,
-0.020967693999409676,
-0.0067412229254841805,
-0.029820641502738,
-0.01536670234054327,
0.016483169049024582,
0.0811016857624054,
0.0851883515715599,
0.02580597810447216,
0.01587982289493084,
-0.008777271956205368,
-0.008455513045191765,
-0.04369734227657318,
-0.10540015995502472,
-0.06194937974214554,
0.009530823677778244,
0.04417603835463524,
0.033091951161623,
0.07176975905895233,
-0.0028068413957953453,
0.03187235817313194,
-0.007795877754688263,
-0.018181461840867996,
0.02200065553188324,
0.01427364069968462,
0.032462261617183685,
-0.041616857051849365,
0.015202749520540237,
0.026432916522026062,
0.06351469457149506,
-0.014522281475365162,
-0.012844370678067207,
-0.0430685356259346,
-0.06811754405498505,
-0.050221774727106094,
-0.057059768587350845,
-0.01630404405295849,
-0.005305555649101734,
-0.0012169246328994632,
0.015057552605867386,
0.011834238655865192,
0.011423042975366116,
0.02782113291323185,
0.0677562803030014,
0.03652177378535271,
0.0038562749978154898,
0.011459777131676674,
0.024919569492340088,
-0.03902601823210716,
-0.010808944702148438,
-0.010136744938790798,
0.0024158027954399586,
0.012539624236524105,
-0.025738928467035294,
0.007390725426375866,
-0.0018363982671871781,
-0.27485379576683044,
-0.014103425666689873,
0.0145333893597126,
0.03271540254354477,
0.010572467930614948,
-0.03711877018213272,
0.01714066043496132,
-0.036665890365839005,
-0.039932288229465485,
0.0030552479438483715,
0.014674847014248371,
0.03134709969162941,
0.01401426550000906,
0.08507192879915237,
0.05922425165772438,
0.02505706436932087,
-0.0006517834844999015,
-0.0021650181151926517,
0.029270783066749573,
0.008603142574429512,
-0.024263881146907806,
-0.09067106992006302,
-0.02869912050664425,
0.012350248172879219,
-0.008684384636580944,
0.04151815176010132,
-0.07207003980875015,
-0.00220261188223958,
-0.047120627015829086,
-0.02717944234609604,
-0.03869326785206795,
-0.031279921531677246,
-0.013573292642831802,
0.014910867437720299,
0.01736745983362198,
0.004747367464005947,
0.02059861272573471,
0.000587430433370173,
0.025168271735310555,
0.019210854545235634,
0.02790950797498226,
-0.012858916074037552,
-0.05252176523208618,
-0.00794663280248642,
0.061601366847753525,
-0.01053140964359045,
-0.021893585100769997,
-0.0062298341654241085,
-0.02030913345515728,
0.011916066519916058,
0.00176041922532022,
-0.04289878159761429,
-0.02094057947397232,
0.007782706059515476,
0.030891332775354385,
-0.005981743335723877,
-0.018591372296214104,
-0.01675296202301979,
0.004000562708824873,
0.026406366378068924,
0.034494705498218536,
-0.04190095141530037,
0.007011232431977987,
-0.018612278625369072,
0.004793341271579266,
-0.017606426030397415,
-0.06112271174788475,
-0.07740448415279388,
0.03746047616004944,
0.021476052701473236,
-0.0026620496064424515,
-0.003110971301794052,
-0.0024635540321469307,
-0.07936304807662964,
0.02491842769086361,
-0.022614847868680954,
-0.00033551492379046977,
-0.03506199270486832,
0.0036424261052161455,
0.06470342725515366,
-0.024256154894828796,
-0.0661068856716156,
0.01045505702495575,
0.011990287341177464,
0.03109639137983322,
-0.00967223197221756,
0.03305497020483017,
-0.05009157583117485,
-0.005871154833585024,
-0.02654448337852955,
0.0351824127137661,
-0.0005883607664145529,
0.04556424915790558,
-0.0005939921829849482,
0.05480209365487099,
0.0353778600692749,
0.01612185128033161,
0.03277616947889328,
0.01798897050321102,
0.0035923367831856012,
-0.015529033727943897,
-0.08876236528158188,
-0.0462234802544117,
-0.04945734888315201,
-0.002898386912420392,
0.031287968158721924,
-0.036699384450912476,
-0.017516005784273148,
0.03609457239508629,
-0.022908566519618034,
-0.01073003001511097,
-0.06536013633012772,
-0.01666196994483471,
-0.03804374486207962,
-0.029549259692430496,
-0.01318128127604723,
-0.018680138513445854,
0.038389768451452255,
0.03512384369969368,
-0.019583120942115784,
-0.00009521186439087614,
0.04190625995397568,
-0.015393187291920185,
0.008586977608501911,
-0.0008128778426907957,
0.012454857118427753,
0.02179080992937088,
0.0004877134342677891,
-0.012460794299840927,
-0.01743936911225319,
0.027236467227339745,
0.046490833163261414,
0.02022901363670826,
0.002929958514869213,
0.052457667887210846,
0.023925699293613434,
-0.01854761503636837,
-0.025006473064422607,
0.05433449521660805,
-0.012495317496359348,
0.024862175807356834,
0.027328699827194214,
0.027497241273522377,
0.014566653408110142,
0.02713158167898655,
0.02211797423660755,
0.019793646410107613,
0.003733706194907427,
-0.013316567987203598,
-0.025209523737430573,
0.0026609012857079506,
-0.030694158747792244,
0.0025851267855614424,
0.0029014917090535164,
-0.0036399748641997576,
0.018251653760671616,
0.051520686596632004,
-0.014177890494465828,
-0.0088954484090209,
-0.06626591086387634,
0.04732370376586914,
0.003291707718744874,
-0.027775809168815613,
-0.009764526039361954,
0.018448330461978912,
0.04912620037794113,
-0.025669939815998077,
-0.02555614337325096,
0.009275360964238644,
0.040331631898880005,
0.04353123530745506,
-0.03744956851005554,
-0.036295246332883835,
-0.023930856958031654,
-0.015754686668515205,
-0.0098371347412467,
0.015337476506829262,
-0.010392257943749428,
-0.057972200214862823,
0.024229899048805237,
0.03244465962052345,
0.005809105932712555,
-0.014063850045204163,
0.02281765453517437,
0.0630945935845375,
-0.0016769003123044968,
-0.005476183723658323,
0.011911431327462196,
-0.04479222744703293,
0.05377042293548584,
-0.012538519687950611,
0.021784599870443344,
-0.03531009703874588,
-0.02629988081753254,
-0.011115135625004768,
-0.014470323920249939,
0.018078284338116646,
-0.010029811412096024,
0.0034605488181114197,
0.011330933310091496,
-0.01420007273554802,
0.023449737578630447,
-0.046047892421483994,
0.004176699090749025,
0.019993044435977936,
-0.08157139271497726,
0.015112418681383133,
0.05238392576575279,
-0.02949739620089531,
0.02958020381629467,
-0.05029774084687233,
-0.038070861250162125,
-0.05154888704419136,
0.014594039879739285,
0.049329910427331924,
0.0010971426963806152,
-0.01679557003080845,
-0.005543573293834925,
0.013150961138308048,
-0.01712803915143013,
0.00630577327683568,
-0.03520806506276131,
0.010018163360655308,
-0.008955812081694603,
0.014539469964802265,
0.051434051245450974,
-0.00593753345310688,
-0.019301442429423332,
0.017053818330168724,
-0.0299448911100626,
0.021887946873903275,
-0.05422263592481613,
0.00039632630068808794,
0.03672036528587341,
-0.01428645383566618,
0.033204060047864914,
-0.06717117875814438,
0.032644204795360565,
-0.06722656637430191,
-0.042779888957738876,
0.006383993197232485,
0.00998443178832531,
-0.014706525020301342,
-0.007022743113338947,
-0.000366208259947598,
0.01978972554206848,
0.017933495342731476,
-0.003565313760191202,
0.004272506572306156,
0.014074350707232952,
0.0011322969803586602,
-0.004119889810681343,
-0.06460218876600266,
-0.009324840269982815,
0.031583644449710846,
-0.01743754930794239,
-0.006432814057916403,
-0.07207989692687988,
0.007452395278960466,
0.043409235775470734,
-0.028844553977251053,
0.06008559465408325,
-0.015640046447515488,
0.018278367817401886,
0.005860388744622469,
0.059860844165086746,
-0.003970898687839508,
-0.015982836484909058,
0.03197507560253143,
-0.09160313755273819,
-0.023941878229379654,
-0.05740787461400032,
-0.005207788199186325,
0.01474896539002657,
-0.04571332037448883,
0.012782011181116104,
-0.004740723874419928,
-0.03159310296177864,
0.02347349375486374,
-0.04674645513296127,
-0.07640910893678665,
-0.021456770598888397,
-0.02338092401623726,
-0.029986195266246796,
0.006923007778823376,
-0.03336799517273903,
-0.015508124604821205,
-0.010916754603385925,
-0.05551718920469284,
0.015222806483507156,
0.04463566094636917,
0.030453503131866455,
-0.024705711752176285,
-0.01782354526221752,
-0.03383616730570793,
0.0423956960439682,
0.06254585832357407,
0.06609417498111725,
0.03426777571439743,
0.02952718175947666,
-0.04318154603242874,
0.056164421141147614,
0.02278001978993416,
0.014340302906930447,
0.023853234946727753,
0.0474308580160141,
-0.011040819808840752,
-0.05090552195906639,
0.04724039509892464,
-0.02205645851790905,
-0.014111466705799103,
-0.051787368953228,
0.034800030291080475,
0.02594723552465439,
-0.04761982336640358,
-0.05799223855137825,
0.045212581753730774,
-0.057300206273794174,
0.027778703719377518,
0.007000636775046587,
-0.004820864647626877,
0.010463956743478775,
0.0816037505865097,
0.012642137706279755,
0.009123880416154861,
0.07050488889217377,
0.014526165090501308,
-0.0015108479419723153,
-0.01444750651717186,
0.09160793572664261,
0.06903070956468582,
0.051835011690855026,
-0.02367178536951542,
0.042255207896232605,
-0.0522119365632534,
-0.049789756536483765,
-0.029090965166687965,
-0.0209514107555151,
-0.001997830579057336,
-0.03878866881132126,
0.01751549541950226,
0.05405445769429207,
0.008401244878768921,
0.0809909850358963,
-0.055561330169439316,
0.03179500624537468,
0.013741408474743366,
0.010144470259547234,
-0.005119834560900927,
0.04097115248441696,
0.026509862393140793,
0.01385008916258812,
0.018569020554423332,
-0.013520275242626667,
0.008169151842594147,
0.0201539508998394,
0.01580056920647621,
0.016154199838638306,
-0.012014156207442284,
0.010014140978455544,
0.00047419671318493783,
0.02588016539812088,
0.09436269104480743,
-0.05969713628292084,
-0.013177944347262383,
0.022703304886817932,
0.04931940138339996,
-0.013431544415652752,
0.049837421625852585,
0.01960577443242073,
-0.04942657798528671,
-0.008048317395150661,
-0.05531206354498863,
0.03182511404156685,
0.05226316303014755,
0.00660694157704711,
0.035269465297460556,
-0.03791176900267601,
-0.026248082518577576,
0.0332757793366909,
0.03926645219326019,
-0.005127741489559412,
-0.03976985812187195,
-0.03785167261958122,
-0.018532099202275276,
-0.05304916948080063,
-0.07624321430921555,
-0.01562802866101265,
0.029110826551914215,
-0.023274434730410576,
-0.00337925273925066,
-0.04360455274581909,
0.01875997520983219,
0.02976103685796261,
-0.0426095649600029,
-0.0036821882240474224,
0.03860896825790405,
0.010998835787177086,
0.010418649762868881,
0.027237681671977043,
0.024715300649404526,
-0.003979336936026812,
-0.023703087121248245,
0.031130323186516762,
0.01642325520515442,
0.01366116851568222,
-0.021968578919768333,
0.021292811259627342,
-0.08807766437530518,
0.022700363770127296,
0.026734087616205215,
-0.04488227143883705,
-0.09509222209453583,
0.020496537908911705,
-0.032395102083683014,
-0.0013565942645072937,
0.058248527348041534,
0.019952232018113136,
0.0013665452133864164,
-0.05082033574581146,
-0.028908316045999527,
-0.046270933002233505,
0.014219834469258785,
0.03112516552209854,
-0.00436815433204174,
0.05564938858151436,
0.06465309113264084,
-0.007309706881642342,
-0.023775512352585793,
0.033445123583078384,
0.009490767493844032,
0.0163893923163414,
-0.026242949068546295,
-0.016269458457827568,
-0.0227394700050354,
-0.10811611264944077,
-0.021842632442712784,
0.013509613461792469,
-0.017024092376232147,
-0.024446824565529823,
-0.014449379406869411,
-0.012148921377956867,
-0.006574746686965227,
-0.009192867204546928,
-0.02577345259487629,
-0.019678963348269463,
-0.038333430886268616,
-0.025980986654758453,
-0.09134890884160995,
0.04019647836685181,
-0.028054965659976006,
0.0021827854216098785,
-0.01524027343839407,
-0.053722795099020004,
-0.03682241961359978,
-0.03113376908004284,
0.025758665055036545,
0.024803433567285538,
0.0019264166476204991,
0.012206378392875195
] |
3,405
|
Conformal Prediction Sets Can Cause Disparate Impact
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=fZK6AQXlUU
|
[
"Jesse C. Cresswell",
"Bhargava Kumar",
"Yi Sui",
"Mouloud Belbahri"
] |
Spotlight
|
Conformal prediction is a statistically rigorous method for quantifying uncertainty in models by having them output sets of predictions, with larger sets indicating more uncertainty. However, prediction sets are not inherently actionable; many applications require a single output to act on, not several. To overcome this limitation, prediction sets can be provided to a human who then makes an informed decision. In any such system it is crucial to ensure the fairness of outcomes across protected groups, and researchers have proposed that Equalized Coverage be used as the standard for fairness. By conducting experiments with human participants, we demonstrate that providing prediction sets can lead to disparate impact in decisions. Disquietingly, we find that providing sets that satisfy Equalized Coverage actually increases disparate impact compared to marginal coverage. Instead of equalizing coverage, we propose to equalize set sizes across groups which empirically leads to lower disparate impact.
|
Conformal Prediction, Fairness, Uncertainty Quantification, Trustworthy ML, Human Subject Experiments
|
We demonstrate that providing conformal prediction sets to human decision makers can increase the unfairness of outcomes, and that applying Equalized Coverage increases unfairness more than marginal coverage.
| 10,559
|
2410.01888
|
[
0.04264231026172638,
-0.02269396372139454,
-0.030479304492473602,
0.021974364295601845,
0.05976667255163193,
-0.022643309086561203,
0.012430744245648384,
0.00196637911722064,
-0.03691008687019348,
-0.06049003079533577,
0.003753461642190814,
-0.018361488357186317,
-0.10367441922426224,
-0.012126761488616467,
-0.010996002703905106,
0.08065544813871384,
0.029434388503432274,
-0.013121211901307106,
-0.02607692778110504,
0.03609015420079231,
-0.001383307739160955,
-0.01883847452700138,
0.004729021340608597,
0.02491375245153904,
0.04569094628095627,
-0.030100861564278603,
0.021464858204126358,
-0.03095940873026848,
-0.02186385542154312,
0.005003830883651972,
0.04781528189778328,
0.011456131935119629,
-0.029556632041931152,
-0.022192325443029404,
-0.007985823787748814,
0.04069669917225838,
-0.030739452689886093,
0.03918733447790146,
-0.016756055876612663,
-0.01955760270357132,
-0.03549753129482269,
0.006943672429770231,
-0.026886966079473495,
0.04596152529120445,
-0.039372518658638,
0.0027652718126773834,
-0.0507747121155262,
0.029446043074131012,
-0.0028447117656469345,
-0.02349427528679371,
-0.06296704709529877,
0.0030734504107385874,
0.006631849333643913,
-0.016345130279660225,
0.004926726222038269,
0.054453134536743164,
0.05785147845745087,
-0.07349969446659088,
-0.03320614621043205,
-0.07487226277589798,
-0.027344226837158203,
0.03989097848534584,
0.004559981171041727,
-0.0068928892724215984,
0.0026054424233734608,
-0.010443382896482944,
-0.0035039817448705435,
0.03843505308032036,
-0.01166817918419838,
-0.022609777748584747,
-0.04899777099490166,
-0.005766737274825573,
0.03802599757909775,
-0.03496308997273445,
0.002362322062253952,
-0.0489506721496582,
-0.014248084276914597,
0.004364375025033951,
0.08119847625494003,
-0.014791687950491905,
0.01052147801965475,
-0.019684167578816414,
0.041898392140865326,
0.01651180349290371,
0.013459320180118084,
-0.02018170990049839,
0.01106522511690855,
-0.012369954027235508,
-0.06044431030750275,
0.047645796090364456,
-0.009987108409404755,
-0.05206999555230141,
0.04249384254217148,
0.043532129377126694,
0.0022507456596940756,
-0.000874153571203351,
0.056027598679065704,
-0.011124962940812111,
0.01223299652338028,
-0.0038833143189549446,
-0.0109829967841506,
-0.036960944533348083,
-0.00028879617457278073,
0.0005852478789165616,
-0.14850276708602905,
-0.02376607060432434,
-0.019460026174783707,
-0.017354043200612068,
0.00481044128537178,
-0.0024289684370160103,
-0.07635076344013214,
0.0027185732033103704,
0.0030417453963309526,
-0.030069148167967796,
-0.06501628458499908,
0.04182911291718483,
-0.01695314049720764,
0.0011837243800982833,
0.022007489576935768,
-0.013638628646731377,
0.04911324009299278,
0.052253615111112595,
-0.032412730157375336,
0.08043966442346573,
-0.014827858656644821,
0.03104795329272747,
0.021522536873817444,
-0.01829364523291588,
-0.04508493095636368,
-0.04207276552915573,
0.01580699533224106,
0.03282112628221512,
-0.005087884608656168,
-0.04257401451468468,
-0.0033059825655072927,
-0.007493678480386734,
0.022358765825629234,
-0.010174352675676346,
0.028500789776444435,
-0.0005916304653510451,
0.019295446574687958,
-0.050024308264255524,
0.0393926277756691,
0.005809070076793432,
0.0760098397731781,
-0.032941050827503204,
-0.00016174801567103714,
0.010460417717695236,
-0.05393997207283974,
0.024495452642440796,
0.010896549560129642,
0.04052996262907982,
0.0020736586302518845,
-0.03560738265514374,
0.04696633666753769,
0.017532389611005783,
0.05364576727151871,
0.022184638306498528,
-0.018510542809963226,
-0.008691281080245972,
0.0011034556664526463,
0.0007211992633529007,
-0.025274386629462242,
-0.011857719160616398,
0.04382426664233208,
-0.020080873742699623,
0.056132715195417404,
0.031661879271268845,
-0.02668657712638378,
0.03906123340129852,
-0.03159385174512863,
-0.006853590719401836,
0.04849321022629738,
-0.00471756886690855,
0.025067342445254326,
-0.01469407044351101,
0.05333161726593971,
0.0014001543167978525,
0.04351663962006569,
0.014543140307068825,
-0.0772240087389946,
0.006517753005027771,
0.01934565231204033,
-0.03533228486776352,
0.01585475541651249,
-0.01111290417611599,
0.0923055112361908,
-0.016081010922789574,
0.0035164174623787403,
0.036513619124889374,
-0.06416033208370209,
-0.04525548964738846,
0.04345320165157318,
-0.03642028942704201,
0.07436503469944,
0.0030794062186032534,
0.018323101103305817,
0.052081458270549774,
0.0224092248827219,
0.020541558042168617,
0.01857832632958889,
0.011039807461202145,
0.046689193695783615,
-0.013732082210481167,
-0.04149620234966278,
-0.003197140758857131,
0.03126009181141853,
-0.03242819383740425,
-0.06555144488811493,
0.02542196772992611,
-0.02070692554116249,
0.02390989102423191,
0.007858681492507458,
-0.00042845128336921334,
0.0066756135784089565,
-0.024202721193432808,
0.007347272243350744,
0.022310970351099968,
0.012331642210483551,
-0.004546771291643381,
0.013500499539077282,
0.004694119095802307,
-0.002843953901901841,
-0.01053992286324501,
0.0037835114635527134,
0.0988675132393837,
0.08909254521131516,
-0.030015237629413605,
-0.03152358904480934,
0.05145873874425888,
-0.014522047713398933,
0.004606431350111961,
0.008102912455797195,
-0.004199409857392311,
0.019269168376922607,
-0.016105374321341515,
-0.02200005017220974,
-0.018340684473514557,
0.06083887442946434,
-0.03544757142663002,
-0.016689373180270195,
0.056724682450294495,
0.00951716024428606,
0.055806126445531845,
-0.025168797001242638,
0.013196759857237339,
0.01582217402756214,
-0.031953442841768265,
-0.05837496370077133,
-0.024596160277724266,
-0.052840471267700195,
-0.0005443893023766577,
0.008044466376304626,
0.027364348992705345,
-0.02150268666446209,
-0.030647220090031624,
0.005404394119977951,
0.011903837323188782,
0.04826442152261734,
0.032940492033958435,
0.030717147514224052,
0.024570118635892868,
0.01894190162420273,
-0.05410100147128105,
0.012113102711737156,
-0.1283886432647705,
-0.03160601481795311,
0.001992210280150175,
0.048498816788196564,
0.023280860856175423,
0.0639733076095581,
-0.0159654188901186,
0.033617667853832245,
-0.02650710940361023,
-0.021419495344161987,
0.009873772971332073,
0.011375371366739273,
0.01039059553295374,
-0.04540484771132469,
0.014592775143682957,
0.02321513369679451,
0.059165190905332565,
-0.005301702301949263,
-0.0337594635784626,
-0.0012929268414154649,
-0.026119250804185867,
-0.0026754136197268963,
-0.10162681341171265,
-0.007630367297679186,
0.007261189632117748,
0.025320149958133698,
0.022777128964662552,
-0.03422859311103821,
0.008808904327452183,
0.060083311051130295,
0.062102045863866806,
0.031749919056892395,
0.030312851071357727,
0.0330314114689827,
0.004978621378540993,
-0.012370200827717781,
0.012769680470228195,
0.008647313341498375,
-0.009331666864454746,
-0.025808632373809814,
0.01779252663254738,
0.014873575419187546,
0.025983475148677826,
-0.28392279148101807,
-0.008784372359514236,
0.044868990778923035,
-0.01079792995005846,
0.005569665227085352,
-0.029953278601169586,
0.07960917055606842,
0.01062983088195324,
-0.021010037511587143,
0.004202163312584162,
0.010522747412323952,
0.044751837849617004,
-0.03924259915947914,
0.06801024079322815,
0.022114058956503868,
0.035718876868486404,
0.029733361676335335,
0.010269798338413239,
0.014707619324326515,
0.03543052449822426,
0.012772212736308575,
-0.05283775180578232,
-0.05536586046218872,
0.020450755953788757,
-0.01779875159263611,
0.040084656327962875,
-0.05316346511244774,
-0.01295685488730669,
-0.06710733473300934,
-0.01109074056148529,
0.047102462500333786,
-0.022078219801187515,
-0.008430707268416882,
0.028566300868988037,
0.024754879996180534,
-0.005127870012074709,
0.05312002822756767,
0.02343197539448738,
-0.006262159440666437,
0.03507374972105026,
-0.0010664178989827633,
-0.026557909324765205,
-0.026836181059479713,
0.023576298728585243,
0.08801278471946716,
0.02512676641345024,
0.008783727884292603,
-0.004047522787004709,
-0.01863863319158554,
0.002840754110366106,
0.011763944290578365,
-0.023989057168364525,
-0.01567150093615055,
0.016956167295575142,
-0.033403389155864716,
-0.0008088347967714071,
-0.013163845986127853,
-0.03770318627357483,
-0.03467471897602081,
0.03369887173175812,
0.012774601578712463,
-0.05163047835230827,
-0.011287000961601734,
0.006656860467046499,
0.0010899383341893554,
-0.05603519082069397,
-0.09980586916208267,
-0.0754011794924736,
0.008901025168597698,
0.00832254160195589,
0.0071265255101025105,
0.04114578291773796,
-0.010442635044455528,
-0.09148836880922318,
0.014102612622082233,
-0.030513843521475792,
-0.0005779908387921751,
-0.030868206173181534,
0.012220466509461403,
-0.004081140272319317,
-0.016785820946097374,
-0.017338676378130913,
0.008477801457047462,
0.005344933830201626,
0.02465915121138096,
-0.005604465026408434,
-0.00010653344361344352,
0.005876990966498852,
-0.05510040745139122,
-0.021762412041425705,
0.016397513449192047,
-0.02743958681821823,
0.01839711144566536,
0.0022111772559583187,
0.04721338674426079,
0.033805087208747864,
-0.005838772282004356,
0.04811003431677818,
0.02050912007689476,
0.027439825236797333,
-0.019334137439727783,
-0.10081025958061218,
-0.012808619998395443,
-0.09361905604600906,
-0.05281447619199753,
0.016056738793849945,
-0.0389774851500988,
-0.028161872178316116,
0.06441720575094223,
-0.006548541598021984,
0.026648998260498047,
0.007013687863945961,
-0.007346941623836756,
-0.025766802951693535,
0.010786925442516804,
-0.02154020220041275,
0.0015922487946227193,
0.00667148781940341,
0.06121595576405525,
-0.006853833328932524,
0.004564341157674789,
0.017821643501520157,
-0.024981383234262466,
-0.01828383095562458,
-0.055390726774930954,
-0.012284507974982262,
-0.020712949335575104,
-0.008209651336073875,
-0.009601746685802937,
-0.006069008726626635,
0.018351206555962563,
0.04202974960207939,
-0.013133234344422817,
-0.005496667232364416,
0.04392566904425621,
0.01618821918964386,
-0.012924671173095703,
0.008336599916219711,
0.013404571451246738,
0.006252238526940346,
0.007151497062295675,
-0.01036511268466711,
0.05093700811266899,
-0.022996244952082634,
0.010776353999972343,
-0.005931655410677195,
0.019619379192590714,
-0.01900850236415863,
-0.0013753996463492513,
-0.013059331104159355,
0.028481710702180862,
-0.007865866646170616,
0.02304978482425213,
-0.009967544116079807,
-0.01404471043497324,
0.0014018146321177483,
0.014557545073330402,
-0.01649371162056923,
0.013138573616743088,
-0.10015200078487396,
0.0035695258993655443,
-0.004781687166541815,
-0.05087517201900482,
-0.025693446397781372,
0.045977819710969925,
0.07905895262956619,
-0.05250714719295502,
-0.040849991142749786,
-0.005303148180246353,
0.018850183114409447,
0.03995070233941078,
-0.051152270287275314,
-0.0014627063646912575,
0.005004595033824444,
-0.032941631972789764,
0.02550189569592476,
-0.0071802581660449505,
-0.0454820916056633,
-0.047128207981586456,
0.006389783229678869,
0.011377591639757156,
-0.007707166951149702,
0.004460688680410385,
-0.0068284133449196815,
0.0329706035554409,
0.019225725904107094,
-0.008097746409475803,
0.04314761236310005,
-0.0029104789718985558,
0.015215229243040085,
-0.03817944601178169,
-0.004899121820926666,
-0.06384951621294022,
-0.04077302664518356,
-0.05186238884925842,
-0.05007490515708923,
-0.004037526436150074,
-0.013267062604427338,
-0.01353174727410078,
-0.007772847078740597,
-0.02674952521920204,
0.04433673247694969,
-0.029903320595622063,
-0.04472065716981888,
0.02773483470082283,
-0.08225738257169724,
-0.0014818035997450352,
0.006660579703748226,
-0.045417994260787964,
0.03066939301788807,
-0.07571166753768921,
-0.04288504272699356,
-0.05024184286594391,
-0.009860393591225147,
0.020633500069379807,
-0.04139202460646629,
-0.014763074927031994,
-0.015224101953208447,
0.0029720086604356766,
-0.03211499750614166,
0.02824152074754238,
-0.04041746258735657,
0.017427362501621246,
-0.010620600543916225,
-0.0005576593684963882,
0.04182039573788643,
-0.01293767150491476,
-0.021212715655565262,
0.001785454573109746,
-0.0017366275424137712,
-0.0015917574055492878,
-0.05342154949903488,
-0.011000793427228928,
0.04103868827223778,
-0.007841350510716438,
-0.018864737823605537,
-0.025738868862390518,
0.0038693344686180353,
0.009108012542128563,
-0.025533495470881462,
-0.03979330509901047,
-0.009256980381906033,
-0.011063543148338795,
-0.012047288939356804,
0.019814854487776756,
0.016540292650461197,
0.009826400317251682,
-0.013399813324213028,
0.02169106714427471,
0.00462240120396018,
0.031741105020046234,
-0.016601119190454483,
-0.07412244379520416,
0.01440624613314867,
0.041181936860084534,
-0.0005488471942953765,
0.013594766147434711,
-0.07361045479774475,
-0.03635258600115776,
-0.007631353568285704,
-0.045118167996406555,
0.02310864068567753,
-0.013934565708041191,
0.0028428963851183653,
0.008612076751887798,
0.05549899861216545,
0.012299252673983574,
-0.008689798414707184,
0.03853919357061386,
-0.06488046050071716,
0.015058379620313644,
-0.03733684867620468,
0.011663245968520641,
0.03306594863533974,
-0.01780904084444046,
0.006683481857180595,
0.0033848960883915424,
-0.04182208701968193,
0.03324911743402481,
-0.033476658165454865,
-0.019892705604434013,
-0.010826624929904938,
-0.03618672117590904,
-0.002911942545324564,
0.05653238296508789,
-0.058887381106615067,
-0.0027101621963083744,
-0.029966745525598526,
-0.05481240898370743,
-0.015582024119794369,
-0.0037722510751336813,
0.04438472166657448,
-0.008628979325294495,
0.006016728468239307,
-0.012163168750703335,
0.033058278262615204,
0.06336141377687454,
0.056942183524370193,
0.04430456832051277,
0.03306274488568306,
-0.02097012847661972,
0.07636658102273941,
0.024075211957097054,
-0.0019707619212567806,
0.004846242256462574,
0.007158368360251188,
-0.011838228441774845,
-0.011597767472267151,
0.046793628484010696,
0.0368952602148056,
-0.02777787297964096,
-0.042040418833494186,
0.08546289801597595,
0.006130238529294729,
-0.04496843367815018,
0.010184021666646004,
-0.012207657098770142,
-0.038278721272945404,
0.07172790914773941,
0.027022244408726692,
0.015441475436091423,
0.01956802047789097,
0.07292601466178894,
0.0005251268739812076,
0.09213946759700775,
0.054795581847429276,
0.022664468735456467,
-0.005430223885923624,
0.004651620052754879,
0.07817467302083969,
0.07391288876533508,
0.05607070401310921,
0.017603833228349686,
0.056748583912849426,
-0.034453604370355606,
-0.04988899827003479,
0.008075441233813763,
0.015491544269025326,
-0.012126382440328598,
0.005568492691963911,
0.018357232213020325,
0.04051469638943672,
0.051335640251636505,
0.04806066304445267,
-0.039905522018671036,
-0.003197693731635809,
0.049549803137779236,
0.04249429702758789,
0.0031715731602162123,
0.0381927527487278,
0.018854407593607903,
-0.008669525384902954,
-0.03046201355755329,
-0.03440350666642189,
0.02762971632182598,
-0.020573841407895088,
0.062070153653621674,
-0.0020922755356878042,
-0.027060793712735176,
0.018796127289533615,
-0.0070774145424366,
0.033386826515197754,
0.06598556041717529,
-0.02118704468011856,
-0.005125855561345816,
0.03460279107093811,
0.012984124943614006,
-0.0002517228131182492,
0.0339827835559845,
0.0314592644572258,
-0.022127950564026833,
-0.005177665967494249,
-0.0509079247713089,
0.030953196808695793,
0.013840527273714542,
0.013966133818030357,
0.013450896367430687,
-0.04050479456782341,
-0.006266369484364986,
0.0203173216432333,
0.03662390261888504,
-0.043021973222494125,
-0.0281988438218832,
-0.0036331082228571177,
-0.03344827517867088,
-0.033477604389190674,
-0.024312064051628113,
0.013968530111014843,
0.0009418519330210984,
-0.016156118363142014,
-0.012486948631703854,
-0.014962311834096909,
0.05270477011799812,
0.023583468049764633,
-0.03541983664035797,
0.00716040376573801,
0.03902992978692055,
0.018976382911205292,
0.0015612835995852947,
0.023755691945552826,
0.026318170130252838,
-0.015027100220322609,
-0.024698346853256226,
-0.005069663282483816,
-0.0067136045545339584,
0.05354902148246765,
-0.032524410635232925,
-0.0037958312314003706,
-0.08950503915548325,
-0.01959863305091858,
0.011152902618050575,
-0.0430472269654274,
-0.1024094671010971,
0.061514269560575485,
-0.006143186241388321,
0.03438952937722206,
0.035794783383607864,
0.03642947971820831,
-0.013491467572748661,
-0.011545663699507713,
-0.02084430865943432,
-0.02233598195016384,
-0.010957753285765648,
0.024214724078774452,
-0.028986068442463875,
0.04439656063914299,
0.02267790213227272,
-0.05055440962314606,
-0.01887783221900463,
0.05339733138680458,
-0.017337186262011528,
-0.00712217204272747,
-0.02027101255953312,
-0.0016630025347694755,
-0.01702721230685711,
-0.09202966094017029,
0.0028160330839455128,
0.027651794254779816,
-0.01018697302788496,
-0.048547908663749695,
0.0005929613253101707,
-0.004920587409287691,
-0.010422992520034313,
-0.014692719094455242,
-0.0021382146514952183,
0.030944878235459328,
-0.05129002407193184,
-0.02785717509686947,
-0.06571825593709946,
0.03263741731643677,
-0.04157945513725281,
0.03798440843820572,
-0.004890632815659046,
-0.0675608366727829,
0.0011197860585525632,
-0.03983699530363083,
0.03197762742638588,
-0.01355016976594925,
0.013465996831655502,
-0.02996482513844967
] |
3,406
|
In Search of Forgotten Domain Generalization
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Fk3eod9aaD
|
[
"Prasanna Mayilvahanan",
"Roland S. Zimmermann",
"Thaddäus Wiedemer",
"Evgenia Rusak",
"Attila Juhos",
"Matthias Bethge",
"Wieland Brendel"
] |
Spotlight
|
Out-of-Domain (OOD) generalization is the ability of a model trained on one or more domains to generalize to unseen domains. In the ImageNet era of computer vision, evaluation sets for measuring a model's OOD performance were designed to be strictly OOD with respect to style. However, the emergence of foundation models and expansive web-scale datasets has obfuscated this evaluation process, as datasets cover a broad range of domains and risk test domain contamination. In search of the forgotten domain generalization, we create large-scale datasets subsampled from LAION---LAION-Natural and LAION-Rendition---that are strictly OOD to corresponding ImageNet and DomainNet test sets in terms of style. Training CLIP models on these datasets reveals that a significant portion of their performance is explained by in-domain examples. This indicates that the OOD generalization challenges from the ImageNet era still prevail and that training on web-scale data merely creates the illusion of OOD generalization. Furthermore, through a systematic exploration of combining natural and rendition datasets in varying proportions, we identify optimal mixing ratios for model generalization across these domains. Our datasets and results re-enable meaningful assessment of OOD robustness at scale---a crucial prerequisite for improving model robustness.
|
Out-of-Distribution Robustness, OOD generalization, Out-of-Domain Robustness, Evaluation
|
CLIP's high performance on style-centric domain shifts is significantly influenced by the presence of such images in its training set.
| 10,412
|
2410.08258
|
[
0.020174963399767876,
-0.0238590557128191,
0.0006633985321968794,
0.04463091120123863,
0.048695158213377,
-0.031904689967632294,
0.01244271732866764,
0.003949145320802927,
-0.03679332509636879,
-0.019697334617376328,
-0.03470844402909279,
-0.01098442543298006,
-0.07916523516178131,
-0.014966700226068497,
0.008211815729737282,
0.037702977657318115,
0.02478664368391037,
0.011732134968042374,
0.011164326220750809,
0.006884755101054907,
-0.01304712425917387,
-0.038512278348207474,
-0.0015152846463024616,
0.008086979389190674,
0.015152542851865292,
-0.003680023131892085,
0.035244300961494446,
0.024922598153352737,
-0.02350079081952572,
0.02119291201233864,
0.021358925849199295,
-0.021818025037646294,
0.02305828407406807,
-0.01851087436079979,
0.007137408945709467,
-0.0048963893204927444,
-0.04068451747298241,
-0.054000791162252426,
0.015273023396730423,
0.020607158541679382,
-0.043513521552085876,
0.009287443943321705,
-0.014184738509356976,
0.013867361471056938,
-0.06366383284330368,
0.014524051919579506,
-0.11531349271535873,
0.03295757621526718,
-0.004439938347786665,
-0.00283218314871192,
-0.10304449498653412,
0.028401164337992668,
0.009303362108767033,
-0.01882021874189377,
0.015652725473046303,
0.05109415948390961,
0.05242159217596054,
-0.06536027044057846,
-0.03244456276297569,
-0.055480170994997025,
-0.017752228304743767,
0.049580205231904984,
0.03418778255581856,
-0.013342251069843769,
0.0013157466892153025,
-0.006285740528255701,
0.008691016584634781,
0.0635794922709465,
-0.049973808228969574,
-0.004124428145587444,
-0.0009377817041240633,
-0.008119398728013039,
0.024307429790496826,
0.006037759128957987,
0.01120843831449747,
-0.0033885720185935497,
0.030019713565707207,
-0.007344907149672508,
0.07783147692680359,
-0.04633165895938873,
0.01639772206544876,
0.002600929932668805,
0.01422755979001522,
0.03269259259104729,
0.04053572565317154,
0.0019454819848760962,
-0.01834000088274479,
-0.015672335401177406,
-0.06021406874060631,
0.044462598860263824,
-0.018915193155407906,
-0.0608624666929245,
0.017728224396705627,
0.029424229636788368,
0.05036025121808052,
-0.014959584921598434,
0.008854087442159653,
-0.0018826803425326943,
0.013324660249054432,
0.031489551067352295,
0.006492521148175001,
-0.024564309045672417,
0.017828453332185745,
0.01488975714892149,
-0.08735915273427963,
-0.054678212851285934,
0.004601664375513792,
-0.025116749107837677,
-0.020146703347563744,
0.002426321152597666,
-0.04875319078564644,
0.02287890389561653,
-0.0007781987660564482,
-0.021846307441592216,
-0.06752331554889679,
0.01895323023200035,
-0.0210789255797863,
-0.006005630362778902,
0.002023208886384964,
-0.007001337595283985,
0.017990432679653168,
0.03574409335851669,
-0.05715937539935112,
0.050739578902721405,
0.013733907602727413,
-0.010962322354316711,
-0.013555736280977726,
0.034565847367048264,
-0.0672941505908966,
-0.002814408391714096,
-0.024343952536582947,
0.009604138322174549,
-0.02030927687883377,
0.012288091704249382,
0.02476819045841694,
-0.04957657679915428,
-0.005275969859212637,
-0.023935606703162193,
0.0500589981675148,
-0.02165263704955578,
0.01351358275860548,
-0.0264830831438303,
0.007519029080867767,
-0.0535091832280159,
0.08379365503787994,
-0.03711039572954178,
0.0026688482612371445,
-0.01950136013329029,
-0.029183443635702133,
0.000725880148820579,
0.007358967326581478,
0.0016397617291659117,
-0.013595624826848507,
-0.07715537399053574,
0.050741564482450485,
0.07005715370178223,
0.02473689429461956,
0.04931395873427391,
0.016377029940485954,
0.0034653141628950834,
-0.002871690783649683,
-0.02834644354879856,
-0.05217017978429794,
0.0016300210263580084,
-0.00038112944457679987,
-0.0610586479306221,
0.026522772386670113,
0.05889154598116875,
-0.013178164139389992,
0.014366919174790382,
-0.06199920177459717,
-0.07305627316236496,
0.04658128693699837,
-0.004302874207496643,
-0.04868948832154274,
-0.0005176197155378759,
0.045404959470033646,
0.011941170319914818,
0.03769400343298912,
0.030669767409563065,
-0.08472079783678055,
-0.005745629779994488,
0.03806327283382416,
-0.026130247861146927,
0.0058549246750772,
-0.03228600323200226,
0.06104448065161705,
-0.031448882073163986,
0.003952357918024063,
0.0476740300655365,
-0.07432988286018372,
-0.023116039112210274,
0.025228573009371758,
-0.021386530250310898,
0.04301160201430321,
0.04758201166987419,
-0.01725657843053341,
0.050739552825689316,
0.012529950588941574,
0.05375008285045624,
0.046593233942985535,
-0.04524650052189827,
0.05299936607480049,
-0.009112881496548653,
0.0006337474333122373,
0.012322514317929745,
0.047603730112314224,
-0.01907522976398468,
-0.012135237455368042,
-0.02194862999022007,
0.014815997332334518,
0.003915684763342142,
-0.008592777885496616,
0.0099868793040514,
-0.0006810189806856215,
0.008748549968004227,
0.022405244410037994,
-0.005478238686919212,
0.007169503252953291,
-0.055226881057024,
0.043857939541339874,
0.045068997889757156,
0.0007438137545250356,
-0.014516262337565422,
-0.04077388346195221,
0.07755330204963684,
0.053191766142845154,
-0.04943869262933731,
-0.02045261859893799,
0.021556431427598,
0.011023707687854767,
0.04280228912830353,
0.031820885837078094,
0.005817860830575228,
0.005509227979928255,
-0.0142726581543684,
0.015248092822730541,
-0.040613289922475815,
0.06880740821361542,
-0.06298179179430008,
-0.006655562203377485,
0.07749369740486145,
-0.02997089922428131,
0.05479121580719948,
-0.005399834364652634,
0.012896283529698849,
0.06276742368936539,
-0.021101485937833786,
-0.0018442807486280799,
-0.030973047018051147,
-0.0016191353788599372,
0.00040312978671863675,
-0.0000630189897492528,
-0.02647334337234497,
-0.008850297890603542,
-0.0529780313372612,
0.003762998851016164,
-0.04601002484560013,
0.0480569489300251,
0.03897908702492714,
-0.01090395450592041,
0.042035505175590515,
-0.0023753545247018337,
-0.006646542809903622,
-0.00855304952710867,
-0.08705686777830124,
-0.04114841669797897,
-0.03821869194507599,
0.05067912116646767,
-0.012406140565872192,
0.044933758676052094,
-0.0029823535587638617,
0.031128687784075737,
-0.026371793821454048,
-0.018963143229484558,
-0.0032136300578713417,
0.028258364647626877,
0.02105734869837761,
-0.05530700460076332,
-0.022221118211746216,
-0.00802163127809763,
0.07746875286102295,
-0.020823951810598373,
-0.017543625086545944,
-0.07166922837495804,
-0.05853137746453285,
-0.024123309180140495,
-0.04327644035220146,
-0.0395897701382637,
0.023945657536387444,
0.05351874977350235,
0.024621862918138504,
-0.003591746324673295,
0.0216927919536829,
0.030733730643987656,
0.0702194944024086,
0.025371553376317024,
0.017599336802959442,
-0.028367705643177032,
0.015684068202972412,
-0.028825176879763603,
0.02789449132978916,
0.016597341746091843,
-0.0026503552217036486,
-0.02409268170595169,
0.003451461670920253,
0.01768740639090538,
0.014854047447443008,
-0.26351091265678406,
-0.029322177171707153,
0.014441431500017643,
0.02025820128619671,
0.02306228317320347,
-0.051846008747816086,
0.029504641890525818,
-0.02690974809229374,
-0.031172407791018486,
0.008092805743217468,
0.014125879853963852,
-0.005695018917322159,
0.035913676023483276,
0.0639294907450676,
0.015002403408288956,
0.03327181190252304,
0.045370470732450485,
-0.0014442148385569453,
0.022231344133615494,
0.05130719766020775,
-0.04142823442816734,
-0.07502400130033493,
-0.008789075538516045,
0.03454599902033806,
-0.04632610082626343,
0.05207520350813866,
-0.07733570784330368,
-0.028489267453551292,
-0.032093532383441925,
0.01301931869238615,
0.02208421565592289,
-0.023677682504057884,
-0.008593748323619366,
0.04822457954287529,
-0.0063119856640696526,
0.014459051191806793,
0.07239831984043121,
-0.005210434086620808,
0.01692892424762249,
0.004605510272085667,
0.006047735456377268,
-0.021847005933523178,
-0.031106136739253998,
0.05180484801530838,
0.06779918819665909,
-0.012230457738041878,
-0.05233234912157059,
-0.023635923862457275,
-0.01802739128470421,
0.02099253050982952,
-0.002918820595368743,
0.015727577731013298,
-0.014775307849049568,
0.0442306213080883,
-0.02054928056895733,
-0.035808462649583817,
0.023842347785830498,
0.010598449036478996,
-0.002350999042391777,
-0.024133238941431046,
0.015362901613116264,
-0.04098506644368172,
-0.000667428073938936,
-0.02797708287835121,
-0.01416565477848053,
-0.024651672691106796,
-0.0687437579035759,
-0.037594858556985855,
0.011509185656905174,
0.04650849103927612,
-0.03502800315618515,
0.06563680619001389,
-0.017206257209181786,
-0.09622514992952347,
0.0201468113809824,
-0.020716845989227295,
0.0006133646820671856,
-0.029916912317276,
0.009490729309618473,
0.03437015786767006,
-0.021315012127161026,
-0.04497016593813896,
0.008765993639826775,
0.04519065469503403,
0.027806250378489494,
-0.044328607618808746,
0.026771144941449165,
-0.06022273004055023,
0.0008273851126432419,
0.0010577919892966747,
0.05857095867395401,
0.009320797398686409,
0.01970863528549671,
-0.008907393552362919,
0.052774738520383835,
0.04163534194231033,
0.08008477836847305,
0.07727859914302826,
0.024696538224816322,
0.018606791272759438,
-0.0024112181272357702,
-0.07467363774776459,
-0.023677414283156395,
-0.040059663355350494,
-0.006533944047987461,
-0.010513975284993649,
-0.018644088879227638,
0.005676045082509518,
0.00255272607319057,
-0.02805374376475811,
-0.011455229483544827,
-0.028080642223358154,
-0.004913765005767345,
0.012262231670320034,
-0.024780258536338806,
-0.00273739080876112,
-0.009518670849502087,
0.001257936004549265,
0.050895996391773224,
-0.029468106105923653,
0.008114826865494251,
0.027480311691761017,
-0.007064793724566698,
0.02468988299369812,
0.0030056792311370373,
-0.03230671584606171,
-0.019298439845442772,
-0.005762378219515085,
-0.012660249136388302,
-0.017572352662682533,
0.05839700624346733,
0.04422280192375183,
-0.0075911711901426315,
0.016473930329084396,
0.048107489943504333,
0.01254785992205143,
0.00980333611369133,
0.013258062303066254,
0.035629965364933014,
-0.03437820449471474,
0.039207689464092255,
-0.01274927705526352,
0.03925280272960663,
0.05380276218056679,
0.023505598306655884,
0.02060404233634472,
0.050870027393102646,
0.003976838197559118,
-0.005468915216624737,
-0.009749528020620346,
0.02164657600224018,
-0.06275967508554459,
-0.024370769038796425,
-0.03900836408138275,
0.00791402067989111,
-0.015962503850460052,
0.03062405064702034,
-0.002265706192702055,
0.019369322806596756,
-0.06350139528512955,
0.05491802468895912,
0.014468533918261528,
-0.011876804754137993,
-0.016641445457935333,
-0.008336135186254978,
0.018996737897396088,
0.01513274572789669,
-0.030473759397864342,
0.013032780960202217,
-0.0007467502728104591,
0.028837153688073158,
0.0039781732484698296,
-0.02191607840359211,
-0.016428295522928238,
-0.009871424175798893,
0.006143718026578426,
-0.00016578519716858864,
-0.007878544740378857,
-0.01683221571147442,
0.06845976412296295,
0.025102365761995316,
0.01297284197062254,
0.02022075653076172,
-0.0099948113784194,
0.08022541552782059,
0.02082969807088375,
-0.036361321806907654,
0.029826844111084938,
-0.02067667618393898,
0.04786032438278198,
-0.01748194359242916,
0.015925385057926178,
-0.03882050886750221,
-0.020927362143993378,
-0.022204849869012833,
-0.032609302550554276,
0.03837018460035324,
0.004132051486521959,
-0.011265362612903118,
-0.006697928998619318,
0.008942320942878723,
0.03444034978747368,
-0.07268975675106049,
0.010479800403118134,
0.002639909740537405,
-0.06818094849586487,
0.0378534160554409,
0.05335984751582146,
-0.032834816724061966,
0.03234241157770157,
-0.050252463668584824,
-0.05243217945098877,
-0.08507095277309418,
-0.05082223564386368,
0.02945602685213089,
-0.022005436941981316,
-0.03387051448225975,
-0.021665485575795174,
0.0237845741212368,
-0.005990220699459314,
0.025992311537265778,
0.012783963233232498,
-0.017110230401158333,
0.025533119216561317,
0.007550770882517099,
0.03507249057292938,
-0.012665798887610435,
-0.0015257953200489283,
-0.005400210618972778,
-0.031027182936668396,
0.025778019800782204,
-0.01162633579224348,
0.014708245173096657,
0.023461462929844856,
-0.015745332464575768,
-0.011493244208395481,
-0.02165953628718853,
0.0434383861720562,
0.010632704012095928,
-0.008241754025220871,
0.017021486535668373,
0.007115935441106558,
-0.026547370478510857,
0.02905125357210636,
0.027524087578058243,
0.03664374351501465,
0.005818826146423817,
-0.012535704299807549,
0.016906457021832466,
0.008269109763205051,
0.030499085783958435,
0.014036430045962334,
-0.04986850544810295,
-0.005340162198990583,
0.062322214245796204,
-0.04952286183834076,
0.01977144181728363,
-0.07417530566453934,
-0.0509282685816288,
0.037090424448251724,
-0.00913865678012371,
0.04012402892112732,
0.0021467646583914757,
0.017210906371474266,
0.027644632384181023,
0.029139379039406776,
-0.02425541914999485,
-0.005345553159713745,
0.057229332625865936,
-0.05730589106678963,
-0.009836873970925808,
-0.029954664409160614,
-0.011266585439443588,
0.07964329421520233,
-0.035878125578165054,
-0.0007776014972478151,
-0.022939182817935944,
-0.037288665771484375,
0.0305910836905241,
-0.02754206582903862,
-0.06893694400787354,
0.0026883045211434364,
0.0037691998295485973,
-0.024523602798581123,
-0.011202373541891575,
-0.029048334807157516,
0.00930504035204649,
-0.018954146653413773,
-0.044617269188165665,
-0.007331831380724907,
-0.008453833870589733,
0.027608143165707588,
-0.018717385828495026,
-0.013279695995151997,
-0.027569537982344627,
-0.009673800319433212,
0.0396539643406868,
0.04248970374464989,
-0.007172107696533203,
0.023897653445601463,
-0.014772919937968254,
0.059984710067510605,
0.031702443957328796,
-0.020008204504847527,
0.003252409864217043,
0.0031547860708087683,
-0.02469177171587944,
-0.10218833386898041,
0.05325837433338165,
-0.0037261894904077053,
-0.013066832907497883,
-0.057243429124355316,
0.022194763645529747,
0.02241683006286621,
-0.038308173418045044,
-0.01470760814845562,
0.04871862009167671,
-0.0500197559595108,
0.003274658927693963,
-0.012126883491873741,
0.0004345167544670403,
0.01632445678114891,
0.05880194529891014,
0.0379817895591259,
0.07199792563915253,
0.07133704423904419,
0.010523650795221329,
-0.01884978450834751,
0.0007670087506994605,
0.04239531233906746,
0.03887578472495079,
0.0395825132727623,
-0.009363260120153427,
0.06795741617679596,
-0.034260693937540054,
-0.05789047107100487,
0.02101285755634308,
-0.0015869040507823229,
-0.03428386524319649,
-0.03342405706644058,
-0.017586570233106613,
0.09337523579597473,
0.006894887890666723,
0.07517487555742264,
-0.03767562657594681,
0.001034156302921474,
0.01973319984972477,
-0.008230217732489109,
-0.002555969636887312,
0.020522315055131912,
0.02499995194375515,
0.0019089319976046681,
-0.013001160696148872,
-0.0019057325553148985,
-0.022511009126901627,
-0.03198901191353798,
0.014789539389312267,
0.003701956942677498,
-0.026557816192507744,
-0.015211744233965874,
-0.02308107726275921,
0.035099826753139496,
0.11725769191980362,
-0.04519199579954147,
-0.02413031831383705,
0.0008376804180443287,
0.01942170411348343,
0.01018286868929863,
0.04694487154483795,
0.010867184028029442,
-0.036485087126493454,
-0.02056177891790867,
-0.03766355291008949,
0.017479289323091507,
0.012805268168449402,
-0.020714402198791504,
0.020212261006236076,
-0.04674619436264038,
-0.06335156410932541,
0.024633139371871948,
-0.009473176673054695,
-0.005164830945432186,
-0.030883006751537323,
-0.0400637723505497,
-0.026043632999062538,
-0.06275314837694168,
-0.06382044404745102,
0.04364125430583954,
-0.005625774618238211,
-0.03583855554461479,
-0.019767064601182938,
-0.03272532671689987,
0.029915787279605865,
0.07729412615299225,
-0.05957166850566864,
0.01440849993377924,
0.03226049616932869,
0.0033120233565568924,
-0.010187831707298756,
0.04516145959496498,
0.007984243333339691,
-0.0313798263669014,
0.015026465989649296,
0.035425521433353424,
-0.008305898867547512,
0.008355860598385334,
-0.0038109812885522842,
0.006937406025826931,
-0.10350620746612549,
0.020813558250665665,
0.04175788164138794,
-0.06906688958406448,
-0.08539411425590515,
0.024816250428557396,
-0.015246453694999218,
0.036535173654556274,
0.04141463339328766,
-0.00034045198117382824,
0.00968826562166214,
-0.03408605977892876,
-0.010703199543058872,
-0.030669888481497765,
0.015130463056266308,
0.04501250386238098,
-0.023215021938085556,
0.05375942960381508,
0.07582298666238785,
0.00028655765345320106,
-0.017207790166139603,
0.042931001633405685,
-0.004881531931459904,
0.024170445278286934,
-0.030856961384415627,
-0.04040783643722534,
-0.035359643399715424,
-0.07553290575742722,
-0.01979132927954197,
0.030973944813013077,
-0.006483417470008135,
-0.03403342515230179,
-0.042895007878541946,
-0.015476995147764683,
-0.012368463911116123,
-0.004453468136489391,
0.002716219751164317,
-0.015077953226864338,
-0.05205388739705086,
-0.025052163749933243,
-0.05293627455830574,
0.017430171370506287,
0.0025894634891301394,
0.019922075793147087,
-0.03252038359642029,
-0.05981156602501869,
-0.020530756562948227,
-0.012998254038393497,
0.038048986345529556,
-0.022780384868383408,
0.028773672878742218,
0.006992589682340622
] |
3,407
|
TOP-ERL: Transformer-based Off-Policy Episodic Reinforcement Learning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=N4NhVN30ph
|
[
"Ge Li",
"Dong Tian",
"Hongyi Zhou",
"Xinkai Jiang",
"Rudolf Lioutikov",
"Gerhard Neumann"
] |
Spotlight
|
This work introduces Transformer-based Off-Policy Episodic Reinforcement Learning (TOP-ERL), a novel algorithm that enables off-policy updates in the ERL framework. In ERL, policies predict entire action trajectories over multiple time steps instead of single actions at every time step. These trajectories are typically parameterized by trajectory generators such as Movement Primitives (MP), allowing for smooth and efficient exploration over long horizons while capturing high-level temporal correlations. However, ERL methods are often constrained to on-policy frameworks due to the difficulty of evaluating state-action values for entire action sequences, limiting their sample efficiency and preventing the use of more efficient off-policy architectures. TOP-ERL addresses this shortcoming by segmenting long action sequences and estimating the state-action values for each segment using a transformer-based critic architecture alongside an n-step return estimation. These contributions result in efficient and stable training that is reflected in the empirical results conducted on sophisticated robot learning environments. TOP-ERL significantly outperforms state-of-the-art RL methods. Thorough ablation studies additionally show the impact of key design choices on the model performance.
|
Value of sequences of actions, Reinforcement Learning, Transformer, Robot Manipulation, Movement Primitives.
|
We propose a novel transformer-based RL method that learns values of consecutive actions.
| 10,360
| null |
[
-0.020571086555719376,
-0.010009875521063805,
-0.006891755852848291,
0.02447175793349743,
0.0353463850915432,
-0.015430671162903309,
0.010635307058691978,
0.010805126279592514,
-0.0519963838160038,
-0.0016062321374192834,
-0.06103556975722313,
0.016038905829191208,
-0.05594531074166298,
-0.019631419330835342,
0.012212773784995079,
0.05107950046658516,
0.012806308455765247,
-0.029881011694669724,
0.005761965177953243,
-0.0018678262131288648,
0.026832209900021553,
-0.005958992056548595,
0.021833011880517006,
0.012210415676236153,
0.014086616225540638,
0.002566876355558634,
0.0025278611574321985,
0.021945858374238014,
-0.043173957616090775,
-0.016480064019560814,
-0.009513470344245434,
-0.03156735375523567,
0.010105662979185581,
-0.01969878561794758,
0.020231541246175766,
-0.031388141214847565,
-0.035301074385643005,
-0.03220765292644501,
-0.011388266459107399,
0.011441267095506191,
-0.020434709265828133,
-0.004765346646308899,
-0.030505890026688576,
-0.04962903633713722,
-0.007544062566012144,
0.025669800117611885,
-0.06529807299375534,
0.010131904855370522,
0.0056754774414002895,
-0.047980744391679764,
-0.08490423113107681,
0.043532080948352814,
0.036544475704431534,
-0.03629832714796066,
-0.0009871919173747301,
0.02053952030837536,
0.05646614730358124,
-0.08516411483287811,
0.003960723057389259,
-0.03860262781381607,
0.022218894213438034,
0.047824371606111526,
0.022508427500724792,
0.029373016208410263,
0.0053385524079203606,
-0.002948329085484147,
0.03923448547720909,
0.048235271126031876,
-0.008309661410748959,
-0.026541264727711678,
-0.04135647043585777,
0.0037235617637634277,
-0.0021973857656121254,
0.028022797778248787,
0.0047414302825927734,
-0.0411367267370224,
0.01654314436018467,
0.008854039013385773,
0.05863559991121292,
-0.0037559473421424627,
0.0007471854914911091,
0.038028933107852936,
0.03547200560569763,
0.02805899828672409,
0.044751014560461044,
0.02718786522746086,
-0.011985673569142818,
-0.04664203152060509,
-0.07639774680137634,
-0.004243379458785057,
-0.03332661837339401,
-0.04667259380221367,
-0.008055591955780983,
0.04037131369113922,
0.023845450952649117,
-0.039542604237794876,
0.00675549078732729,
0.013601870276033878,
0.0025402638129889965,
-0.014561005868017673,
-0.0041429889388382435,
-0.019977141171693802,
0.015473509207367897,
-0.012436711229383945,
-0.09899340569972992,
-0.015855222940444946,
0.013166572898626328,
-0.0011719065951183438,
-0.010105458088219166,
0.02975623309612274,
-0.07282944023609161,
-0.004731899593025446,
0.010887718759477139,
-0.02802986465394497,
-0.07959335297346115,
0.031258970499038696,
0.011393253691494465,
0.024757077917456627,
-0.020601782947778702,
-0.0027704895474016666,
0.04907548055052757,
-0.004171156790107489,
-0.008098992519080639,
0.05965857207775116,
0.003383481176570058,
0.002504003932699561,
-0.026669535785913467,
0.013862772844731808,
-0.005215156357735395,
-0.03572305664420128,
0.0549127459526062,
0.021320506930351257,
0.003535781754180789,
0.018047133460640907,
-0.029391814023256302,
0.013049772009253502,
0.020909035578370094,
0.018979687243700027,
0.040090955793857574,
-0.00711752288043499,
-0.0205092653632164,
0.004058107268065214,
0.07700467854738235,
-0.052038177847862244,
0.07274132966995239,
-0.036142438650131226,
-0.051490508019924164,
0.004227046854794025,
-0.04262782633304596,
0.02284218557178974,
0.01481989212334156,
0.006330817937850952,
-0.028050728142261505,
-0.06337951123714447,
0.02552160434424877,
0.026089316233992577,
0.0515066497027874,
-0.0005589451757259667,
-0.001618791720829904,
0.008295848965644836,
-0.003383645322173834,
-0.006311163771897554,
-0.03653553128242493,
-0.004596495535224676,
0.010468734428286552,
-0.07523555308580399,
0.03501730039715767,
0.007703512441366911,
-0.013271224685013294,
-0.0025042137131094933,
-0.02551431395113468,
-0.02886306867003441,
0.03244349732995033,
-0.012938160449266434,
-0.041443001478910446,
0.007376731373369694,
0.03543255105614662,
-0.019621776416897774,
0.031101161614060402,
0.0018097034189850092,
-0.08875485509634018,
0.02360430732369423,
0.02201077900826931,
-0.030359195545315742,
-0.0030369721353054047,
-0.04759963974356651,
0.05668799951672554,
-0.03900295868515968,
0.0028945335652679205,
0.022091738879680634,
-0.0604117251932621,
-0.016358651220798492,
0.026520822197198868,
-0.008479899726808071,
0.0760350301861763,
-0.0013747228076681495,
-0.010234884917736053,
0.028405029326677322,
0.025531215593218803,
0.07736821472644806,
0.022756321355700493,
-0.045717693865299225,
0.05174204334616661,
-0.01223005447536707,
-0.013888917863368988,
-0.019925901666283607,
0.03379470109939575,
-0.01902325451374054,
-0.007569731213152409,
0.011565892957150936,
-0.007867004722356796,
0.026872782036662102,
-0.02568822354078293,
-0.0022909778635948896,
-0.014500531367957592,
0.03162801265716553,
-0.014731967821717262,
-0.009071454405784607,
0.02107277698814869,
-0.042140115052461624,
0.0428764633834362,
-0.0019792017992585897,
-0.03941478207707405,
-0.024482209235429764,
-0.034755222499370575,
0.08256173133850098,
0.036873042583465576,
-0.034346889704465866,
-0.014981119893491268,
0.054463379085063934,
-0.014130043797194958,
-0.011182121001183987,
-0.001336840563453734,
-0.033974580466747284,
0.03317413479089737,
-0.0053746262565255165,
0.016227005049586296,
-0.03451522812247276,
0.05020783841609955,
-0.02868822030723095,
-0.013793830759823322,
0.08092448115348816,
0.0037846651393920183,
0.061667148023843765,
0.023748304694890976,
0.030376357957720757,
0.0862518921494484,
0.02072228118777275,
-0.007147427648305893,
-0.011057333089411259,
-0.044622477144002914,
-0.01298629492521286,
0.04570668563246727,
-0.00004602681292453781,
-0.014662365429103374,
-0.025731857866048813,
-0.035915642976760864,
-0.01959541067481041,
0.05302811786532402,
0.04078217223286629,
0.026101280003786087,
0.04412692040205002,
-0.02809825725853443,
-0.0018630027770996094,
-0.01787995547056198,
-0.10466208308935165,
-0.0578499361872673,
-0.007067536935210228,
-0.001824785489588976,
0.0221382025629282,
0.019728343933820724,
-0.0016714809462428093,
0.07113902270793915,
-0.03069458343088627,
-0.054108768701553345,
0.017114926129579544,
0.02355588972568512,
0.03136909008026123,
-0.008199818432331085,
-0.015608463436365128,
0.04971635714173317,
0.07034905254840851,
0.032284703105688095,
-0.009214875288307667,
-0.011809294112026691,
-0.05500628426671028,
0.022691873833537102,
-0.021861117333173752,
-0.019455494359135628,
-0.0008368780836462975,
0.04845917597413063,
-0.005030181258916855,
-0.018604349344968796,
0.01826181635260582,
-0.011882958933711052,
0.10824878513813019,
0.04247096925973892,
0.021563677117228508,
0.010747717693448067,
0.023944569751620293,
-0.017835771664977074,
-0.0029169225599616766,
0.0029943278059363365,
0.03963501378893852,
0.009125673212110996,
-0.017832007259130478,
0.00522423954680562,
0.015061034820973873,
-0.24284031987190247,
-0.0400913804769516,
-0.029327180236577988,
0.0033438510727137327,
0.05292654037475586,
-0.0036336283665150404,
0.05176012963056564,
0.00037677856744267046,
-0.022369761019945145,
0.02769867703318596,
0.02267162874341011,
0.0024940725415945053,
0.02455170452594757,
0.05306555703282356,
0.05225056782364845,
0.025519700720906258,
0.009815038181841373,
0.008631845936179161,
0.0026751551777124405,
0.03095553070306778,
-0.004971178248524666,
-0.11154589056968689,
-0.04713082313537598,
0.03347870334982872,
0.015728674829006195,
0.048479873687028885,
-0.06709294766187668,
-0.029004739597439766,
-0.0374654121696949,
-0.01947694644331932,
-0.01752113178372383,
-0.013690592721104622,
-0.05727922171354294,
0.00989355705678463,
0.024677978828549385,
-0.002226202515885234,
0.030905894935131073,
0.01354741770774126,
0.04615900665521622,
-0.011905643157660961,
0.0037265829741954803,
-0.016775667667388916,
-0.030132358893752098,
0.04257351532578468,
0.06753913313150406,
0.01773238368332386,
-0.04304796829819679,
-0.022788595408201218,
-0.025458741933107376,
0.04695838317275047,
0.006369499489665031,
0.011469588615000248,
0.02285890094935894,
0.009268248453736305,
0.03407229483127594,
-0.05020919442176819,
-0.018404560163617134,
-0.012402676977217197,
0.00598949147388339,
0.028405144810676575,
-0.007623977493494749,
-0.04665687680244446,
-0.025214528664946556,
-0.02392248809337616,
-0.015872163698077202,
-0.014145445078611374,
-0.009648926556110382,
-0.06316272914409637,
0.0038065235130488873,
0.035451240837574005,
-0.045489341020584106,
-0.021229006350040436,
-0.016112269833683968,
-0.0976521223783493,
0.02751668356359005,
0.016380848363041878,
-0.0005126543692313135,
-0.05573657527565956,
0.027112824842333794,
0.014527699910104275,
-0.05242110788822174,
-0.06041933596134186,
-0.01514254231005907,
0.027345767244696617,
0.0008761506178416312,
-0.0036245069932192564,
0.020605864003300667,
-0.06647012382745743,
-0.0034603835083544254,
-0.004434297792613506,
0.02394518256187439,
0.0050344145856797695,
-0.004442468751221895,
-0.03154325112700462,
0.053351592272520065,
0.060271069407463074,
0.053176846355199814,
0.04310527816414833,
0.006336410995572805,
-0.03590581193566322,
0.00875660590827465,
-0.08665710687637329,
-0.024750277400016785,
-0.03576510399580002,
-0.005842368118464947,
0.022516440600156784,
-0.05312804877758026,
-0.03546752408146858,
0.03000866435468197,
0.04086998477578163,
0.011041260324418545,
-0.030057430267333984,
0.01579945534467697,
0.011604126542806625,
-0.02313840016722679,
-0.0011194235412403941,
0.005921096540987492,
0.03484499454498291,
0.06189931556582451,
-0.0247450303286314,
-0.06444618850946426,
0.0336800254881382,
-0.039647966623306274,
0.02666996233165264,
0.0027406252920627594,
-0.01441252138465643,
0.009139211848378181,
0.0004423526697792113,
0.004412958398461342,
-0.006199580617249012,
0.06188974156975746,
0.07552394270896912,
-0.01140458695590496,
0.053890664130449295,
0.04599127173423767,
-0.01929621770977974,
-0.012625478208065033,
0.01792449876666069,
0.009404600597918034,
-0.012210109271109104,
-0.00970583688467741,
-0.028069723397493362,
0.043019264936447144,
0.03131498396396637,
0.01793273538351059,
0.01801210828125477,
0.037236690521240234,
0.003885820508003235,
-0.010152395814657211,
0.0100463991984725,
0.07089158892631531,
-0.048610199242830276,
0.0046208808198571205,
-0.04129824414849281,
0.032334547489881516,
-0.05256221815943718,
0.04544626921415329,
-0.039955101907253265,
0.014607146382331848,
-0.052544478327035904,
0.029119469225406647,
-0.005637103226035833,
-0.029703505337238312,
-0.01284666359424591,
0.008241965435445309,
0.050106439739465714,
-0.011374247260391712,
-0.03176962211728096,
0.02192986011505127,
-0.002656616037711501,
-0.007795265875756741,
-0.043505191802978516,
-0.018557384610176086,
-0.01692892424762249,
-0.04583166912198067,
-0.028304103761911392,
-0.0037424988113343716,
-0.0413036048412323,
-0.018698563799262047,
0.005308941472321749,
0.015417087823152542,
0.0016264080768451095,
0.007975461892783642,
0.0067794304341077805,
0.050626348704099655,
-0.005424217786639929,
0.008012821897864342,
-0.001129807555116713,
-0.04541238769888878,
-0.006734076421707869,
-0.0033909380435943604,
0.04526415094733238,
-0.036935485899448395,
-0.04859703779220581,
-0.029050447046756744,
-0.033797625452280045,
0.008902992121875286,
0.024905333295464516,
-0.02486003004014492,
-0.006119677796959877,
0.003945956006646156,
-0.006219669245183468,
-0.012169690802693367,
-0.03656831383705139,
0.06216152012348175,
-0.06688378006219864,
0.0042145331390202045,
0.056807104498147964,
0.0011148747289553285,
0.046588167548179626,
-0.052092280238866806,
-0.021716924384236336,
-0.02443287894129753,
-0.028337664902210236,
0.015010464936494827,
-0.03633566200733185,
-0.024693047627806664,
-0.03355497121810913,
-0.017954273149371147,
0.02063176780939102,
0.021005818620324135,
0.0022804089821875095,
-0.01668183133006096,
-0.020297521725296974,
-0.003781271632760763,
0.03840005397796631,
-0.02691197581589222,
-0.022445261478424072,
0.03105034865438938,
-0.02421901933848858,
-0.007482171058654785,
-0.04184943810105324,
0.016092907637357712,
0.004657840821892023,
-0.021971169859170914,
0.0027019318658858538,
-0.04908522963523865,
0.03489690646529198,
-0.00238204887136817,
-0.018382498994469643,
-0.010683296248316765,
0.03498421981930733,
-0.04997168108820915,
-0.0006108009838499129,
0.022929787635803223,
0.037719693034887314,
0.05013188719749451,
0.01580650918185711,
0.03777109831571579,
0.022333070635795593,
0.04317034035921097,
-0.004199984483420849,
-0.052952855825424194,
-0.013335656374692917,
0.04952973872423172,
-0.05980610102415085,
-0.014487572014331818,
-0.04682605713605881,
-0.04882368817925453,
0.05267270654439926,
-0.01222299039363861,
0.018886500969529152,
-0.06451426446437836,
0.006126082502305508,
0.007882904261350632,
0.04048309475183487,
0.030291873961687088,
-0.019177792593836784,
0.026670260354876518,
-0.07392827421426773,
0.035969655960798264,
-0.05352930724620819,
-0.0025175106711685658,
0.0664215087890625,
-0.03678346797823906,
-0.013655366376042366,
0.024750079959630966,
-0.017218351364135742,
0.04933749884366989,
-0.019135234877467155,
-0.07802066206932068,
0.0570380873978138,
-0.01697859913110733,
0.006001848727464676,
0.05832960084080696,
-0.051797136664390564,
-0.023156188428401947,
-0.013597388751804829,
-0.037614598870277405,
0.029241781681776047,
-0.007174850441515446,
0.02660849504172802,
-0.024447457864880562,
-0.00975759606808424,
-0.025295434519648552,
0.0250747911632061,
0.021384114399552345,
0.019990185275673866,
-0.009617914445698261,
0.0442594550549984,
-0.04575197026133537,
0.05989434942603111,
0.016372647136449814,
0.032019153237342834,
-0.00816423911601305,
0.009174485690891743,
0.005559090990573168,
-0.0441557802259922,
0.053958646953105927,
0.00006296954961726442,
-0.03074355237185955,
-0.04966812580823898,
0.037376001477241516,
0.018075663596391678,
-0.027549998834729195,
0.02980572171509266,
0.03096449188888073,
-0.07369010150432587,
-0.049088798463344574,
-0.003194240853190422,
-0.003626980585977435,
0.005617531016469002,
0.06739881634712219,
0.04000325873494148,
0.0840313658118248,
0.07129302620887756,
0.024197613820433617,
-0.010741472244262695,
0.0036621990147978067,
0.09595553576946259,
0.07034540176391602,
0.018832463771104813,
-0.032121218740940094,
0.050571657717227936,
-0.05510192736983299,
-0.03414325788617134,
0.05205930769443512,
0.04740976542234421,
0.0015945789637044072,
-0.06447888910770416,
0.027195431292057037,
0.049035586416721344,
-0.0021885251626372337,
0.05884338915348053,
-0.054806847125291824,
-0.021034562960267067,
0.07844237238168716,
-0.003866256680339575,
-0.012649952434003353,
0.01750904880464077,
0.03991600126028061,
0.01733287423849106,
-0.016134880483150482,
-0.02642257884144783,
-0.0007406992954201996,
-0.030994689092040062,
0.040666915476322174,
0.00613828282803297,
-0.0029304204508662224,
0.018909571692347527,
0.0307274479418993,
0.03802076354622841,
0.12859530746936798,
-0.06236015260219574,
-0.010388283059000969,
-0.0004739297437481582,
-0.011153969913721085,
-0.011841915547847748,
0.02243771031498909,
-0.006199496798217297,
0.0009066385682672262,
0.036684051156044006,
-0.036062583327293396,
0.004783140495419502,
0.0038246179465204477,
-0.015182290226221085,
0.055750370025634766,
-0.04028316214680672,
-0.03335130959749222,
-0.013438444584608078,
0.03418672829866409,
-0.03134285286068916,
-0.044734202325344086,
-0.06896550208330154,
-0.04867328330874443,
-0.06003950536251068,
-0.03883572667837143,
0.014402896165847778,
0.01035891193896532,
-0.06719440221786499,
0.01958817057311535,
-0.025528239086270332,
0.028500201180577278,
0.004281416069716215,
-0.05573366954922676,
-0.024516722187399864,
0.03262883797287941,
-0.0062570045702159405,
0.012315030209720135,
0.028789402917027473,
0.04300645738840103,
0.015758350491523743,
-0.04017869010567665,
0.0030924954917281866,
0.013645054772496223,
0.020686505362391472,
-0.03689566254615784,
-0.0197888370603323,
-0.09267500042915344,
0.04321838170289993,
0.028850551694631577,
-0.023140307515859604,
-0.07861903309822083,
0.007566598244011402,
-0.05240526422858238,
0.017771417275071144,
0.07305517047643661,
-0.026930032297968864,
0.012625661678612232,
-0.019420016556978226,
0.028654692694544792,
0.0032866469118744135,
-0.005193526390939951,
0.04748435690999031,
-0.052536312490701675,
0.05563347414135933,
0.04858363792300224,
-0.028828194364905357,
-0.019161617383360863,
0.04854951426386833,
0.041970133781433105,
-0.038779642432928085,
-0.024165596812963486,
-0.020241428166627884,
0.028343020007014275,
-0.07388103753328323,
-0.04489026591181755,
0.04629889503121376,
0.029681656509637833,
-0.025297928601503372,
-0.0132767828181386,
0.0025288984179496765,
0.013316304422914982,
-0.01800857111811638,
-0.05203111097216606,
-0.02501225285232067,
-0.019558066502213478,
-0.019812950864434242,
-0.046003248542547226,
0.023117482662200928,
-0.04441258683800697,
0.030640561133623123,
-0.0411226861178875,
-0.023657511919736862,
0.012829113751649857,
-0.040794167667627335,
0.015301725827157497,
0.024790767580270767,
0.002925146371126175,
-0.01290140300989151
] |
3,408
|
On the Expressiveness of Rational ReLU Neural Networks With Bounded Depth
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=uREg3OHjLL
|
[
"Gennadiy Averkov",
"Christopher Hojny",
"Maximilian Merkert"
] |
Spotlight
|
To confirm that the expressive power of ReLU neural networks grows with their depth, the function $F_n = \max (0,x_1,\ldots,x_n )$ has been considered in the literature.
A conjecture by Hertrich, Basu, Di Summa, and Skutella [NeurIPS 2021] states that any ReLU network that exactly represents $F_n$ has at least $\lceil \log_2 (n+1) \rceil$ hidden layers.
The conjecture has recently been confirmed for networks with integer weights by Haase, Hertrich, and Loho [ICLR 2023].
We follow up on this line of research and show that, within ReLU networks whose weights are decimal fractions, $F_n$ can only be represented by networks with at least $\lceil \log_3 (n+1) \rceil$ hidden layers.
Moreover, if all weights are $N$-ary fractions, then $F_n$ can only be represented by networks with at least $\Omega( \frac{\ln n}{\ln \ln N})$ layers.
These results are a partial confirmation of the above conjecture for rational ReLU networks, and provide the first non-constant lower bound on the depth of practically relevant ReLU networks.
|
expressive power, depth, exact representations, ReLU networks, mixed volumes, lattice polytopes, number theory
|
$\max \{0,x_1,\ldots,x_n\}$ requires depth $\Omega(\log n)$ to be exactly described with ReLUs and weights being decimal fractions.
| 10,347
|
2502.06283
|
[
-0.04540356993675232,
-0.0019577445928007364,
0.00922002550214529,
0.01988300308585167,
0.045767754316329956,
0.039522599428892136,
0.020823171362280846,
0.0027275816537439823,
-0.02468148246407509,
-0.02326764538884163,
0.003946161828935146,
-0.011629138141870499,
-0.0625498816370964,
0.00837373360991478,
0.014493645168840885,
0.07891904562711716,
0.059057142585515976,
-0.011723031289875507,
0.008549617603421211,
0.014027029275894165,
-0.005236487835645676,
-0.03189236298203468,
0.016714246943593025,
-0.004821025300770998,
0.02941628359258175,
-0.01209655124694109,
-0.001493349438533187,
0.01775711588561535,
0.01576617732644081,
0.00929600466042757,
0.021909313276410103,
-0.011448643170297146,
0.02415170893073082,
-0.03139691427350044,
0.014688854105770588,
0.04449082911014557,
-0.02336268126964569,
0.010591856203973293,
-0.009913535788655281,
0.00210646097548306,
-0.08287879079580307,
-0.0026731344405561686,
-0.0038807711098343134,
0.02956196665763855,
-0.07364720106124878,
0.02120622992515564,
-0.10619533061981201,
0.0075813233852386475,
0.03275872766971588,
0.0029468857683241367,
-0.10007043182849884,
0.062488675117492676,
-0.007461016997694969,
0.0017844734247773886,
0.006310365628451109,
0.02938482165336609,
-0.012872300110757351,
-0.04878174513578415,
0.0013570989249274135,
-0.05678809806704521,
0.002941377926617861,
0.019997328519821167,
-0.0014340090565383434,
0.002785321092233062,
-0.0661802589893341,
-0.004434249363839626,
0.005225443281233311,
0.033747151494026184,
-0.05833416059613228,
-0.015167779289186,
-0.029267022386193275,
0.009703568182885647,
-0.013542067259550095,
0.005208549089729786,
-0.007023938465863466,
-0.06006307527422905,
0.015875639393925667,
0.019437311217188835,
0.06142023950815201,
-0.0007257174584083259,
0.02251487970352173,
0.05726164951920509,
0.03956426680088043,
0.03348848223686218,
0.004633239004760981,
-0.008161547593772411,
-0.006701670587062836,
-0.05725206807255745,
-0.07503242790699005,
0.04123210161924362,
-0.04589447006583214,
-0.02691355161368847,
0.010532345622777939,
0.017959892749786377,
0.016839612275362015,
-0.008934121578931808,
0.0051256692968308926,
0.005828329361975193,
0.030465714633464813,
0.013981814496219158,
-0.02885514870285988,
-0.04719330742955208,
-0.005330483429133892,
-0.011625734157860279,
-0.09663072973489761,
-0.04248587042093277,
-0.011991317383944988,
0.013561123050749302,
0.038760971277952194,
0.013525095768272877,
-0.06734542548656464,
0.015399323776364326,
0.013743805699050426,
-0.015041738748550415,
-0.09307820349931717,
0.01511362660676241,
-0.009186751209199429,
0.029910363256931305,
-0.013652533292770386,
0.00467406352981925,
0.055363573133945465,
0.056562911719083786,
-0.02939184568822384,
0.06321094185113907,
0.021321648731827736,
0.013867873698472977,
-0.01480400562286377,
0.035911865532398224,
-0.051908157765865326,
-0.04063577204942703,
0.02167881280183792,
0.04531572386622429,
0.01433508936315775,
0.021829288452863693,
0.019344782456755638,
-0.037334755063056946,
-0.005584325175732374,
0.014535726048052311,
0.007065657991915941,
0.011836734600365162,
0.010314995422959328,
-0.03967643901705742,
0.05092405527830124,
-0.030360208824276924,
0.06675175577402115,
-0.022052699699997902,
-0.0009229373536072671,
-0.035842522978782654,
-0.03501924127340317,
-0.030715307220816612,
-0.013187703676521778,
0.02783213183283806,
0.009734375402331352,
-0.0760321170091629,
0.011140560731291771,
0.022376492619514465,
0.023239141330122948,
0.02041378989815712,
-0.016262568533420563,
0.011738087981939316,
0.024572214111685753,
-0.033235784620046616,
-0.004133699927479029,
0.012016274966299534,
0.005727613344788551,
-0.05201741307973862,
0.033387552946805954,
0.062272947281599045,
-0.003831911599263549,
0.029222920536994934,
-0.003874227637425065,
-0.028747936710715294,
0.046748023480176926,
0.014601798728108406,
-0.02176881581544876,
-0.010651985183358192,
0.057743269950151443,
-0.025112001225352287,
0.028763942420482635,
0.01433475036174059,
-0.08272910863161087,
0.03823794797062874,
-0.01949114352464676,
0.032458554953336716,
-0.03970666974782944,
-0.03492078557610512,
0.06897498667240143,
-0.038868844509124756,
0.04486862197518349,
0.0028007621876895428,
-0.0492866225540638,
0.0023795925080776215,
-0.003293203189969063,
-0.02399304509162903,
0.0839175134897232,
0.003318639239296317,
-0.01999446377158165,
0.007615183014422655,
-0.0013622390106320381,
0.04824361950159073,
0.055954087525606155,
-0.021914439275860786,
0.0315922386944294,
-0.005987546872347593,
-0.03863922134041786,
0.04210742563009262,
0.03928447887301445,
-0.04637059569358826,
-0.023167863488197327,
0.03454616293311119,
0.010656893253326416,
-0.03104669228196144,
0.028350571170449257,
-0.025647401809692383,
0.016063878312706947,
-0.012040331028401852,
-0.01684693619608879,
-0.012064731679856777,
0.05767415091395378,
-0.032412417232990265,
0.04901154339313507,
0.024888303130865097,
-0.03383519873023033,
0.037808943539857864,
-0.02544407919049263,
0.10172442346811295,
0.09872090816497803,
-0.020442882552742958,
0.008578344248235226,
0.023376239463686943,
-0.008449212647974491,
0.0025201388634741306,
-0.0012957145227119327,
0.03163711726665497,
0.009930964559316635,
-0.008038433268666267,
-0.0076685501262545586,
-0.04322263225913048,
0.07429514080286026,
-0.06731509417295456,
-0.026388132944703102,
0.06778807193040848,
0.0007269469788298011,
0.04104278236627579,
-0.023988425731658936,
-0.0027482379227876663,
0.03590913489460945,
-0.005730551201850176,
-0.008111800067126751,
0.0002543322916608304,
-0.035201918333768845,
0.0020384194795042276,
0.012566236779093742,
-0.006034293677657843,
0.0250720102339983,
-0.05286819487810135,
-0.004625552799552679,
-0.012753070332109928,
0.0902787297964096,
0.0478941909968853,
0.02729734033346176,
0.026052052155137062,
0.006894700229167938,
-0.034867070615291595,
-0.02626846730709076,
-0.11185594648122787,
-0.06596850603818893,
-0.00976957194507122,
0.09356457740068436,
0.024180665612220764,
0.06166645511984825,
0.007856201380491257,
0.006403119768947363,
0.0013920471537858248,
-0.029057631269097328,
0.011903763748705387,
0.014919189736247063,
-0.004501729272305965,
-0.0535072423517704,
-0.021094519644975662,
0.007756703067570925,
0.07690446078777313,
0.004482321906834841,
-0.02440984919667244,
-0.0383247509598732,
-0.04803390055894852,
-0.0024079508148133755,
-0.04703962057828903,
-0.012376628816127777,
0.011099645867943764,
0.00047089019790291786,
0.03501788154244423,
-0.019109535962343216,
0.019705047830939293,
0.040053240954875946,
0.0717562586069107,
0.05021505430340767,
0.012683485634624958,
-0.0035484915133565664,
-0.014236058108508587,
-0.033798202872276306,
0.011225842870771885,
-0.0012844749726355076,
0.013761906884610653,
-0.018935339525341988,
-0.008871636353433132,
0.02590346336364746,
0.0123972212895751,
-0.2836790084838867,
-0.030394429340958595,
-0.025146720930933952,
-0.019550485536456108,
0.017571721225976944,
-0.0003380592097528279,
0.014652946032583714,
-0.020792853087186813,
-0.015840984880924225,
0.0022344430908560753,
-0.009776882827281952,
-0.012760087847709656,
-0.022624539211392403,
0.07152165472507477,
0.024482423439621925,
0.004837280139327049,
0.00899120420217514,
-0.003704552073031664,
0.012911642901599407,
0.026196183636784554,
-0.021540630608797073,
-0.07612854242324829,
-0.020984381437301636,
0.0313350185751915,
0.012905076146125793,
0.059912338852882385,
-0.07323749363422394,
0.0010624038986861706,
-0.04420829936861992,
-0.029949454590678215,
-0.08050576597452164,
-0.015435918234288692,
-0.012048762291669846,
0.05247170478105545,
-0.0017736346926540136,
0.010494518093764782,
0.016246076673269272,
-0.030222803354263306,
0.01595003716647625,
0.04769487679004669,
0.01203867606818676,
0.00892492476850748,
0.0015183911891654134,
0.025730857625603676,
0.06688661873340607,
0.009422754868865013,
-0.045243099331855774,
0.005074337124824524,
-0.026470055803656578,
0.025533059611916542,
-0.016062822192907333,
-0.028774775564670563,
0.002784122247248888,
0.016428617760539055,
-0.006788711063563824,
-0.016527488827705383,
-0.03135393559932709,
-0.02233481965959072,
-0.0045426152646541595,
0.008685552515089512,
0.00024399574613198638,
-0.05860619246959686,
-0.024240117520093918,
-0.0021399727556854486,
-0.02517787180840969,
-0.019426977261900902,
-0.06756304204463959,
-0.056174322962760925,
0.060885753482580185,
0.0022941615898162127,
0.0024562652688473463,
0.01980622299015522,
-0.04084762558341026,
-0.08942089974880219,
-0.008609887212514877,
-0.014778835698962212,
-0.015577652491629124,
-0.015523829497396946,
0.01677895337343216,
0.05784659460186958,
-0.02781880460679531,
-0.042848631739616394,
-0.015816448256373405,
0.017884716391563416,
-0.0052348170429468155,
0.018594224005937576,
0.021964633837342262,
-0.022111261263489723,
-0.041631799191236496,
-0.027282187715172768,
0.023514406755566597,
-0.0041703577153384686,
0.03932775557041168,
-0.0149559136480093,
0.055516552180051804,
0.00762315234169364,
0.03798643499612808,
0.03773166239261627,
0.0356440432369709,
-0.0012515424750745296,
0.022324124351143837,
-0.06029079109430313,
-0.0048208474181592464,
-0.03232434391975403,
-0.03205462545156479,
0.04089116305112839,
-0.020847324281930923,
-0.002303897636011243,
0.03134068846702576,
0.006684697698801756,
-0.02238074131309986,
-0.09452076256275177,
-0.005250535439699888,
-0.03745478391647339,
-0.0016015117289498448,
-0.015176204033195972,
-0.010818267241120338,
0.037510186433792114,
0.007727347314357758,
-0.005910447333008051,
-0.011083311401307583,
0.06197629123926163,
-0.03222133591771126,
0.01053394190967083,
-0.02373061142861843,
0.028896981850266457,
-0.008445443585515022,
-0.03236894682049751,
0.007883612997829914,
0.013444012962281704,
0.029682748019695282,
0.009889725595712662,
0.003278429387137294,
0.0018948109354823828,
0.062957264482975,
0.008611989207565784,
0.006760154385119677,
-0.010237889364361763,
0.018220990896224976,
-0.032347965985536575,
0.005988942459225655,
0.04078232869505882,
0.04979965090751648,
-0.002079884521663189,
0.0016066149109974504,
0.02281556837260723,
0.012719698250293732,
-0.051120247691869736,
-0.0016803651815280318,
0.003001469187438488,
0.028194496408104897,
-0.07705730199813843,
0.014392243698239326,
-0.04144967719912529,
0.027535682544112206,
-0.011796859093010426,
0.03240060433745384,
0.003435781691223383,
-0.0011914768256247044,
-0.04888572171330452,
0.04056164249777794,
-0.013459963724017143,
-0.06404835730791092,
-0.009246195666491985,
0.03700544312596321,
0.07686074823141098,
-0.06285154819488525,
-0.015149759128689766,
0.037510793656110764,
0.011579940095543861,
0.003926641773432493,
0.018745535984635353,
0.0017860147636383772,
-0.009468683041632175,
-0.012629908509552479,
0.006221874617040157,
0.000363150960765779,
0.003932601306587458,
-0.002887565176934004,
0.007614138536155224,
0.017183179035782814,
-0.02225240133702755,
-0.019949138164520264,
0.017494525760412216,
0.0726979598402977,
0.0233079195022583,
0.0255888644605875,
-0.0002740760101005435,
-0.049883097410202026,
0.05440688878297806,
-0.03980829194188118,
0.03207284212112427,
-0.03612767532467842,
-0.03349500149488449,
-0.029084142297506332,
-0.029510822147130966,
0.014406718313694,
0.02199736051261425,
-0.0025553316809237003,
0.0008382537052966654,
0.002585564972832799,
-0.019881650805473328,
-0.03190396726131439,
0.007484469562768936,
0.0499151311814785,
-0.04416859894990921,
0.02979406528174877,
0.04873645678162575,
-0.0004988178261555731,
0.018324611708521843,
-0.028482308611273766,
-0.00856944639235735,
-0.050673287361860275,
-0.03278377652168274,
0.03431769460439682,
-0.0016476084711030126,
-0.0070542530156672,
0.0018995667342096567,
0.011582341976463795,
-0.022356024011969566,
0.002442710567265749,
-0.02727009356021881,
-0.025173118337988853,
-0.014849038794636726,
-0.016345413401722908,
0.05215101316571236,
0.005624364595860243,
0.009685894474387169,
-0.01416744664311409,
-0.03344125300645828,
0.027708357200026512,
-0.03989722579717636,
0.04210373014211655,
0.04779952019453049,
-0.0343671590089798,
0.015529139898717403,
-0.0388919860124588,
0.030095908790826797,
-0.0574285089969635,
0.010107344016432762,
-0.02519037388265133,
-0.0011138558620586991,
-0.031504273414611816,
0.009854602627456188,
-0.0063245054334402084,
0.03522462770342827,
0.027809441089630127,
-0.009193621575832367,
0.008519324474036694,
0.018903883174061775,
0.02214578352868557,
0.029983660206198692,
-0.07248586416244507,
-0.0010555258486419916,
0.04977768287062645,
-0.011753272265195847,
0.013311212882399559,
-0.0477486178278923,
-0.008878321386873722,
0.010759133845567703,
-0.05701429396867752,
0.015964556485414505,
-0.02325870469212532,
0.04365662857890129,
0.029819251969456673,
0.04564119502902031,
0.014966513961553574,
-0.03156779333949089,
0.04767058789730072,
-0.02060706354677677,
0.02913246676325798,
-0.06014103814959526,
-0.008920884691178799,
0.029841044917702675,
-0.023257065564393997,
0.012862887233495712,
-0.021244565024971962,
-0.021888267248868942,
0.021056953817605972,
-0.0450725220143795,
-0.05659555643796921,
0.0013259934494271874,
-0.0326942577958107,
-0.004080845508724451,
0.010372725315392017,
-0.06461410969495773,
-0.039971549063920975,
-0.019864793866872787,
-0.06393688917160034,
0.00599084235727787,
-0.004382628481835127,
0.02526005171239376,
-0.005873704794794321,
-0.016904175281524658,
-0.007435132283717394,
0.0161100085824728,
0.036728691309690475,
0.05605614185333252,
0.029193531721830368,
0.03767785802483559,
-0.024463867768645287,
0.051240745931863785,
0.017795782536268234,
0.03682662546634674,
0.0027033283840864897,
0.033752042800188065,
-0.020531266927719116,
-0.07443641871213913,
0.017440959811210632,
0.007072767708450556,
-0.0001220951380673796,
-0.05071534961462021,
0.06863574683666229,
0.02211521565914154,
-0.01333665568381548,
-0.00020625678007490933,
0.034375086426734924,
-0.06870928406715393,
-0.01567232422530651,
0.02113969624042511,
-0.0056509533897042274,
0.004833999089896679,
0.07449357211589813,
0.00919058732688427,
0.008362041786313057,
0.06929961591959,
-0.00005200142550165765,
-0.02476843073964119,
0.00004098757199244574,
0.09418028593063354,
0.06363625079393387,
0.04645649716258049,
-0.02353544533252716,
0.06535433232784271,
-0.03885041922330856,
-0.0718287006020546,
0.0025333319790661335,
0.011632014997303486,
-0.0020797215402126312,
-0.02364293485879898,
0.009873909875750542,
0.05732014775276184,
-0.016848303377628326,
0.0875851958990097,
-0.05658780783414841,
0.007615283131599426,
0.03077334724366665,
-0.01776878908276558,
-0.010416518896818161,
0.06462357938289642,
0.024042250588536263,
0.017580516636371613,
-0.006151872221380472,
-0.018743835389614105,
-0.006365605164319277,
0.015414704568684101,
0.02552853524684906,
0.014032415114343166,
0.018616994842886925,
0.013551519252359867,
0.005116215907037258,
0.06211842969059944,
0.09806745499372482,
-0.07713400572538376,
-0.03431611880660057,
-0.0034376117400825024,
0.0032338108867406845,
0.012532711029052734,
0.015357034280896187,
0.01560559868812561,
-0.0249762162566185,
0.016961198300123215,
-0.033126916736364365,
0.04183671995997429,
-0.007619553245604038,
0.007132390979677439,
0.017739353701472282,
-0.02039448544383049,
-0.06059326231479645,
0.003939140122383833,
0.008378816768527031,
-0.010181634686887264,
-0.03744759410619736,
-0.024338504299521446,
-0.056663189083337784,
-0.06183077394962311,
-0.06527522951364517,
-0.004177794326096773,
-0.0006729188025929034,
-0.043817244470119476,
-0.012004814110696316,
-0.007953464984893799,
-0.008562711998820305,
0.02802303247153759,
-0.03235979750752449,
-0.005705985706299543,
0.02968309447169304,
0.017233969643712044,
-0.0019014899153262377,
0.03521863743662834,
0.07278019934892654,
-0.01575377769768238,
-0.0257254708558321,
0.04485609009861946,
0.014727618545293808,
-0.0021889021154493093,
-0.0003902988974004984,
-0.011621693149209023,
-0.08242855966091156,
-0.015864305198192596,
0.0020858158823102713,
-0.03861752152442932,
-0.09814441204071045,
0.0361689068377018,
-0.011418718844652176,
0.00013067170220892876,
0.059688739478588104,
0.0005295058363117278,
0.01868857815861702,
-0.016410738229751587,
-0.025864817202091217,
0.001617410802282393,
-0.023172618821263313,
0.0739387720823288,
-0.007563140243291855,
0.05354203283786774,
0.04777757450938225,
-0.009964043274521828,
-0.03694266080856323,
0.021926453337073326,
-0.033848755061626434,
0.0011197058483958244,
-0.02658315934240818,
-0.027387481182813644,
-0.0093363206833601,
-0.10187605023384094,
0.0029245817568153143,
-0.003178547602146864,
-0.009831516072154045,
-0.07402702420949936,
0.005375811830163002,
-0.02939295768737793,
-0.016587652266025543,
0.006760462187230587,
-0.04183226078748703,
-0.016527775675058365,
-0.024817928671836853,
-0.05104422941803932,
-0.06883897632360458,
0.02654452435672283,
0.0025440130848437548,
0.01722726970911026,
-0.00038422876968979836,
-0.0600602962076664,
-0.022345030680298805,
0.015596778132021427,
0.0446128249168396,
0.019692253321409225,
0.015810297802090645,
-0.004371956922113895
] |
3,409
|
On the Optimization and Generalization of Two-layer Transformers with Sign Gradient Descent
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=97rOQDPmk2
|
[
"Bingrui Li",
"Wei Huang",
"Andi Han",
"Zhanpeng Zhou",
"Taiji Suzuki",
"Jun Zhu",
"Jianfei Chen"
] |
Spotlight
|
The Adam optimizer is widely used for transformer optimization in practice, which makes understanding the underlying optimization mechanisms an important problem.
However, due to the Adam's complexity, theoretical analysis of how it optimizes transformers remains a challenging task.
Fortunately, Sign Gradient Descent (SignGD) serves as an effective surrogate for Adam.
Despite its simplicity, theoretical understanding of how SignGD optimizes transformers still lags behind.
In this work, we study how SignGD optimizes a two-layer transformer -- consisting of a softmax attention layer with trainable query-key parameterization followed by a linear layer -- on
a linearly separable noisy dataset.
We identify four stages in the training dynamics, each exhibiting intriguing behaviors.
Based on the training dynamics, we prove the fast convergence but poor generalization of the learned transformer on the noisy dataset.
We also show that Adam behaves similarly to SignGD in terms of both optimization and generalization in this setting.
Additionally, we find that the poor generalization of SignGD is not solely due to data noise,
suggesting that both SignGD and Adam requires high-quality data for real-world tasks.
Finally, experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets empirically support our theoretical results.
|
Sign Gradient Descent; Transformer; Training Dynamics; Theory
|
We study the optimization dynamics and generalization properties of a two-layer transformer trained on a signal-noise dataset.
| 10,289
|
2410.04870
|
[
-0.02152121625840664,
-0.03851679340004921,
0.027047237381339073,
0.02227170392870903,
0.025073301047086716,
0.05009378865361214,
0.01722504012286663,
0.00572623685002327,
-0.01583234593272209,
-0.012859465554356575,
-0.014115039259195328,
0.035489846020936966,
-0.06173315644264221,
-0.012333503924310207,
-0.02150527387857437,
0.05430552735924721,
0.019297905266284943,
0.018812382593750954,
0.008203767240047455,
-0.010339182801544666,
-0.0008174419635906816,
-0.0390935093164444,
0.04560067877173424,
0.0228415559977293,
0.055893220007419586,
-0.02079324796795845,
-0.01164194568991661,
0.014681593514978886,
-0.02396874688565731,
-0.029355676844716072,
0.0345742329955101,
0.002525067189708352,
0.005943631753325462,
-0.02991155907511711,
0.001647397642955184,
0.0001744056644383818,
-0.08316700160503387,
0.005064326338469982,
0.02766304463148117,
0.03233415260910988,
-0.0508873425424099,
-0.010377111844718456,
-0.004890036769211292,
0.012236678041517735,
-0.0374690406024456,
0.03264801576733589,
-0.12024044990539551,
0.02236436866223812,
0.003646022640168667,
-0.05132134258747101,
-0.11020110547542572,
0.04284345358610153,
-0.012932962737977505,
-0.02138746716082096,
0.03131866827607155,
0.022228214889764786,
0.05146578326821327,
-0.05249469727277756,
0.010393332690000534,
-0.030638212338089943,
-0.0023112280759960413,
0.03264874219894409,
-0.019127046689391136,
0.007193487137556076,
0.02858683653175831,
-0.011271961033344269,
-0.0033453986980021,
0.030316201969981194,
-0.04987804591655731,
-0.019563307985663414,
-0.0477861613035202,
0.010358897037804127,
-0.002786605851724744,
0.003783137071877718,
0.006975530181080103,
-0.03524511307477951,
0.01140439510345459,
-0.008584504015743732,
0.07934128493070602,
-0.0122552290558815,
0.005676023196429014,
0.03543822094798088,
0.007506395224481821,
0.041077133268117905,
-0.002989713102579117,
0.028521018102765083,
-0.004413284361362457,
-0.034132037311792374,
-0.06958214938640594,
0.04439621418714523,
0.005262191407382488,
-0.05549635738134384,
-0.022842323407530785,
0.03206081688404083,
0.0161258727312088,
0.0056256321258842945,
0.011517505161464214,
0.009815857745707035,
-0.00202554976567626,
0.010886761359870434,
0.02383369952440262,
-0.023796321824193,
0.028811853379011154,
-0.02337775193154812,
-0.08801538497209549,
-0.02452581562101841,
-0.006882462650537491,
-0.023637378588318825,
0.03770015388727188,
0.025824254378676414,
-0.04863915592432022,
-0.005283145233988762,
0.02781333215534687,
-0.024776851758360863,
-0.09022103995084763,
0.02586473897099495,
0.004346542060375214,
0.003560620127245784,
-0.02027038112282753,
0.006958622485399246,
0.04698966443538666,
0.05703146010637283,
-0.012321238406002522,
0.07273075729608536,
0.0036114961840212345,
0.011916696093976498,
0.016712233424186707,
0.03812168911099434,
-0.042712315917015076,
-0.027976151555776596,
-0.008493303321301937,
0.02163725532591343,
0.005978246685117483,
0.027549682185053825,
0.00258618569932878,
-0.00641297223046422,
-0.018505381420254707,
0.017112400382757187,
0.0219062939286232,
-0.016826601698994637,
-0.014087602496147156,
0.022627081722021103,
0.05174178257584572,
-0.03337524086236954,
0.05952834710478783,
-0.02825557067990303,
-0.024512188509106636,
-0.02047521062195301,
-0.029337137937545776,
0.02468511089682579,
0.002200761577114463,
-0.050794459879398346,
-0.0018841567216441035,
-0.063384048640728,
0.0281590074300766,
0.07764623314142227,
0.03613761439919472,
0.037837836891412735,
0.009661049582064152,
-0.010717412456870079,
0.012863469310104847,
0.00880151242017746,
-0.01824367605149746,
0.030970968306064606,
-0.007041472010314465,
-0.047560419887304306,
0.02230306901037693,
0.01785273477435112,
-0.02831810526549816,
0.0005108378827571869,
-0.03166406601667404,
-0.05084146559238434,
0.04389818385243416,
0.017414525151252747,
-0.012365465052425861,
-0.02123584970831871,
0.0774017870426178,
0.014273103326559067,
0.038896847516298294,
0.03461577370762825,
-0.08955438435077667,
0.04073341190814972,
0.048705097287893295,
0.01911560818552971,
0.025548923760652542,
-0.03818780556321144,
0.06728876382112503,
-0.028055010363459587,
0.01921601966023445,
0.01717747189104557,
-0.07001769542694092,
0.002345441374927759,
0.026617998257279396,
-0.017009111121296883,
0.056796763092279434,
0.00758786965161562,
-0.0036723301745951176,
0.046829141676425934,
0.02617231197655201,
0.04229626804590225,
0.04203404113650322,
-0.04210731014609337,
0.05364935100078583,
-0.00039972865488380194,
-0.02223823219537735,
0.021982332691550255,
0.03671560809016228,
-0.04412439465522766,
0.0036050493363291025,
0.0009751811157912016,
-0.011925401166081429,
0.0007264401065185666,
-0.012878877110779285,
0.007685991935431957,
-0.005118546541780233,
-0.001259308191947639,
-0.00605802284553647,
0.01491492334753275,
0.029851511120796204,
-0.012998455204069614,
0.016622716560959816,
0.013072200119495392,
0.010495606809854507,
0.02003031224012375,
-0.025923285633325577,
0.07711274921894073,
0.0581568218767643,
-0.030424874275922775,
-0.01059432327747345,
0.02081076242029667,
-0.021454840898513794,
0.0066116005182266235,
0.042770009487867355,
-0.029190346598625183,
-0.016232185065746307,
-0.06048022210597992,
-0.008920536376535892,
-0.0397040881216526,
0.05037253722548485,
-0.04539601132273674,
0.02333940379321575,
0.059489909559488297,
-0.028109123930335045,
0.06121554225683212,
-0.006937813013792038,
0.03504066541790962,
0.028169842436909676,
-0.018071450293064117,
-0.0014731455594301224,
-0.022942019626498222,
-0.03379876911640167,
-0.008719120174646378,
-0.009736139327287674,
-0.022123558446764946,
0.0011116230161860585,
-0.028812114149332047,
-0.03552040457725525,
-0.042383089661598206,
0.06173694133758545,
0.0651913583278656,
0.011044465936720371,
0.00404784781858325,
-0.01940673217177391,
-0.005576923489570618,
-0.0401136539876461,
-0.11312657594680786,
-0.055491477251052856,
0.014773660339415073,
0.03061698004603386,
0.00023758600582368672,
0.04341825097799301,
0.052659615874290466,
0.042128801345825195,
-0.04483092948794365,
-0.04098650440573692,
0.02170812524855137,
0.05836443975567818,
0.01809382066130638,
-0.032614171504974365,
-0.027862880378961563,
-0.0060133785009384155,
0.0759500041604042,
-0.027536306530237198,
-0.02449728362262249,
-0.03204271197319031,
-0.043480899184942245,
-0.019232314079999924,
-0.05807553976774216,
-0.009630272164940834,
0.007199149113148451,
0.013646110892295837,
0.011127972975373268,
-0.0066116792149841785,
0.024700243026018143,
0.03605927526950836,
0.05613941699266434,
0.06654814630746841,
-0.010583499446511269,
-0.013375593349337578,
0.04701099544763565,
-0.009460938163101673,
0.022595442831516266,
0.015872100368142128,
0.004592879209667444,
-0.022684790194034576,
-0.02774481289088726,
0.018394609913229942,
0.009685476310551167,
-0.26649200916290283,
-0.007325602695345879,
0.007421847898513079,
0.006705107167363167,
0.015591963194310665,
-0.057503316551446915,
0.037210721522569656,
-0.011737608350813389,
-0.024639714509248734,
0.011379525065422058,
0.010180233977735043,
0.03578687831759453,
0.012256969697773457,
0.03004520572721958,
0.02611553482711315,
0.008095106109976768,
-0.002348679583519697,
-0.008992000482976437,
0.005182968452572823,
0.08530981838703156,
-0.015029655769467354,
-0.07182605564594269,
-0.01801789365708828,
0.05353200435638428,
-0.00765204755589366,
0.025745047256350517,
-0.09045010060071945,
-0.016287844628095627,
-0.0196605883538723,
0.012919288128614426,
-0.013135310262441635,
-0.02525261975824833,
-0.016282781958580017,
0.04607897251844406,
0.02952452376484871,
0.005059158895164728,
0.0292802806943655,
-0.014762417413294315,
-0.004933132790029049,
0.02817104198038578,
0.03734712302684784,
-0.01952202431857586,
-0.04680131375789642,
0.01733025349676609,
0.0674547329545021,
0.009759925305843353,
-0.06493488699197769,
-0.02321360632777214,
-0.0033147025387734175,
0.03794991970062256,
-0.0026668745558708906,
-0.02055799588561058,
-0.03820093348622322,
-0.0017602983862161636,
0.020099647343158722,
-0.003994456492364407,
0.011506875045597553,
-0.04539363086223602,
-0.00422736257314682,
0.02029365301132202,
0.013311369344592094,
-0.04787321388721466,
0.008425944484770298,
-0.05775000900030136,
-0.03202857822179794,
-0.020829852670431137,
-0.027937915176153183,
-0.0708986446261406,
0.06359393149614334,
0.036091361194849014,
-0.02648010477423668,
0.029862385243177414,
0.00722819659858942,
-0.08871864527463913,
-0.0022991346195340157,
-0.004408534616231918,
-0.010565966367721558,
-0.009771588258445263,
-0.007127922959625721,
0.054493606090545654,
-0.047600992023944855,
-0.08399823307991028,
-0.0028606983833014965,
0.012671348638832569,
0.002507174154743552,
0.0007738986168988049,
0.0258918646723032,
-0.0017037304351106286,
0.006744953338056803,
-0.007637630682438612,
0.031851910054683685,
-0.009002557955682278,
0.005241644103080034,
-0.018483899533748627,
0.058823663741350174,
0.013933006674051285,
0.01344169769436121,
0.028750240802764893,
0.023440763354301453,
0.0064952378161251545,
0.04637790471315384,
-0.07373414188623428,
-0.00471951998770237,
-0.030908815562725067,
-0.0475529320538044,
0.016741221770644188,
-0.023587098345160484,
-0.019665280357003212,
0.03513461351394653,
0.014443689957261086,
-0.010476129129529,
-0.0666838139295578,
0.00748921325430274,
-0.018167054280638695,
-0.03013397939503193,
-0.006319030653685331,
0.015370037406682968,
0.030634775757789612,
0.03819314390420914,
-0.026938805356621742,
0.01653340272605419,
0.03753245249390602,
-0.012615512125194073,
-0.005047240294516087,
-0.003912934102118015,
-0.001722880988381803,
-0.010970314964652061,
-0.019214143976569176,
-0.019051307812333107,
-0.014747954905033112,
0.033351484686136246,
0.03425101935863495,
0.008023829199373722,
0.018635742366313934,
0.041768986731767654,
-0.0032413501758128405,
0.006167341023683548,
-0.019632363691926003,
0.026657793670892715,
-0.02057134173810482,
0.030334152281284332,
-0.010550137609243393,
0.01624770648777485,
0.0004434316069819033,
0.012014412321150303,
0.010182286612689495,
0.025803493335843086,
0.0005394398467615247,
0.010472019203007221,
-0.015527254901826382,
0.06464843451976776,
-0.0500253401696682,
-0.021810822188854218,
-0.018956081941723824,
0.03548476845026016,
-0.002453693887218833,
0.02996181510388851,
-0.015859143808484077,
0.011261193081736565,
-0.06723670661449432,
0.06027473136782646,
0.02734668366611004,
-0.013832993805408478,
-0.015125502832233906,
0.06968648731708527,
0.01298210583627224,
-0.0241822749376297,
-0.011877108365297318,
0.033276621252298355,
0.004144439473748207,
-0.011666675098240376,
0.008434489369392395,
-0.04259340092539787,
-0.031071113422513008,
-0.02730369381606579,
0.00469822296872735,
0.0024831306654959917,
-0.0026531333569437265,
0.002419463125988841,
0.00705998670309782,
0.01976269856095314,
-0.00570012629032135,
0.005665012169629335,
0.03106318600475788,
0.061082854866981506,
-0.006697254721075296,
-0.009720439091324806,
0.003358257468789816,
-0.042621348053216934,
0.0261569581925869,
0.0012662343215197325,
-0.01921791583299637,
-0.04008812829852104,
-0.04428505152463913,
-0.02737726829946041,
-0.013373913243412971,
-0.002667977474629879,
0.025227930396795273,
0.016312140971422195,
0.026677027344703674,
-0.013959506526589394,
0.06361087411642075,
-0.055517442524433136,
-0.001045853248797357,
0.028503382578492165,
-0.08852551132440567,
0.02530723810195923,
0.027534453198313713,
-0.02726365625858307,
0.019004108384251595,
0.007985695265233517,
-0.036767277866601944,
-0.07549477368593216,
-0.02626848593354225,
0.02891360968351364,
-0.026374919340014458,
-0.038014575839042664,
-0.017869416624307632,
0.027586067095398903,
-0.020971696823835373,
0.031071320176124573,
-0.003962918184697628,
0.0006060368614271283,
-0.0041296109557151794,
0.019701091572642326,
0.0485960878431797,
0.003901090705767274,
0.018089668825268745,
0.010671054944396019,
-0.022071341052651405,
0.020314102992415428,
-0.03307733312249184,
0.0382918156683445,
0.06990750879049301,
-0.0003940646711271256,
0.018605858087539673,
-0.04686209559440613,
0.001835085335187614,
-0.06612939387559891,
-0.011103604920208454,
0.031032904982566833,
0.001604527235031128,
-0.06233459711074829,
0.03461626172065735,
0.0038569546304643154,
0.0667404979467392,
0.009146417491137981,
0.012134497053921223,
-0.00634494936093688,
0.00833433959633112,
0.027676889672875404,
0.03604744374752045,
-0.0747068002820015,
-0.023098982870578766,
0.07791243493556976,
-0.05573910474777222,
-0.03037671186029911,
-0.06329724192619324,
-0.05724124237895012,
0.02050851285457611,
-0.03234903886914253,
0.02598097361624241,
-0.02112578973174095,
0.06601203233003616,
0.01406303234398365,
0.04682677239179611,
-0.029724212363362312,
-0.025754820555448532,
0.028534824028611183,
-0.05987723916769028,
-0.054504260420799255,
-0.05321138724684715,
0.0030617862939834595,
0.06572961062192917,
-0.041903331875801086,
-0.01667008176445961,
-0.028143202885985374,
-0.06795865297317505,
0.0363740548491478,
-0.018392475321888924,
-0.03892158716917038,
0.025547530502080917,
-0.0023627642076462507,
0.017925092950463295,
0.005849455948919058,
-0.03991914168000221,
-0.0023207503836601973,
0.0022739190608263016,
-0.06180372089147568,
0.0055038221180438995,
-0.020120158791542053,
0.04579900577664375,
-0.002134553389623761,
0.008788836188614368,
-0.04230986908078194,
-0.009179743938148022,
0.051085423678159714,
0.07580241560935974,
0.02317126840353012,
0.001752719865180552,
-0.02344462089240551,
0.064522884786129,
0.0378776453435421,
0.002961390884593129,
-0.004549174103885889,
0.05047982186079025,
-0.05098274350166321,
-0.0764835923910141,
0.043467018753290176,
-0.03519195690751076,
-0.040438126772642136,
-0.039523132145404816,
0.03999103605747223,
0.01824856922030449,
-0.039879653602838516,
-0.02593206614255905,
0.03394930064678192,
-0.05178641155362129,
-0.03239789605140686,
-0.019839640706777573,
0.003032926470041275,
0.005535378586500883,
0.042488519102334976,
0.007947377860546112,
0.04002346843481064,
0.06859510391950607,
0.02031739614903927,
-0.049918048083782196,
-0.008721609599888325,
0.08311161398887634,
0.06864453852176666,
0.057019904255867004,
-0.006723904050886631,
0.03716415539383888,
-0.03218839690089226,
-0.05856974050402641,
0.04151397943496704,
0.04613732546567917,
-0.017643991857767105,
-0.05061836168169975,
-0.0146967563778162,
0.0745098665356636,
-0.015778273344039917,
0.08833043277263641,
-0.02761176973581314,
-0.026409734040498734,
0.0173089150339365,
-0.017940133810043335,
-0.025971299037337303,
0.051154810935258865,
0.01040890347212553,
-0.016994958743453026,
-0.008799307979643345,
-0.02854226529598236,
-0.00225510960444808,
-0.029757585376501083,
0.021793676540255547,
0.011673531495034695,
-0.011845908127725124,
0.0030185545329004526,
-0.012987295165657997,
0.0682966336607933,
0.11419358104467392,
-0.06778190284967422,
-0.025516320019960403,
0.0032253763638436794,
0.04157453402876854,
-0.0028009528759866953,
0.008523475378751755,
-0.00885819736868143,
-0.042647700756788254,
-0.020489711314439774,
-0.047637201845645905,
0.0226141344755888,
0.03775676339864731,
0.02225150167942047,
0.03173278272151947,
-0.022472215816378593,
-0.0313974991440773,
0.020808236673474312,
0.03324216604232788,
-0.020855123177170753,
-0.07582193613052368,
-0.057281430810689926,
-0.0602291002869606,
-0.028790291398763657,
-0.03867102041840553,
0.007770325057208538,
0.009333000518381596,
-0.05037100613117218,
-0.04487120360136032,
-0.03512568026781082,
0.024574855342507362,
-0.0098127331584692,
-0.06832076609134674,
0.028942018747329712,
0.02035501040518284,
0.006285118870437145,
-0.030949803069233894,
0.017621587961912155,
0.030729975551366806,
0.006893210578709841,
-0.0015226030955091119,
0.02189178206026554,
0.0018607145175337791,
-0.015218929387629032,
0.008672311902046204,
0.006714862771332264,
-0.08958198130130768,
0.011408904567360878,
0.01050043199211359,
-0.06713979691267014,
-0.08548098057508469,
0.03208046779036522,
-0.03843279555439949,
0.023794474080204964,
0.06257794052362442,
0.018287481740117073,
0.0173542071133852,
-0.04302801936864853,
-0.002427478088065982,
-0.004112867638468742,
0.0031770048663020134,
0.04294636473059654,
0.02269359864294529,
0.04838845133781433,
0.02386179380118847,
-0.006538211368024349,
-0.03459464758634567,
0.026858709752559662,
-0.010235882364213467,
0.040876418352127075,
-0.009508044458925724,
-0.02263783849775791,
-0.022106772288680077,
-0.07658030837774277,
-0.024958902969956398,
0.0007412879494950175,
-0.01859036087989807,
-0.018112555146217346,
0.023717917501926422,
-0.033107612282037735,
0.02848082222044468,
0.00952114723622799,
-0.025834830477833748,
-0.05438448116183281,
-0.019111433997750282,
-0.04431379958987236,
-0.051729634404182434,
0.04786935821175575,
-0.022948622703552246,
0.04164702072739601,
0.003167148679494858,
-0.020407376810908318,
-0.011415275745093822,
-0.024876940995454788,
0.03213459253311157,
-0.0017538205720484257,
0.011258557438850403,
-0.030372248962521553
] |
3,410
|
Emergent Orientation Maps —— Mechanisms, Coding Efficiency and Robustness
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=rySLejeB1k
|
[
"Haixin Zhong",
"Haoyu Wang",
"Wei P Dai",
"Yuchao Huang",
"Mingyi Huang",
"Rubin Wang",
"Anna Wang Roe",
"yuguo yu"
] |
Spotlight
|
Extensive experimental studies have shown that in lower mammals, neuronal orientation preference in the primary visual cortex is organized in disordered "salt-and-pepper" organizations. In contrast, higher-order mammals display a continuous variation in orientation preference, forming pinwheel-like structures. Despite these observations, the spiking mechanisms underlying the emergence of these distinct topological structures and their functional roles in visual processing remain poorly understood. To address this, we developed a self-evolving spiking neural network model with Hebbian plasticity, trained using physiological parameters characteristic of rodents, cats, and primates, including retinotopy, neuronal morphology, and connectivity patterns. Our results identify critical factors, such as the degree of input visual field overlap, neuronal connection range, and the balance between localized connectivity and long-range competition, that determine the emergence of either salt-and-pepper or pinwheel-like topologies. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pinwheel structures exhibit lower wiring costs and enhanced sparse coding capabilities compared to salt-and-pepper organizations. They also maintain greater coding robustness against noise in naturalistic visual stimuli. These findings suggest that such topological structures confer significant computational advantages in visual processing and highlight their potential application in the design of brain-inspired deep learning networks and algorithms.
|
Vision, Energy Efficient Coding, Neural Network, Sensory Coding, Spiking Mechanisms
| null | 10,274
| null |
[
-0.011698519811034203,
0.003977673593908548,
-0.017529523000121117,
0.02557181566953659,
0.017221732065081596,
0.022317824885249138,
0.03134765103459358,
0.043590739369392395,
-0.04818933829665184,
-0.04587621986865997,
-0.035906605422496796,
-0.01034078374505043,
-0.07191541790962219,
0.008278809487819672,
-0.014530455693602562,
0.04396466538310051,
0.06356731057167053,
-0.017100874334573746,
-0.014028574340045452,
0.010515020228922367,
-0.01676962897181511,
-0.02290532737970352,
0.015428837388753891,
0.020740259438753128,
0.03318840637803078,
-0.05302661284804344,
0.001035484136082232,
-0.01110551692545414,
-0.0044867717660963535,
0.007414838764816523,
0.016738932579755783,
0.0036741122603416443,
-0.012236603535711765,
-0.015617866069078445,
0.015051305294036865,
0.012953813187777996,
-0.028984932228922844,
-0.010422182269394398,
-0.009679154492914677,
-0.001833624322898686,
-0.02252531237900257,
0.01966729946434498,
0.008332113735377789,
0.006585120689123869,
-0.05166960507631302,
0.017885273322463036,
-0.11954984813928604,
0.07344531267881393,
-0.0052638850174844265,
-0.008160284720361233,
-0.07553444057703018,
0.030329730361700058,
0.034642379730939865,
-0.017844557762145996,
-0.01775255613029003,
0.052728742361068726,
0.019824175164103508,
-0.021925637498497963,
-0.009027604945003986,
-0.06485749781131744,
-0.016366632655262947,
0.016272034496068954,
0.0016801783349364996,
0.02463560365140438,
-0.02288469672203064,
-0.0006870668730698526,
0.007996080443263054,
0.059425439685583115,
-0.045077696442604065,
-0.020355988293886185,
-0.03287649154663086,
0.0012525244383141398,
-0.004967682994902134,
0.011128580197691917,
0.013765310868620872,
-0.060219068080186844,
0.004036336205899715,
0.025377752259373665,
0.07393120974302292,
-0.0050188275054097176,
0.028472062200307846,
0.054670847952365875,
-0.004815362393856049,
0.024452710524201393,
0.011101010255515575,
0.0002386417327215895,
-0.04365691542625427,
-0.03676489740610123,
-0.06294495612382889,
0.04014306887984276,
-0.07151757180690765,
-0.0205998495221138,
0.030121229588985443,
0.0538017600774765,
0.04171530157327652,
-0.011250264011323452,
0.015681523829698563,
0.008632327429950237,
0.029324030503630638,
0.006764297839254141,
0.002181797055527568,
-0.021866900846362114,
0.0034123726654797792,
0.008655354380607605,
-0.08148247003555298,
-0.02654901146888733,
-0.021994512528181076,
-0.05877644196152687,
0.003043337259441614,
0.03433788940310478,
-0.08473782986402512,
-0.010327447205781937,
0.025952469557523727,
-0.003990055527538061,
-0.08746854960918427,
0.0520714707672596,
0.04525217413902283,
0.028726251795887947,
-0.01122299488633871,
0.000020776620658580214,
0.03615603968501091,
0.022004619240760803,
-0.050765540450811386,
0.06221884489059448,
-0.023321259766817093,
0.010700196027755737,
-0.015042697079479694,
0.04595164209604263,
-0.020352989435195923,
-0.04292449727654457,
-0.019626151770353317,
0.02073175273835659,
-0.009465032257139683,
0.009859396144747734,
-0.006820429116487503,
-0.019133100286126137,
0.03084774687886238,
-0.01736423373222351,
0.012699472717940807,
0.04047185927629471,
0.001304267323575914,
-0.021278029307723045,
0.034018371254205704,
-0.04019381105899811,
0.08481363207101822,
-0.0263871680945158,
0.017186403274536133,
0.0006644006934948266,
-0.028498465195298195,
-0.014078542590141296,
-0.008598518557846546,
-0.020474812015891075,
0.00801111850887537,
-0.0683898776769638,
0.013724211603403091,
0.07089822739362717,
0.013380564749240875,
0.053007446229457855,
-0.009383652359247208,
-0.018303008750081062,
-0.015920307487249374,
-0.02910553105175495,
0.00013200458488427103,
0.03005095012485981,
-0.03266220539808273,
-0.03888155147433281,
0.03224548324942589,
0.006109896581619978,
-0.027712631970643997,
0.028971459716558456,
-0.03525841236114502,
-0.020011672750115395,
0.020041996613144875,
0.012956609018146992,
-0.005767765920609236,
-0.02444380894303322,
0.03223363310098648,
-0.013198904693126678,
0.016678422689437866,
0.0031551471911370754,
-0.08368585258722305,
0.044598665088415146,
-0.008148861117661,
-0.017384102568030357,
-0.0013952796580269933,
-0.034037623554468155,
0.07473811507225037,
-0.054865408688783646,
0.01366663072258234,
0.009515618905425072,
-0.03663618490099907,
0.00973434280604124,
0.004654098302125931,
0.008117126300930977,
0.10779621452093124,
-0.016303224489092827,
-0.014416038990020752,
0.008017104119062424,
0.04816654324531555,
0.04879347234964371,
0.032512664794921875,
-0.05491003021597862,
0.05092319846153259,
0.004539652727544308,
-0.026436714455485344,
-0.004260090179741383,
0.06373093277215958,
-0.06792988628149033,
0.01309401635080576,
-0.005716077983379364,
0.0007942853844724596,
-0.010658794082701206,
0.015259642153978348,
0.014179662801325321,
0.0513259656727314,
-0.004502079915255308,
0.02214399166405201,
0.003515225602313876,
-0.002990265842527151,
-0.053405486047267914,
-0.0014879959635436535,
-0.010147025808691978,
-0.011502834968268871,
0.003300353419035673,
0.004423476289957762,
0.10949220508337021,
0.07294364273548126,
-0.04737596958875656,
-0.010954980738461018,
0.027132730931043625,
0.021045159548521042,
-0.0005587409250438213,
0.0028651251923292875,
0.022786635905504227,
-0.006161818280816078,
-0.02445642463862896,
0.02900215983390808,
-0.028000149875879288,
0.0822535827755928,
-0.05231257900595665,
-0.027982832863926888,
0.08903101086616516,
-0.001317668124102056,
0.04000116512179375,
-0.02304021082818508,
-0.01101771742105484,
0.06523079425096512,
-0.02340974472463131,
-0.03688492253422737,
-0.009533500298857689,
-0.05090337246656418,
-0.0012127944501116872,
-0.0049211978912353516,
-0.025019250810146332,
0.009546038694679737,
-0.06970063596963882,
-0.022913791239261627,
-0.03253110498189926,
0.08767823129892349,
0.029913919046521187,
0.011554454453289509,
0.0502929612994194,
-0.004243302159011364,
-0.008609594777226448,
-0.03421422094106674,
-0.1085507795214653,
-0.007277837488800287,
0.015093861147761345,
0.05746864527463913,
0.007685523014515638,
0.03886488452553749,
0.0003815222007688135,
0.06395039707422256,
-0.017013447359204292,
-0.014014774933457375,
0.0006476405542343855,
0.02367451600730419,
-0.015872016549110413,
-0.008358011022210121,
-0.014750237576663494,
0.01996580883860588,
0.07968887686729431,
0.03139045089483261,
0.011122213676571846,
-0.008642857894301414,
-0.061172887682914734,
-0.019080545753240585,
-0.0015949312364682555,
-0.020349912345409393,
-0.014372752048075199,
0.023246152326464653,
0.009975213557481766,
0.003436890197917819,
0.028985319659113884,
-0.003192437347024679,
0.09189300984144211,
0.05381827801465988,
-0.007312552537769079,
-0.026110626757144928,
0.006675525568425655,
-0.0002927940513473004,
0.01846165396273136,
-0.011410997249186039,
-0.014794220216572285,
0.0005217098514549434,
0.022238407284021378,
0.01881580986082554,
-0.014476228505373001,
-0.27653706073760986,
-0.01877996139228344,
0.006644387263804674,
-0.02734469249844551,
0.027660058811306953,
0.019729048013687134,
0.020026708021759987,
-0.026454217731952667,
-0.024509340524673462,
0.007292737253010273,
-0.011972229927778244,
0.004533860366791487,
-0.02397611178457737,
0.06478337943553925,
0.03317577764391899,
0.0068322946317493916,
0.013648641295731068,
-0.028189929202198982,
0.00619947724044323,
0.028290949761867523,
-0.029786989092826843,
-0.09052353352308273,
-0.030763598158955574,
0.06386488676071167,
-0.01867399737238884,
0.05105040222406387,
-0.06886392831802368,
-0.00005418218643171713,
-0.022362826392054558,
-0.0190733652561903,
-0.024335671216249466,
-0.039758678525686264,
0.0013982347445562482,
0.057504892349243164,
0.03657625988125801,
-0.03234544396400452,
-0.006101697683334351,
-0.03994676470756531,
0.009705799631774426,
0.005211385898292065,
0.0069635529071092606,
-0.02601301483809948,
0.0022300612181425095,
0.04992226883769035,
0.07212243974208832,
-0.0020759955514222383,
-0.03965752199292183,
-0.025018637999892235,
-0.019869567826390266,
0.03592657297849655,
-0.020157864317297935,
-0.028354106470942497,
-0.005760631989687681,
0.004142481833696365,
0.003538648597896099,
0.0035231721121817827,
0.0243583545088768,
-0.01686907559633255,
-0.003520282683894038,
0.004157956223934889,
-0.007443041540682316,
-0.06798115372657776,
-0.020995207130908966,
-0.040403641760349274,
0.025188161060214043,
-0.0270136296749115,
-0.08887279778718948,
-0.05488135293126106,
0.0407717227935791,
0.011294989846646786,
0.00883430615067482,
0.009691299870610237,
-0.042589444667100906,
-0.09998227655887604,
0.044760316610336304,
0.004363769665360451,
-0.028868626803159714,
-0.005031761713325977,
-0.00552435964345932,
0.016236310824751854,
0.004543979652225971,
-0.012254026718437672,
0.013422822579741478,
0.05716051533818245,
-0.010965820401906967,
-0.02214794047176838,
0.013282522559165955,
-0.0393352285027504,
-0.04850184917449951,
-0.02729215659201145,
0.04819488525390625,
0.0014473928604274988,
0.021058114245533943,
-0.03492720425128937,
0.029907843098044395,
0.009711985476315022,
0.046448469161987305,
0.019643956795334816,
0.028369635343551636,
0.011042396537959576,
0.04040836542844772,
-0.08185064047574997,
-0.03087887540459633,
-0.005906563252210617,
-0.05341723561286926,
0.02811278961598873,
-0.035694751888513565,
0.0007518708589486778,
0.08181320130825043,
0.013151302002370358,
0.004091351293027401,
-0.030183136463165283,
-0.004013664089143276,
-0.023424070328474045,
-0.003690281417220831,
-0.02290460281074047,
0.03493400290608406,
0.02561151050031185,
0.0212726928293705,
-0.02496255561709404,
-0.03373103588819504,
0.02160830609500408,
-0.02307034470140934,
0.03728685900568962,
0.008087510243058205,
0.014846709556877613,
-0.024505911394953728,
-0.0522160641849041,
-0.01858469285070896,
0.0014204138424247503,
0.06447181105613708,
0.03334147483110428,
0.02075444534420967,
0.0346713550388813,
0.04654945433139801,
0.024569205939769745,
-0.00002763893826340791,
-0.009041305631399155,
0.0201389342546463,
-0.036078549921512604,
0.05435143783688545,
0.015760796144604683,
0.027507733553647995,
0.007685961201786995,
-0.037369631230831146,
0.0074983518570661545,
0.02641078643500805,
-0.013214032165706158,
-0.024052899330854416,
0.0012123854830861092,
0.014621397480368614,
-0.051083505153656006,
-0.04664391279220581,
-0.009883747436106205,
-0.04323030635714531,
0.0009318066877312958,
0.018312577158212662,
-0.004264635965228081,
-0.0020751815754920244,
-0.05918999761343002,
0.022162679582834244,
0.020144503563642502,
-0.032630354166030884,
-0.014515924267470837,
0.02106795832514763,
0.07153203338384628,
-0.005871887784451246,
-0.008274874649941921,
0.04222114384174347,
-0.008068451657891273,
0.015522335655987263,
0.0007216982776299119,
-0.029140368103981018,
-0.044110577553510666,
-0.05519482120871544,
-0.008982121013104916,
0.04384921118617058,
-0.02864081785082817,
-0.03342476487159729,
0.021962640807032585,
-0.004215391352772713,
0.002510153455659747,
0.0006588812684640288,
-0.012046311981976032,
0.06172690540552139,
-0.006400635465979576,
-0.004801752977073193,
-0.0301731675863266,
-0.011487968266010284,
0.008386636152863503,
-0.0013131467858329415,
0.011879026889801025,
-0.05152858421206474,
-0.014945530332624912,
-0.05700020119547844,
-0.018320459872484207,
-0.015018037520349026,
0.019398942589759827,
-0.018511926755309105,
-0.04345230385661125,
0.002534742234274745,
0.04908818379044533,
-0.05276908725500107,
0.0051660980097949505,
0.06273855268955231,
-0.06367436051368713,
0.028944797813892365,
0.048436738550662994,
0.0044806720688939095,
0.005092073697596788,
-0.010111917741596699,
0.008149584755301476,
-0.050074584782123566,
0.003997638821601868,
0.04989331215620041,
0.0036331983283162117,
-0.010317194275557995,
-0.048033878207206726,
-0.02055536024272442,
0.007795536890625954,
0.0055249836295843124,
-0.0004358038422651589,
-0.025298040360212326,
-0.05069441348314285,
0.010191189125180244,
0.04361846297979355,
-0.005446756258606911,
0.036476198583841324,
0.026188502088189125,
-0.03451128676533699,
0.005042328033596277,
-0.029254771769046783,
-0.0035015225876122713,
0.03214338794350624,
-0.015590823255479336,
-0.023090168833732605,
-0.03266308456659317,
0.017450867220759392,
0.018704194575548172,
0.03449336811900139,
0.007667993661016226,
0.016308242455124855,
-0.02933036908507347,
0.014723856002092361,
0.03472209349274635,
0.04618345946073532,
0.01824910379946232,
-0.009176970459520817,
0.020430587232112885,
0.02071405202150345,
0.010039989836513996,
-0.005966105964034796,
-0.01038404181599617,
-0.01130429282784462,
0.05410969257354736,
-0.007108434569090605,
-0.03551538661122322,
-0.06614955514669418,
-0.032058995217084885,
0.003774673445150256,
-0.004248042590916157,
0.022382786497473717,
-0.05301385372877121,
0.06337638944387436,
0.0037776713725179434,
0.04060643911361694,
-0.04413188248872757,
-0.025549326092004776,
0.05172942206263542,
-0.04735765978693962,
0.02899871952831745,
-0.038261957466602325,
-0.008220150135457516,
0.030626606196165085,
-0.03242087364196777,
0.008422545157372952,
-0.014623279683291912,
-0.026020381599664688,
0.06416779011487961,
-0.037363987416028976,
-0.04704459756612778,
0.032983168959617615,
-0.00882762111723423,
0.00086022267350927,
0.01985820196568966,
-0.04256710782647133,
-0.008150776848196983,
-0.0814460813999176,
-0.05731761083006859,
-0.0012681130319833755,
0.011624886654317379,
0.04242273047566414,
0.015090093947947025,
0.019327551126480103,
-0.002716239308938384,
0.02227662317454815,
0.030307745561003685,
0.07405707240104675,
0.010915006510913372,
0.019212665036320686,
-0.043579161167144775,
0.09915827214717865,
0.04963838309049606,
0.020782126113772392,
0.008075261488556862,
0.015993978828191757,
0.01122354157269001,
-0.05663411691784859,
0.015281101688742638,
-0.025733208283782005,
-0.010800239630043507,
-0.09060811996459961,
0.03829260170459747,
0.010230544954538345,
-0.043166425079107285,
0.010122042149305344,
0.037352096289396286,
-0.054147083312273026,
-0.006414120085537434,
0.009207024239003658,
-0.0011284907814115286,
0.0353023000061512,
0.046670328825712204,
0.005496337544173002,
0.07145553082227707,
0.0675569698214531,
0.01271606795489788,
-0.008580075576901436,
0.017771873623132706,
0.07540079951286316,
0.08858966082334518,
0.014903649687767029,
-0.01727236993610859,
0.07871682196855545,
-0.012169282883405685,
-0.02488546445965767,
0.02198253944516182,
0.0019278405234217644,
-0.016187304630875587,
-0.05025984346866608,
0.04690775275230408,
0.06525246053934097,
0.008332190103828907,
0.05664338916540146,
-0.04642397165298462,
-0.012683837674558163,
0.07049902528524399,
-0.0019297947874292731,
-0.0003024950565304607,
0.025464877486228943,
0.06948912143707275,
-0.0004366696230135858,
0.001330091035924852,
-0.009883369319140911,
-0.018616165965795517,
-0.030203675851225853,
0.005619078874588013,
-0.007562209386378527,
-0.012798347510397434,
0.025446733459830284,
-0.02093670144677162,
0.029567785561084747,
0.08931154012680054,
-0.03623886778950691,
-0.03524347394704819,
-0.0010598672088235617,
0.015983380377292633,
-0.002709407126531005,
0.030278239399194717,
-0.004957794211804867,
0.01676768995821476,
-0.007001021411269903,
-0.02389807254076004,
0.018187398090958595,
0.007865487597882748,
0.054804638028144836,
0.01236184872686863,
-0.02270224131643772,
-0.01909394934773445,
0.0035149676259607077,
0.025900334119796753,
-0.0460599884390831,
-0.050345662981271744,
-0.033013347536325455,
-0.04641719162464142,
-0.049779217690229416,
-0.03307615965604782,
0.010828383266925812,
-0.028527408838272095,
-0.03576043248176575,
-0.010491662658751011,
0.00005160676664672792,
0.026296572759747505,
-0.02645307220518589,
-0.026199141517281532,
-0.00776291498914361,
0.04462567716836929,
0.014095451682806015,
-0.022006196901202202,
0.056824490427970886,
0.029522880911827087,
-0.03528372570872307,
-0.027643730863928795,
0.05190950632095337,
-0.03505100682377815,
0.015993541106581688,
-0.020094089210033417,
-0.04302327707409859,
-0.10105538368225098,
-0.003168324939906597,
0.015142228454351425,
-0.005620851647108793,
-0.09473061561584473,
0.029500287026166916,
-0.0051099867559969425,
0.009879985824227333,
0.06390491873025894,
-0.016225023195147514,
-0.008988887071609497,
-0.03310174494981766,
-0.01565062813460827,
-0.032638970762491226,
-0.012485762126743793,
0.0768565833568573,
-0.030447259545326233,
0.027622995898127556,
0.04226580262184143,
-0.008809056133031845,
-0.023581786081194878,
0.03275628387928009,
-0.018499616533517838,
0.026339540258049965,
-0.002492954023182392,
-0.03546612709760666,
-0.02368493191897869,
-0.11205726861953735,
-0.003165754722431302,
0.029434684664011,
-0.015761910006403923,
-0.032977763563394547,
0.006270064972341061,
-0.012751915492117405,
0.006155407056212425,
-0.025193750858306885,
0.00018679031927604228,
-0.03523026406764984,
-0.03350202739238739,
-0.02968437597155571,
-0.05920736864209175,
-0.014578702859580517,
-0.03407077118754387,
-0.0018925076583400369,
-0.03519551083445549,
-0.026467526331543922,
0.0017046830616891384,
0.005318507086485624,
0.021015334874391556,
0.008172386325895786,
0.021030843257904053,
0.002487995894625783
] |
3,411
|
How Much is Unseen Depends Chiefly on Information About the Seen
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=uqWM9hBDAE
|
[
"Seongmin Lee",
"Marcel Boehme"
] |
Spotlight
|
The *missing mass* refers to the proportion of data points in an *unknown* population of classifier inputs that belong to classes *not* present in the classifier's training data, which is assumed to be a random sample from that unknown population.
We find that *in expectation* the missing mass is entirely determined by the number $f_k$ of classes that *do* appear in the training data the same number of times *and an exponentially decaying error*.
While this is the first precise characterization of the expected missing mass in terms of the sample, the induced estimator suffers from an impractically high variance. However, our theory suggests a large search space of nearly unbiased estimators that can be searched effectively and efficiently. Hence, we cast distribution-free estimation as an optimization problem to find a distribution-specific estimator with a minimized mean-squared error (MSE), given only the sample.
In our experiments, our search algorithm discovers estimators that have a substantially smaller MSE than the state-of-the-art Good-Turing estimator. This holds for over 93\% of runs when there are at least as many samples as classes. Our estimators' MSE is roughly 80\% of the Good-Turing estimator's.
|
Good-Turing frequency estimation, Multinomial probability estimation, Unseen events, Missing mass, Probability mass
|
Given a random sample from an unknown multinomial distribution, we develop a distribution-free methodology to generate a distribution-specific estimator for the proportion of data that belong to classes not observed in the training sample.
| 10,263
|
2402.05835
|
[
-0.023863961920142174,
0.00010281514551024884,
-0.006554207764565945,
0.03544716536998749,
0.04426237568259239,
0.05711356922984123,
0.03726913779973984,
-0.004292564932256937,
-0.06758268177509308,
-0.01579749956727028,
-0.011786743998527527,
0.024671228602528572,
-0.04022296518087387,
-0.016586553305387497,
-0.002855266211554408,
0.06295739114284515,
0.06059504300355911,
0.012981348671019077,
-0.0027554857078939676,
0.0339740552008152,
-0.009520246647298336,
-0.01768595725297928,
0.04529153183102608,
0.01788998395204544,
0.0163255725055933,
0.010829967446625233,
0.047920744866132736,
-0.006090679205954075,
-0.04605875536799431,
0.0012119393795728683,
0.023959312587976456,
0.01843646727502346,
0.013718759641051292,
-0.016270017251372337,
0.006828559562563896,
0.0009988417150452733,
-0.006119164172559977,
0.027001263573765755,
0.01595764420926571,
0.05681164562702179,
-0.046636439859867096,
0.005562575533986092,
-0.042427096515893936,
0.05741388723254204,
-0.09060525894165039,
0.010554506443440914,
-0.09137824922800064,
0.007998487912118435,
-0.019154587760567665,
-0.04062956944108009,
-0.06789105385541916,
0.02825997583568096,
0.012073257006704807,
-0.0024269733112305403,
-0.006311595905572176,
0.031283870339393616,
0.03511640056967735,
-0.05163859203457832,
-0.02340821921825409,
-0.04836035147309303,
-0.01097952201962471,
0.007128681056201458,
0.0009511925163678825,
-0.01813308335840702,
-0.021008187904953957,
-0.03268055245280266,
0.040576040744781494,
0.04444162920117378,
-0.03236226737499237,
-0.03888024389743805,
-0.021249685436487198,
-0.038965485990047455,
-0.001019929419271648,
-0.007073767948895693,
-0.01365884393453598,
-0.020643746480345726,
0.02366425096988678,
0.01609416864812374,
0.05970224365592003,
-0.014126348309218884,
0.000053145755373407155,
-0.010687775909900665,
0.04204617440700531,
0.030893143266439438,
0.016025258228182793,
-0.020906781777739525,
-0.035188425332307816,
-0.015252325683832169,
-0.061443887650966644,
0.06500052660703659,
-0.000728853337932378,
-0.04393792897462845,
0.04115888476371765,
0.027026567608118057,
0.03190997242927551,
0.0007659213151782751,
0.041587792336940765,
-0.003732443554326892,
0.0013294906821101904,
-0.03835953399538994,
-0.035356007516384125,
-0.033534709364175797,
0.0009357198723591864,
0.021389255300164223,
-0.09968999028205872,
-0.04720344394445419,
0.002430615248158574,
-0.011508594267070293,
-0.007983453571796417,
0.0189829021692276,
-0.029743393883109093,
-0.015286894515156746,
-0.026832345873117447,
-0.025734398514032364,
-0.08077218383550644,
0.03851893171668053,
-0.023857764899730682,
-0.0022158450447022915,
0.011205733753740788,
-0.014411925338208675,
0.016901595517992973,
0.08028155565261841,
-0.015781734138727188,
0.06159941479563713,
-0.007709462195634842,
0.03707026317715645,
0.05258815735578537,
0.044277552515268326,
-0.018007522448897362,
-0.02171599119901657,
0.005647748243063688,
0.0460507795214653,
0.030651433393359184,
0.02492700144648552,
0.02869182638823986,
-0.007834921590983868,
0.0022433632984757423,
-0.0019256967352703214,
0.03434595838189125,
0.0037041804753243923,
-0.005316442809998989,
-0.0166306272149086,
0.026573961600661278,
0.011886761523783207,
0.03692353516817093,
-0.04737535119056702,
0.009431639686226845,
-0.040040772408246994,
-0.0455494225025177,
0.0156570915132761,
0.00564980274066329,
0.0015602371422573924,
-0.005242199171334505,
-0.05236385017633438,
0.01793576218187809,
0.01389725599437952,
-0.015658043324947357,
0.01557139027863741,
0.006386268883943558,
0.00249409768730402,
0.024274002760648727,
0.010875548236072063,
0.0259260144084692,
0.0198349766433239,
-0.012459211982786655,
-0.04328653961420059,
0.07949686050415039,
0.028100116178393364,
-0.01909618079662323,
0.0015042576706036925,
-0.057885535061359406,
-0.04233359917998314,
0.06152466684579849,
0.012309991754591465,
-0.03397660329937935,
0.005374828819185495,
0.06319453567266464,
0.044677283614873886,
0.05675957351922989,
0.02298329770565033,
-0.09008108079433441,
0.01698732003569603,
0.024631131440401077,
-0.0050287628546357155,
0.005360232200473547,
-0.030264360830187798,
0.07233452051877975,
-0.003182588843628764,
0.01143457368016243,
-0.0018762284889817238,
-0.06395910680294037,
-0.00729254400357604,
0.03058941476047039,
-0.02878849394619465,
0.06449316442012787,
0.012466222047805786,
-0.0231453999876976,
0.022007474675774574,
0.007172688841819763,
0.0405658558011055,
0.041312798857688904,
-0.009833955205976963,
0.04325246810913086,
0.018446825444698334,
-0.045215848833322525,
0.007640503346920013,
0.03925958648324013,
-0.052614305168390274,
-0.018097184598445892,
0.027937084436416626,
-0.03384064510464668,
-0.004644918255507946,
0.010277682915329933,
-0.005021379794925451,
-0.0024733052123337984,
0.04375571012496948,
-0.005652222316712141,
-0.02278519980609417,
0.012131674215197563,
-0.05283382907509804,
0.014287533238530159,
0.06205299496650696,
-0.012034484185278416,
0.029652347788214684,
-0.03520948067307472,
0.08335743099451065,
0.07679156213998795,
-0.047806266695261,
0.0021175506990402937,
0.02509716898202896,
0.01495366357266903,
-0.035163331776857376,
0.0018491852097213268,
0.016155855730175972,
-0.01355417538434267,
-0.0004339778970461339,
-0.011584693565964699,
-0.0673602893948555,
0.06779466569423676,
-0.05049332231283188,
-0.010984765365719795,
0.06788499653339386,
-0.019775984808802605,
0.06607379764318466,
-0.011404477059841156,
0.012237013317644596,
0.05341674014925957,
0.0008841673261485994,
-0.03565111383795738,
-0.01426888071000576,
-0.01191625650972128,
0.0037918684538453817,
-0.007450308185070753,
-0.02964741364121437,
0.013625417836010456,
-0.050627823919057846,
-0.012318179942667484,
-0.029121309518814087,
0.07328006625175476,
0.036194298416376114,
0.014628587290644646,
0.033264562487602234,
0.00008008078293642029,
-0.023899629712104797,
-0.008176248520612717,
-0.12064126133918762,
-0.036427319049835205,
-0.01417140755802393,
0.07053942233324051,
0.005046595353633165,
0.039240121841430664,
-0.03908909484744072,
0.00008421226812060922,
-0.004510099068284035,
0.017302628606557846,
0.01579829677939415,
0.03608519211411476,
-0.0070210108533501625,
-0.05725329741835594,
-0.00788180623203516,
-0.004086876288056374,
0.08794604241847992,
-0.04352419450879097,
-0.0031311872880905867,
-0.001455205725505948,
-0.05130121484398842,
-0.02911791391670704,
-0.03841876983642578,
-0.03314327448606491,
0.03035949170589447,
-0.00215130508877337,
0.0008408035500906408,
-0.007892410270869732,
-0.017913060262799263,
0.04748433455824852,
0.038691651076078415,
0.03134645149111748,
0.009458746761083603,
0.010350719094276428,
0.018020588904619217,
-0.007256331387907267,
0.046818435192108154,
-0.03807492554187775,
0.0035272417590022087,
-0.011729879304766655,
-0.008197872899472713,
0.04851438105106354,
0.03491351380944252,
-0.2776809632778168,
0.01333596557378769,
0.050318267196416855,
0.007513483986258507,
-0.0025298132095485926,
-0.02141604758799076,
0.018310334533452988,
-0.0012905765324831009,
-0.028642665594816208,
0.016477514058351517,
0.033164337277412415,
0.002991022076457739,
0.005097748711705208,
0.08431518822908401,
0.04434441030025482,
0.015778811648488045,
0.04896462708711624,
-0.009994314052164555,
0.018799839541316032,
0.04817299544811249,
-0.01738823764026165,
-0.06938085705041885,
0.016996487975120544,
0.04388250410556793,
-0.024676403030753136,
0.07598602771759033,
-0.08053195476531982,
-0.02993226796388626,
-0.06402209401130676,
0.014405841939151287,
-0.023926807567477226,
-0.011692247353494167,
-0.03457620367407799,
0.0154871866106987,
0.027161503210663795,
-0.033037688583135605,
0.02568715438246727,
-0.003368938807398081,
-0.010541347786784172,
0.05824706330895424,
-0.005858256947249174,
-0.016338665038347244,
-0.025632746517658234,
0.008693569339811802,
0.044880080968141556,
0.02184663712978363,
-0.052793700248003006,
-0.020333923399448395,
-0.01539570838212967,
0.032519906759262085,
0.006749122869223356,
-0.04265015944838524,
-0.03469417616724968,
0.023970574140548706,
0.004642866086214781,
-0.010738808661699295,
-0.017339713871479034,
-0.015524936839938164,
-0.044372446835041046,
0.02102830819785595,
0.018188444897532463,
-0.014232737012207508,
-0.009022440761327744,
-0.030324095860123634,
-0.018391955643892288,
-0.03015660122036934,
-0.08784729242324829,
-0.024639315903186798,
0.0420934222638607,
0.010973038151860237,
-0.011221433989703655,
0.008969331160187721,
-0.025495458394289017,
-0.08371603488922119,
0.005342697724699974,
-0.012658311985433102,
-0.024170028045773506,
0.027993980795145035,
-0.036280807107686996,
0.04034223034977913,
-0.044892068952322006,
-0.04658833146095276,
0.04443780705332756,
0.010700372979044914,
0.01040258165448904,
-0.046361759305000305,
-0.02860860899090767,
-0.008218777365982533,
-0.014684495516121387,
-0.00996271800249815,
0.02782363072037697,
-0.008248893544077873,
0.032435011118650436,
0.000013694480003323406,
0.04843353480100632,
0.05101393908262253,
0.05323108658194542,
0.05108761414885521,
0.03820391744375229,
0.03750990331172943,
0.03359377011656761,
-0.06802121549844742,
-0.014706496149301529,
-0.04386589676141739,
-0.021838627755641937,
0.0006694343755953014,
-0.014522072859108448,
-0.021854547783732414,
0.059934601187705994,
-0.05490889772772789,
-0.001518849516287446,
-0.07375170290470123,
-0.062197547405958176,
-0.011469763703644276,
0.008354898542165756,
0.003948601894080639,
-0.008283347822725773,
0.016397083178162575,
0.026337573304772377,
0.001513698953203857,
0.007724029943346977,
0.048554614186286926,
-0.03636914864182472,
0.012608123011887074,
-0.020872216671705246,
-0.04769131541252136,
0.010022608563303947,
-0.0019765961915254593,
-0.009710609912872314,
-0.03303922340273857,
0.0459546260535717,
0.04880458489060402,
-0.0012892124941572547,
-0.0020216547418385744,
0.056062981486320496,
0.04746832698583603,
-0.009870033711194992,
0.006881239358335733,
-0.00013978716742713004,
-0.04042363911867142,
0.039918020367622375,
-0.024376684799790382,
0.033718157559633255,
0.06578207015991211,
0.08813317865133286,
-0.0019451748812571168,
-0.0011520173866301775,
0.0019866942893713713,
0.01574505865573883,
-0.03544445335865021,
0.04139859229326248,
-0.05553346127271652,
0.008083844557404518,
-0.04668843001127243,
-0.007942423224449158,
0.0033632938284426928,
0.018819253891706467,
0.013027017004787922,
-0.007563346065580845,
-0.05381730571389198,
0.04502297192811966,
-0.007362190168350935,
-0.022597458213567734,
0.001494145835749805,
-0.0029734214767813683,
0.058372460305690765,
-0.005867383908480406,
-0.008127959445118904,
0.032414842396974564,
0.0532306432723999,
0.024506716057658195,
-0.05657271295785904,
-0.017088377848267555,
0.01961921900510788,
-0.01612814888358116,
-0.04211641103029251,
0.0038004142697900534,
-0.00905959028750658,
-0.04571762681007385,
0.023595355451107025,
-0.01051172986626625,
-0.022720515727996826,
-0.004497425630688667,
0.012610592879354954,
0.05245925113558769,
0.005401667207479477,
-0.017526309937238693,
0.002577736508101225,
-0.02878226339817047,
0.012303488329052925,
-0.039323750883340836,
-0.012154140509665012,
0.00103001540992409,
-0.04456872493028641,
-0.02247486263513565,
-0.05219405144453049,
-0.001385705079883337,
0.0441211573779583,
0.005123613402247429,
0.002432564040645957,
0.019931504502892494,
0.009026720188558102,
-0.026034070178866386,
0.00820899661630392,
0.05513162910938263,
-0.08091498911380768,
0.02375800348818302,
0.04270210862159729,
-0.0289877038449049,
0.04434208571910858,
-0.056704867631196976,
-0.021998731419444084,
-0.050632040947675705,
0.022176623344421387,
0.030521469190716743,
-0.05344622954726219,
-0.0435912199318409,
0.02435280755162239,
0.02529498189687729,
-0.02576662413775921,
-0.011494950391352177,
0.028553050011396408,
-0.007467491086572409,
-0.013904090039432049,
-0.00035142627893947065,
0.016572600230574608,
-0.001099820714443922,
-0.04619335010647774,
0.0031403633765876293,
-0.01488183718174696,
-0.023987170308828354,
-0.04332864657044411,
0.01181496400386095,
0.05712556838989258,
0.014569267630577087,
0.00011679421731969342,
-0.006241492461413145,
0.017322881147265434,
-0.04027625173330307,
-0.023092743009328842,
-0.019078323617577553,
0.007373560685664415,
-0.041132602840662,
0.025222066789865494,
-0.020089149475097656,
0.03211287409067154,
-0.0030236958991736174,
-0.04026332497596741,
0.01849699392914772,
0.019134938716888428,
0.026592997834086418,
0.028000276535749435,
-0.05564549192786217,
-0.004900364205241203,
0.06222406402230263,
-0.0074544623494148254,
-0.03918423503637314,
-0.06693624705076218,
-0.011884300969541073,
0.04570668935775757,
0.00813013594597578,
0.008662188425660133,
0.0016572453314438462,
0.022070784121751785,
0.018534347414970398,
0.04283037781715393,
-0.02125643379986286,
-0.01607963815331459,
0.05517764389514923,
-0.08838804811239243,
0.021746156737208366,
-0.07337139546871185,
-0.031416602432727814,
0.08870690315961838,
-0.00882455799728632,
0.033038605004549026,
0.00625893659889698,
-0.012283943593502045,
0.02722931280732155,
-0.022417321801185608,
-0.06678660959005356,
0.011992678046226501,
-0.015424391254782677,
-0.01118403673171997,
0.017796991392970085,
-0.027085166424512863,
-0.01209773775190115,
-0.009961194358766079,
-0.059950634837150574,
0.015077945776283741,
-0.005403602495789528,
0.04366994649171829,
0.014491061680018902,
-0.011727293021976948,
-0.020677698776125908,
0.0017975631635636091,
-0.003523024497553706,
0.06891411542892456,
0.04684121161699295,
0.007754396181553602,
-0.05564051866531372,
0.05974990501999855,
0.04104200750589371,
-0.02772158570587635,
-0.01522575132548809,
-0.009986966848373413,
-0.016843486577272415,
-0.052480779588222504,
0.01030009239912033,
-0.026594098657369614,
-0.02277553454041481,
-0.05864283815026283,
0.04399650916457176,
0.009677774272859097,
-0.06198905035853386,
-0.0626765638589859,
0.018651705235242844,
-0.052694592624902725,
0.029599981382489204,
-0.0007081812946125865,
-0.008118552155792713,
-0.030449973419308662,
0.06897439807653427,
0.037383195012807846,
0.04000203311443329,
0.05241118371486664,
-0.0002587279013823718,
0.011685030534863472,
-0.019778963178396225,
0.0629335343837738,
0.0764688104391098,
0.039188556373119354,
-0.001408057869412005,
0.06945662200450897,
-0.05185386538505554,
-0.04488902911543846,
0.015418187715113163,
-0.010220297612249851,
-0.026115834712982178,
-0.010644226334989071,
-0.00429289136081934,
0.05648935213685036,
0.021677518263459206,
0.04797769710421562,
-0.065642349421978,
0.011467278003692627,
0.03280586749315262,
0.014391693286597729,
0.02984703704714775,
0.040643155574798584,
-0.00297655095346272,
-0.002347545465454459,
-0.02890142984688282,
-0.014909719116985798,
-0.017853282392024994,
-0.023617686703801155,
0.006311507895588875,
-0.00031725646113045514,
-0.0010457683820277452,
-0.021795282140374184,
-0.023781582713127136,
0.04192834347486496,
0.11258286982774734,
-0.02125873975455761,
-0.05023771896958351,
0.006572372745722532,
0.025952454656362534,
0.016833314672112465,
0.04866009205579758,
-0.006258749403059483,
-0.018552247434854507,
0.0007388291996903718,
-0.037216946482658386,
0.043862901628017426,
0.008646054193377495,
0.008351058699190617,
0.01913437992334366,
-0.06181781738996506,
-0.01531089749187231,
-0.01979968510568142,
0.039625078439712524,
-0.03649596869945526,
-0.019561512395739555,
-0.008105860091745853,
-0.018600093200802803,
-0.02716032788157463,
-0.0031194910407066345,
0.029426639899611473,
0.02049168385565281,
-0.004790076520293951,
-0.00983019731938839,
-0.04162474721670151,
0.01267765462398529,
0.03034551441669464,
-0.07860255986452103,
-0.02460608445107937,
0.049647025763988495,
-0.010985351167619228,
0.006662178784608841,
0.010221696458756924,
0.021670706570148468,
-0.005801744759082794,
-0.0029967501759529114,
0.048007771372795105,
-0.02330467477440834,
0.01862577348947525,
-0.023015718907117844,
0.0037688070442527533,
-0.0777764543890953,
0.030765077099204063,
0.012353283353149891,
-0.05646241456270218,
-0.0787518173456192,
0.030382776632905006,
-0.02994670532643795,
0.01718483678996563,
0.050656598061323166,
-0.014168432913720608,
-0.002265196293592453,
-0.03198453038930893,
-0.028150970116257668,
-0.005635735113173723,
0.005303051322698593,
0.03059416264295578,
-0.022292567417025566,
0.05900178477168083,
0.025795258581638336,
-0.0036584120243787766,
-0.04616184160113335,
0.03256557509303093,
-0.03585381060838699,
-0.009773802943527699,
-0.034160226583480835,
-0.013541835360229015,
-0.01809343881905079,
-0.08302464336156845,
-0.020483022555708885,
0.015114872716367245,
-0.03190520778298378,
-0.029999081045389175,
0.017743457108736038,
-0.017850056290626526,
-0.024714495986700058,
0.016802119091153145,
-0.01725125126540661,
-0.030911089852452278,
-0.042360834777355194,
-0.03644577041268349,
-0.056970540434122086,
0.019846443086862564,
-0.029022397473454475,
-0.01804414764046669,
-0.02825719676911831,
-0.03954765200614929,
-0.010126346722245216,
-0.022999918088316917,
0.08055886626243591,
0.05398446321487427,
-0.005747099407017231,
-0.005126184318214655
] |
3,412
|
Harnessing Diversity for Important Data Selection in Pretraining Large Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=bMC1t7eLRc
|
[
"Chi Zhang",
"Huaping Zhong",
"Kuan Zhang",
"Chengliang Chai",
"Rui Wang",
"Xinlin Zhuang",
"Tianyi Bai",
"Qiu Jiantao",
"Lei Cao",
"Ju Fan",
"Ye Yuan",
"Guoren Wang",
"Conghui He"
] |
Spotlight
|
Data selection is of great significance in pretraining large language models, given the variation in quality within the large-scale available training corpora.
To achieve this, researchers are currently investigating the use of data influence to measure the importance of data instances, $i.e.,$ a high influence score indicates that incorporating this instance to the training set is likely to enhance the model performance. Consequently, they select the top-$k$ instances with the highest scores. However, this approach has several limitations.
(1) Calculating the accurate influence of all available data is time-consuming.
(2) The selected data instances are not diverse enough, which may hinder the pretrained model's ability to generalize effectively to various downstream tasks.
In this paper, we introduce $\texttt{Quad}$, a data selection approach that considers both quality and diversity by using data influence to achieve state-of-the-art pretraining results.
To compute the influence ($i.e.,$ the quality) more accurately and efficiently, we incorporate the attention layers to capture more semantic details, which can be accelerated through the Kronecker product.
For the diversity, $\texttt{Quad}$ clusters the dataset into similar data instances within each cluster and diverse instances across different clusters. For each cluster, if we opt to select data from it, we take some samples to evaluate the influence to prevent processing all instances. Overall, we favor clusters with highly influential instances (ensuring high quality) or clusters that have been selected less frequently (ensuring diversity), thereby well balancing between quality and diversity. Experiments on Slimpajama and FineWeb over 7B large language models demonstrate that $\texttt{Quad}$ significantly outperforms other data selection methods with a low FLOPs consumption. Further analysis also validates the effectiveness of our influence calculation.
|
LLMs, data selection, influence function, diversity
| null | 10,241
|
2409.16986
|
[
-0.01246471144258976,
-0.05938071012496948,
-0.004515243228524923,
0.06336279213428497,
0.03921623155474663,
0.033893734216690063,
0.023648889735341072,
0.0012493693502619863,
-0.006450297310948372,
-0.02914487011730671,
-0.04986726865172386,
0.030719641596078873,
-0.06740310043096542,
-0.010167638771235943,
-0.010906570591032505,
0.05359771475195885,
0.062134016305208206,
-0.0019122011726722121,
0.027504220604896545,
0.0246843583881855,
0.013020172715187073,
-0.021337294951081276,
0.03749338537454605,
0.01278399582952261,
0.04874197393655777,
-0.008095490746200085,
0.014740589074790478,
-0.005517665762454271,
-0.032671913504600525,
-0.0021982791367918253,
0.035071879625320435,
-0.005650612059980631,
-0.009959316812455654,
0.004738583229482174,
0.0071847084909677505,
-0.006349500734359026,
-0.03326974809169769,
0.006849749479442835,
0.014399881474673748,
0.013818089850246906,
-0.03363369405269623,
0.016076168045401573,
0.004653242416679859,
0.018068384379148483,
-0.06390939652919769,
-0.006983229424804449,
-0.11494329571723938,
0.019993219524621964,
0.036585040390491486,
-0.01591740921139717,
-0.10317953675985336,
0.028475945815443993,
0.0011930896434932947,
-0.014860874973237514,
0.011665240861475468,
0.04242774844169617,
0.03124264068901539,
-0.08804292976856232,
0.013859485276043415,
-0.01905573531985283,
-0.032973408699035645,
0.022480521351099014,
-0.012639258988201618,
0.014730927534401417,
0.033356912434101105,
-0.031877364963293076,
-0.025606025010347366,
0.03151330351829529,
-0.04660790041089058,
-0.038151755928993225,
-0.006775052286684513,
0.0036540417931973934,
-0.018888933584094048,
0.012823108583688736,
0.0021692970767617226,
-0.03077074885368347,
0.00857335515320301,
0.05296165123581886,
0.0625319853425026,
0.014054396189749241,
0.0007245386950671673,
0.0015428806655108929,
0.008159331977367401,
0.02069059945642948,
0.014861688949167728,
-0.024974649772047997,
-0.02829710952937603,
-0.04456770420074463,
-0.0758967325091362,
0.030662918463349342,
0.005110600031912327,
-0.04950842633843422,
0.02692059986293316,
0.020469969138503075,
0.015164208598434925,
0.028900986537337303,
0.02238701842725277,
0.0058138989843428135,
-0.011746504344046116,
0.00643613887950778,
-0.04112207144498825,
-0.014341446571052074,
0.026127280667424202,
0.021119261160492897,
-0.14047086238861084,
-0.04327908530831337,
-0.015229420736432076,
-0.0005332506261765957,
0.004735568538308144,
0.021768085658550262,
-0.012995164841413498,
-0.03285502269864082,
0.011085974983870983,
-0.015655655413866043,
-0.07304852455854416,
0.03788362443447113,
-0.020554643124341965,
0.016919905319809914,
0.009350184351205826,
0.0018692804733291268,
0.04493427276611328,
0.043827157467603683,
-0.007112873252481222,
0.07834582775831223,
-0.020400183275341988,
0.014997757971286774,
0.0292676854878664,
0.03582591563463211,
-0.04798543453216553,
-0.025881530717015266,
0.020453907549381256,
0.029109595343470573,
0.013135477900505066,
0.007550687063485384,
-0.007115851156413555,
-0.007840371690690517,
-0.005915271583944559,
0.039333611726760864,
0.0708189457654953,
0.01553250104188919,
0.006829947233200073,
-0.012892601080238819,
0.009523569606244564,
0.000033555210393387824,
0.04452860727906227,
-0.012288331985473633,
-0.06693960726261139,
-0.020725931972265244,
-0.03043588437139988,
-0.01918688416481018,
0.03405860438942909,
0.003556240815669298,
0.03863195329904556,
-0.05795489624142647,
0.031647201627492905,
0.07148120552301407,
0.002254744525998831,
0.02764161303639412,
0.003072872292250395,
0.028972091153264046,
0.029963767156004906,
0.00940732192248106,
-0.031720757484436035,
-0.013155307620763779,
-0.0047449273988604546,
-0.05989959090948105,
0.036709628999233246,
0.02321712300181389,
-0.03984377160668373,
0.016381192952394485,
-0.04325568303465843,
-0.04830198362469673,
0.06875554472208023,
-0.027318399399518967,
0.00136260362342,
0.0016372869722545147,
0.04769224300980568,
-0.008614227175712585,
0.04426390305161476,
0.040335968136787415,
-0.07299096882343292,
0.045663442462682724,
0.005413911771029234,
0.007439666427671909,
0.023535946384072304,
-0.012761404737830162,
0.08513694256544113,
-0.019727841019630432,
0.00711807468906045,
0.020499739795923233,
-0.07511879503726959,
-0.033372990787029266,
0.014011893421411514,
-0.003947670571506023,
0.06303991377353668,
-0.005536727607250214,
0.024003442376852036,
0.05536847189068794,
0.022095704451203346,
0.0229437667876482,
0.06273431330919266,
-0.014401507563889027,
0.010842888616025448,
-0.023638099431991577,
-0.027866201475262642,
-0.0011914601782336831,
0.00344358803704381,
-0.05696297064423561,
-0.056344080716371536,
0.018196554854512215,
-0.0025226587895303965,
0.005255523137748241,
-0.0015125040663406253,
0.0086512491106987,
0.009785040281713009,
0.025868702679872513,
-0.00812335405498743,
-0.012134206481277943,
0.003920909948647022,
-0.05066143721342087,
0.06881704926490784,
0.026448970660567284,
-0.02255493588745594,
-0.001509475172497332,
-0.0361342690885067,
0.09109441190958023,
0.05530109629034996,
-0.002769053913652897,
-0.007265293970704079,
0.042440082877874374,
0.011936753988265991,
0.0248127281665802,
0.02800951525568962,
-0.011875375173985958,
0.01478622667491436,
-0.0296563059091568,
-0.014740855433046818,
-0.03419703245162964,
0.047011762857437134,
-0.04413114860653877,
-0.02044980227947235,
0.08045841008424759,
-0.036384306848049164,
0.05052410066127777,
0.0024374451022595167,
0.023115059360861778,
0.02324153110384941,
-0.012257382273674011,
-0.025145452469587326,
-0.05517704784870148,
-0.005941915791481733,
0.012591159902513027,
-0.024161681532859802,
-0.03302528336644173,
0.0013209303142502904,
-0.02385716512799263,
-0.015514693222939968,
-0.020529739558696747,
0.07260789722204208,
0.036746446043252945,
-0.004466534126549959,
0.007443034555763006,
0.012793929316103458,
-0.0397426001727581,
0.020076241344213486,
-0.09745914489030838,
-0.03436478227376938,
-0.046711213886737823,
0.005727480631321669,
-0.030644062906503677,
0.050601985305547714,
-0.02815108560025692,
0.00957090500742197,
-0.030769107863307,
-0.017277393490076065,
-0.001851581851951778,
0.022269899025559425,
-0.013893229886889458,
-0.028574813157320023,
-0.01164617482572794,
-0.02719588577747345,
0.07267291098833084,
-0.013945106416940689,
-0.043049152940511703,
-0.040902115404605865,
-0.02940964326262474,
-0.018105825409293175,
-0.0661950632929802,
-0.00730921421200037,
0.015758091583848,
0.02024574764072895,
0.02245684713125229,
-0.00804254598915577,
-0.01144806481897831,
0.06051388010382652,
0.062021560966968536,
0.03656160086393356,
0.014032521285116673,
-0.018970107659697533,
0.04252265766263008,
-0.026194175705313683,
0.04173066094517708,
-0.0030647763051092625,
0.011172548867762089,
-0.014011982828378677,
-0.0020266505889594555,
-0.01063709519803524,
0.019542379304766655,
-0.2737170457839966,
-0.028866611421108246,
0.0018906750483438373,
-0.009435668587684631,
0.01554855052381754,
-0.03129318729043007,
0.04172410070896149,
-0.01712418906390667,
-0.021243756636977196,
-0.007263038773089647,
0.0019490313716232777,
0.029187971726059914,
0.009278747253119946,
0.046341028064489365,
0.0397849902510643,
0.04909570887684822,
0.006397605873644352,
-0.002167502883821726,
-0.005222615320235491,
0.038666922599077225,
-0.002387866610661149,
-0.02341275103390217,
0.003726162249222398,
0.06571570038795471,
0.002212833147495985,
0.0726037546992302,
-0.07496893405914307,
0.02346584014594555,
-0.026356177404522896,
-0.003867323277518153,
0.03568784520030022,
-0.03548604995012283,
0.016338707879185677,
0.027415407821536064,
-0.00501648336648941,
-0.008673622272908688,
0.06829772889614105,
0.027310511097311974,
0.012193869799375534,
0.04889274016022682,
0.014572939835488796,
-0.02093508653342724,
-0.01644832454621792,
-0.0019084300147369504,
0.051827605813741684,
0.0076982006430625916,
-0.06374649703502655,
0.004773454740643501,
-0.011565796099603176,
0.044642508029937744,
-0.01041716430336237,
-0.0457635261118412,
-0.0502060241997242,
0.030600575730204582,
0.003023227909579873,
-0.008089112117886543,
0.019804099574685097,
-0.012672549113631248,
-0.013799034990370274,
-0.0011429964797571301,
0.003152586054056883,
-0.0619177483022213,
-0.021556159481406212,
-0.056783221662044525,
-0.027278488501906395,
-0.045258358120918274,
-0.08617733418941498,
-0.0566771924495697,
0.040969230234622955,
0.022023256868124008,
-0.033321015536785126,
0.049792271107435226,
0.026333849877119064,
-0.09745587408542633,
-0.00119128602091223,
-0.007535381708294153,
-0.020465299487113953,
-0.020479723811149597,
0.008825010620057583,
0.06561706960201263,
-0.03012801520526409,
-0.030407439917325974,
-0.0049599953927099705,
-0.01000235415995121,
0.024399010464549065,
-0.029439087957143784,
0.013802804984152317,
0.007740818429738283,
-0.022503932937979698,
-0.022138049826025963,
0.03578904643654823,
-0.0113963782787323,
0.0026718603912740946,
0.04272964596748352,
0.05214075371623039,
0.031300172209739685,
-0.0140738720074296,
0.058464016765356064,
0.009576444514095783,
0.004251475911587477,
0.03071555308997631,
-0.08879673480987549,
-0.019874338060617447,
-0.06657586246728897,
-0.00022513483418151736,
0.02464272454380989,
-0.06319507211446762,
-0.01842646487057209,
-0.0077887773513793945,
-0.01711530052125454,
0.0016373229445889592,
-0.04379924759268761,
-0.004874843172729015,
-0.022061139345169067,
0.02066630870103836,
-0.010841608047485352,
-0.005257716868072748,
0.03682878240942955,
0.028618978336453438,
-0.021469876170158386,
-0.014676601625978947,
0.020721575245261192,
-0.025023087859153748,
-0.012958084233105183,
0.0034851129166781902,
-0.037169188261032104,
0.01279184315353632,
-0.03558884188532829,
-0.039793264120817184,
-0.00032011038274504244,
0.007192697841674089,
0.02351834438741207,
-0.00817526038736105,
0.015816984698176384,
0.0434858500957489,
0.0010060792556032538,
0.00002269856122438796,
-0.007504771463572979,
0.014059527777135372,
-0.0067901029251515865,
0.007944571785628796,
0.009762139990925789,
0.01885347254574299,
0.03270232304930687,
0.05110878124833107,
-0.007768597919493914,
0.0020600575953722,
0.006960645783692598,
-0.012277324683964252,
-0.00905222911387682,
0.032094426453113556,
-0.03722703084349632,
-0.021102698519825935,
-0.013006352819502354,
-0.000826230098027736,
0.007685592398047447,
0.06828371435403824,
0.002475564368069172,
0.020550325512886047,
-0.062153931707143784,
0.05504028499126434,
-0.028759559616446495,
0.009705689735710621,
0.010040465742349625,
0.05795154720544815,
0.01947462372481823,
-0.02115797996520996,
0.010027055628597736,
0.0189905297011137,
0.022336194291710854,
0.0375974103808403,
-0.022020330652594566,
-0.04172326624393463,
-0.0045760320499539375,
0.003849363885819912,
-0.0012050013756379485,
-0.004454019479453564,
0.015711473301053047,
-0.01631150394678116,
0.05322860926389694,
0.013850901275873184,
-0.006487174425274134,
0.0035723410546779633,
0.021999556571245193,
0.08594571799039841,
0.050951458513736725,
0.0034771242644637823,
0.003921319264918566,
-0.02143097296357155,
0.040556155145168304,
-0.03560134023427963,
0.016276514157652855,
-0.001560417702421546,
-0.044105082750320435,
-0.028615130111575127,
-0.04597751423716545,
0.006807537283748388,
0.02318541146814823,
-0.021084768697619438,
-0.0014995225938037038,
-0.026319479569792747,
-0.02038472332060337,
-0.050007838755846024,
0.0005289760883897543,
0.030487101525068283,
-0.055533699691295624,
0.009542019106447697,
-0.00754602300003171,
-0.060272060334682465,
0.014429286122322083,
-0.01850597932934761,
-0.06268805265426636,
-0.06415749341249466,
-0.04409901052713394,
0.016804443672299385,
-0.038582224398851395,
-0.03650540113449097,
-0.029874570667743683,
0.023572105914354324,
-0.010960272513329983,
0.015226115472614765,
-0.003075785469263792,
0.0068896799348294735,
-0.014177837409079075,
-0.0009082012693397701,
0.05772445350885391,
-0.01578294299542904,
-0.01256248727440834,
0.017400210723280907,
-0.037135280668735504,
0.03285141661763191,
-0.04203208535909653,
0.016476048156619072,
0.06114465370774269,
-0.009109769016504288,
-0.003384755225852132,
-0.04902707040309906,
0.05188421532511711,
0.03632079064846039,
-0.007386224344372749,
-0.01798396371304989,
-0.014708630740642548,
-0.02327386476099491,
0.02283281460404396,
-0.03856463357806206,
0.004215847700834274,
-0.01294608786702156,
0.020624855533242226,
0.0023888482246547937,
0.01235831156373024,
0.018430696800351143,
0.03180081024765968,
-0.05054280906915665,
-0.006189830135554075,
0.059322748333215714,
-0.009405223652720451,
-0.026643963530659676,
-0.07943353056907654,
-0.06609129905700684,
0.004574284888803959,
0.002604519249871373,
0.021488405764102936,
-0.025923680514097214,
0.04374222084879875,
0.0172673799097538,
0.042591433972120285,
0.01359937060624361,
-0.0454360768198967,
0.029537418857216835,
-0.05243528261780739,
0.013420985080301762,
-0.08470530807971954,
-0.04184628650546074,
0.07841842621564865,
-0.03266465663909912,
-0.013090822845697403,
-0.02023124322295189,
-0.05448712408542633,
0.022391917183995247,
-0.01244774553924799,
-0.04957861453294754,
-0.011267446912825108,
-0.03992890939116478,
0.00853278860449791,
0.027247795835137367,
-0.04596517235040665,
-0.02120015397667885,
-0.0030674098525196314,
-0.031337443739175797,
-0.007289550267159939,
0.0052291713654994965,
0.06504727900028229,
-0.0303628109395504,
-0.0055049629881978035,
-0.04747239872813225,
0.001163105946034193,
0.02612866461277008,
0.05496956780552864,
0.013544362038373947,
0.016177775338292122,
-0.03268064558506012,
0.07933260500431061,
0.027450306341052055,
-0.008518228307366371,
-0.018293997272849083,
0.014966683462262154,
-0.0009377745445817709,
-0.06118137761950493,
0.03238238766789436,
0.0272014532238245,
-0.008472099900245667,
-0.03361595794558525,
0.09583605825901031,
0.0399644710123539,
-0.04405653849244118,
-0.03867746889591217,
0.015691809356212616,
-0.05520101636648178,
0.03658313304185867,
-0.022205378860235214,
-0.0030651406850665808,
-0.03299538791179657,
0.07201054692268372,
0.032708801329135895,
0.030270716175436974,
0.04810287058353424,
-0.012250383384525776,
-0.0031126285903155804,
0.007274296600371599,
0.07292769849300385,
0.029061440378427505,
0.07941649109125137,
-0.0024105848278850317,
0.05608154833316803,
-0.013808934949338436,
-0.0788978561758995,
0.02830055169761181,
0.0366252139210701,
-0.02096250094473362,
-0.013836248777806759,
-0.011450794525444508,
0.0654197707772255,
0.019912445917725563,
0.07255824655294418,
-0.021558070555329323,
-0.032089341431856155,
0.006199795287102461,
-0.004871329292654991,
-0.0024987051729112864,
0.02496311254799366,
0.029492350295186043,
0.036424849182367325,
-0.015838144347071648,
-0.01002609170973301,
0.026178304105997086,
-0.023532776162028313,
0.003634685417637229,
0.01680251769721508,
-0.00716252438724041,
-0.013124297372996807,
-0.016972145065665245,
0.05985002592206001,
0.09403493255376816,
-0.05267491564154625,
-0.04584401845932007,
0.026028532534837723,
0.019896598532795906,
0.014645828865468502,
0.06985986977815628,
-0.005364615935832262,
-0.024408407509326935,
-0.03779056668281555,
-0.03800172731280327,
-0.015044935047626495,
0.01498373318463564,
0.010007940232753754,
0.021170932799577713,
-0.03136330470442772,
-0.02223164401948452,
0.026956699788570404,
0.010188458487391472,
-0.058650556951761246,
-0.05227726325392723,
-0.0165497325360775,
-0.046589162200689316,
-0.04800476133823395,
-0.049492090940475464,
0.037463314831256866,
0.005298198200762272,
0.02356288954615593,
-0.018098749220371246,
-0.020299267023801804,
0.005502619780600071,
0.024997537955641747,
-0.09236329793930054,
-0.00036999708390794694,
0.017636738717556,
0.0011278577148914337,
-0.023467088118195534,
0.050907738506793976,
0.021215638145804405,
-0.015411068685352802,
-0.008396591991186142,
0.051288411021232605,
0.024069886654615402,
0.027377841994166374,
0.03601636737585068,
0.005006474908441305,
-0.08068612962961197,
-0.00838578213006258,
0.011164701543748379,
-0.05332381650805473,
-0.06893444806337357,
0.027181508019566536,
0.0005004089325666428,
0.030725425109267235,
0.04747224226593971,
0.026149868965148926,
-0.002269234973937273,
-0.018585961312055588,
-0.019189348444342613,
-0.006554578896611929,
0.023977141827344894,
0.06161923334002495,
-0.01613719016313553,
0.07948296517133713,
0.06405505537986755,
0.0038945286069065332,
-0.06449297815561295,
0.023833518847823143,
-0.020924394950270653,
-0.013258064165711403,
-0.015482447110116482,
-0.03771032392978668,
-0.03682967275381088,
-0.09028629958629608,
-0.0073234280571341515,
0.028638623654842377,
-0.030154068022966385,
-0.015889247879385948,
-0.0017876189667731524,
-0.019116390496492386,
-0.020200444385409355,
0.009302572347223759,
-0.012122181244194508,
-0.011559417471289635,
-0.022130750119686127,
-0.034858644008636475,
-0.06946327537298203,
0.0019659576937556267,
-0.05517853796482086,
-0.013983136974275112,
-0.016716429963707924,
-0.05166110396385193,
0.0045218500308692455,
-0.0008440999081358314,
0.05630192160606384,
0.004053393378853798,
0.0377102792263031,
-0.021712660789489746
] |
3,413
|
Adaptive Gradient Clipping for Robust Federated Learning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=03OkC0LKDD
|
[
"Youssef Allouah",
"Rachid Guerraoui",
"Nirupam Gupta",
"Ahmed Jellouli",
"Geovani Rizk",
"John Stephan"
] |
Spotlight
|
Robust federated learning aims to maintain reliable performance despite the presence of adversarial or misbehaving workers. While state-of-the-art (SOTA) robust distributed gradient descent (Robust-DGD) methods were proven theoretically optimal, their empirical success has often relied on pre-aggregation gradient clipping.
However, existing static clipping strategies yield inconsistent results: enhancing robustness against some attacks while being ineffective or even detrimental against others.
To address this limitation, we propose a principled adaptive clipping strategy, Adaptive Robust Clipping (ARC), which dynamically adjusts clipping thresholds based on the input gradients. We prove that ARC not only preserves the theoretical robustness guarantees of SOTA Robust-DGD methods but also provably improves asymptotic convergence when the model is well-initialized. Extensive experiments on benchmark image classification tasks confirm these theoretical insights, demonstrating that ARC significantly enhances robustness, particularly in highly heterogeneous and adversarial settings.
|
Federated learning, robustness, Byzantine resilience
| null | 10,208
| null |
[
0.012173307128250599,
-0.03946604207158089,
0.0016194797353819013,
0.06618476659059525,
0.021565482020378113,
0.04246849939227104,
0.03732168674468994,
-0.015819957479834557,
-0.019112149253487587,
-0.060499850660562515,
-0.04068442061543465,
-0.023662788793444633,
-0.06680628657341003,
0.004481721669435501,
0.008212911896407604,
0.058146100491285324,
0.03516858071088791,
-0.022284695878624916,
0.009771917015314102,
0.027481570839881897,
-0.012339814566075802,
-0.032556239515542984,
0.031241312623023987,
0.029603421688079834,
0.0041733477264642715,
-0.0062650092877447605,
0.017773978412151337,
0.023816589266061783,
-0.009342389181256294,
0.0013571118470281363,
0.05340186506509781,
0.00860937125980854,
0.02304108254611492,
-0.03817056491971016,
0.05275167152285576,
-0.008362442255020142,
-0.02654341049492359,
0.0159661415964365,
0.01035663578659296,
0.039189133793115616,
-0.01992497406899929,
0.012489236891269684,
-0.04314950853586197,
0.02368290349841118,
-0.0288133192807436,
0.024214837700128555,
-0.10069220513105392,
0.01621757075190544,
0.0028447662480175495,
-0.05494184046983719,
-0.08823826164007187,
0.0031671009492129087,
0.022711938247084618,
-0.019852066412568092,
0.014795028604567051,
0.07184639573097229,
0.028002995997667313,
-0.05494493991136551,
-0.024497587233781815,
-0.05565517768263817,
-0.03941630944609642,
0.00025888998061418533,
-0.0008482244447804987,
0.004158110357820988,
-0.0029545030556619167,
-0.008879011496901512,
0.04876672104001045,
0.06075134500861168,
0.0073016793467104435,
-0.04675779864192009,
0.017172737047076225,
-0.00564751448109746,
-0.006902224384248257,
-0.011607152409851551,
-0.014543837867677212,
-0.0364876426756382,
-0.024259453639388084,
0.0008325864910148084,
0.07065710425376892,
-0.012258925475180149,
0.0024961240123957396,
-0.0006106926593929529,
-0.016233142465353012,
0.04123832657933235,
-0.004999979864805937,
-0.008612670935690403,
-0.014560993760824203,
-0.004644317552447319,
-0.06795056909322739,
0.04344359040260315,
-0.04675330966711044,
-0.03612104803323746,
0.02378847263753414,
0.02087932452559471,
0.04861755296587944,
0.014994923956692219,
0.02362579107284546,
0.027393842115998268,
0.019725583493709564,
0.0035678097046911716,
-0.00007887223910074681,
-0.044988930225372314,
-0.0010597892105579376,
0.014003761112689972,
-0.10474495589733124,
0.005176163744181395,
-0.016993099823594093,
-0.03123343177139759,
-0.0022418973967432976,
0.006683902349323034,
-0.03186231851577759,
0.03409014642238617,
0.010530354455113411,
-0.019069477915763855,
-0.10024911165237427,
0.034871894866228104,
0.006541184149682522,
0.0008042003610171378,
-0.003457092447206378,
-0.02896580845117569,
0.06631401181221008,
0.04088038578629494,
-0.00259851710870862,
0.05698026716709137,
0.015073713846504688,
-0.0019742914009839296,
0.013564548455178738,
0.051555000245571136,
-0.059022385627031326,
-0.02541113831102848,
-0.003809506306424737,
0.029805757105350494,
0.0008787232800386846,
0.029893187806010246,
0.014556948095560074,
0.010360990650951862,
-0.028694767504930496,
0.011994127184152603,
0.02695806697010994,
-0.02420547418296337,
0.009563669562339783,
-0.0156032033264637,
0.020021287724375725,
-0.018084168434143066,
0.053219981491565704,
0.0005850221496075392,
0.055359311401844025,
-0.024450283497571945,
-0.04643677920103073,
-0.006051432806998491,
0.004129831679165363,
-0.015609988011419773,
0.00548092694953084,
-0.08540540933609009,
0.01983151026070118,
0.045586761087179184,
0.02748732641339302,
0.007493229117244482,
-0.020990006625652313,
-0.0009818060789257288,
0.03130335360765457,
-0.032193560153245926,
-0.053146522492170334,
0.001994837773963809,
0.009258818812668324,
-0.04292549937963486,
0.050293538719415665,
0.01696900837123394,
-0.01044359803199768,
0.017551816999912262,
-0.04309196397662163,
-0.003978346474468708,
0.03162078931927681,
0.011762022040784359,
-0.0009462619200348854,
-0.02151697501540184,
0.06743729114532471,
-0.002547689015045762,
0.017197221517562866,
0.04496123641729355,
-0.08956213295459747,
0.039588626474142075,
0.028585143387317657,
0.028603827580809593,
-0.013630145229399204,
0.008051504381000996,
0.08861345052719116,
-0.008864632807672024,
0.023791475221514702,
0.02907499670982361,
-0.09801538288593292,
-0.04817361384630203,
0.031526897102594376,
-0.018570195883512497,
0.06623652577400208,
0.016245419159531593,
-0.01380406878888607,
0.012810838408768177,
0.03046683594584465,
0.005321693141013384,
0.07136574387550354,
-0.04515743628144264,
0.04840686917304993,
0.01689687930047512,
-0.05282863974571228,
-0.00297160423360765,
0.0024005889426916838,
-0.006279749795794487,
-0.02282322384417057,
0.026395689696073532,
-0.021826138719916344,
-0.003613135777413845,
-0.01956820860505104,
0.014097710140049458,
0.013796210289001465,
-0.019513927400112152,
-0.0035487625282257795,
0.004353494383394718,
0.020560607314109802,
-0.07557399570941925,
0.022229794412851334,
-0.00459989532828331,
-0.010985312052071095,
0.059324465692043304,
-0.031235745176672935,
0.09251360595226288,
0.07662922888994217,
-0.006648646201938391,
-0.0067584216594696045,
-0.012334635481238365,
-0.015082872472703457,
-0.009856018237769604,
-0.0010132374009117484,
-0.03214685618877411,
-0.005825417581945658,
0.016805587336421013,
0.027811793610453606,
-0.028765548020601273,
0.07124043256044388,
-0.03451712056994438,
-0.01335932221263647,
0.044895753264427185,
0.01910843886435032,
0.042623985558748245,
0.004295992199331522,
0.005495799705386162,
0.07290145009756088,
0.0362238846719265,
0.01903185434639454,
-0.017915531992912292,
0.015095140784978867,
-0.0058447145856916904,
0.007133923936635256,
-0.03721453249454498,
0.008292912505567074,
-0.04357164725661278,
0.01001027412712574,
-0.03356596827507019,
0.06917323172092438,
0.05949294567108154,
-0.0011677802540361881,
0.00031822946039028466,
-0.012318536639213562,
-0.04318028315901756,
-0.03309141844511032,
-0.13933250308036804,
-0.02800671011209488,
-0.005597165785729885,
0.06904129683971405,
-0.0327751487493515,
0.06532492488622665,
-0.001029407256282866,
0.03405670076608658,
-0.023623287677764893,
-0.044145695865154266,
0.0035225863102823496,
0.025595959275960922,
0.03498199209570885,
-0.030871042981743813,
0.0043259356170892715,
0.021214358508586884,
0.06918370723724365,
-0.011217452585697174,
-0.0200253464281559,
-0.0643291175365448,
-0.03585658594965935,
0.012801854871213436,
-0.05396207794547081,
-0.025751182809472084,
0.02303890511393547,
0.010383171029388905,
0.024788446724414825,
-0.021606171503663063,
0.029045406728982925,
0.017593376338481903,
0.0501023605465889,
0.028054583817720413,
-0.03144440799951553,
-0.04918544366955757,
0.0015873059164732695,
-0.007105865981429815,
0.011771345511078835,
0.012767782434821129,
-0.0008698063902556896,
-0.03400229662656784,
-0.0470399372279644,
0.006798038724809885,
-0.023865019902586937,
-0.28018519282341003,
-0.01816621981561184,
0.015096190385520458,
0.04073955863714218,
0.011936085298657417,
-0.06049227714538574,
0.03537935018539429,
-0.030240105465054512,
-0.013049758970737457,
-0.03924980387091637,
-0.0011510720942169428,
0.019153878092765808,
0.054953739047050476,
0.05556970089673996,
0.03884609043598175,
0.008183402940630913,
-0.02473159320652485,
-0.0238723773509264,
0.014524437487125397,
0.0010297837434336543,
-0.02105703018605709,
-0.0572899654507637,
-0.004104971420019865,
0.05259927734732628,
-0.026439374312758446,
0.019297966733574867,
-0.042424120008945465,
-0.05595450848340988,
-0.029530679807066917,
-0.00862581841647625,
-0.02377701736986637,
-0.008544374257326126,
0.0013049067929387093,
0.04309381544589996,
0.025204360485076904,
0.005467939656227827,
0.0402730330824852,
0.016062023118138313,
0.03981650248169899,
-0.016704512760043144,
0.03006850555539131,
-0.015520869754254818,
0.025980724021792412,
0.03109850361943245,
0.07007355988025665,
0.036143720149993896,
-0.018398428335785866,
-0.0043378486298024654,
-0.0378313772380352,
0.02897549979388714,
0.0009536365396343172,
-0.05481933802366257,
-0.02567180059850216,
0.008437152951955795,
-0.0212449599057436,
-0.04379871115088463,
0.00022584150428883731,
-0.017293723300099373,
-0.01573864556849003,
0.04350007325410843,
-0.0008711671689525247,
-0.03578627109527588,
0.009869836270809174,
-0.027069279924035072,
0.018506374210119247,
-0.02345951274037361,
-0.05554214119911194,
-0.06990766525268555,
0.05059954524040222,
0.03966674581170082,
0.003196488134562969,
0.024640550836920738,
-0.011408202350139618,
-0.10238096863031387,
0.04334023967385292,
-0.03224967420101166,
0.012333285063505173,
-0.020262442529201508,
-0.010164415463805199,
0.09539085626602173,
-0.02800954133272171,
-0.04236118867993355,
0.02649409882724285,
-0.0023052918259054422,
0.0009392488864250481,
-0.029983798041939735,
0.04916878044605255,
-0.0006337895756587386,
0.008366251364350319,
-0.006985710933804512,
0.06432467699050903,
0.011012974195182323,
0.041939735412597656,
-0.014514045789837837,
0.06424646824598312,
0.06989353150129318,
0.03261106461286545,
0.055296123027801514,
0.04783531278371811,
-0.009878503158688545,
0.01676510088145733,
-0.1104845181107521,
-0.0233116764575243,
-0.0676305890083313,
-0.0064937034621834755,
0.02785833179950714,
-0.03685830160975456,
-0.033289093524217606,
0.054534126073122025,
-0.02047576569020748,
0.005203543696552515,
-0.04012242332100868,
0.041385356336832047,
-0.05196286737918854,
-0.018857639282941818,
-0.01021647360175848,
-0.014516727067530155,
0.021430695429444313,
0.04789472743868828,
-0.0368768610060215,
-0.03066966123878956,
0.020317990332841873,
-0.005962552968412638,
-0.012883984483778477,
0.011153326369822025,
0.0013772824313491583,
-0.03430844470858574,
0.010103736072778702,
0.007927948608994484,
0.021567802876234055,
0.04417929798364639,
0.028375988826155663,
0.014635315164923668,
-0.011192385107278824,
0.050547756254673004,
-0.004912085365504026,
-0.015910672023892403,
-0.016556721180677414,
0.04324173927307129,
-0.026008468121290207,
0.04474439099431038,
0.011154561303555965,
0.04272332042455673,
0.0005519632250070572,
0.0406346432864666,
0.008525542914867401,
-0.0020902033429592848,
0.003992675803601742,
-0.010019118897616863,
-0.03509391471743584,
0.02133028209209442,
-0.03300585597753525,
-0.018991054967045784,
-0.014579719863831997,
0.011615293100476265,
-0.0032118286471813917,
0.018125375732779503,
-0.0044854735024273396,
-0.03898664563894272,
-0.04792209714651108,
0.018878046423196793,
0.05640120804309845,
-0.0003452155797276646,
-0.0064905863255262375,
0.031361520290374756,
0.04961317777633667,
-0.03458898514509201,
-0.025410566478967667,
-0.002843234222382307,
0.000501700968015939,
0.016250573098659515,
-0.01748880185186863,
0.003491617739200592,
-0.01748385839164257,
-0.01939985528588295,
0.018121618777513504,
0.009268072433769703,
0.003878205083310604,
-0.028860947117209435,
0.01934005506336689,
0.008101760409772396,
0.012947761453688145,
-0.00262779975309968,
-0.0046663060784339905,
0.08316261321306229,
0.02307160571217537,
-0.03565966337919235,
0.004052354488521814,
-0.03319088742136955,
0.05935978144407272,
-0.008536523208022118,
0.019996510818600655,
-0.02842121571302414,
0.0013474741717800498,
0.0037992005236446857,
-0.041729677468538284,
0.007413443177938461,
-0.020917000249028206,
0.017943141981959343,
-0.0258908923715353,
-0.023339228704571724,
0.0596514567732811,
-0.03231392055749893,
0.00418839743360877,
-0.010489544831216335,
-0.08476880937814713,
0.005682673770934343,
0.03151041269302368,
-0.014438019134104252,
0.019490474835038185,
-0.03157936409115791,
-0.029616588726639748,
-0.042849332094192505,
-0.025049474090337753,
0.049194421619176865,
0.002500960137695074,
-0.052761368453502655,
-0.002364983083680272,
-0.016097767278552055,
-0.0068318587727844715,
0.01688065566122532,
-0.043981488794088364,
-0.031793419271707535,
0.028887253254652023,
-0.0032579717226326466,
0.055497244000434875,
-0.025524893775582314,
0.0023040424566715956,
-0.02741989679634571,
0.006191318389028311,
-0.00039373908657580614,
-0.03428727760910988,
0.0034247497096657753,
0.030080856755375862,
-0.004512415267527103,
0.041135214269161224,
-0.04368671029806137,
0.014713471755385399,
-0.03062022104859352,
-0.0466880276799202,
0.012632634490728378,
-0.007858945988118649,
-0.017807990312576294,
0.010200243443250656,
-0.03072034940123558,
-0.006524677388370037,
0.010860498063266277,
0.028081132099032402,
-0.011377666145563126,
0.015592503361403942,
0.016774659976363182,
-0.014101464301347733,
-0.059737008064985275,
-0.009072070941329002,
0.029475012794137,
-0.04696399345993996,
0.006858570966869593,
-0.0660376101732254,
-0.03440147265791893,
0.0467020720243454,
-0.04533972963690758,
0.02203625813126564,
-0.01723700575530529,
0.008351222611963749,
0.010236823931336403,
0.014194921590387821,
0.0036288490518927574,
-0.03649730235338211,
0.017944952473044395,
-0.050563372671604156,
-0.008048408664762974,
-0.044497501105070114,
0.027208635583519936,
0.01789693348109722,
-0.040179070085287094,
0.01956438645720482,
0.04599718004465103,
-0.06537918746471405,
0.020488740876317024,
-0.044045768678188324,
-0.053280673921108246,
0.003085412783548236,
-0.03484197333455086,
-0.020718399435281754,
0.014821616001427174,
-0.03536549583077431,
-0.0005352640873752534,
-0.011103948578238487,
-0.056070685386657715,
0.010157067328691483,
0.02811659872531891,
0.046589162200689316,
-0.021291004493832588,
-0.010083203203976154,
-0.04416117072105408,
-0.016645006835460663,
0.03786388412117958,
0.03328815847635269,
-0.0034298745449632406,
0.030274098739027977,
-0.027787642553448677,
0.06356456130743027,
0.029889868572354317,
0.024859579280018806,
0.006790583021938801,
0.009705530479550362,
-0.022399531677365303,
-0.019072480499744415,
0.09539631009101868,
-0.01142080221325159,
-0.0391349233686924,
-0.04249238595366478,
0.05230734124779701,
0.016013065353035927,
-0.029907943680882454,
-0.05282901972532272,
0.04852273687720299,
-0.028346583247184753,
0.008450143970549107,
-0.002973743714392185,
0.020843880251049995,
0.002313589910045266,
0.05699475109577179,
-0.02497757039964199,
0.019919710233807564,
0.02891840785741806,
0.0013706067111343145,
-0.024242732673883438,
0.007535615470260382,
0.06324942409992218,
0.051105063408613205,
0.03480089083313942,
-0.014807475730776787,
0.06720074266195297,
-0.035507865250110626,
-0.06842737644910812,
0.008269909769296646,
0.0007112047169357538,
-0.0032762475311756134,
-0.02660823054611683,
0.010582548566162586,
0.07382479310035706,
-0.008098872378468513,
0.0642230287194252,
-0.07263906300067902,
-0.0229459498077631,
0.014799489639699459,
0.01555441040545702,
-0.009667879901826382,
0.033259063959121704,
0.033998001366853714,
0.001642432063817978,
-0.00765236048027873,
-0.028868047520518303,
0.021230598911643028,
-0.01905631646513939,
0.021567054092884064,
0.007008090615272522,
-0.03495822846889496,
0.03602119907736778,
-0.010495172813534737,
-0.013952674344182014,
0.08364355564117432,
-0.04923658445477486,
-0.048773180693387985,
-0.009237241931259632,
0.050858959555625916,
0.01341735664755106,
0.04470408707857132,
0.039046838879585266,
-0.062477972358465195,
0.0063985008746385574,
-0.01925201527774334,
0.017974968999624252,
0.047314126044511795,
0.027910945937037468,
0.034651558846235275,
-0.030178595334291458,
-0.004089305642992258,
0.021052300930023193,
-0.008607577532529831,
-0.026116739958524704,
-0.026747282594442368,
-0.06012357026338577,
-0.03353379666805267,
-0.04024774208664894,
-0.03273281455039978,
0.01657412387430668,
-0.00420362688601017,
-0.0329536534845829,
-0.0009454736136831343,
-0.04493597149848938,
0.026959368959069252,
0.03177699074149132,
-0.03656264767050743,
-0.003042567288503051,
0.03616365045309067,
0.021858591586351395,
0.02081838808953762,
0.055490441620349884,
0.021871469914913177,
-0.0026229419745504856,
0.013225826434791088,
0.02862914837896824,
-0.010779942385852337,
0.02488190121948719,
-0.011886553838849068,
-0.009987885132431984,
-0.07858361303806305,
0.02312948927283287,
0.026299525052309036,
-0.0625155046582222,
-0.07849305868148804,
0.046668749302625656,
-0.02939763106405735,
0.015692247077822685,
0.07394541054964066,
-0.0035167550668120384,
-0.010563770309090614,
-0.06006923317909241,
-0.0301628727465868,
-0.02243858389556408,
0.010034475475549698,
0.041656602174043655,
0.0008139025303535163,
0.05296286195516586,
0.037389978766441345,
-0.0003912996035069227,
-0.028531478717923164,
0.04045278951525688,
0.020438507199287415,
0.005242697894573212,
-0.02452894300222397,
-0.021091634407639503,
-0.05746004357933998,
-0.10117035359144211,
-0.03127940744161606,
0.02419136092066765,
-0.020779013633728027,
-0.04957477003335953,
-0.022989831864833832,
-0.008011840283870697,
-0.02578098326921463,
-0.04109456017613411,
0.01218912098556757,
0.0032273344695568085,
-0.06450206786394119,
-0.037752665579319,
-0.06974424421787262,
0.012136419303715229,
-0.01226057205349207,
0.03966980427503586,
0.00010773313260870054,
-0.06464075297117233,
-0.02439621090888977,
0.007077161222696304,
0.011063707061111927,
0.02184656821191311,
0.001240424462594092,
0.03418392315506935
] |
3,414
|
Imputation for prediction: beware of diminishing returns.
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=D1Y2XFgsPI
|
[
"Marine Le Morvan",
"Gael Varoquaux"
] |
Spotlight
|
Missing values are prevalent across various fields, posing challenges for training and deploying predictive models. In this context, imputation is a common practice, driven by the hope that accurate imputations will enhance predictions. However, recent theoretical and empirical studies indicate that simple constant imputation can be consistent and competitive. This empirical study aims at clarifying
*if* and *when* investing in advanced imputation methods yields significantly better predictions. Relating imputation and predictive accuracies across combinations of imputation and predictive models on 19 datasets, we show that imputation accuracy matters less i) when using expressive models, ii) when incorporating missingness indicators as complementary inputs, iii) matters much more for generated linear outcomes than for real-data outcomes. Interestingly, we also show that the use of the missingness indicator is beneficial to the prediction performance, even in MCAR scenarios. Overall, on real-data with powerful models, imputation quality has only a minor effect on prediction performance. Thus, investing in better imputations for improved predictions often offers limited benefits.
|
imputation, missing
|
We show that improving imputation often offers limited benefits for predictive performances with missing values: its beneficial impact is reduced with expressive models, the use of missingness indicators, and real-world (non-linear) data.
| 10,201
|
2407.19804
|
[
-0.033327002078294754,
-0.03507737070322037,
-0.033889029175043106,
0.05959273502230644,
0.064646415412426,
0.045093122869729996,
0.05370968207716942,
0.0015810898039489985,
-0.06266045570373535,
-0.03750566393136978,
-0.034530747681856155,
0.021246714517474174,
-0.04724810644984245,
0.008899341337382793,
-0.013620352372527122,
0.05800306797027588,
0.06567375361919403,
-0.004032302647829056,
0.003512389725074172,
0.004673637915402651,
-0.02321147918701172,
-0.04127222299575806,
0.044979460537433624,
0.01307629607617855,
0.012952214106917381,
-0.01475743018090725,
0.037263333797454834,
0.00005048939783591777,
-0.06691687554121017,
0.015912583097815514,
0.026644211262464523,
0.014990746974945068,
0.019127551466226578,
-0.019352737814188004,
0.012876338325440884,
0.041610587388277054,
-0.036133550107479095,
0.028833704069256783,
0.015764253214001656,
-0.00041651976061984897,
-0.03934115543961525,
0.0072496687062084675,
-0.004159531556069851,
0.05321154743432999,
-0.06344414502382278,
0.01684972643852234,
-0.06223751977086067,
0.019505811855196953,
-0.01949259079992771,
-0.022767316550016403,
-0.08255591243505478,
0.03500896319746971,
0.0029848560225218534,
0.0011575454846024513,
0.012269635684788227,
0.028335513547062874,
0.07031070441007614,
-0.07650160044431686,
-0.05360076203942299,
-0.034389857202768326,
-0.025148017331957817,
0.00940339732915163,
0.016077596694231033,
-0.018501900136470795,
-0.0006897533312439919,
-0.06400079280138016,
0.035815369337797165,
0.05586984008550644,
-0.03851136192679405,
-0.0423784963786602,
-0.03038802184164524,
0.0051035163924098015,
0.007195684127509594,
-0.016695678234100342,
0.012930442579090595,
-0.025968609377741814,
-0.0009778491221368313,
0.003471778705716133,
0.07357031852006912,
-0.0029700554441660643,
0.010006483644247055,
-0.035192929208278656,
0.03860877826809883,
0.022605614736676216,
-0.0028351913206279278,
0.02443755231797695,
-0.024011287838220596,
-0.05466485023498535,
-0.06579747051000595,
0.04876731336116791,
-0.010452892631292343,
-0.010878631845116615,
0.05097425356507301,
0.007153858430683613,
0.0020580636337399483,
0.024497035890817642,
0.036575280129909515,
-0.04665529355406761,
-0.005314954090863466,
-0.01592278853058815,
-0.036326341331005096,
-0.027003342285752296,
0.0068838391453027725,
0.03523605316877365,
-0.11082551628351212,
-0.03198565915226936,
0.012943647801876068,
-0.025937983766198158,
0.013729064725339413,
0.028368161991238594,
-0.04121076688170433,
0.020868271589279175,
0.0008929841569624841,
-0.01331985741853714,
-0.08134447783231735,
0.031544752418994904,
-0.020963585004210472,
0.010808476246893406,
-0.007789687253534794,
-0.036108460277318954,
0.047123201191425323,
0.07426738739013672,
-0.01363160740584135,
0.06716814637184143,
-0.04300602525472641,
0.032636646181344986,
0.060363709926605225,
0.027847321704030037,
-0.02519523911178112,
-0.0037441332824528217,
-0.021742459386587143,
0.03880010545253754,
-0.029545998200774193,
0.0013067383551970124,
-0.016624802723526955,
0.007670606020838022,
-0.009821495041251183,
-0.009200513362884521,
0.06656120717525482,
0.00585738243535161,
0.017673945054411888,
-0.05184956640005112,
0.032967619597911835,
-0.0070268879644572735,
0.061375051736831665,
-0.018781721591949463,
-0.01654718816280365,
-0.006505375262349844,
-0.04017656296491623,
-0.011128258891403675,
0.021610459312796593,
0.02147161029279232,
0.010932855308055878,
-0.033744290471076965,
0.02383848838508129,
0.0455404557287693,
-0.028704674914479256,
-0.015663765370845795,
0.007487551774829626,
0.027924468740820885,
-0.006605219095945358,
0.008634965866804123,
-0.020985066890716553,
-0.02526751719415188,
-0.011992182582616806,
-0.01986047253012657,
0.05148022621870041,
0.03486216068267822,
-0.03113613650202751,
0.0009915877599269152,
-0.05377046391367912,
-0.036652471870183945,
0.040455058217048645,
-0.0012729620793834329,
-0.030178098008036613,
0.02833898738026619,
0.06419927626848221,
0.058023352175951004,
0.04394066333770752,
0.03963858634233475,
-0.08942881226539612,
0.04693416878581047,
-0.009858671575784683,
-0.03103801980614662,
0.009785911999642849,
0.018781092017889023,
0.0764281302690506,
-0.008662824518978596,
0.00630860636010766,
0.01751202903687954,
-0.07571599632501602,
-0.04749042168259621,
0.04943712428212166,
-0.00963466428220272,
0.04888186976313591,
-0.022446701303124428,
-0.02415214292705059,
0.032089050859212875,
-0.01618734560906887,
0.019353358075022697,
0.040994804352521896,
-0.012535813264548779,
0.05176408588886261,
-0.006541883572936058,
-0.03998605161905289,
0.004095233045518398,
0.03799748793244362,
-0.030530091375112534,
-0.026153767481446266,
0.032185208052396774,
-0.02191920019686222,
-0.004035634454339743,
0.008286425843834877,
0.0025344640016555786,
0.02265758626163006,
0.034355372190475464,
0.019558100029826164,
-0.013761273585259914,
-0.013526353985071182,
-0.043499432504177094,
0.02763746678829193,
0.03446901962161064,
0.015971103683114052,
0.023188084363937378,
-0.016656868159770966,
0.09753318130970001,
0.07828623056411743,
-0.016694998368620872,
0.004622974433004856,
0.04010233283042908,
0.00635587377473712,
0.012354581616818905,
0.0058654556050896645,
0.0016990693984553218,
0.018142346292734146,
-0.01262962818145752,
-0.008637944236397743,
-0.038218386471271515,
0.06896330416202545,
-0.0414716973900795,
-0.00825363676995039,
0.07147036492824554,
-0.035909585654735565,
0.05485261604189873,
-0.01123805996030569,
-0.0015957289142534137,
0.01327291689813137,
0.017296932637691498,
-0.05723997950553894,
-0.022051606327295303,
-0.013065315783023834,
0.0005040314863435924,
0.0022477093152701855,
0.011249884963035583,
-0.005013459362089634,
-0.04687603563070297,
-0.010990291833877563,
0.009080948308110237,
0.06554311513900757,
0.022444915026426315,
0.006654911208897829,
0.03298843279480934,
0.0012841704301536083,
-0.053360071033239365,
0.005947606638073921,
-0.0930979773402214,
-0.07780976593494415,
-0.0363907627761364,
0.07289598137140274,
-0.029856476932764053,
0.043428584933280945,
-0.029769238084554672,
-0.011089594103395939,
-0.021534746512770653,
-0.01249801553785801,
0.003501045284792781,
0.02819930762052536,
0.008327584713697433,
-0.07556691765785217,
-0.021031953394412994,
0.005750961136072874,
0.0708460882306099,
-0.02023761160671711,
-0.0294954851269722,
-0.022107211872935295,
-0.052197087556123734,
-0.021210934966802597,
-0.0019450095715001225,
-0.025449294596910477,
0.035887815058231354,
-0.0030490553472191095,
0.015165808610618114,
-0.02475917711853981,
0.007423854433000088,
0.09481063485145569,
0.029559995979070663,
0.04772002249956131,
0.024436313658952713,
-0.010420963168144226,
0.030771644786000252,
-0.01669982820749283,
0.05328759923577309,
0.039114031940698624,
-0.012648114003241062,
0.010356235317885876,
0.013811372220516205,
0.0044707306660711765,
-0.003506591310724616,
-0.2647286355495453,
-0.008934864774346352,
0.0175962895154953,
-0.04905198514461517,
0.030505718663334846,
-0.017045479267835617,
0.0016281892312690616,
0.01115825679153204,
-0.041910819709300995,
0.032721664756536484,
0.062036532908678055,
0.02779608964920044,
-0.010172673501074314,
0.0579160712659359,
0.04334789142012596,
0.04042031615972519,
0.021322092041373253,
0.00516002532094717,
0.006319071166217327,
0.025535348802804947,
0.005303831305354834,
-0.05312337726354599,
-0.03950678929686546,
0.034817565232515335,
-0.01807290129363537,
0.05070412904024124,
-0.05701371282339096,
0.004786369856446981,
-0.06106243282556534,
-0.021305320784449577,
0.013416681438684464,
-0.013198597356677055,
-0.000008965992492449004,
0.019465819001197815,
0.026923317462205887,
-0.02838694490492344,
0.009042000398039818,
0.021640745922923088,
-0.00944495853036642,
0.02660069428384304,
-0.023895950987935066,
-0.011482874862849712,
0.0012504124315455556,
-0.00040163143421523273,
0.05792519077658653,
0.007936338894069195,
-0.038123730570077896,
-0.02394738420844078,
-0.03241753950715065,
0.03633486106991768,
-0.01074780710041523,
-0.018885450437664986,
-0.0387892909348011,
0.029747385531663895,
-0.018644530326128006,
-0.01506679505109787,
-0.018784455955028534,
0.0117827532812953,
-0.039648886770009995,
-0.005544861312955618,
-0.002476302208378911,
-0.03257187828421593,
-0.00404362240806222,
-0.03917931765317917,
-0.03553573042154312,
-0.034383613616228104,
-0.0664166808128357,
-0.05544424057006836,
0.0514574758708477,
0.05274270474910736,
0.026684947311878204,
0.01967083290219307,
-0.003827552543953061,
-0.09052284061908722,
0.022558894008398056,
-0.028776442632079124,
0.000248951546382159,
0.027479466050863266,
-0.02157173492014408,
0.032337237149477005,
-0.02088220603764057,
-0.04825571924448013,
0.029143167659640312,
0.016540799289941788,
0.0252023097127676,
0.0008356344187632203,
0.0005362150259315968,
-0.014082088135182858,
-0.05342196673154831,
-0.04482678323984146,
0.020168671384453773,
-0.011665334925055504,
0.018514001742005348,
-0.016599517315626144,
0.0040526241064071655,
0.041518814861774445,
0.023165158927440643,
0.07249541580677032,
0.012468264438211918,
0.042319945991039276,
0.02151254005730152,
-0.08797385543584824,
-0.002729203552007675,
-0.06851956993341446,
-0.022491246461868286,
0.02235471084713936,
-0.05558411777019501,
-0.012748739682137966,
0.05782841891050339,
-0.05859539285302162,
0.02252402901649475,
-0.004992350470274687,
-0.01742039993405342,
-0.029881976544857025,
0.0059560611844062805,
-0.04444987326860428,
-0.02396261878311634,
0.02399689331650734,
0.03322302922606468,
-0.009562217630445957,
0.010340475477278233,
0.01201020460575819,
-0.03821317106485367,
0.00870590005069971,
-0.0064721559174358845,
-0.03224952146410942,
0.022151688113808632,
0.00541659677401185,
0.0002815611660480499,
-0.015675701200962067,
0.03959104046225548,
0.02338135614991188,
-0.0072121936827898026,
0.014340613037347794,
0.051025401800870895,
0.00018223286315333098,
-0.012338109314441681,
0.025219609960913658,
0.024143677204847336,
-0.052676163613796234,
0.0446176752448082,
-0.02227148599922657,
0.010430687107145786,
0.016878001391887665,
0.04856197535991669,
0.008434275165200233,
0.004818957298994064,
0.0020192372612655163,
-0.011955199763178825,
-0.0200561061501503,
0.02479073964059353,
-0.023097025230526924,
0.013086640276014805,
-0.029398273676633835,
-0.041647352278232574,
0.003906699828803539,
0.030890896916389465,
-0.006521190516650677,
0.015858864411711693,
-0.08273360133171082,
0.03234679624438286,
0.019446521997451782,
-0.022104132920503616,
-0.010740316472947598,
-0.0023696376010775566,
0.03489663451910019,
0.018751148134469986,
-0.02288811281323433,
0.017809929326176643,
0.051615841686725616,
0.043037205934524536,
-0.07231195271015167,
0.018182966858148575,
0.0038955556228756905,
-0.021757734939455986,
-0.0206493828445673,
0.0051107145845890045,
0.0006769664469175041,
-0.02803601324558258,
0.0066407122649252415,
-0.008424676954746246,
-0.008861840702593327,
-0.022992104291915894,
0.0003759578103199601,
0.0657796785235405,
0.004815578926354647,
0.03105795755982399,
-0.005994668696075678,
-0.013873548246920109,
0.007387162186205387,
-0.02195901609957218,
-0.03168540075421333,
0.015887489542365074,
-0.03989008069038391,
-0.0193816926330328,
-0.04256067052483559,
-0.0155955720692873,
0.02075020968914032,
-0.030400365591049194,
0.008797342889010906,
-0.01701047457754612,
0.005199016537517309,
-0.024961749091744423,
-0.007711806334555149,
0.03542274981737137,
-0.08852489292621613,
-0.014864075928926468,
0.030357645824551582,
-0.08147790282964706,
0.026237715035676956,
-0.04373142495751381,
-0.04651593044400215,
-0.0433608777821064,
0.0237982589751482,
-0.0020120919216424227,
-0.017488723620772362,
-0.02966209687292576,
-0.020072132349014282,
0.021279186010360718,
-0.004771786741912365,
0.022220255807042122,
0.0029120431281626225,
0.0031741198617964983,
-0.0034770905040204525,
0.014217759482562542,
0.022103067487478256,
-0.019952118396759033,
-0.025343649089336395,
-0.007926199585199356,
-0.011336009949445724,
-0.006455518305301666,
-0.06814568489789963,
-0.0007831121911294758,
0.07414217293262482,
0.009385839104652405,
-0.0075997402891516685,
-0.027450112625956535,
0.06480228900909424,
0.017715217545628548,
-0.02067609876394272,
-0.03479884937405586,
-0.027631867676973343,
-0.031318169087171555,
-0.02380027435719967,
0.029721535742282867,
0.012992652133107185,
-0.01659267768263817,
-0.051681116223335266,
-0.010308553464710712,
0.04159814491868019,
0.01795516535639763,
0.020133469253778458,
-0.03099583089351654,
-0.00469168508425355,
0.04097319021821022,
0.006982551887631416,
-0.023570185527205467,
-0.045950908213853836,
-0.06423132866621017,
0.04312695562839508,
0.01771559566259384,
0.0329500213265419,
0.015805864706635475,
0.038672614842653275,
0.04091031476855278,
0.01949227973818779,
0.011562882922589779,
-0.02554052136838436,
0.06200040876865387,
-0.04246971011161804,
0.013413539156317711,
-0.04940240457653999,
-0.020185984671115875,
0.08338798582553864,
-0.0478680357336998,
-0.009330685250461102,
0.0016099740751087666,
-0.03234760835766792,
0.014514087699353695,
-0.02203713357448578,
-0.05254160612821579,
-0.014329723082482815,
-0.020835932344198227,
0.011846930719912052,
0.04219247028231621,
-0.006781674921512604,
-0.010878470726311207,
-0.014226672239601612,
-0.04134776443243027,
-0.004351029638200998,
0.00006920386658748612,
0.05554196611046791,
-0.04160704463720322,
0.009823132306337357,
0.0012645676033571362,
0.03156145662069321,
0.01086571253836155,
0.08549193292856216,
0.027636446058750153,
0.017263267189264297,
-0.0437764935195446,
0.11549504101276398,
0.05018318444490433,
0.02104834094643593,
-0.02000769041478634,
0.006357930600643158,
-0.0009153153514489532,
-0.053319454193115234,
0.0022741795983165503,
0.015318392775952816,
-0.011350820772349834,
-0.029258668422698975,
0.0462033748626709,
0.0341268926858902,
-0.0746941938996315,
-0.028012514114379883,
-0.02976282685995102,
-0.020671894773840904,
0.041058845818042755,
0.020744064822793007,
-0.008932230994105339,
-0.021778736263513565,
0.0573078915476799,
0.033878810703754425,
0.035707201808691025,
0.06437228620052338,
0.01861141063272953,
0.00035668787313625216,
-0.0011702780611813068,
0.09176888316869736,
0.08505211025476456,
0.054864123463630676,
0.039045851677656174,
0.08265252411365509,
-0.02454988658428192,
-0.04835497587919235,
0.024317288771271706,
-0.00708886468783021,
-0.012524357065558434,
-0.008732757531106472,
0.02849455364048481,
0.05708359554409981,
0.05159242823719978,
0.05380028486251831,
-0.017763160169124603,
0.011414428241550922,
0.003475218778476119,
0.02692483365535736,
0.012734068557620049,
0.010238252580165863,
0.01854570396244526,
0.009003293700516224,
-0.043837010860443115,
-0.01899866946041584,
-0.01907940022647381,
0.018984925001859665,
0.021666256710886955,
0.015414400026202202,
-0.028852185234427452,
-0.004555711522698402,
-0.04229001700878143,
0.008213386870920658,
0.09444832056760788,
-0.021629689261317253,
-0.009254854172468185,
-0.025257717818021774,
0.049527086317539215,
0.01823631301522255,
0.04428581893444061,
-0.001777388621121645,
-0.021396255120635033,
-0.03180971369147301,
-0.010796085000038147,
0.02312459610402584,
0.038645099848508835,
0.013557258993387222,
0.014141330495476723,
-0.07488533109426498,
-0.049058761447668076,
0.02557699754834175,
-0.01119957398623228,
-0.06807277351617813,
-0.04879312589764595,
0.00022476188314612955,
-0.05425255745649338,
-0.049352508038282394,
-0.03553587198257446,
0.023204486817121506,
-0.00936234463006258,
-0.009413923136889935,
0.000020692996258731,
-0.012037443928420544,
0.0060219778679311275,
-0.003113649319857359,
-0.06826479732990265,
-0.02934441901743412,
0.03190862759947777,
-0.03193933144211769,
-0.017882609739899635,
0.03920772671699524,
0.02670474722981453,
0.002416246337816119,
-0.014541282318532467,
0.07159633934497833,
-0.007175666280090809,
0.021200934424996376,
-0.025847768411040306,
0.012197805568575859,
-0.07651407271623611,
0.024333637207746506,
0.023763295263051987,
-0.03540704399347305,
-0.0729215145111084,
0.045756708830595016,
-0.022368956357240677,
-0.00028235052013769746,
0.038961321115493774,
0.015372321009635925,
-0.032716646790504456,
-0.05341305211186409,
0.007180934306234121,
-0.040775660425424576,
0.025772446766495705,
0.02573218010365963,
-0.0317508839070797,
0.05184664577245712,
0.036748144775629044,
-0.001726085552945733,
-0.0399257093667984,
0.04256105422973633,
-0.013164634816348553,
-0.014625411480665207,
-0.04593827575445175,
-0.007665182463824749,
-0.03147473931312561,
-0.07910974323749542,
-0.01269791554659605,
-0.016510430723428726,
-0.024392172694206238,
-0.028383789584040642,
-0.012343381531536579,
-0.024351974949240685,
0.005623016506433487,
-0.011406006291508675,
-0.011531407944858074,
0.017487158998847008,
-0.06821974366903305,
-0.018829073756933212,
-0.06171910837292671,
0.007089442107826471,
-0.024100059643387794,
-0.006739556789398193,
-0.018855195492506027,
-0.045448027551174164,
0.0703912153840065,
-0.03441433981060982,
0.012267453595995903,
0.008321484550833702,
0.012039478868246078,
-0.047478727996349335
] |
3,415
|
Joint Gradient Balancing for Data Ordering in Finite-Sum Multi-Objective Optimization
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=rdAbEn5DZt
|
[
"Hansi Yang",
"James Kwok"
] |
Spotlight
|
In finite-sum optimization problems, the sample orders for parameter updates can significantly influence the convergence rate of optimization algorithms. While numerous sample ordering techniques have been proposed in the context of single-objective optimization, the problem of sample ordering in finite-sum multi-objective optimization has not been thoroughly explored. To address this gap, we propose a sample ordering method called JoGBa, which finds the sample orders for multiple objectives by jointly performing online vector balancing on the gradients of all objectives. Our theoretical analysis demonstrates that this approach outperforms the standard baseline of random ordering and accelerates the convergence rate for the MGDA algorithm. Empirical evaluation across various datasets with different multi-objective optimization algorithms further demonstrates that JoGBa can achieve faster convergence and superior final performance than other data ordering strategies.
|
multi-objective optimization
| null | 10,113
| null |
[
-0.0495496429502964,
0.00016509478155057877,
0.0015887643676251173,
0.019433774054050446,
0.01191842369735241,
0.05617181211709976,
0.014570660889148712,
-0.009899063035845757,
-0.04121195524930954,
-0.03547845780849457,
0.005966987460851669,
0.011405895464122295,
-0.10504662245512009,
-0.01223289780318737,
-0.022391142323613167,
0.04378706216812134,
0.03028438426554203,
0.017188195139169693,
0.007137930486351252,
0.03467053920030594,
0.002566896378993988,
-0.013924282044172287,
0.022916577756404877,
0.04786335676908493,
0.04448511824011803,
0.007939412258565426,
0.03249887749552727,
0.0037064258940517902,
-0.02437945082783699,
-0.041334886103868484,
0.03344134986400604,
-0.016926372423768044,
-0.010338734835386276,
-0.025016557425260544,
0.010898556560277939,
0.024499258026480675,
-0.01711869053542614,
0.019069774076342583,
0.05148614943027496,
0.028601301833987236,
-0.008474624715745449,
-0.00690526282414794,
-0.037691861391067505,
0.010541217401623726,
-0.05463897064328194,
0.03049992211163044,
-0.05401264876127243,
0.0031257453374564648,
-0.009420233778655529,
-0.03788154944777489,
-0.08923831582069397,
0.04880918562412262,
0.026838334277272224,
-0.015113386325538158,
-0.0011154637904837728,
0.06075053662061691,
0.016251428052783012,
-0.050486970692873,
-0.0333649180829525,
-0.076415054500103,
-0.03371267020702362,
0.013044108636677265,
0.002019051695242524,
0.01991962268948555,
0.019147183746099472,
-0.0054735904559493065,
-0.0009239885257557034,
0.05497732758522034,
-0.05393540486693382,
-0.021356062963604927,
-0.04933502525091171,
-0.03275912255048752,
0.051519088447093964,
0.022190546616911888,
-0.02055279165506363,
-0.052133332937955856,
0.01695365458726883,
0.03768686577677727,
-0.0045036207884550095,
0.02898244932293892,
-0.0013644571881741285,
-0.02241971343755722,
0.014969473704695702,
0.037977635860443115,
0.021435504779219627,
-0.006837282329797745,
-0.035475995391607285,
-0.02651289664208889,
-0.09638769924640656,
0.048666272312402725,
-0.032429665327072144,
-0.052643585950136185,
-0.005777284502983093,
0.04210729897022247,
0.0033814215566962957,
-0.024362115189433098,
0.04156673699617386,
0.009078812785446644,
0.021686317399144173,
0.006127373315393925,
0.008450050838291645,
-0.02563309855759144,
0.031751103699207306,
0.005311531946063042,
-0.09061655402183533,
-0.046602461487054825,
-0.0030212283600121737,
-0.017434140667319298,
-0.005240296479314566,
-0.001884249853901565,
-0.016116587445139885,
0.0054083154536783695,
0.012083173729479313,
0.0027138690929859877,
-0.06327739357948303,
0.048446960747241974,
-0.031579386442899704,
0.002861509332433343,
-0.03351408615708351,
-0.009214934892952442,
0.057674698531627655,
0.035929419100284576,
-0.0041091484017670155,
0.08700107038021088,
0.006422943901270628,
0.035054761916399,
0.04151836782693863,
0.05740620195865631,
-0.03028707765042782,
-0.07003951072692871,
0.01891157403588295,
0.016213038936257362,
0.01266846340149641,
-0.00018385154544375837,
-0.02692268043756485,
-0.005374821834266186,
0.004026590380817652,
0.01850000210106373,
0.0584145151078701,
-0.002103125676512718,
-0.03890209645032883,
-0.019982388243079185,
0.058315858244895935,
-0.037898968905210495,
0.00490949209779501,
-0.006930106319487095,
0.013956940732896328,
-0.04526492580771446,
-0.02592376433312893,
0.014407646842300892,
0.03800250217318535,
-0.02630240097641945,
-0.021429497748613358,
-0.04537991061806679,
0.0060647656209766865,
0.05333567410707474,
0.01715417578816414,
0.035503700375556946,
0.008499101735651493,
-0.002038751496002078,
0.0001874678855529055,
0.016400618478655815,
-0.007661059964448214,
-0.0052624293603003025,
-0.04235192388296127,
-0.004934087861329317,
0.052888862788677216,
0.06724132597446442,
-0.06649316847324371,
-0.019276876002550125,
-0.04085078835487366,
-0.07093337923288345,
0.0330418199300766,
0.025581639260053635,
-0.02829759381711483,
0.008514800108969212,
0.06527899205684662,
0.027525978162884712,
0.030575186014175415,
0.014230896718800068,
-0.07213452458381653,
0.028710801154375076,
0.015353471040725708,
-0.0086978105828166,
0.03692351654171944,
0.008444760926067829,
0.077259860932827,
-0.008528085425496101,
0.03660556674003601,
0.02647579275071621,
-0.07325787097215652,
-0.0221417136490345,
0.02987086772918701,
-0.02077331766486168,
0.05851955711841583,
0.03852515295147896,
-0.022701524198055267,
0.009925073012709618,
0.013399426825344563,
0.027477886527776718,
0.049115266650915146,
-0.03096834383904934,
0.02928771823644638,
-0.04279288277029991,
-0.06580215692520142,
0.0022094822488725185,
0.05127278342843056,
-0.05198605731129646,
-0.02525942586362362,
0.03374059125781059,
-0.029856691136956215,
0.01446825172752142,
-0.04227233678102493,
0.014783479273319244,
0.008588678203523159,
0.01396320853382349,
0.012074497528374195,
-0.0011832694290205836,
0.03365810215473175,
-0.0641668513417244,
0.04113062843680382,
0.0237620510160923,
0.009281383827328682,
0.027131006121635437,
0.009995746426284313,
0.06806957721710205,
0.06620781868696213,
-0.03810536488890648,
0.0012313909828662872,
0.026699259877204895,
0.014477910473942757,
0.03321626037359238,
0.0095820939168334,
-0.006000074557960033,
-0.003477300051599741,
0.008837868459522724,
-0.00022283288126345724,
-0.014745336957275867,
0.07994554936885834,
-0.01746162213385105,
-0.013909774832427502,
0.07043157517910004,
-0.028022851794958115,
0.05969062075018883,
0.020860685035586357,
-0.015265436843037605,
0.029339591041207314,
0.017912616953253746,
-0.05088724195957184,
-0.008448846638202667,
-0.014575834386050701,
0.024775942787528038,
0.02880214713513851,
0.003439835738390684,
0.001609212253242731,
-0.03507357835769653,
0.0361919030547142,
-0.028185032308101654,
0.05854028835892677,
0.056878287345170975,
0.027736909687519073,
0.017827853560447693,
0.007837550714612007,
-0.02974935993552208,
-0.009744287468492985,
-0.11258146911859512,
-0.04397822916507721,
0.016172844916582108,
0.051529303193092346,
0.020938590168952942,
0.05903942137956619,
-0.03154608979821205,
0.03547846898436546,
-0.005509288515895605,
-0.04514600709080696,
0.020696161314845085,
0.01804542914032936,
0.02467343583703041,
-0.02448377199470997,
-0.005282825790345669,
0.026930419728159904,
0.043393537402153015,
0.0025349154602736235,
-0.0025443127378821373,
-0.025324979797005653,
-0.05420409142971039,
0.003748325863853097,
-0.06614766269922256,
-0.024719608947634697,
0.03235796093940735,
0.006708953529596329,
0.02570975385606289,
-0.03263694420456886,
-0.0003572973655536771,
0.021875405684113503,
0.040634118020534515,
0.027901755645871162,
0.016218340024352074,
-0.026647532358765602,
0.022689444944262505,
0.0059630186296999454,
0.004045689478516579,
-0.016942378133535385,
-0.020736178383231163,
-0.01973499357700348,
-0.02912224270403385,
0.0024489182978868484,
0.0023585567250847816,
-0.27248910069465637,
-0.01580837555229664,
-0.0008545176242478192,
0.026717158034443855,
0.03404984623193741,
-0.013616069220006466,
0.045021988451480865,
-0.043727125972509384,
-0.036314237862825394,
0.03085605800151825,
-0.013693749904632568,
0.016892461106181145,
0.002348748967051506,
0.04540668800473213,
0.026472244411706924,
0.06708739697933197,
-0.007992461323738098,
-0.03951359912753105,
0.016280703246593475,
0.04179675132036209,
0.012581263668835163,
-0.08865993469953537,
-0.01693008467555046,
-0.0057249064557254314,
-0.012070897035300732,
0.058504458516836166,
-0.04868219792842865,
-0.008983396925032139,
-0.05477013811469078,
0.0027201783377677202,
-0.013785448856651783,
0.004490963649004698,
-0.02368032932281494,
0.0406046062707901,
0.06283441931009293,
-0.02895710989832878,
0.001025413628667593,
-0.007611408829689026,
0.036112625151872635,
0.011997857131063938,
0.008916514925658703,
-0.022672275081276894,
-0.06661281734704971,
0.015651267021894455,
0.04547355696558952,
0.023020969703793526,
0.006081756204366684,
-0.004492784384638071,
-0.016580767929553986,
0.04638352617621422,
0.03092133440077305,
-0.017221074551343918,
-0.015583312138915062,
0.02016819640994072,
-0.01034187525510788,
-0.01029923465102911,
-0.006333319935947657,
0.010418637655675411,
0.012499410659074783,
0.02012615278363228,
-0.01565307006239891,
-0.040175799280405045,
-0.014597538858652115,
-0.02138739638030529,
0.004575140308588743,
-0.0679406151175499,
-0.05722033232450485,
-0.04355805367231369,
0.01373523473739624,
0.006748227868229151,
0.05314909294247627,
-0.001481028739362955,
-0.0019863273482769728,
-0.09467040747404099,
-0.010915667749941349,
-0.03341853991150856,
0.013403696939349174,
-0.001898192218504846,
-0.04014226049184799,
0.06730678677558899,
-0.029164018109440804,
-0.04722180590033531,
0.01559655275195837,
0.008216106332838535,
-0.011757822707295418,
-0.045396894216537476,
0.028720995411276817,
0.010588294826447964,
0.011324765160679817,
-0.028615403920412064,
0.033683884888887405,
-0.00717889703810215,
0.06056777015328407,
-0.0018529031658545136,
0.09793095290660858,
0.028702424839138985,
0.015837211161851883,
0.014632650651037693,
0.042966000735759735,
-0.008540836162865162,
0.019707687199115753,
-0.08640487492084503,
-0.024792436510324478,
-0.04122425615787506,
0.0022423986811190844,
-0.01046715397387743,
-0.034587789326906204,
-0.03590116649866104,
0.0309586301445961,
0.0035742640029639006,
0.006646344438195229,
-0.05324450880289078,
0.016161395236849785,
-0.040160927921533585,
-0.03478739410638809,
-0.039663150906562805,
0.0019662596751004457,
0.052368562668561935,
0.040844712406396866,
0.02104048617184162,
0.002052236581221223,
0.0328335203230381,
-0.02662252075970173,
-0.023431995883584023,
-0.04034716263413429,
-0.0021632981952279806,
-0.0008355961763300002,
-0.027795402333140373,
-0.0014563959557563066,
0.002654687035828829,
0.04049280285835266,
0.07803738862276077,
0.011657077819108963,
0.0266011580824852,
0.006360750645399094,
-0.020572898909449577,
-0.031136319041252136,
-0.06868699193000793,
0.03290792182087898,
-0.006336645223200321,
0.02850508503615856,
-0.013878277502954006,
0.01756654679775238,
0.006998793222010136,
0.028622999787330627,
0.025269189849495888,
0.01664147526025772,
-0.028757615014910698,
0.02548122964799404,
-0.0020746507216244936,
0.02553781494498253,
-0.03266020491719246,
-0.01607135869562626,
-0.014342027716338634,
0.03306889906525612,
0.005985848605632782,
0.02160574682056904,
0.007780981250107288,
-0.012473583221435547,
-0.09675733000040054,
0.022309301421046257,
-0.009799580089747906,
-0.03815828636288643,
0.0021681184880435467,
-0.023508673533797264,
0.08671437948942184,
-0.0022228811867535114,
-0.014288552105426788,
-0.012297764420509338,
0.003790677525103092,
-0.011167023330926895,
-0.029204651713371277,
-0.03943195566534996,
-0.04259060323238373,
-0.046340618282556534,
-0.016465449705719948,
0.038377877324819565,
-0.021488621830940247,
-0.010176231153309345,
0.020811570808291435,
-0.01232827641069889,
-0.045918576419353485,
0.0070737735368311405,
-0.008917986415326595,
0.0688827857375145,
-0.0062151686288416386,
0.009919397532939911,
-0.011758125387132168,
0.012447156012058258,
0.011359189637005329,
0.0009934169938787818,
0.0024878482799977064,
0.01947096176445484,
-0.01978101022541523,
-0.009710531681776047,
-0.03797829523682594,
0.00611498486250639,
0.04231232777237892,
-0.025907371193170547,
-0.01943913660943508,
-0.03300982341170311,
0.041379865258932114,
-0.05788517743349075,
-0.02710282988846302,
0.04302061349153519,
-0.08527069538831711,
-0.014600442722439766,
0.013114404864609241,
-0.025764157995581627,
0.05392318218946457,
-0.0626954585313797,
-0.03326193243265152,
-0.02337103895843029,
-0.00011075814109062776,
0.015170552767813206,
-0.03170275315642357,
-0.05667195841670036,
0.01954021491110325,
-0.010878043249249458,
-0.022514451295137405,
-0.031041506677865982,
0.0015987184597179294,
0.02696850150823593,
-0.03937491774559021,
0.009830211289227009,
0.060759734362363815,
-0.018291212618350983,
-0.02325843833386898,
0.022603332996368408,
-0.0013273562071844935,
0.020723821595311165,
-0.05246290937066078,
-0.033101048320531845,
0.03708731755614281,
0.033777907490730286,
0.056876812130212784,
-0.05014185979962349,
0.007561398204416037,
-0.0009298169752582908,
-0.01326681673526764,
-0.014104037545621395,
-0.01726130209863186,
-0.04108831658959389,
-0.018848391249775887,
-0.011375918984413147,
0.007269463501870632,
0.027518289163708687,
0.0009765334543772042,
0.012300108559429646,
0.009180686436593533,
0.028270039707422256,
0.01926514506340027,
-0.04524948447942734,
-0.003763066604733467,
0.07569705694913864,
-0.018013715744018555,
-0.05113796889781952,
-0.06911379098892212,
0.012420719489455223,
0.03579172492027283,
-0.049832358956336975,
0.05672038346529007,
0.0010003617499023676,
0.022602804005146027,
0.027294693514704704,
0.05415058508515358,
0.018225351348519325,
-0.02174379490315914,
0.029688818380236626,
-0.07428909838199615,
0.004680481273680925,
-0.07024676352739334,
0.0039094374515116215,
0.03902952000498772,
-0.024318993091583252,
0.021507062017917633,
0.02889673039317131,
-0.014917117543518543,
0.05819355696439743,
-0.0005727132665924728,
-0.04496285691857338,
-0.0012996629811823368,
-0.049265842884778976,
-0.018357131630182266,
0.022819316014647484,
-0.022873777896165848,
0.0005906431470066309,
0.010870657861232758,
-0.04001125693321228,
0.02888004295527935,
0.009824338369071484,
0.05590648949146271,
0.02407192252576351,
0.008837372995913029,
-0.05819424241781235,
-0.034255512058734894,
0.04186001420021057,
0.027475442737340927,
-0.003963673487305641,
-0.011191610246896744,
-0.06059762090444565,
0.043869491666555405,
0.044176600873470306,
0.01188263576477766,
0.013858867809176445,
0.0331997387111187,
-0.006843185517936945,
-0.02214764803647995,
0.04546782746911049,
-0.007314701564610004,
-0.004081600345671177,
-0.08312376588582993,
0.05016850307583809,
0.009128171019256115,
-0.06319867819547653,
-0.0346791110932827,
0.02545939013361931,
-0.06791436672210693,
0.028186120092868805,
0.014643785543739796,
0.017973225563764572,
-0.015744544565677643,
0.06338958442211151,
0.013734371401369572,
0.04879089444875717,
0.06008454039692879,
0.0035946140997111797,
0.00629424536600709,
-0.013626749627292156,
0.05850214511156082,
0.056691475212574005,
0.024272965267300606,
-0.03641067072749138,
0.03621900454163551,
-0.04139011725783348,
-0.04953456297516823,
0.0003755059733521193,
-0.021531786769628525,
-0.028005821630358696,
-0.007761063054203987,
-0.013001631945371628,
0.07544295489788055,
-0.03241262584924698,
0.06389585137367249,
-0.008930866606533527,
-0.02715429663658142,
0.04959779605269432,
0.0012260907096788287,
-0.009875682182610035,
0.05069020017981529,
-0.012595734558999538,
0.03718028962612152,
-0.031111210584640503,
-0.01564781367778778,
-0.018618881702423096,
0.014871780760586262,
-0.00426977826282382,
-0.02026117965579033,
-0.03086402639746666,
0.06389337033033371,
0.01954183727502823,
-0.010292747057974339,
0.07632528990507126,
-0.026958584785461426,
-0.02644958533346653,
0.0125103909522295,
0.018432505428791046,
-0.012644047848880291,
0.003110774327069521,
0.047039005905389786,
-0.04744946211576462,
0.00906046200543642,
-0.02779676392674446,
0.03880564123392105,
0.06377460807561874,
0.007046724669635296,
0.029465630650520325,
-0.01627209223806858,
0.04866911098361015,
0.035884931683540344,
0.04481552541255951,
-0.0015994495479390025,
-0.06381352990865707,
-0.02188756875693798,
-0.06765467673540115,
-0.018569152802228928,
-0.04860445484519005,
0.03186061978340149,
0.008394463919103146,
-0.032595567405223846,
0.030507173389196396,
-0.017217980697751045,
0.009704088792204857,
0.007328920532017946,
-0.05347157269716263,
-0.03922206535935402,
0.033236000686883926,
0.009086198173463345,
0.04311271011829376,
0.02726062759757042,
0.02326848730444908,
0.012710151262581348,
-0.0001115996710723266,
0.024604152888059616,
0.008135825395584106,
0.0176356453448534,
-0.026673804968595505,
0.013995107263326645,
-0.07471885532140732,
0.002749721286818385,
-0.004608375020325184,
-0.0485546700656414,
-0.06765700876712799,
0.02509770728647709,
-0.02162858471274376,
0.0026808916591107845,
0.05339718237519264,
-0.01844477839767933,
-0.02502397634088993,
-0.03235717490315437,
-0.025027858093380928,
-0.05750318244099617,
0.0019057021709159017,
0.019409582018852234,
-0.037458255887031555,
0.041406285017728806,
0.012914289720356464,
-0.03871401399374008,
-0.08958155661821365,
0.09742739796638489,
-0.007422084920108318,
-0.005899563431739807,
-0.004395396914333105,
-0.03190123662352562,
-0.02759406901896,
-0.06940174102783203,
-0.005238119047135115,
0.036633774638175964,
-0.04393557459115982,
-0.031992387026548386,
-0.002091454342007637,
0.008545483462512493,
-0.02898620441555977,
0.00366376806050539,
0.0005294495495036244,
-0.02211630530655384,
-0.061431095004081726,
-0.007995028048753738,
-0.07892504334449768,
0.02947881445288658,
-0.014533509500324726,
-0.00042369874427095056,
-0.055306240916252136,
-0.04374406486749649,
-0.0005832542083226144,
-0.008531303144991398,
0.015447995625436306,
0.03851775452494621,
0.02728397399187088,
-0.017895961180329323
] |
3,416
|
Learning from negative feedback, or positive feedback or both
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=4FVGowGzQb
|
[
"Abbas Abdolmaleki",
"Bilal Piot",
"Bobak Shahriari",
"Jost Tobias Springenberg",
"Tim Hertweck",
"Michael Bloesch",
"Rishabh Joshi",
"Thomas Lampe",
"Junhyuk Oh",
"Nicolas Heess",
"Jonas Buchli",
"Martin Riedmiller"
] |
Spotlight
|
Existing preference optimization methods often assume scenarios where paired preference feedback (preferred/positive vs. dis-preferred/negative examples) is available. This requirement limits their applicability in scenarios where only unpaired feedback—for example, either positive or negative— is available. To address this, we introduce a novel approach that decouples learning from positive and negative feedback. This decoupling enables control over the influence of each feedback type and, importantly, allows learning even when only one feedback type is present. A key contribution is demonstrating stable learning from negative feedback alone, a capability not well-addressed by current methods. Our approach builds upon the probabilistic framework introduced in (Dayan and Hinton, 1997), which uses expectation-maximization (EM) to directly optimize the probability of positive outcomes (as opposed to classic expected reward maximization). We address a key limitation in current EM-based methods: they solely maximize the likelihood of positive examples, while neglecting negative ones. We show how to extend EM algorithms to explicitly incorporate negative examples, leading to a theoretically grounded algorithm that offers an intuitive and versatile way to learn from both positive and negative feedback. We evaluate our approach for training language models based on human feedback as well as training policies for sequential decision-making problems, where learned value functions are available.
|
Preference Optimization, Policy Optimization, Negative Feedback, Positive feedback, Reinforcement Learning, Probabilistic Inference
|
A new policy optimization algorithm that learns from different type and number of feedback (positive, negative, or both) to optimize policies.
| 10,103
|
2410.04166
|
[
-0.005698163527995348,
0.02010485716164112,
0.007127632386982441,
0.03949074447154999,
0.03908833488821983,
0.026555808261036873,
0.010926740244030952,
0.00954262912273407,
-0.011350732296705246,
-0.0332426056265831,
-0.016874639317393303,
0.06573653966188431,
-0.08924643695354462,
-0.045879460871219635,
0.0025989918503910303,
0.011640078388154507,
0.031561270356178284,
0.010253679007291794,
-0.014134235680103302,
0.029316188767552376,
-0.0026496893260627985,
-0.02898329868912697,
0.03621863201260567,
0.006156961899250746,
0.043753307312726974,
0.027041876688599586,
0.025852950289845467,
-0.009299146011471748,
-0.02440296858549118,
-0.018157197162508965,
0.021222086623311043,
-0.004852214828133583,
-0.011880284175276756,
-0.006569548975676298,
-0.016841506585478783,
0.003996105864644051,
-0.03416977822780609,
-0.008189210668206215,
0.0102074621245265,
0.02669772319495678,
-0.05120820924639702,
0.0020485580898821354,
-0.01366583351045847,
0.0003350441111251712,
-0.04795796796679497,
0.038984596729278564,
-0.07264001667499542,
0.008583396673202515,
0.001566349994391203,
-0.07542257755994797,
-0.11963240057229996,
0.04413396492600441,
0.058897700160741806,
-0.02390822023153305,
-0.019363922998309135,
0.03543659299612045,
0.045236047357320786,
-0.06089577078819275,
-0.01252124272286892,
-0.07378669828176498,
-0.040316250175237656,
0.03880288451910019,
0.014993682503700256,
0.006270845420658588,
-0.00015455491666216403,
-0.0056531960144639015,
0.008546675555408001,
0.04404977336525917,
-0.029545489698648453,
-0.023475009948015213,
-0.07424060255289078,
-0.029223263263702393,
0.003065059194341302,
0.0073343003168702126,
0.027876118198037148,
-0.04919911548495293,
0.032544396817684174,
0.011971431784331799,
0.03441006317734718,
0.022028867155313492,
-0.015214037150144577,
0.055057182908058167,
0.04081973806023598,
0.028768016025424004,
0.009993388317525387,
-0.009684295393526554,
0.0011348462430760264,
-0.01198145654052496,
-0.08889564126729965,
0.03396286442875862,
-0.01341565977782011,
-0.061082445085048676,
0.02705891616642475,
0.05206257477402687,
0.029164258390665054,
-0.014884281903505325,
0.03068467043340206,
-0.010189080610871315,
0.017499443143606186,
-0.0021307861898094416,
0.0013273012591525912,
-0.04168614372611046,
0.020994238555431366,
-0.028071550652384758,
-0.10590584576129913,
-0.04218607768416405,
-0.003155043348670006,
-0.000046184079110389575,
-0.011774733662605286,
0.018345369026064873,
-0.06282782554626465,
-0.01754072867333889,
0.02339351922273636,
0.0033984286710619926,
-0.07366234064102173,
0.0052254050970077515,
-0.00944267213344574,
0.027501242235302925,
0.0052235666662454605,
-0.005939892493188381,
0.05326709896326065,
0.02979717217385769,
0.014250115491449833,
0.06275804340839386,
-0.01832583174109459,
-0.006748567335307598,
0.03286642208695412,
0.05167439579963684,
-0.027865350246429443,
-0.04582589119672775,
0.0001561555254738778,
0.031650740653276443,
-0.034080956131219864,
0.02003154158592224,
-0.03565014898777008,
0.015029564499855042,
0.022058775648474693,
-0.011898687109351158,
0.019172459840774536,
0.008725306950509548,
-0.015515935607254505,
0.0039027209859341383,
0.08255372196435928,
-0.010417036712169647,
0.07238215953111649,
-0.03897763416171074,
0.002915438497439027,
-0.003047953126952052,
-0.02009589970111847,
-0.0014853531029075384,
-0.0010384630877524614,
-0.041936781257390976,
-0.021326128393411636,
-0.051501497626304626,
0.0008048461168073118,
0.04634905606508255,
0.015620031394064426,
0.021177278831601143,
0.011707655154168606,
0.02933749370276928,
0.009972689673304558,
-0.012813875451683998,
-0.016208620741963387,
-0.004744222387671471,
0.00401669554412365,
-0.06750446557998657,
0.04634454846382141,
0.04123586788773537,
-0.03770573064684868,
0.004828625824302435,
-0.032238028943538666,
-0.015709163621068,
0.03947179764509201,
-0.022085348144173622,
-0.020252039656043053,
0.008682730607688427,
0.043812431395053864,
0.0067093526013195515,
0.030866945162415504,
0.026533784344792366,
-0.09540761262178421,
0.030688980594277382,
0.013609632849693298,
0.008633271791040897,
0.01270796824246645,
-0.02436765469610691,
0.053042806684970856,
-0.021271174773573875,
0.03149919956922531,
0.026377422735095024,
-0.07271882146596909,
-0.023774418979883194,
0.021859796717762947,
-0.009888733737170696,
0.05651845037937164,
-0.012742905877530575,
-0.029628830030560493,
0.02397247403860092,
0.062329839915037155,
0.055424463003873825,
0.02443225309252739,
-0.052120331674814224,
0.020867759361863136,
0.01266988180577755,
-0.0295038390904665,
-0.00042702650534920394,
0.02861151099205017,
-0.04769045487046242,
-0.026877010241150856,
0.041758183389902115,
-0.039791494607925415,
0.008494441397488117,
-0.004776715766638517,
-0.0031650643795728683,
0.04478973150253296,
0.002406260697171092,
-0.01529067475348711,
-0.005471928510814905,
-0.0011863068211823702,
-0.047054145485162735,
0.02954031713306904,
0.03798375278711319,
-0.014408600516617298,
0.023392820730805397,
-0.00506845535710454,
0.07174412906169891,
0.08114414662122726,
-0.03674168139696121,
0.020733630284667015,
0.026986515149474144,
0.018027616664767265,
0.015949096530675888,
0.02539004571735859,
-0.025889001786708832,
0.05827876180410385,
0.016192004084587097,
-0.002906974172219634,
-0.023349197581410408,
0.07303633540868759,
-0.044737767428159714,
-0.006584349554032087,
0.08426949381828308,
-0.055154990404844284,
0.08285732567310333,
-0.0050677224062383175,
0.0021542711183428764,
0.015469525009393692,
0.03761550411581993,
-0.03417496755719185,
-0.035812001675367355,
-0.0496036522090435,
0.009447244927287102,
0.013457903638482094,
-0.005405344534665346,
0.035909686237573624,
-0.05517309531569481,
-0.013305110856890678,
-0.003062251955270767,
0.05743810161948204,
0.04299112781882286,
0.006688207387924194,
0.04532420635223389,
-0.012282870709896088,
-0.06092436984181404,
-0.0072587961331009865,
-0.09408935159444809,
-0.047115009278059006,
0.032205644994974136,
0.030294109135866165,
0.035495709627866745,
0.014254206791520119,
-0.020872389897704124,
0.042253606021404266,
-0.015791311860084534,
-0.05910691246390343,
0.018729211762547493,
0.03158636391162872,
0.009325586259365082,
-0.035096053034067154,
-0.03119809739291668,
0.0016708828043192625,
0.062204327434301376,
-0.042899999767541885,
-0.02488316036760807,
-0.027206020429730415,
-0.06374162435531616,
-0.022021444514393806,
-0.006871744059026241,
-0.022908413782715797,
0.028181947767734528,
0.026220085099339485,
0.00705982418730855,
-0.006043240427970886,
0.03459753096103668,
0.045497484505176544,
0.042572375386953354,
0.03962022438645363,
0.054515738040208817,
0.004784042946994305,
0.03703015297651291,
0.006118034478276968,
0.0021701687946915627,
-0.020334850996732712,
0.005628148093819618,
0.017019925639033318,
-0.014355993829667568,
0.04668472334742546,
0.011686543002724648,
-0.2610737979412079,
-0.026503385975956917,
0.03581153228878975,
0.0033215973526239395,
0.006793109234422445,
-0.022766709327697754,
0.06837198883295059,
-0.037926264107227325,
-0.03957339748740196,
0.03146373853087425,
-0.018320027738809586,
0.02114361710846424,
-0.0028397266287356615,
0.05253008008003235,
0.058492545038461685,
0.03506162762641907,
0.009139939211308956,
-0.009054265916347504,
-0.022649036720395088,
0.015850253403186798,
-0.014153391122817993,
-0.07938975840806961,
-0.01788586936891079,
0.03549043461680412,
0.008625649847090244,
0.04508555680513382,
-0.049064021557569504,
-0.019066061824560165,
-0.017715781927108765,
-0.010781965218484402,
-0.014088086783885956,
-0.0024732293095439672,
-0.009021728299558163,
0.03920591250061989,
0.06660054624080658,
0.013232172466814518,
0.029401952400803566,
-0.03206601366400719,
0.03433367609977722,
0.04041464999318123,
-0.01155899465084076,
-0.00741051509976387,
0.007224913686513901,
0.029805677011609077,
0.054404255002737045,
0.044598665088415146,
-0.009972132742404938,
-0.01761121116578579,
-0.026311876252293587,
0.048307497054338455,
0.016367223113775253,
-0.007182461675256491,
-0.026319876313209534,
0.04267795756459236,
0.03234361112117767,
0.020282140001654625,
0.0001816559088183567,
-0.03348582983016968,
-0.025480391457676888,
0.002211450133472681,
0.01149814110249281,
-0.052397843450307846,
-0.01447340939193964,
-0.00796317495405674,
-0.005301615688949823,
-0.028341596946120262,
-0.07449804991483688,
-0.040021348744630814,
0.055455926805734634,
0.03689969331026077,
0.00037510591209866107,
-0.026095056906342506,
0.0005537361139431596,
-0.09057880192995071,
0.013694697991013527,
-0.01270943135023117,
-0.014906738884747028,
0.0030680596828460693,
0.010722590610384941,
0.02891194075345993,
-0.03546111285686493,
-0.0485772080719471,
0.015230188146233559,
0.016500763595104218,
0.03914255648851395,
-0.033156704157590866,
0.029386091977357864,
0.011573433876037598,
-0.018004927784204483,
-0.0385017916560173,
0.019650956615805626,
0.014156860299408436,
0.013848768547177315,
-0.03727813810110092,
0.05897047370672226,
0.04789482802152634,
0.03347800299525261,
0.01997365802526474,
0.045027509331703186,
0.020041996613144875,
0.0028189592994749546,
-0.08415021002292633,
-0.021596400067210197,
-0.017222728580236435,
-0.027823343873023987,
0.011308129876852036,
-0.08335958421230316,
-0.01142053585499525,
0.05068688839673996,
-0.03506219759583473,
-0.025392713025212288,
-0.02184433862566948,
-0.012493289075791836,
0.005680771544575691,
-0.02562081068754196,
-0.035749033093452454,
-0.008614546619355679,
0.03451991453766823,
0.044744476675987244,
0.0014811872970312834,
-0.015981536358594894,
0.03715138137340546,
-0.03161095082759857,
0.027589760720729828,
-0.01192034874111414,
-0.0018651926657184958,
0.006570653058588505,
-0.03806474059820175,
-0.018321944400668144,
-0.014863182790577412,
0.041139911860227585,
0.022009747102856636,
-0.014228098094463348,
0.04179473966360092,
0.0534224770963192,
0.020698077976703644,
0.009309422224760056,
-0.018783098086714745,
0.030377648770809174,
-0.037346843630075455,
0.039268624037504196,
-0.02337297983467579,
0.026321804150938988,
0.026006869971752167,
0.019510909914970398,
0.008389660157263279,
-0.011753764003515244,
-0.0215266402810812,
-0.008533266372978687,
0.005388577003031969,
0.019844716414809227,
-0.0497102253139019,
-0.015756549313664436,
-0.036429986357688904,
0.007697592955082655,
0.016787735745310783,
0.0164596289396286,
-0.006020818836987019,
0.01062525063753128,
-0.061847422271966934,
0.030258355662226677,
-0.011633537709712982,
-0.02145998924970627,
0.00507777463644743,
0.03410028666257858,
0.05455271899700165,
-0.030938293784856796,
-0.04167212173342705,
0.011695410124957561,
0.02905060537159443,
0.05582834407687187,
-0.02255847677588463,
-0.036171071231365204,
-0.04468800127506256,
-0.056908853352069855,
-0.00898130051791668,
0.031212978065013885,
-0.05652721971273422,
-0.031728170812129974,
0.016050953418016434,
-0.01086458656936884,
-0.0493444986641407,
-0.011035625822842121,
-0.011336211115121841,
0.06371006369590759,
0.0022446969524025917,
0.008425762876868248,
-0.014852209016680717,
-0.035537850111722946,
0.017866428941488266,
-0.0323847196996212,
0.0008139154524542391,
-0.0261067021638155,
-0.05524517595767975,
-0.03366375342011452,
-0.019767271354794502,
-0.0214176457375288,
-0.012534371577203274,
-0.01489930134266615,
-0.0025346793700009584,
-0.018726542592048645,
0.0017761759227141738,
-0.03249422833323479,
-0.034463707357645035,
0.010295948944985867,
-0.0762949138879776,
0.0005568068008869886,
0.024016158655285835,
-0.032620251178741455,
0.038623031228780746,
-0.06625363975763321,
-0.04933394119143486,
-0.043266233056783676,
-0.00042717266478575766,
0.007903698831796646,
-0.04649237543344498,
-0.03739308938384056,
-0.025287063792347908,
-0.05191415175795555,
-0.007663319353014231,
0.013852874748408794,
-0.011990604922175407,
-0.009676502086222172,
-0.045829422771930695,
0.019145838916301727,
0.04561011865735054,
-0.048411767929792404,
-0.04129843786358833,
0.02427724376320839,
-0.02485245279967785,
0.001020568422973156,
-0.025326495990157127,
0.028477687388658524,
0.050162941217422485,
0.005628626327961683,
0.0007091854931786656,
-0.039223551750183105,
0.05957946926355362,
-0.02695617265999317,
-0.013101082295179367,
-0.024366529658436775,
0.0006532436818815768,
-0.04328160732984543,
-0.02237934246659279,
0.016391394659876823,
0.042257245630025864,
0.01958782598376274,
-0.010675577446818352,
0.02225174941122532,
0.02311406284570694,
0.012756342068314552,
0.04089007526636124,
-0.041356854140758514,
0.02976311184465885,
0.06775929033756256,
0.004427012987434864,
-0.0059184362180531025,
-0.06096263229846954,
-0.0036782228853553534,
0.01449562981724739,
-0.025978513062000275,
0.03227639198303223,
-0.0373443178832531,
0.0505731925368309,
0.014098281972110271,
0.052099958062171936,
0.01660633087158203,
-0.024178840219974518,
0.0015756789362058043,
-0.04717898368835449,
-0.0009590127156116068,
-0.06870093941688538,
-0.008265788666903973,
0.0848349928855896,
-0.02919842302799225,
0.02518153376877308,
-0.021252982318401337,
-0.04530368745326996,
0.052285805344581604,
-0.02918773889541626,
-0.02882440760731697,
-0.007909358479082584,
-0.024392886087298393,
-0.00036722468212246895,
0.06533315032720566,
-0.06341474503278732,
-0.06698282063007355,
-0.03262780234217644,
-0.050347525626420975,
-0.0010716186370700598,
0.011764949187636375,
0.03572393208742142,
-0.002053786301985383,
-0.0041762301698327065,
-0.024410305544734,
0.021016236394643784,
0.025626052170991898,
0.049316056072711945,
0.017574792727828026,
-0.009373138658702374,
-0.040043506771326065,
0.057722121477127075,
0.030146349221467972,
0.04832322522997856,
0.0021869270130991936,
0.03318258747458458,
-0.009546478278934956,
-0.03613109886646271,
0.025709116831421852,
-0.007742929272353649,
-0.019793996587395668,
-0.047651901841163635,
0.04532698169350624,
0.025697782635688782,
-0.033209897577762604,
-0.03539407253265381,
0.027309421449899673,
-0.040562499314546585,
-0.019285380840301514,
0.0073128752410411835,
-0.012484872713685036,
-0.010959518142044544,
0.10002899169921875,
0.05381908640265465,
0.05894021317362785,
0.06201858073472977,
0.03598371520638466,
-0.0029831912834197283,
0.016984567046165466,
0.06966670602560043,
0.042211562395095825,
0.07730481028556824,
0.013875884003937244,
0.07369121164083481,
-0.014924801886081696,
-0.03441810980439186,
-0.0016281954012811184,
0.02235964685678482,
-0.01351451687514782,
-0.021262234076857567,
-0.00558006577193737,
0.036076921969652176,
0.003123037051409483,
0.0581282377243042,
-0.03605379909276962,
-0.02126634120941162,
0.047796253114938736,
0.008078262209892273,
-0.0003060769522562623,
0.050541140139102936,
0.033866800367832184,
0.02530064806342125,
-0.018843874335289,
-0.029528196901082993,
0.008807753212749958,
-0.021832337602972984,
-0.0009060294833034277,
0.011258192360401154,
-0.012730881571769714,
0.027975892648100853,
0.0316932387650013,
0.03542249649763107,
0.09488403797149658,
-0.05748166888952255,
-0.0032348050735890865,
0.01811240240931511,
0.00983037892729044,
-0.007822549901902676,
0.04605165868997574,
-0.013006721623241901,
-0.0023006133269518614,
-0.00006091161412768997,
-0.031797658652067184,
-0.003333260538056493,
0.0390922874212265,
0.05168311297893524,
0.019477447494864464,
-0.04364432021975517,
-0.006305816117674112,
0.022505849599838257,
0.03173326328396797,
-0.046314120292663574,
-0.05542128533124924,
-0.009988019242882729,
-0.06041308864951134,
-0.06744200736284256,
-0.06728922575712204,
0.00020585450693033636,
-0.0030942284502089024,
-0.027487579733133316,
0.030817165970802307,
-0.0009090442908927798,
0.02698286809027195,
0.01861383393406868,
-0.05401088297367096,
-0.010487019084393978,
0.03475342318415642,
0.008396790362894535,
0.000013585762644652277,
0.005430464632809162,
0.025109117850661278,
-0.011206726543605328,
-0.04652640223503113,
0.018175289034843445,
0.0033075460232794285,
0.026885319501161575,
-0.04748614877462387,
-0.02607114054262638,
-0.09997478127479553,
-0.006043838802725077,
0.016712727025151253,
-0.0316324457526207,
-0.07803156971931458,
0.019396165385842323,
-0.03306872770190239,
0.024439282715320587,
0.07702630758285522,
0.018043629825115204,
-0.012819104827940464,
-0.04902768135070801,
0.0017898270161822438,
-0.020448695868253708,
0.004176674876362085,
0.0610184371471405,
-0.018782304599881172,
0.048740532249212265,
0.028645087033510208,
-0.03590851277112961,
-0.06024445965886116,
0.040851011872291565,
-0.0022550602443516254,
-0.021040480583906174,
-0.03533455729484558,
-0.030515270307660103,
-0.002780970884487033,
-0.08602385967969894,
-0.0412897914648056,
0.03382685407996178,
-0.010893179103732109,
-0.04293722286820412,
0.007318587973713875,
0.004610829055309296,
0.004580850712954998,
0.01968754082918167,
-0.03179048374295235,
-0.020043447613716125,
-0.003789556445553899,
-0.057143766433000565,
-0.07789456099271774,
0.01512850634753704,
-0.025490690022706985,
-0.013974370434880257,
-0.050806306302547455,
-0.002093654125928879,
0.013178596273064613,
-0.0288314837962389,
0.01226881891489029,
0.037530068308115005,
0.01985185034573078,
-0.035500310361385345
] |
3,417
|
CausalRivers - Scaling up benchmarking of causal discovery for real-world time-series
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=wmV4cIbgl6
|
[
"Gideon Stein",
"Maha Shadaydeh",
"Jan Blunk",
"Niklas Penzel",
"Joachim Denzler"
] |
Spotlight
|
Causal discovery, or identifying causal relationships from observational data, is a notoriously challenging task, with numerous methods proposed to tackle it.
Despite this, in-the-wild evaluation of these methods is still lacking, as works frequently rely on synthetic data evaluation and sparse real-world examples under critical theoretical assumptions.
Real-world causal structures, however, are often complex, evolving over time, non-linear, and influenced by unobserved factors, making
it hard to decide on a proper causal discovery strategy.
To bridge this gap, we introduce CausalRivers, the largest in-the-wild causal discovery benchmarking kit for time-series data to date.
CausalRivers features an extensive dataset on river discharge that covers the eastern German territory (666 measurement stations) and the state of Bavaria (494 measurement stations).
It spans the years 2019 to 2023 with a 15-minute temporal resolution.
Further, we provide additional data from a flood around the Elbe River, as an event with a pronounced distributional shift.
Leveraging multiple sources of information and time-series meta-data, we constructed two distinct causal ground truth graphs (Bavaria and eastern Germany).
These graphs can be sampled to generate thousands of subgraphs to benchmark causal discovery across diverse and challenging settings.
To demonstrate the utility of CausalRivers, we evaluate several causal discovery approaches through a set of experiments to identify areas for improvement.
CausalRivers has the potential to facilitate robust evaluations and comparisons of causal discovery methods.
Besides this primary purpose, we also expect that this dataset will be relevant for connected areas of research, such as time-series forecasting and anomaly detection.
Based on this, we hope to push benchmark-driven method development that fosters advanced techniques for causal discovery, as is the case for many other areas of machine learning.
|
Causal Discovery, Benchmarking, Time-series
|
The largest in-the-wild causal discovery benchmark kit to this date, including high-resolution ts and ground truth causal graphs with over 1000 nodes.
| 10,051
|
2503.17452
|
[
-0.010723530314862728,
-0.04164062440395355,
-0.005655650515109301,
0.015947334468364716,
0.023074503988027573,
0.030642004683613777,
0.0697350800037384,
0.023783385753631592,
-0.03424394875764847,
-0.055083371698856354,
0.0196753591299057,
-0.007971801795065403,
-0.031162768602371216,
0.002683918224647641,
-0.013500426895916462,
0.04558783397078514,
0.03172319382429123,
-0.039301153272390366,
0.019829416647553444,
0.0034275276120752096,
0.008981435559689999,
-0.026641160249710083,
-0.011270263232290745,
0.06798998266458511,
0.011883088387548923,
-0.007408751640468836,
0.07343114912509918,
-0.0008357806946150959,
-0.04806996136903763,
0.023527298122644424,
0.053285449743270874,
0.027393225580453873,
-0.019965603947639465,
-0.01007335539907217,
0.016049256548285484,
0.044910844415426254,
-0.04557674005627632,
-0.0031140039209276438,
-0.038945846259593964,
-0.023828726261854172,
-0.050314340740442276,
0.0031177785713225603,
-0.010764903388917446,
0.015883754938840866,
-0.011857977136969566,
0.0284586064517498,
-0.08865103125572205,
0.05592215061187744,
0.013565259985625744,
0.016297128051519394,
-0.09969890117645264,
0.020496681332588196,
0.001994532998651266,
0.017874857410788536,
-0.038683656603097916,
0.041830338537693024,
0.03304662927985191,
-0.08354669064283371,
0.029256872832775116,
-0.04890238493680954,
0.02503538317978382,
0.019980045035481453,
0.007590443827211857,
-0.00016127449634950608,
0.01040210947394371,
-0.010218796320259571,
-0.028040345758199692,
0.0432012677192688,
-0.004530953709036112,
-0.04021565243601799,
-0.01636919379234314,
-0.0008612132514826953,
-0.02812933176755905,
0.016756413504481316,
-0.013843988999724388,
-0.04021092504262924,
-0.005529657006263733,
-0.001889255247078836,
0.03122716024518013,
-0.0013122700620442629,
0.038759976625442505,
-0.013317644596099854,
0.023053420707583427,
0.016525007784366608,
0.022508881986141205,
-0.0016785425832495093,
-0.03711565211415291,
-0.025240736082196236,
-0.06228407844901085,
0.03397301211953163,
-0.006471272092312574,
-0.03938194364309311,
0.03508618846535683,
0.013025809079408646,
0.028111552819609642,
-0.015488849021494389,
0.02625349909067154,
0.03180072456598282,
0.005412871949374676,
-0.023752957582473755,
-0.03276127576828003,
-0.023291153833270073,
-0.012353350408375263,
0.09766211360692978,
-0.08682186901569366,
-0.053125523030757904,
-0.033844560384750366,
-0.04283684864640236,
-0.008227779529988766,
0.015612665563821793,
-0.004310229793190956,
0.03000837005674839,
0.033072102814912796,
0.012224200181663036,
-0.07974271476268768,
0.07684625685214996,
0.01268427912145853,
0.016759516671299934,
-0.004955542739480734,
-0.0026381351053714752,
0.061863627284765244,
0.04468470811843872,
0.011883488856256008,
0.05401034653186798,
-0.034352026879787445,
0.01900125853717327,
0.031483378261327744,
-0.015626542270183563,
-0.01491185836493969,
-0.024594934657216072,
0.03326612710952759,
0.053062740713357925,
-0.013744846917688847,
-0.033196303993463516,
0.0028136572800576687,
0.015711136162281036,
-0.0027523746248334646,
-0.0029626230243593454,
0.023544659838080406,
0.032970938831567764,
0.02793489582836628,
-0.03260836377739906,
0.047418948262929916,
-0.04501144215464592,
0.058626964688301086,
0.0031281595584005117,
0.010434933938086033,
-0.019278012216091156,
-0.010468308813869953,
0.012090986594557762,
0.039183832705020905,
0.01916392892599106,
0.015844376757740974,
-0.038195740431547165,
0.0072258817963302135,
0.03596356883645058,
-0.001818563207052648,
-0.018615437671542168,
-0.01927323266863823,
0.02424723654985428,
0.044290199875831604,
0.023756282404065132,
-0.012354230508208275,
0.01678965985774994,
-0.008056137710809708,
-0.04789997264742851,
0.06156330183148384,
0.017383888363838196,
-0.04971970617771149,
-0.020961958914995193,
-0.04904114454984665,
-0.056443601846694946,
0.06646504253149033,
-0.009679967537522316,
0.010051206685602665,
-0.028549091890454292,
0.03744690492749214,
0.008503461256623268,
-0.004464413039386272,
0.04850754886865616,
-0.06722673028707504,
0.0532219223678112,
-0.01811923272907734,
0.009929108433425426,
0.036101337522268295,
-0.016460034996271133,
0.08728794753551483,
-0.017968960106372833,
0.03563515096902847,
0.011881011538207531,
-0.059169571846723557,
0.008619268424808979,
0.027711013332009315,
0.02692006155848503,
0.037898413836956024,
-0.0021779548842459917,
-0.018786586821079254,
0.026426687836647034,
0.007238080725073814,
0.03132941573858261,
-0.00264505366794765,
-0.02017899788916111,
0.0140445027500391,
0.00390022830106318,
-0.06984566152095795,
-0.013154902495443821,
0.046600136905908585,
-0.06466536968946457,
-0.05543562397360802,
-0.025864776223897934,
-0.020096858963370323,
-0.0029432219453155994,
-0.02043714001774788,
-0.010622147470712662,
0.023284517228603363,
0.040678709745407104,
0.0021315980702638626,
0.015480797737836838,
-0.007699253037571907,
-0.04086143150925636,
0.03544507920742035,
0.0073888832703232765,
0.0018652563448995352,
0.03618748113512993,
-0.011835437268018723,
0.0712972953915596,
0.06072799116373062,
-0.010485812090337276,
0.007319842930883169,
0.0049897353164851665,
0.008790525607764721,
0.032912544906139374,
-0.008442871272563934,
-0.04993735998868942,
0.017538487911224365,
-0.016619624570012093,
-0.012811066582798958,
-0.012285823002457619,
0.04967077448964119,
-0.013785594142973423,
0.04582319036126137,
0.03415633738040924,
-0.032379213720560074,
0.08911626040935516,
0.026864638552069664,
0.0031417047139257193,
0.025982636958360672,
-0.00739069189876318,
-0.08120935410261154,
-0.032694075256586075,
-0.015270547941327095,
0.015736978501081467,
0.03340530022978783,
0.0074381036683917046,
0.01789974793791771,
-0.055704519152641296,
-0.0054824999533593655,
0.014627675525844097,
0.06883339583873749,
0.052820444107055664,
0.04051624611020088,
0.027645763009786606,
-0.0027527655474841595,
-0.04801041632890701,
0.006349640898406506,
-0.114002525806427,
-0.04108356684446335,
-0.006318069063127041,
0.03786148875951767,
-0.010402070358395576,
0.038689933717250824,
-0.02800695039331913,
0.04234379529953003,
-0.002066747983917594,
-0.01999215967953205,
0.031124591827392578,
0.04345434159040451,
-0.018386056646704674,
-0.031592633575201035,
-0.018859224393963814,
0.00165915722027421,
0.07090438902378082,
-0.015003498643636703,
-0.03156367316842079,
-0.007967299781739712,
-0.05946841090917587,
-0.010617949068546295,
0.007850256748497486,
0.00992975477129221,
0.04778622090816498,
0.0064507657662034035,
0.023303089663386345,
-0.0043306173756718636,
0.0024092933163046837,
0.02524544857442379,
0.046305861324071884,
0.030734466388821602,
-0.006303505506366491,
-0.005331633612513542,
0.022074392065405846,
-0.0026377339381724596,
0.01635441556572914,
0.01385907456278801,
0.003670670324936509,
0.0033476196695119143,
0.00667510787025094,
0.01466960646212101,
0.004567950032651424,
-0.2700643539428711,
-0.006424250081181526,
0.01767389290034771,
-0.010185719467699528,
0.023121239617466927,
-0.0004597664228640497,
0.07745514065027237,
0.0001995611091842875,
-0.04986318573355675,
-0.004488550126552582,
0.025723135098814964,
0.03293319419026375,
-0.025195732712745667,
0.062099527567625046,
0.032354362308979034,
0.02236436866223812,
-0.002653875621035695,
-0.023903390392661095,
0.005837340373545885,
0.024906814098358154,
-0.007345206569880247,
-0.045033521950244904,
-0.04315139353275299,
0.02843119576573372,
-0.020976226776838303,
0.00986422598361969,
-0.10065897554159164,
0.020710498094558716,
-0.04915537312626839,
-0.010456169955432415,
0.033458128571510315,
-0.05321263149380684,
-0.00796730350703001,
0.019149063155055046,
0.033722858875989914,
-0.017340587452054024,
0.002224804600700736,
0.021519457921385765,
0.008655001409351826,
-0.008497638627886772,
-0.021522434428334236,
-0.006740379612892866,
-0.04615100100636482,
-0.04592238739132881,
0.018413729965686798,
0.02074962481856346,
0.06988204270601273,
0.008460902608931065,
0.007945006713271141,
0.03409867733716965,
-0.03225097060203552,
-0.006413605064153671,
-0.027217509225010872,
-0.040210746228694916,
-0.025617174804210663,
-0.0315404012799263,
0.006380303762853146,
0.00842020008713007,
-0.03703046590089798,
0.03336493670940399,
0.031332291662693024,
0.015444398857653141,
0.02899712324142456,
-0.03340299054980278,
-0.00988585315644741,
-0.04674668237566948,
-0.08446131646633148,
-0.062222920358181,
0.045545708388090134,
-0.00926405843347311,
-0.018930470570921898,
-0.00692488718777895,
-0.006614964455366135,
-0.1211092621088028,
-0.019776860252022743,
-0.015009612776339054,
-0.01515160221606493,
-0.0055380575358867645,
0.011945043690502644,
0.02942926436662674,
-0.03503045812249184,
-0.008160346187651157,
0.008986073546111584,
0.050984859466552734,
0.02057991735637188,
0.0196382999420166,
0.020064137876033783,
-0.03336682915687561,
-0.036518439650535583,
-0.026685936376452446,
0.011683681979775429,
-0.014821902848780155,
0.036329176276922226,
-0.0020342327188700438,
0.02202025055885315,
0.05582272261381149,
0.008268146775662899,
0.02888670191168785,
0.05305422097444534,
0.0433531180024147,
0.045415885746479034,
-0.08643408864736557,
-0.015515521168708801,
-0.007881897501647472,
0.013472534716129303,
0.01862371526658535,
-0.03831759840250015,
0.008523843251168728,
0.04053677245974541,
-0.030710773542523384,
0.013292294926941395,
-0.031119976192712784,
0.0025060102343559265,
-0.04245900735259056,
0.014674418605864048,
-0.014694472774863243,
-0.0009464994654990733,
0.036584481596946716,
0.02432810328900814,
0.022418558597564697,
-0.040291376411914825,
0.03156315162777901,
-0.009732799604535103,
-0.0012366956798359752,
-0.003940107300877571,
-0.019411884248256683,
-0.009503117762506008,
-0.005726256873458624,
0.02169935591518879,
0.009757930412888527,
0.005420329514890909,
0.017523467540740967,
0.014685921370983124,
0.003331609070301056,
0.05452864617109299,
-0.04605962336063385,
-0.013512183912098408,
-0.04541729390621185,
0.015440193936228752,
-0.030289504677057266,
0.012216483242809772,
-0.033948201686143875,
0.04718748852610588,
-0.003649091115221381,
0.059140995144844055,
0.02642715908586979,
-0.011810384690761566,
0.002616985235363245,
-0.010799936950206757,
0.004259904380887747,
0.03450576588511467,
-0.023081699386239052,
-0.030047841370105743,
-0.03536689653992653,
0.015776248648762703,
0.0004905777750536799,
0.037450697273015976,
0.024341024458408356,
0.02260953187942505,
-0.0661349967122078,
0.06885525584220886,
-0.05604167655110359,
0.005668898578733206,
-0.017579136416316032,
0.016353843733668327,
0.06678460538387299,
-0.031681694090366364,
0.021462194621562958,
0.03356543928384781,
-0.021013155579566956,
-0.0008959045517258346,
-0.04394935443997383,
-0.040287479758262634,
0.020797690376639366,
-0.04259514808654785,
0.03574183210730553,
-0.011674977838993073,
-0.044878751039505005,
-0.0026564495638012886,
0.012268557213246822,
-0.03960766643285751,
-0.008335950784385204,
-0.008615883067250252,
0.0048178257420659065,
0.06113804876804352,
0.020798521116375923,
0.021815352141857147,
-0.033924296498298645,
-0.03053184784948826,
0.029606100171804428,
0.007455451879650354,
0.024987710639834404,
-0.04308902844786644,
-0.04017169401049614,
-0.038471415638923645,
-0.06351542472839355,
0.02318313531577587,
-0.008435195311903954,
-0.05333956331014633,
-0.003955553285777569,
-0.025407472625374794,
-0.011950735934078693,
-0.020789368078112602,
-0.03175894916057587,
0.003232368966564536,
-0.0823785737156868,
-0.05283568799495697,
0.035943884402513504,
-0.02911330573260784,
0.011427173390984535,
-0.019006595015525818,
-0.036702774465084076,
-0.061106301844120026,
0.028976188972592354,
-0.024683037772774696,
-0.017269810661673546,
-0.00964028388261795,
-0.03883723169565201,
-0.0006477765273302794,
0.01686510629951954,
0.014631406404078007,
0.018145177513360977,
0.01412802655249834,
-0.03320135548710823,
-0.01110843289643526,
0.042829301208257675,
-0.017370661720633507,
-0.029790503904223442,
-0.004007464740425348,
-0.029986262321472168,
0.020307565107941628,
-0.05332094803452492,
0.023069176822900772,
0.04987126961350441,
0.02973768301308155,
0.0035162032581865788,
-0.008219229057431221,
0.03489711135625839,
0.003602999961003661,
-0.03064289316534996,
-0.010179612785577774,
0.0002134583774022758,
-0.009714089334011078,
-0.03180694580078125,
0.04748150333762169,
0.00399027019739151,
-0.005516876932233572,
0.03631259873509407,
0.01309510413557291,
0.010886048898100853,
0.010561497882008553,
0.017734624445438385,
-0.03800371289253235,
-0.03028736636042595,
0.043299902230501175,
-0.051895856857299805,
-0.03450636938214302,
-0.05872655287384987,
-0.02560729719698429,
0.012332486920058727,
-0.010633621364831924,
0.008685838431119919,
-0.010021848604083061,
0.06671860069036484,
0.0016773523529991508,
0.03342284634709358,
0.008999363519251347,
-0.005356044974178076,
0.06171494722366333,
-0.04546256363391876,
0.026326606050133705,
-0.07853633165359497,
0.009628847241401672,
0.03761136159300804,
-0.03787572681903839,
0.016709033399820328,
-0.0013964524259790778,
-0.005701122339814901,
0.03581814840435982,
-0.027623621746897697,
-0.06005578115582466,
-0.005208307411521673,
-0.04929044470191002,
-0.002791414503008127,
0.009150659665465355,
-0.03451545536518097,
-0.020728617906570435,
-0.0024174938444048166,
-0.04762501269578934,
-0.00341900740750134,
0.006759500131011009,
0.029162926599383354,
-0.045730043202638626,
0.04307329282164574,
0.003529156558215618,
0.040903013199567795,
0.01997309923171997,
0.051363032311201096,
-0.014904157258570194,
0.019913654774427414,
-0.04947879537940025,
0.0723150447010994,
0.03092745877802372,
0.005157319828867912,
-0.022142888978123665,
0.031759534031152725,
-0.03613400086760521,
-0.03828343749046326,
0.06473421305418015,
0.03656340017914772,
-0.019615858793258667,
-0.07215804606676102,
0.07222403585910797,
0.03865868225693703,
-0.05387809872627258,
0.02159595675766468,
-0.016645167022943497,
-0.016460174694657326,
0.015913741663098335,
0.012898952700197697,
-0.0049559446051716805,
0.009856726042926311,
0.035505685955286026,
0.002803944982588291,
0.06517907977104187,
0.07770998775959015,
0.018036790192127228,
-0.010616556741297245,
-0.03496510162949562,
0.09393035620450974,
0.07536936551332474,
0.005230150651186705,
-0.014153643511235714,
0.0742255374789238,
-0.03200078383088112,
-0.02518622763454914,
0.0343889482319355,
0.017051974311470985,
-0.007446090690791607,
-0.027161724865436554,
0.04890241473913193,
0.06926456093788147,
0.01970726065337658,
0.08969294279813766,
-0.015144620090723038,
-0.028993772342801094,
0.029650049284100533,
0.018469437956809998,
0.01565595343708992,
0.0035499325022101402,
0.012407488189637661,
0.02329101972281933,
-0.01189827173948288,
-0.05647227540612221,
-0.032656554132699966,
0.019166411831974983,
0.01344007533043623,
0.006484435871243477,
0.002361112041398883,
-0.0161328986287117,
0.021162277087569237,
0.019146393984556198,
0.05858677998185158,
-0.04377032443881035,
-0.01530257984995842,
0.011230148375034332,
-0.002328862901777029,
-0.0014786154497414827,
0.05039774999022484,
0.00824346300214529,
0.015569474548101425,
-0.022942425683140755,
-0.04753744602203369,
0.03171522542834282,
0.040726736187934875,
-0.0022110259160399437,
0.021176379173994064,
-0.04672554135322571,
-0.016958491876721382,
0.015508590266108513,
-0.024437541142106056,
-0.04369254410266876,
-0.039858121424913406,
-0.0027186591178178787,
-0.05176582559943199,
-0.07011974602937698,
-0.011545720510184765,
0.03819427639245987,
-0.03697504475712776,
-0.0304047130048275,
-0.00900244526565075,
-0.008193076588213444,
0.009584632702171803,
0.03143955394625664,
-0.073096364736557,
-0.03911858797073364,
0.04573293402791023,
0.003526258748024702,
-0.00421240134164691,
0.018773376941680908,
0.03168872371315956,
-0.03536976873874664,
-0.04456331580877304,
0.015722522512078285,
0.036987923085689545,
0.03198733925819397,
-0.01167117990553379,
-0.04183848574757576,
-0.07756469398736954,
-0.007563824765384197,
0.01619335077702999,
-0.04024135693907738,
-0.09158501774072647,
0.06913043558597565,
-0.027862371876835823,
-0.012180980294942856,
0.04884226247668266,
-0.016494516283273697,
0.009678552858531475,
-0.027259504422545433,
-0.017605463042855263,
-0.011720421724021435,
-0.018332935869693756,
0.06316675990819931,
-0.05471670627593994,
0.06595942378044128,
0.043928731232881546,
-0.03589784353971481,
-0.03376233950257301,
0.034832656383514404,
-0.026157429441809654,
-0.05628269165754318,
-0.06464513391256332,
-0.026178745552897453,
-0.054891541600227356,
-0.12737007439136505,
0.0005440291715785861,
0.037791550159454346,
-0.03222541883587837,
-0.031127436086535454,
0.024525301530957222,
-0.012293403036892414,
0.010375721380114555,
-0.02680375427007675,
-0.0078068324364721775,
0.008537724614143372,
-0.041570402681827545,
-0.05000140145421028,
-0.06135817617177963,
0.012441248632967472,
-0.018839318305253983,
0.00474762637168169,
-0.06991388648748398,
-0.02408062480390072,
0.03671475872397423,
-0.029684077948331833,
0.03170955181121826,
-0.010214671492576599,
0.031237464398145676,
-0.026221254840493202
] |
3,418
|
Signature Kernel Conditional Independence Tests in Causal Discovery for Stochastic Processes
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Nx4PMtJ1ER
|
[
"Georg Manten",
"Cecilia Casolo",
"Emilio Ferrucci",
"Søren Wengel Mogensen",
"Cristopher Salvi",
"Niki Kilbertus"
] |
Spotlight
|
Inferring the causal structure underlying stochastic dynamical systems from observational data holds great promise in domains ranging from science and health to finance. Such processes can often be accurately modeled via stochastic differential equations (SDEs), which naturally imply causal relationships via `which variables enter the differential of which other variables'. In this paper, we develop conditional independence (CI) constraints on coordinate processes over selected intervals that are Markov with respect to the acyclic dependence graph (allowing self-loops) induced by a general SDE model. We then provide a sound and complete causal discovery algorithm, capable of handling both fully and partially observed data, and uniquely recovering the underlying or induced ancestral graph by exploiting time directionality assuming a CI oracle. Finally, to make our algorithm practically usable, we also propose a flexible, consistent signature kernel-based CI test to infer these constraints from data. We extensively benchmark the CI test in isolation and as part of our causal discovery algorithms, outperforming existing approaches in SDE models and beyond.
|
causality, dynamical systems, stochastic processes, causal discovery, signature kernel
|
We develop a kernel-based conditional independence test on ‘path-space’ and constraint-based causal discovery algorithms for SDE solutions that make use of the test for robust causal discovery.
| 9,971
|
2402.18477
|
[
-0.04148039594292641,
-0.0068597192876040936,
-0.003833870403468609,
0.03473379835486412,
0.04500676319003105,
0.04251136630773544,
0.03061993233859539,
-0.00447619566693902,
0.0014316843589767814,
-0.041878633201122284,
0.02443651854991913,
0.01723499968647957,
-0.03059183806180954,
0.01194036565721035,
0.01362268254160881,
0.04469243437051773,
0.050554580986499786,
-0.024131083860993385,
-0.01035612728446722,
0.033181969076395035,
-0.028407489880919456,
0.012267854064702988,
0.02814139425754547,
0.04244884476065636,
0.02020983211696148,
0.002509703394025564,
0.03812457621097565,
-0.016821375116705894,
-0.031215285882353783,
0.02733115665614605,
0.03803636506199837,
0.0461113415658474,
-0.014819014817476273,
-0.032882899045944214,
-0.006255066022276878,
0.00939700473099947,
-0.025773534551262856,
-0.017197294160723686,
-0.026121526956558228,
0.020537182688713074,
-0.07032565772533417,
-0.011580230668187141,
0.002155614783987403,
0.0186404250562191,
-0.05059880390763283,
0.00683144386857748,
-0.11355722695589066,
0.028176894411444664,
0.026585444808006287,
-0.050725776702165604,
-0.08474302291870117,
-0.005672252271324396,
0.003443398978561163,
-0.009504875168204308,
0.011393900960683823,
0.05520211160182953,
0.05015330761671066,
-0.05428481101989746,
0.037122733891010284,
-0.07649771869182587,
-0.014534810557961464,
-0.0017874774057418108,
0.011320877820253372,
-0.010318358428776264,
-0.0313221774995327,
-0.03271991387009621,
0.014652804471552372,
0.03403150290250778,
-0.029459074139595032,
-0.05007925629615784,
-0.024159491062164307,
-0.0075911665335297585,
-0.013202643021941185,
0.040898535400629044,
0.026795389130711555,
-0.05092180147767067,
0.022525107488036156,
0.0013331271475180984,
0.03521498292684555,
-0.000039132326492108405,
0.033810678869485855,
0.011556439101696014,
0.0053977565839886665,
0.013254542835056782,
0.005997277330607176,
-0.022602805867791176,
-0.04758581519126892,
-0.027049733325839043,
-0.06821629405021667,
0.0764412209391594,
-0.008016109466552734,
-0.035342987626791,
0.024529539048671722,
0.012683607637882233,
-0.020791999995708466,
-0.03551970794796944,
0.04005509242415428,
0.020537132397294044,
-0.010495267808437347,
-0.01187092624604702,
-0.019169112667441368,
-0.007239110302180052,
0.002674268325790763,
-0.008607914671301842,
-0.07835087180137634,
-0.06724681705236435,
-0.017988242208957672,
-0.010676023550331593,
-0.004008389078080654,
-0.0032542592380195856,
-0.042104676365852356,
0.023076439276337624,
0.024849729612469673,
0.023003609851002693,
-0.09080880135297775,
0.054088007658720016,
-0.00038592988857999444,
0.030697332695126534,
0.02616230770945549,
-0.026185965165495872,
0.026831703260540962,
0.04038695618510246,
-0.037228863686323166,
0.0664333775639534,
-0.004311210010200739,
0.023557428270578384,
0.012771916575729847,
-0.00432833656668663,
-0.019044892862439156,
-0.045476146042346954,
0.02656237967312336,
0.03678646683692932,
0.03418171405792236,
-0.024546194821596146,
0.017890451475977898,
-0.00358068710193038,
-0.00008532725769327953,
0.027842169627547264,
-0.0026264539919793606,
0.009437667205929756,
0.05316571146249771,
-0.052563585340976715,
0.028037823736667633,
-0.017314476892352104,
0.04937520623207092,
-0.04112282767891884,
0.020054081454873085,
-0.0201250147074461,
-0.03442516177892685,
0.010440588928759098,
0.00981371570378542,
0.009868081659078598,
0.03126157447695732,
-0.05292162671685219,
-0.006543294992297888,
0.020671263337135315,
0.0068812123499810696,
-0.0030440837144851685,
-0.011142999865114689,
-0.0015622719656676054,
0.051447607576847076,
0.012488946318626404,
0.03522120416164398,
0.020467635244131088,
0.015499929897487164,
-0.05279720202088356,
0.08336103707551956,
0.026491208001971245,
-0.061871498823165894,
-0.031674765050411224,
-0.04236139729619026,
-0.027908779680728912,
0.06128311529755592,
-0.0024008890613913536,
-0.00307227810844779,
-0.009981928393244743,
0.0676620826125145,
-0.040231917053461075,
0.02285611256957054,
0.027948254719376564,
-0.06865900009870529,
0.0031310017220675945,
-0.019814858213067055,
-0.013651440851390362,
0.010226062498986721,
-0.03958381339907646,
0.07175993174314499,
-0.0233911145478487,
0.011761394329369068,
-0.0026424250099807978,
-0.07270005345344543,
-0.016143647953867912,
0.03842796012759209,
-0.0005949560436420143,
0.0427393764257431,
0.015278665348887444,
-0.032841119915246964,
0.03244372084736824,
0.0313410684466362,
0.02724389359354973,
-0.003924195654690266,
-0.047485366463661194,
0.011591539718210697,
-0.0017987082246690989,
-0.05739222839474678,
0.013610269874334335,
0.033482689410448074,
-0.033306822180747986,
-0.03385414928197861,
-0.0045316824689507484,
-0.03497504070401192,
0.004169800318777561,
-0.00855390727519989,
0.0025392547249794006,
0.040991879999637604,
-0.005557110533118248,
-0.02839619852602482,
0.021751688793301582,
-0.0025691776536405087,
-0.036602117121219635,
0.02371419407427311,
0.013969067484140396,
-0.006592205259948969,
0.038231901824474335,
0.024037986993789673,
0.07861857116222382,
0.0934678465127945,
0.008380819112062454,
0.026871100068092346,
0.04588591307401657,
0.04676685482263565,
-0.0008714792202226818,
0.0365045964717865,
-0.04854738339781761,
0.042191680520772934,
0.011258858256042004,
-0.002602460328489542,
-0.009857905097305775,
0.03463982045650482,
-0.023370318114757538,
0.03893657401204109,
0.05414796993136406,
-0.04088573902845383,
0.06844793260097504,
-0.024589650332927704,
0.01181390043348074,
0.028093580156564713,
-0.006129705812782049,
-0.0795985758304596,
0.007784864399582148,
-0.03927934542298317,
0.00836174190044403,
0.017752597108483315,
-0.017550144344568253,
0.00298079801723361,
-0.04838810861110687,
0.021442782133817673,
0.01053404901176691,
0.056112729012966156,
0.045681729912757874,
0.01246112585067749,
0.008256419561803341,
0.01444089412689209,
-0.04046454653143883,
-0.007537919096648693,
-0.12175767123699188,
-0.04355567321181297,
0.002111121779307723,
0.04679970070719719,
0.013853561133146286,
0.025777962058782578,
-0.0454995222389698,
0.03087528608739376,
-0.002482551382854581,
-0.026497207581996918,
0.006175378803163767,
0.015394818969070911,
0.01478624902665615,
-0.06354056298732758,
-0.012813469395041466,
0.011282557621598244,
0.07858339697122574,
-0.02104300633072853,
-0.016832949593663216,
-0.02212282456457615,
-0.059445276856422424,
-0.030029937624931335,
-0.009605968371033669,
-0.0209199171513319,
0.040020156651735306,
0.008781727403402328,
0.008217314258217812,
-0.029169077053666115,
0.043016381561756134,
0.028532536700367928,
0.05207063630223274,
0.03556302934885025,
0.019734350964426994,
-0.007198372855782509,
0.0058449506759643555,
-0.0015547281363978982,
0.02731355093419552,
0.02249445766210556,
0.0008058372768573463,
0.02118772454559803,
-0.007213768549263477,
-0.003206762485206127,
-0.008732391521334648,
-0.2828933596611023,
0.0066911703906953335,
0.034036632627248764,
-0.010817066766321659,
0.04606517404317856,
-0.02801300771534443,
0.0813927948474884,
-0.017460335046052933,
-0.026490695774555206,
0.025462863966822624,
0.014356790110468864,
0.019078489392995834,
-0.01431900355964899,
0.07330943644046783,
0.036229126155376434,
0.020993581041693687,
-0.009629728272557259,
-0.034609321504831314,
0.02738114260137081,
0.03637861832976341,
-0.006136651616543531,
-0.05042261257767677,
-0.053915366530418396,
0.03179213032126427,
-0.015306997112929821,
-0.008539487607777119,
-0.050021566450595856,
0.020184257999062538,
-0.07553521543741226,
0.0040635052137076855,
-0.04113662615418434,
-0.03313999995589256,
-0.032162025570869446,
0.028462594375014305,
0.01789676956832409,
0.019407983869314194,
0.011413325555622578,
0.014764266088604927,
-0.015747729688882828,
0.027243666350841522,
0.017084022983908653,
0.003306811209768057,
-0.008164726197719574,
-0.018567541614174843,
0.03615136444568634,
0.020717021077871323,
0.016374466940760612,
-0.0005136808613315225,
-0.0157505851238966,
0.04369357228279114,
-0.011180485598742962,
-0.02628020942211151,
-0.01639518141746521,
-0.0071342578157782555,
-0.035567302256822586,
-0.048044756054878235,
-0.0019339618738740683,
-0.03801145404577255,
-0.04104268178343773,
0.029630044475197792,
0.029808934777975082,
-0.03949664160609245,
0.02991795726120472,
-0.06304807960987091,
-0.01544803287833929,
-0.03251722827553749,
-0.056059446185827255,
-0.07609130442142487,
0.03966723755002022,
0.010871813632547855,
-0.02073577046394348,
-0.015847040340304375,
-0.01978732831776142,
-0.10912895947694778,
-0.0008863729890435934,
-0.002487373538315296,
-0.006488746963441372,
-0.004633771255612373,
0.02657569944858551,
0.026114625856280327,
0.0150624243542552,
-0.03262929618358612,
0.006058624479919672,
0.028938623145222664,
0.019905151799321175,
-0.0025166566483676434,
-0.02010207250714302,
-0.005558308679610491,
-0.062459081411361694,
-0.027017200365662575,
0.0007256599492393434,
-0.0036299065686762333,
0.07637052237987518,
0.030407583341002464,
0.044303666800260544,
0.04905116185545921,
0.022087428718805313,
0.014186166226863861,
0.04504435136914253,
-0.007164597976952791,
0.026432408019900322,
-0.08233368396759033,
-0.03042377531528473,
-0.027917174622416496,
-0.0007956117042340338,
0.0316624641418457,
-0.048551689833402634,
0.009839534759521484,
0.04213659092783928,
-0.04262019693851471,
-0.007455071434378624,
-0.05353270098567009,
-0.011527389287948608,
-0.03199911490082741,
-0.00003583181751309894,
-0.03689170256257057,
-0.0047457837499678135,
0.04411851242184639,
0.03672097250819206,
0.026961665600538254,
-0.03552282229065895,
0.01761828176677227,
-0.03970560431480408,
-0.010657127946615219,
0.0019723970908671618,
0.011962007731199265,
-0.028902441263198853,
-0.002943716710433364,
0.021274782717227936,
-0.024649815633893013,
0.021432098001241684,
0.03444897383451462,
0.03469663858413696,
0.03089120425283909,
0.047273922711610794,
-0.023999733850359917,
-0.010824328288435936,
-0.019460925832390785,
-0.008617393672466278,
-0.04426555708050728,
0.011543415486812592,
0.010982731357216835,
0.023594483733177185,
-0.00525677390396595,
0.04051690921187401,
0.0017964942380785942,
0.02326427958905697,
0.0027279930654913187,
0.01811978779733181,
-0.016402943059802055,
0.024180753156542778,
0.004522379022091627,
-0.021264320239424706,
-0.026268906891345978,
0.007393346168100834,
-0.025904037058353424,
0.07538097351789474,
0.0007935313624329865,
0.039870575070381165,
-0.048067789524793625,
0.06216020882129669,
-0.04400410130620003,
-0.015555685386061668,
-0.001291882828809321,
0.027421193197369576,
0.07881194353103638,
-0.05004836618900299,
0.0014184284955263138,
0.040174927562475204,
-0.001512062968686223,
0.011354093439877033,
-0.030538739636540413,
0.00016563446843065321,
0.01986873522400856,
-0.010290558449923992,
0.02164321392774582,
-0.014044312760233879,
-0.06070443615317345,
-0.021732043474912643,
-0.029839495196938515,
0.0003793354262597859,
-0.028155526146292686,
-0.035071518272161484,
0.030522994697093964,
0.06518367677927017,
0.0012069513322785497,
-0.002239054534584284,
-0.017405329272150993,
-0.04366825520992279,
0.06841209530830383,
0.005101446527987719,
0.039690468460321426,
-0.05167005956172943,
-0.059664178639650345,
0.016776585951447487,
-0.047318946570158005,
0.008180858567357063,
0.004193941596895456,
-0.015245507471263409,
0.011653042398393154,
0.022867662832140923,
-0.012042349204421043,
-0.013189474120736122,
0.010314005427062511,
0.04931485280394554,
-0.06310687214136124,
-0.005873790010809898,
0.04587839916348457,
-0.03606068715453148,
0.016790131106972694,
-0.031876761466264725,
-0.06013652682304382,
-0.04251454770565033,
0.006124233826994896,
0.0006994202849455178,
0.0014036076609045267,
-0.0051695541478693485,
-0.03179214894771576,
0.0005594606045633554,
0.017331155017018318,
0.04119918867945671,
0.03971507027745247,
0.029439043253660202,
-0.034502994269132614,
-0.0007357842987403274,
0.0368269719183445,
-0.04886038601398468,
-0.022612454369664192,
0.028112629428505898,
-0.025263424962759018,
0.00636865571141243,
-0.044842883944511414,
-0.009133289568126202,
0.03377634659409523,
0.0027344045229256153,
-0.019314957782626152,
-0.027776967734098434,
0.034365780651569366,
-0.02923233062028885,
-0.044487278908491135,
-0.0005333977751433849,
0.013490702956914902,
-0.011542517691850662,
-0.038375940173864365,
0.02022716961801052,
0.033204007893800735,
0.0070879170671105385,
0.0313161201775074,
0.021800894290208817,
0.04691345617175102,
-0.007764046546071768,
0.02377394586801529,
-0.08733153343200684,
-0.004003182984888554,
0.054645001888275146,
-0.024254949763417244,
-0.03781833499670029,
-0.08025044202804565,
-0.007712842430919409,
0.005472170189023018,
-0.03144536539912224,
0.002222223673015833,
-0.002696187933906913,
0.022544827312231064,
0.03240714967250824,
0.0496109202504158,
0.007941828109323978,
-0.004768668208271265,
0.06245351955294609,
-0.05500973016023636,
0.008219771087169647,
-0.050725094974040985,
0.03100830875337124,
0.02992977760732174,
-0.047060124576091766,
0.0014958196552470326,
0.0017668749205768108,
0.012853900901973248,
0.017307383939623833,
-0.0251341313123703,
-0.07844415307044983,
-0.022407229989767075,
-0.04171106219291687,
0.006283014081418514,
0.020747186616063118,
-0.06449199467897415,
-0.03513920307159424,
-0.01323640812188387,
-0.02447178028523922,
-0.00856088101863861,
-0.004914241377264261,
0.044399555772542953,
-0.010360917076468468,
0.022579412907361984,
-0.007868201471865177,
0.007451273500919342,
0.03159942477941513,
0.06426675617694855,
-0.001406102324835956,
0.014185112901031971,
-0.04148964211344719,
0.06961140036582947,
0.02381991408765316,
0.04742829129099846,
-0.0019357630517333746,
0.004208732396364212,
-0.021235385909676552,
-0.04268043115735054,
0.03182303532958031,
0.024668501690030098,
-0.02907969243824482,
-0.08173899352550507,
0.06075815111398697,
0.03341161087155342,
-0.043575581163167953,
-0.02410842850804329,
-0.00023764392244629562,
-0.024842673912644386,
0.002176303416490555,
0.02111070230603218,
-0.020761217921972275,
0.026344671845436096,
0.07809719443321228,
-0.020838739350438118,
0.04162827879190445,
0.04155733063817024,
0.024164754897356033,
0.01885668933391571,
-0.02937268279492855,
0.1045166626572609,
0.0668552964925766,
0.02183675393462181,
0.0036369154695421457,
0.08365964144468307,
-0.026286931708455086,
-0.024611447006464005,
0.04805269092321396,
-0.003045255085453391,
-0.01856151595711708,
-0.012215511873364449,
0.04823678731918335,
0.08333127945661545,
-0.0021820266265422106,
0.06613112986087799,
-0.03887324035167694,
-0.016548171639442444,
0.06318601220846176,
0.0007413676357828081,
0.016472136601805687,
0.0156310573220253,
0.013258494436740875,
0.027024319395422935,
-0.007662230636924505,
-0.023547081276774406,
-0.01729300431907177,
-0.0462154746055603,
0.017802884802222252,
0.029370145872235298,
-0.017252326011657715,
-0.0013326683547347784,
0.04441682994365692,
-0.011011202819645405,
0.0909385085105896,
-0.03999458625912666,
-0.016534117981791496,
0.006873345002532005,
0.029816966503858566,
0.005852520931512117,
0.06389682739973068,
0.018190618604421616,
0.011284076608717442,
-0.0079265171661973,
-0.03787277638912201,
0.04255003109574318,
0.03958833962678909,
-0.03561653196811676,
-0.002651536138728261,
-0.0026278970763087273,
0.0023973993957042694,
0.023136528208851814,
0.013767588883638382,
-0.0402645468711853,
-0.07092500478029251,
-0.023779792711138725,
-0.027121804654598236,
-0.08244284242391586,
-0.021314233541488647,
0.04036051407456398,
0.005079302936792374,
-0.03810817003250122,
0.025368453934788704,
-0.0067125968635082245,
0.02270401455461979,
0.011550585739314556,
-0.051128800958395004,
-0.008772975765168667,
0.022993505001068115,
-0.007652650587260723,
0.017973504960536957,
-0.0043863109312951565,
0.01575607620179653,
-0.04702284187078476,
-0.024793172255158424,
-0.01982123963534832,
0.02566833421587944,
0.012926914729177952,
-0.047237418591976166,
-0.029365932568907738,
-0.06497538834810257,
0.01185110304504633,
0.0038530859164893627,
-0.019392462447285652,
-0.0823744535446167,
0.05329255014657974,
-0.03860132768750191,
0.0016938409535214305,
0.02879512682557106,
-0.012169038876891136,
0.01963336206972599,
-0.03789687901735306,
-0.021030541509389877,
0.011378566734492779,
0.017469333484768867,
0.024085141718387604,
-0.024698618799448013,
0.07773067057132721,
0.03470679745078087,
-0.028477992862462997,
-0.040829017758369446,
0.044887952506542206,
-0.038393277674913406,
0.00018355657812207937,
-0.038145359605550766,
-0.0292594563215971,
-0.017906533554196358,
-0.12389882653951645,
-0.0260104238986969,
0.05182284116744995,
-0.009817282669246197,
-0.03887946531176567,
0.0020454598125070333,
-0.010651624761521816,
0.0022728631738573313,
0.00957715604454279,
-0.013541906140744686,
-0.01921994797885418,
-0.0412665456533432,
-0.03225431591272354,
-0.048695992678403854,
0.009768381714820862,
-0.02539518103003502,
0.02789505012333393,
-0.05651572719216347,
-0.03760034218430519,
-0.02906442992389202,
-0.050283607095479965,
0.011872180737555027,
0.014243941754102707,
0.03788435831665993,
-0.010453786700963974
] |
3,419
|
Provably Reliable Conformal Prediction Sets in the Presence of Data Poisoning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=ofuLWn8DFZ
|
[
"Yan Scholten",
"Stephan Günnemann"
] |
Spotlight
|
Conformal prediction provides model-agnostic and distribution-free uncertainty quantification through prediction sets that are guaranteed to include the ground truth with any user-specified probability. Yet, conformal prediction is not reliable under poisoning attacks where adversaries manipulate both training and calibration data, which can significantly alter prediction sets in practice. As a solution, we propose reliable prediction sets (RPS): the first efficient method for constructing conformal prediction sets with provable reliability guarantees under poisoning. To ensure reliability under training poisoning, we introduce smoothed score functions that reliably aggregate predictions of classifiers trained on distinct partitions of the training data. To ensure reliability under calibration poisoning, we construct multiple prediction sets, each calibrated on distinct subsets of the calibration data. We then aggregate them into a majority prediction set, which includes a class only if it appears in a majority of the individual sets. Both proposed aggregations mitigate the influence of datapoints in the training and calibration data on the final prediction set. We experimentally validate our approach on image classification tasks, achieving strong reliability while maintaining utility and preserving coverage on clean data. Overall, our approach represents an important step towards more trustworthy uncertainty quantification in the presence of data poisoning.
|
Conformal prediction, Certifiable robustness, Adversarial robustness
|
We propose the first efficient method for making conformal prediction sets more reliable against data poisoning and label flipping attacks.
| 9,924
|
2410.09878
|
[
0.009606684558093548,
-0.00750690558925271,
-0.014234836213290691,
0.0676959976553917,
0.06665465980768204,
-0.004877920728176832,
0.026004552841186523,
-0.026952233165502548,
-0.018759848549962044,
-0.06035340577363968,
0.0025255687069147825,
-0.00986403413116932,
-0.09164077043533325,
0.003830491565167904,
0.008630122058093548,
0.051631078124046326,
0.031007809564471245,
0.010262616910040379,
0.020468488335609436,
0.024368442595005035,
-0.011037547141313553,
-0.04149884730577469,
-0.017324231564998627,
0.0015159694012254477,
0.028356626629829407,
0.005464592017233372,
0.0032137250527739525,
-0.002858494408428669,
-0.014501352794468403,
0.001157698454335332,
0.042877618223428726,
0.024642841890454292,
-0.020657137036323547,
-0.023457752540707588,
0.022394077852368355,
0.05247962102293968,
-0.04262414947152138,
0.04286830499768257,
-0.0037232516333460808,
0.007559082005172968,
-0.03657186031341553,
0.015528873540461063,
0.010255249217152596,
0.03839623183012009,
-0.05005001649260521,
-0.013139820657670498,
-0.06518247723579407,
0.048790864646434784,
0.033130791038274765,
-0.03028859943151474,
-0.06843078136444092,
0.0550118051469326,
-0.010444088838994503,
0.000764633878134191,
-0.004398989956825972,
0.03208138793706894,
0.05931933596730232,
-0.07240859419107437,
-0.013318255543708801,
-0.062404926866292953,
-0.04906730353832245,
0.03537041321396828,
0.00834187027066946,
-0.011293859221041203,
-0.011073706671595573,
0.0068346490152180195,
0.025464408099651337,
0.030210120603442192,
-0.03643840178847313,
-0.03333191201090813,
0.002682618796825409,
-0.0009875806281343102,
0.03274775296449661,
-0.03141055256128311,
0.0016858025919646025,
-0.06474161893129349,
-0.012079140171408653,
0.006313798949122429,
0.06805984675884247,
0.005020909942686558,
0.044476501643657684,
-0.023581916466355324,
0.031561028212308884,
0.035458244383335114,
-0.0012976120924577117,
-0.002135981572791934,
-0.022154320031404495,
-0.035725146532058716,
-0.059834957122802734,
0.04885416105389595,
0.003765634261071682,
-0.03370503708720207,
0.01811889000236988,
0.01723405532538891,
-0.0041710552759468555,
0.009022826328873634,
0.007842538878321648,
0.017399033531546593,
0.012176268734037876,
-0.0344730019569397,
-0.024942468851804733,
-0.0036712365690618753,
-0.011812235228717327,
-0.0053312149830162525,
-0.11892785876989365,
-0.023976895958185196,
-0.05667410418391228,
-0.030480915680527687,
0.01325608417391777,
-0.00001417070143361343,
-0.06766563653945923,
0.02167154662311077,
0.029909659177064896,
-0.021301623433828354,
-0.10775595903396606,
0.018938349559903145,
-0.013062912039458752,
0.013965544290840626,
0.015403916127979755,
-0.012172756716609001,
0.07201478630304337,
0.058976612985134125,
-0.012826994992792606,
0.06357022374868393,
-0.008086234331130981,
0.013510869815945625,
0.031012848019599915,
0.01061173714697361,
-0.0030183957424014807,
-0.033506132662296295,
0.006751965265721083,
0.039884135127067566,
0.024231618270277977,
-0.03399709612131119,
-0.006202345713973045,
-0.021749958395957947,
-0.018615536391735077,
0.0060962955467402935,
0.026352722197771072,
0.04227816313505173,
0.02222520485520363,
-0.036420952528715134,
0.03577994182705879,
0.005799987353384495,
0.05826299637556076,
-0.009113088250160217,
-0.0022829591762274504,
-0.03484070301055908,
-0.042856525629758835,
0.01560263056308031,
-0.0003580050833988935,
0.012414573691785336,
-0.018648378551006317,
-0.07652045041322708,
0.015122242271900177,
0.023242590948939323,
0.05250219255685806,
0.03829890489578247,
-0.018781175836920738,
-0.04148084297776222,
0.02530820481479168,
-0.005830745678395033,
-0.033988408744335175,
-0.017658662050962448,
0.03133435174822807,
-0.04767122492194176,
0.07247065752744675,
0.034779954701662064,
-0.03349735215306282,
0.0285662692040205,
-0.042084529995918274,
-0.028375552967190742,
0.06065494567155838,
0.019898228347301483,
0.016320135444402695,
-0.002260166220366955,
0.03208855912089348,
-0.03843202814459801,
0.032016776502132416,
0.013084415346384048,
-0.09049271047115326,
0.029289597645401955,
-0.00195754854939878,
-0.016957642510533333,
-0.003588838502764702,
0.007279566489160061,
0.10190927982330322,
-0.036337487399578094,
0.021665459498763084,
0.0334092415869236,
-0.07873120903968811,
-0.016873162239789963,
0.029872318729758263,
-0.026625311002135277,
0.07099044322967529,
0.015453173778951168,
0.00046555596054531634,
0.02437567338347435,
0.030177023261785507,
0.021693609654903412,
0.007456671912223101,
0.00025736948009580374,
0.04132644832134247,
-0.01594202220439911,
-0.016655724495649338,
-0.0046840570867061615,
0.05306573212146759,
-0.03978493809700012,
-0.03351109102368355,
0.00690977880731225,
-0.005175918340682983,
-0.0021007077302783728,
0.011131526902318,
-0.023876508697867393,
0.016248181462287903,
-0.017079932615160942,
-0.042976949363946915,
0.013400116935372353,
0.023246658965945244,
-0.0322832353413105,
0.0231265127658844,
0.02324138581752777,
-0.019956272095441818,
0.020329739898443222,
-0.022637536749243736,
0.11353035271167755,
0.09369837492704391,
-0.004976882599294186,
-0.014711946249008179,
0.020365450531244278,
0.011078188195824623,
-0.015794310718774796,
0.016058960929512978,
-0.019546419382095337,
0.021288597956299782,
0.005788604728877544,
0.029717912897467613,
-0.006187523249536753,
0.047955527901649475,
-0.049579963088035583,
0.004408975597470999,
0.08213254809379578,
-0.012304697185754776,
0.05098193138837814,
0.012390471063554287,
-0.016979031264781952,
0.06118738278746605,
-0.013676178641617298,
-0.04536069557070732,
-0.030356978997588158,
-0.03903164342045784,
0.003591762389987707,
0.021448904648423195,
-0.007432636339217424,
-0.0006517166621051729,
-0.04710465669631958,
0.007299385964870453,
0.01235302072018385,
0.0470721535384655,
0.07056651264429092,
0.02298150770366192,
0.012842298485338688,
0.02487270161509514,
-0.05666661635041237,
-0.012729630805552006,
-0.11069866269826889,
-0.042443420737981796,
-0.007050639018416405,
0.058128196746110916,
0.002645970555022359,
0.060122955590486526,
-0.011836213991045952,
0.023475416004657745,
0.006835220847278833,
-0.012016762979328632,
0.016882015392184258,
0.013979217037558556,
0.05194086581468582,
-0.02715238183736801,
0.011838223785161972,
0.04421021416783333,
0.07649403065443039,
-0.0008846509153954685,
-0.012517894618213177,
-0.029507257044315338,
-0.01185208186507225,
0.0010285853641107678,
-0.06769918650388718,
-0.016354994848370552,
0.019527617841959,
-0.008049172349274158,
0.02910645864903927,
-0.047966208308935165,
0.005022249184548855,
0.029844168573617935,
0.03316790983080864,
0.015184914693236351,
0.02361888438463211,
0.012448922730982304,
0.036282848566770554,
-0.009844234213232994,
0.011264406144618988,
-0.01645253226161003,
-0.0046603684313595295,
0.000429548294050619,
0.00885741412639618,
0.014413322322070599,
0.019894853234291077,
-0.2779037654399872,
-0.02670547179877758,
0.040248822420835495,
-0.02563852071762085,
0.029993362724781036,
0.019626036286354065,
0.07932668179273605,
-0.020294466987252235,
-0.021518414840102196,
0.00027395744109526277,
0.03241370618343353,
0.020423784852027893,
-0.012200851924717426,
0.07557986676692963,
0.04342590644955635,
-0.003117896616458893,
0.01704907976090908,
0.001654665102250874,
0.02982199564576149,
0.0062316181138157845,
-0.020404519513249397,
-0.044009581208229065,
-0.03444827347993851,
0.0189721267670393,
-0.026367347687482834,
0.034372538328170776,
-0.060365911573171616,
-0.005509315989911556,
-0.04605967178940773,
-0.014090530574321747,
0.004709053784608841,
-0.03645122051239014,
-0.011683723889291286,
0.036753859370946884,
0.024891946464776993,
0.009613466449081898,
0.04026385396718979,
0.0021471185609698296,
-0.022170092910528183,
0.021591639146208763,
-0.006654337048530579,
0.008816014043986797,
-0.023356013000011444,
0.040651727467775345,
0.09500499814748764,
0.030017288401722908,
0.002560719847679138,
0.0026243908796459436,
-0.010711213573813438,
0.0045281038619577885,
-0.01610422506928444,
-0.05310376361012459,
-0.006664786022156477,
-0.014880998060107231,
-0.032888107001781464,
0.010552766732871532,
-0.023590458557009697,
-0.01488522533327341,
-0.040488626807928085,
0.03918938711285591,
0.0030313152819871902,
-0.06593336164951324,
-0.000723102770280093,
0.019740549847483635,
-0.04732697829604149,
-0.03515259176492691,
-0.06684855371713638,
-0.0697968453168869,
0.033708442002534866,
0.0344003327190876,
0.007284521125257015,
0.026703430339694023,
-0.02063332311809063,
-0.0908552035689354,
0.05432744696736336,
-0.010918810032308102,
0.00006577269232366234,
-0.017815371975302696,
0.042842280119657516,
0.022737229242920876,
-0.050333186984062195,
-0.01753207854926586,
0.021621905267238617,
0.028828566893935204,
0.030239902436733246,
-0.007873824797570705,
0.036485087126493454,
0.011605598963797092,
-0.044593196362257004,
-0.047271355986595154,
0.04487593472003937,
0.007879662327468395,
0.037161849439144135,
-0.01162307895720005,
0.03316664323210716,
0.056686755269765854,
0.03118167631328106,
0.05350343883037567,
0.02159411832690239,
0.03585851192474365,
-0.00043490424286574125,
-0.07628298550844193,
0.017597172409296036,
-0.07209067046642303,
-0.05469825118780136,
0.01782083697617054,
-0.04219585284590721,
-0.03192875161767006,
0.03396690636873245,
-0.0182767566293478,
-0.011474201455712318,
0.00714518129825592,
0.03568638488650322,
-0.01275421492755413,
-0.00640403525903821,
-0.021076936274766922,
0.0012951717944815755,
0.020113853737711906,
0.041693102568387985,
-0.030211010947823524,
-0.025020549073815346,
0.01628211885690689,
-0.02696176990866661,
0.006619057152420282,
-0.02441306784749031,
-0.024888867512345314,
0.012127591297030449,
-0.0037128450348973274,
0.0014446780551224947,
-0.022647202014923096,
0.009431052021682262,
0.06416431069374084,
0.015180856920778751,
0.004479464143514633,
0.07223889231681824,
0.014216803014278412,
-0.03453657403588295,
-0.0034534018486738205,
0.02511695772409439,
-0.033852096647024155,
0.024743711575865746,
0.021443650126457214,
0.03871873766183853,
0.009101049043238163,
0.0055484045296907425,
0.006589031778275967,
0.024548867717385292,
-0.025131676346063614,
0.02814052626490593,
-0.024738961830735207,
0.008832243271172047,
-0.010502388700842857,
0.0256949532777071,
-0.03183487802743912,
0.00279648182913661,
0.02019166760146618,
0.010515370406210423,
-0.011297443881630898,
0.015079008415341377,
-0.048724062740802765,
0.02814110368490219,
0.017772983759641647,
-0.032780781388282776,
-0.03778252750635147,
0.02162090688943863,
0.06240171939134598,
-0.05869416519999504,
-0.019883938133716583,
-0.009569931775331497,
0.032218508422374725,
0.040520645678043365,
-0.037532538175582886,
0.005019340664148331,
-0.02532714046537876,
-0.01268841978162527,
0.01645011082291603,
-0.014576745219528675,
-0.020893964916467667,
-0.033452652394771576,
-0.00043832368100993335,
-0.0013474207371473312,
0.0017939056269824505,
-0.020711522549390793,
0.02378600649535656,
0.04103870689868927,
-0.019605211913585663,
-0.02091231942176819,
-0.0026865943800657988,
-0.021124085411429405,
0.04469229653477669,
-0.027463676407933235,
0.01196529995650053,
-0.04234478250145912,
-0.011655697599053383,
-0.029986679553985596,
-0.062465064227581024,
-0.011146338656544685,
0.01970694586634636,
-0.0046664574183523655,
-0.0073845707811415195,
-0.00015055027324706316,
-0.0009248785208910704,
-0.049676284193992615,
-0.04231579601764679,
0.023079007863998413,
-0.05974842607975006,
-0.002610915806144476,
0.05841334909200668,
0.005477068945765495,
0.014816032722592354,
-0.057049013674259186,
-0.04892593249678612,
-0.03970053419470787,
0.0013433658750727773,
-0.001935766194947064,
-0.027880068868398666,
-0.01279027946293354,
0.006728699430823326,
-0.00191104831174016,
-0.026838505640625954,
0.02173501066863537,
-0.011184031143784523,
0.012864239513874054,
0.004862593486905098,
0.018311576917767525,
0.05266708880662918,
0.010819116607308388,
-0.010647672228515148,
0.005280934739857912,
-0.028211306780576706,
-0.009807347320020199,
-0.03564971685409546,
0.020727887749671936,
0.012974157929420471,
-0.0032403634395450354,
-0.023431971669197083,
-0.05586140602827072,
0.027030332013964653,
-0.016798295080661774,
-0.013713311403989792,
-0.03830926865339279,
-0.003817835124209523,
-0.0172731950879097,
-0.012297485023736954,
0.007742130663245916,
0.005767761263996363,
0.01479921955615282,
0.003714362857863307,
0.02043953165411949,
-0.014804421924054623,
0.013737821951508522,
0.03232542797923088,
-0.059050049632787704,
-0.00911792553961277,
0.05785944312810898,
-0.0090947849676013,
0.009040390141308308,
-0.089488685131073,
-0.020953822880983353,
-0.009192918427288532,
-0.036649491637945175,
0.020304076373577118,
-0.01830850914120674,
0.00781724788248539,
0.020630188286304474,
0.057682305574417114,
-0.0011382437078282237,
-0.03923102095723152,
0.03082503005862236,
-0.0835268422961235,
-0.006418286357074976,
-0.03848915547132492,
0.03942735493183136,
0.040447432547807693,
-0.049113254994153976,
-0.014749410562217236,
0.0002131145156454295,
-0.03739895671606064,
-0.010407988913357258,
-0.0375128872692585,
-0.038013655692338943,
-0.008091813884675503,
-0.033900536596775055,
-0.025823544710874557,
0.03184455633163452,
-0.0457843542098999,
0.0019220816902816296,
-0.015683172270655632,
-0.07984841614961624,
0.0020502160768955946,
0.019539199769496918,
0.03489158675074577,
-0.012544404715299606,
-0.0012239826610311866,
-0.03193465620279312,
0.031645748764276505,
0.032273199409246445,
0.05377553775906563,
0.019629716873168945,
0.03816136717796326,
-0.024434303864836693,
0.07934139668941498,
0.021166810765862465,
-0.016362711787223816,
-0.003164275549352169,
0.019823813810944557,
-0.024351775646209717,
-0.06541832536458969,
0.037842169404029846,
-0.0008669697563163936,
-0.018846625462174416,
-0.06020582094788551,
0.06772544980049133,
0.01123447623103857,
-0.07301100343465805,
-0.026254096999764442,
0.0030159251764416695,
-0.040968917310237885,
0.036272138357162476,
0.005794703960418701,
0.010332043282687664,
-0.007173739839345217,
0.07801111042499542,
0.007134281098842621,
0.03555050492286682,
0.050491154193878174,
0.009651577100157738,
0.012163656763732433,
-0.02387605980038643,
0.07195645570755005,
0.0744745284318924,
0.05123903229832649,
-0.010097542777657509,
0.043960198760032654,
-0.068387970328331,
-0.034735992550849915,
-0.009391716681420803,
-0.006497342139482498,
-0.02221771329641342,
-0.01997799426317215,
0.0018731076270341873,
0.06329041719436646,
0.02655753120779991,
0.08719098567962646,
-0.05538924038410187,
0.007135755382478237,
0.04184609279036522,
0.019111039116978645,
-0.0024742085952311754,
0.02578708715736866,
0.000556378741748631,
-0.015887338668107986,
-0.019277632236480713,
-0.01551161427050829,
0.0039257933385670185,
-0.020431451499462128,
0.02931866981089115,
0.00698366342112422,
-0.04885921999812126,
0.01347542367875576,
-0.016060128808021545,
0.0169331356883049,
0.06821794807910919,
-0.0317065492272377,
-0.04567219316959381,
0.05460616946220398,
0.021642129868268967,
0.013806150294840336,
0.06120564043521881,
0.016905320808291435,
-0.014272174797952175,
0.02210281789302826,
-0.05329835042357445,
0.02898278459906578,
-0.025854231789708138,
-0.0017794993473216891,
-0.003809903282672167,
-0.003964482806622982,
-0.03880519047379494,
0.04580454155802727,
-0.004572115372866392,
-0.027225319296121597,
-0.03761158883571625,
-0.0029295964632183313,
-0.0311928391456604,
-0.05825374275445938,
-0.07096908986568451,
-0.01235035341233015,
-0.015379033051431179,
-0.02089434117078781,
0.01538884174078703,
-0.04942193254828453,
0.013416020199656487,
0.01720629446208477,
-0.03135906904935837,
0.0023174292873591185,
0.05751428008079529,
-0.0026603047735989094,
0.0013554857578128576,
0.006200055591762066,
0.028683263808488846,
0.025108560919761658,
-0.04791485145688057,
0.04530522972345352,
-0.02242361381649971,
0.03392912447452545,
-0.03010028600692749,
0.00835282914340496,
-0.11035343259572983,
0.017062462866306305,
0.029605643823742867,
-0.03645017370581627,
-0.08861932903528214,
0.05841274932026863,
-0.025507697835564613,
0.006245478056371212,
0.047839321196079254,
0.01710931956768036,
0.0056488472037017345,
-0.03578838333487511,
-0.028626665472984314,
-0.0311870276927948,
0.00984447356313467,
0.054326191544532776,
-0.03899749368429184,
0.03541244566440582,
0.03574000298976898,
-0.03183005377650261,
-0.051209401339292526,
0.06141440197825432,
-0.01571299135684967,
0.023588577285408974,
-0.024201830849051476,
-0.019637495279312134,
-0.035475559532642365,
-0.10314321517944336,
0.010102460160851479,
0.03335089981555939,
-0.004323130939155817,
-0.029224887490272522,
0.01031144056469202,
0.015497562475502491,
0.004653634037822485,
-0.0198657363653183,
-0.013776334933936596,
0.01501510851085186,
-0.08202279359102249,
-0.038068413734436035,
-0.06398890912532806,
0.04348184913396835,
-0.013030648231506348,
0.0092549379914999,
-0.012488501146435738,
-0.09479403495788574,
-0.003423426765948534,
-0.017320221289992332,
0.036722395569086075,
0.01688256487250328,
0.0047527337446808815,
-0.02396443486213684
] |
3,420
|
Weak-to-Strong Preference Optimization: Stealing Reward from Weak Aligned Model
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=f7KxfUrRSb
|
[
"Wenhong Zhu",
"Zhiwei He",
"Xiaofeng Wang",
"Pengfei Liu",
"Rui Wang"
] |
Spotlight
|
Aligning language models (LMs) with human preferences has become a key area of research, enabling these models to meet diverse user needs better. Inspired by weak-to-strong generalization, where a strong LM fine-tuned on labels generated by a weaker model can consistently outperform its weak supervisor, we extend this idea to model alignment. In this work, we observe that the alignment behavior in weaker models can be effectively transferred to stronger models and even exhibit an amplification effect. Based on this insight, we propose a method called Weak-to-Strong Preference Optimization (WSPO), which achieves strong model alignment by learning the distribution differences before and after the alignment of the weak model. Experiments demonstrate that WSPO delivers outstanding performance, improving the win rate of Qwen2-7B-Instruct on Arena-Hard from 39.70 to 49.60, achieving a remarkable 47.04 length-controlled win rate on AlpacaEval 2, and scoring 7.33 on MT-bench. Our results suggest that using the weak model to elicit a strong model with a high alignment ability is feasible. The code is available at https://github.com/zwhong714/weak-to-strong-preference-optimization.
|
weak-to-strong, model alignment
|
We propose a method called WSPO, which effectively transfers the alignment ability from a weak model to a strong model, resulting in an amplified alignment phenomenon.
| 9,884
|
2410.18640
|
[
-0.01669997163116932,
-0.018481217324733734,
0.006809537298977375,
0.02423166297376156,
0.025567371398210526,
0.012794234789907932,
0.01961994729936123,
0.02799644134938717,
0.0034003686159849167,
-0.014506313018500805,
-0.008391319774091244,
0.05210699886083603,
-0.10235536843538284,
0.0037310670595616102,
-0.006468345411121845,
0.038273025304079056,
0.026539377868175507,
0.007314123213291168,
0.00032749862293712795,
-0.00010954116442007944,
0.0007315714028663933,
0.006074660923331976,
0.025389578193426132,
-0.003805330256000161,
0.024492468684911728,
0.025307582691311836,
0.024800829589366913,
-0.016895873472094536,
-0.023409448564052582,
-0.009037967771291733,
0.03949403390288353,
-0.012832704000175,
0.010467566549777985,
0.0033017825335264206,
0.0008056748192757368,
-0.013701805844902992,
-0.0518224760890007,
0.0040360670536756516,
0.025373945012688637,
0.021473493427038193,
-0.00717546883970499,
0.017164580523967743,
-0.003858161624521017,
0.007752515841275454,
-0.032857444137334824,
0.016838720068335533,
-0.1264757513999939,
0.017684776335954666,
-0.004954925738275051,
-0.08235139399766922,
-0.10152435302734375,
0.053462494164705276,
0.02005304954946041,
-0.0015211153076961637,
0.019406644627451897,
0.02539900504052639,
0.04062313959002495,
-0.07838861644268036,
-0.013716692104935646,
-0.04353228956460953,
-0.04899677634239197,
0.018924465402960777,
0.00622466579079628,
-0.0029863363597542048,
-0.005535830743610859,
-0.005790160037577152,
-0.005144477356225252,
0.03256243094801903,
-0.05525077506899834,
-0.03089158609509468,
-0.016619931906461716,
0.0015462959418073297,
0.011571724899113178,
-0.000048528156185057014,
0.017125539481639862,
-0.042917825281620026,
0.000017423692042939365,
0.046685345470905304,
0.05368655174970627,
-0.0013094742316752672,
-0.027192195877432823,
0.01652057096362114,
0.014716729521751404,
0.036746472120285034,
0.027568459510803223,
-0.006033394020050764,
-0.027236847206950188,
-0.04725341871380806,
-0.09515328705310822,
0.05680146440863609,
0.013376615941524506,
-0.05922868102788925,
0.023599449545145035,
0.02861148491501808,
0.026336224749684334,
0.02038552425801754,
0.030408421531319618,
0.032381270080804825,
-0.014516556635499,
0.009493665769696236,
-0.009834092110395432,
-0.03333231434226036,
0.02781403437256813,
-0.014204849489033222,
-0.10383474826812744,
-0.05505785718560219,
-0.014214581809937954,
0.014873749576508999,
-0.005998468026518822,
0.0024951209779828787,
-0.06847948580980301,
-0.0012501341989263892,
0.01205943152308464,
0.016151348128914833,
-0.06998048722743988,
0.016445131972432137,
-0.010767041705548763,
0.03851264715194702,
0.0006405108724720776,
-0.011092454195022583,
0.008034738712012768,
0.030667461454868317,
-0.008198698982596397,
0.09587729722261429,
-0.020387448370456696,
0.02674344927072525,
0.03626888245344162,
0.04418141767382622,
-0.037619449198246,
-0.051080845296382904,
0.018930574879050255,
0.031105151399970055,
-0.001230820664204657,
0.00926237739622593,
-0.016935687512159348,
0.004676511511206627,
0.030094046145677567,
-0.006180718075484037,
0.04960189387202263,
0.0012268583523109555,
-0.01727902516722679,
0.0036536913830786943,
0.06480582803487778,
0.01148743275552988,
0.0485890731215477,
-0.017261210829019547,
-0.0217038094997406,
-0.02549743466079235,
-0.027080455794930458,
-0.0202568918466568,
0.007951510138809681,
-0.03051014244556427,
-0.016540683805942535,
-0.050262030214071274,
0.017208175733685493,
0.08822507411241531,
0.006019069813191891,
0.013559299521148205,
0.025759197771549225,
0.009781272150576115,
-0.004318984225392342,
-0.022206615656614304,
-0.03615971654653549,
0.004573694430291653,
0.023455318063497543,
-0.04064834862947464,
0.0489252507686615,
0.009478552266955376,
-0.055233433842659,
0.0060564083978533745,
-0.04256421700119972,
-0.03251318633556366,
0.05128219351172447,
-0.016785936430096626,
-0.017320893704891205,
0.0013553246390074492,
0.06159709393978119,
0.0235438272356987,
0.0554300993680954,
0.05626692250370979,
-0.07308235764503479,
0.032096706330776215,
0.019158944487571716,
0.021686051040887833,
0.02279057539999485,
0.0054718912579119205,
0.06919560581445694,
-0.0055511887185275555,
0.02192101627588272,
0.04798167198896408,
-0.07714663445949554,
-0.02437673509120941,
0.03697986900806427,
-0.014316299930214882,
0.08295803517103195,
-0.0006621769280172884,
-0.017582178115844727,
0.048073772341012955,
0.032618049532175064,
0.04567046836018562,
0.05181435868144035,
-0.03287718445062637,
0.016729628667235374,
-0.0031274869106709957,
-0.054806292057037354,
0.00418741162866354,
0.04158720746636391,
-0.028318345546722412,
-0.0357271283864975,
0.026964327320456505,
-0.06303925812244415,
0.023898953571915627,
0.006826369091868401,
0.007923388853669167,
0.03180587664246559,
0.0068969218991696835,
-0.005769774317741394,
-0.0007036648457869887,
-0.0010166941210627556,
-0.0437530092895031,
0.04660820960998535,
0.014801223762333393,
-0.013969223015010357,
0.02275042235851288,
-0.04557381197810173,
0.07426928728818893,
0.04542416334152222,
-0.013816332444548607,
-0.01356064435094595,
0.041014302521944046,
0.051353469491004944,
0.02283325046300888,
0.030870407819747925,
-0.017192305997014046,
0.03216448426246643,
-0.026600733399391174,
-0.0064281318336725235,
-0.033841323107481,
0.06494568288326263,
-0.022652145475149155,
0.001993966056033969,
0.053599320352077484,
-0.04231974482536316,
0.05952051654458046,
-0.016193104907870293,
-0.0019872526172548532,
0.023210611194372177,
-0.01636047475039959,
-0.03496681898832321,
-0.008594444021582603,
-0.03498530387878418,
0.010167893022298813,
0.0008147273911163211,
-0.015272333286702633,
0.014617133885622025,
-0.053513024002313614,
-0.03096240758895874,
-0.03518775850534439,
0.054069265723228455,
0.057124264538288116,
0.0194518081843853,
0.02560228668153286,
-0.02044825069606304,
-0.026743372902274132,
-0.0073610953986644745,
-0.08550098538398743,
-0.0340924970805645,
0.021933218464255333,
0.017330465838313103,
0.0014179792487993836,
0.019567225128412247,
-0.008382498286664486,
0.0030345777049660683,
-0.058269843459129333,
-0.023069538176059723,
0.027778996154665947,
0.02668222039937973,
-0.007613586727529764,
-0.03594781830906868,
-0.009800384752452374,
-0.003532935632392764,
0.059435438364744186,
-0.026687514036893845,
-0.03436097875237465,
-0.032855384051799774,
-0.04649703577160835,
-0.00435606250539422,
-0.0551762655377388,
0.00308396527543664,
0.01733860932290554,
0.013199432753026485,
0.01625523343682289,
-0.018376359716057777,
0.004315079655498266,
0.026950301602482796,
0.03311062231659889,
0.06423940509557724,
0.029829539358615875,
0.020772676914930344,
0.054761361330747604,
0.030307676643133163,
0.011876728385686874,
-0.023425763472914696,
0.020457003265619278,
0.009163809940218925,
-0.012090346775949001,
0.010939525440335274,
0.0011141012655571103,
-0.2910303771495819,
-0.02061992883682251,
0.006358883809298277,
-0.01712092198431492,
0.00551204988732934,
-0.03356818109750748,
0.0430685393512249,
-0.037870895117521286,
-0.014686229638755322,
0.002224260475486517,
0.012851033359766006,
0.03538510948419571,
0.006201996002346277,
0.0569508858025074,
0.036705948412418365,
0.03415856510400772,
0.010689458809792995,
-0.019705384969711304,
-0.004405793268233538,
0.018325122073292732,
-0.010322458110749722,
-0.08453163504600525,
0.005639411974698305,
0.03218727186322212,
0.0008100792183540761,
0.0725351870059967,
-0.06763389706611633,
-0.019129063934087753,
-0.016205506399273872,
-0.01834898628294468,
-0.017696628347039223,
-0.014835769310593605,
-0.03278100863099098,
0.019324688240885735,
0.014093190431594849,
-0.007957522757351398,
0.04221164062619209,
-0.02629471942782402,
0.029785413295030594,
0.030949201434850693,
-0.002186011290177703,
-0.020676394924521446,
-0.029120951890945435,
0.02148423343896866,
0.06347047537565231,
0.01728484220802784,
-0.04044876992702484,
-0.021810270845890045,
-0.031849462538957596,
0.02845150977373123,
0.020642494782805443,
-0.04678969830274582,
-0.034587327390909195,
0.05159493535757065,
0.04003700241446495,
-0.0007146370480768383,
0.014538354240357876,
-0.017405008897185326,
-0.01253274455666542,
0.006353764329105616,
-0.033401500433683395,
-0.05915382504463196,
-0.005583807360380888,
-0.03488172963261604,
-0.047450363636016846,
-0.001740410691127181,
-0.06301391124725342,
-0.02674543671309948,
0.03315936401486397,
0.03796428442001343,
-0.04413412883877754,
0.0037613604217767715,
0.023409340530633926,
-0.08043044060468674,
0.0070632146671414375,
-0.016831044107675552,
-0.028462247923016548,
0.02722420170903206,
-0.009489879012107849,
0.05892336368560791,
-0.025746271014213562,
-0.044918306171894073,
-0.007769186515361071,
0.011184302158653736,
0.026564830914139748,
-0.03837832063436508,
0.022862376645207405,
-0.015746980905532837,
-0.024850768968462944,
-0.044014811515808105,
0.032740216702222824,
-0.008626367896795273,
-0.008415264077484608,
-0.0076232785359025,
0.05530935153365135,
0.030334481969475746,
0.04165021702647209,
0.04072335362434387,
0.031802114099264145,
0.014553762041032314,
0.018543273210525513,
-0.09236851334571838,
-0.01271255686879158,
-0.052616965025663376,
-0.03299563005566597,
0.04063098877668381,
-0.0589883029460907,
-0.029226029291749,
0.036481063812971115,
-0.004544366151094437,
-0.029860500246286392,
-0.03319050744175911,
-0.017033403739333153,
-0.013433733955025673,
-0.03827687352895737,
-0.01967456564307213,
0.018426695838570595,
0.02056996338069439,
0.009993718937039375,
0.0051784091629087925,
-0.011606208980083466,
0.05847621709108353,
-0.0344964936375618,
-0.007901825942099094,
-0.04918808490037918,
0.003771353978663683,
-0.006696106866002083,
-0.016976676881313324,
-0.03225335478782654,
-0.013758379966020584,
0.013639080338180065,
0.05221819132566452,
0.00070410460466519,
0.000358493096427992,
0.049062639474868774,
0.015251933597028255,
0.021987462416291237,
-0.019412953406572342,
0.058901987969875336,
-0.029330605641007423,
0.011574427597224712,
-0.017020605504512787,
-0.004677813034504652,
0.048001427203416824,
0.008208493702113628,
0.008071350865066051,
0.046963974833488464,
-0.01724163442850113,
-0.00446633156388998,
0.041818633675575256,
0.01277308538556099,
-0.03507202863693237,
-0.009241960011422634,
-0.01627851463854313,
0.012990940362215042,
0.02408539317548275,
0.019622769206762314,
-0.011880068108439445,
0.00008373069431399927,
-0.05879989638924599,
0.04254111275076866,
-0.0014105874579399824,
-0.015160694718360901,
0.030608929693698883,
0.04076966270804405,
0.040079109370708466,
-0.02738029882311821,
-0.007655368652194738,
0.017881346866488457,
0.011046471074223518,
0.0294707790017128,
-0.004134710878133774,
-0.016011279076337814,
-0.031246159225702286,
-0.046537578105926514,
-0.022577594965696335,
0.030849719420075417,
0.0029521938413381577,
-0.03964976221323013,
0.0385696105659008,
-0.013064462691545486,
-0.03214297816157341,
0.0158825870603323,
-0.01564689353108406,
0.07688484340906143,
-0.0011806271504610777,
-0.022918270900845528,
0.0019793049432337284,
-0.017085202038288116,
0.03459920734167099,
-0.027980245649814606,
0.012346016243100166,
-0.00664270855486393,
-0.035341400653123856,
-0.015811864286661148,
-0.024317564442753792,
-0.013038822449743748,
0.014797556214034557,
-0.013625223189592361,
-0.008632350713014603,
-0.045517340302467346,
0.016164127737283707,
-0.032909706234931946,
-0.03702954202890396,
0.05919479951262474,
-0.09238862991333008,
-0.013110360130667686,
0.01035463996231556,
-0.014537524431943893,
0.027836836874485016,
-0.018890470266342163,
-0.07353471964597702,
-0.06218082085251808,
-0.0065137180499732494,
0.03172565624117851,
-0.03821476176381111,
-0.018679574131965637,
-0.017513081431388855,
-0.004766939673572779,
0.006542626768350601,
0.0016434489516541362,
-0.04677317664027214,
-0.011938953772187233,
-0.010502423159778118,
0.0006794192595407367,
0.05628242343664169,
-0.027463793754577637,
-0.010158251971006393,
-0.0001541419915156439,
-0.01942531205713749,
0.06451699137687683,
-0.06201470270752907,
0.019037453457713127,
0.06134352087974548,
-0.001485880115069449,
0.025408662855625153,
-0.06958528608083725,
0.04860867187380791,
-0.0019778681453317404,
-0.01818089373409748,
0.0411183163523674,
-0.008392374031245708,
-0.018397830426692963,
0.013089410029351711,
-0.02963312342762947,
0.026416433975100517,
0.007727753836661577,
0.006049840711057186,
-0.01572125405073166,
0.019116077572107315,
0.0036862813867628574,
0.020760919898748398,
-0.040829889476299286,
0.021125830709934235,
0.07013761252164841,
-0.018826188519597054,
-0.024036861956119537,
-0.05173901841044426,
-0.0455014742910862,
0.006350160576403141,
-0.0029766259249299765,
0.04091181233525276,
-0.011800546199083328,
0.045061562210321426,
0.023259278386831284,
0.04225747287273407,
0.023154057562351227,
-0.025084050372242928,
0.029905999079346657,
-0.05319266393780708,
-0.012295632623136044,
-0.061045169830322266,
-0.01938425749540329,
0.07246212661266327,
-0.013540665619075298,
-0.005971222650259733,
-0.033775899559259415,
-0.04104618355631828,
0.014320829883217812,
-0.023227352648973465,
-0.05537473037838936,
-0.006777687929570675,
-0.025006046518683434,
0.012893036007881165,
0.03444729745388031,
-0.041858576238155365,
-0.034371256828308105,
-0.052875299006700516,
-0.030605768784880638,
-0.017639126628637314,
0.03177521377801895,
0.0571109838783741,
-0.02682909369468689,
0.01383781898766756,
-0.038090143352746964,
0.004424513317644596,
0.036569587886333466,
0.03942083194851875,
0.013799216598272324,
-0.0007619208190590143,
-0.043228235095739365,
0.03433256223797798,
0.05849750339984894,
0.026227006688714027,
-0.012760680168867111,
0.00047432238352485,
-0.02389264851808548,
-0.057739175856113434,
0.05490371584892273,
0.013592911884188652,
-0.0002574489335529506,
-0.04388047754764557,
0.06363536417484283,
0.03478015586733818,
-0.04761642590165138,
-0.01849345862865448,
0.030186790972948074,
-0.03295694291591644,
0.002063591033220291,
0.003516542026773095,
0.009825769811868668,
-0.04293829947710037,
0.08671104162931442,
0.05129208043217659,
0.06434919685125351,
0.07917225360870361,
0.0032687936909496784,
-0.014507916755974293,
0.031967200338840485,
0.04730505496263504,
0.05855468660593033,
0.08389535546302795,
-0.01702936179935932,
0.07459346204996109,
-0.0416419617831707,
-0.05031336843967438,
0.008118386380374432,
0.018371542915701866,
-0.02977326512336731,
-0.02871459349989891,
0.007690047845244408,
0.06130917742848396,
-0.037345316261053085,
0.0682421624660492,
-0.03133179619908333,
-0.025292854756116867,
0.022399216890335083,
0.0013929336564615369,
-0.006844314280897379,
0.04830901697278023,
0.02288779616355896,
0.004128722473978996,
-0.026858650147914886,
0.018947545439004898,
0.013816330581903458,
-0.015059608034789562,
0.014072133228182793,
-0.004723510704934597,
-0.027919568121433258,
0.02012067288160324,
0.0009358606184832752,
0.06187022849917412,
0.10477592796087265,
-0.04832596704363823,
-0.01467702817171812,
0.03042023628950119,
-0.004736205097287893,
0.010099949315190315,
0.057684823870658875,
-0.008327952586114407,
-0.024945558980107307,
0.001070779049769044,
-0.053248949348926544,
0.017401041463017464,
0.05166339501738548,
0.042301762849092484,
0.021828992292284966,
-0.031390778720378876,
0.0013378169387578964,
0.025290854275226593,
0.019781306385993958,
-0.08004212379455566,
-0.04427524283528328,
-0.026538589969277382,
-0.07228140532970428,
-0.056504011154174805,
-0.049104299396276474,
0.0014682983746752143,
0.015406572259962559,
-0.029212357476353645,
0.023908674716949463,
-0.04553249850869179,
0.02516317181289196,
0.016057835891842842,
-0.06535223871469498,
0.008500661700963974,
0.01975913904607296,
0.017930639907717705,
-0.022121436893939972,
0.01626867800951004,
0.02929724007844925,
-0.016518576070666313,
-0.009405767545104027,
0.017777135595679283,
0.023941857740283012,
0.0007617388619109988,
-0.005155377555638552,
-0.009954866953194141,
-0.0935356467962265,
-0.002462148666381836,
-0.0005733680445700884,
-0.03261918947100639,
-0.08286432921886444,
0.004257791209965944,
-0.009193016216158867,
0.0009334441274404526,
0.0716506615281105,
0.021847622469067574,
-0.01320967823266983,
-0.03973032906651497,
-0.006429700180888176,
-0.0048382701352238655,
0.028674114495515823,
0.02178543247282505,
-0.012132451869547367,
0.06535063683986664,
0.025750230997800827,
-0.022990167140960693,
-0.0683303028345108,
0.05667915195226669,
0.00005575669638346881,
-0.01776961237192154,
-0.008170148357748985,
-0.042644087225198746,
-0.02521299384534359,
-0.06536398828029633,
-0.010385611094534397,
0.021265050396323204,
-0.02248406782746315,
-0.024329932406544685,
-0.02022596448659897,
-0.025183044373989105,
-0.016905002295970917,
0.0015170085243880749,
-0.023648550733923912,
-0.014848322607576847,
-0.013686737045645714,
-0.007306420244276524,
-0.08224543184041977,
0.016467129811644554,
-0.058175716549158096,
0.025910455733537674,
-0.04873565211892128,
-0.04104700684547424,
0.01869642175734043,
0.017434697598218918,
0.060436736792325974,
0.007874744012951851,
0.005618641618639231,
0.004781683441251516
] |
3,421
|
Benchmarking Predictive Coding Networks -- Made Simple
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=sahQq2sH5x
|
[
"Luca Pinchetti",
"Chang Qi",
"Oleh Lokshyn",
"Cornelius Emde",
"Amine M'Charrak",
"Mufeng Tang",
"Simon Frieder",
"Bayar Menzat",
"Gaspard Oliviers",
"Rafal Bogacz",
"Thomas Lukasiewicz",
"Tommaso Salvatori"
] |
Spotlight
|
In this work, we tackle the problems of efficiency and scalability for predictive coding networks (PCNs) in machine learning. To do so, we propose a library that focuses on performance and simplicity, and use it to implement a large set of standard benchmarks for the community to use for their experiments. As most works in the field propose their own tasks and architectures, do not compare one against each other, and focus on small-scale tasks, a simple and fast open-source library, and a comprehensive set of benchmarks, would address all of these concerns. Then, we perform extensive tests on such benchmarks using both existing algorithms for PCNs, as well as adaptations of other methods popular in the bio-plausible deep learning community. All of this has allowed us to (i) test architectures much larger than commonly used in the literature, on more complex datasets; (ii) reach new state-of-the-art results in all of the tasks and dataset provided; (iii) clearly highlight what the current limitations of PCNs are, allowing us to state important future research directions. With the hope of galvanizing community efforts towards one of the main open problems in the field, scalability, we will release the code, tests, and benchmarks.
|
cognitive science, predictive coding, computational neuroscience
| null | 9,795
|
2407.01163
|
[
-0.024330273270606995,
-0.054217200726270676,
-0.030733400955796242,
0.04077447950839996,
0.044110000133514404,
0.034448545426130295,
-0.008218607865273952,
0.0127029400318861,
-0.029773948714137077,
-0.04195038229227066,
0.012635486200451851,
-0.0027443706057965755,
-0.04922252893447876,
-0.025504212826490402,
-0.018178557977080345,
0.0503416545689106,
0.04499093070626259,
-0.009962745942175388,
0.042031168937683105,
0.014432340860366821,
-0.02016472816467285,
-0.029313450679183006,
0.028651822358369827,
0.050361268222332,
0.020474040880799294,
-0.009646594524383545,
0.014713727869093418,
0.012645123526453972,
-0.05579017475247383,
0.023747948929667473,
0.03126530349254608,
0.007320750970393419,
0.019136540591716766,
-0.006326694972813129,
0.022493887692689896,
0.028003893792629242,
-0.04458903521299362,
0.027625422924757004,
0.004597115330398083,
0.006391447968780994,
-0.034783460199832916,
0.012427273206412792,
-0.002459727693349123,
0.032713357359170914,
-0.053419921547174454,
0.02888415940105915,
-0.11068928986787796,
0.029684703797101974,
0.0030856160447001457,
-0.014393692836165428,
-0.09164125472307205,
0.013232754543423653,
0.0031538130715489388,
-0.01045848149806261,
-0.0018124474445357919,
0.04093598946928978,
0.05177148059010506,
-0.05656576529145241,
-0.029020899906754494,
-0.040688857436180115,
-0.029331671074032784,
0.028545597568154335,
0.03265733644366264,
0.016830189153552055,
-0.024789633229374886,
-0.032618772238492966,
0.013308570720255375,
0.057312991470098495,
-0.06421053409576416,
-0.03266168758273125,
-0.003568320767953992,
0.02100396528840065,
0.003216697834432125,
-0.0006458361749537289,
0.020162131637334824,
-0.06266337633132935,
0.004330742638558149,
0.006860369350761175,
0.064125195145607,
0.0024973354302346706,
0.01772836409509182,
0.02810375764966011,
0.003136250888928771,
0.04612788185477257,
-0.006725383456796408,
0.037894170731306076,
-0.0207991786301136,
-0.0629153847694397,
-0.07556124776601791,
0.032414648681879044,
-0.020989179611206055,
-0.026477590203285217,
0.038425564765930176,
0.017946084961295128,
0.016632363200187683,
0.006346837151795626,
0.024788910523056984,
0.009572447277605534,
0.0031780265271663666,
0.010307609103620052,
-0.06391044706106186,
-0.029461055994033813,
0.024583477526903152,
-0.011562869884073734,
-0.1113596186041832,
-0.027723846957087517,
-0.013486883603036404,
-0.04136434942483902,
0.009238463826477528,
0.001733852899633348,
0.0051171728409826756,
0.006139884237200022,
0.03415124490857124,
-0.036030855029821396,
-0.09146157652139664,
0.041768357157707214,
-0.0010306433541700244,
0.004359210841357708,
-0.02834326960146427,
-0.009677030146121979,
0.04885285720229149,
0.06858204305171967,
-0.0029028914868831635,
0.08500845730304718,
-0.015290353447198868,
0.023612378165125847,
0.06045597419142723,
0.0003051581734325737,
-0.011396929621696472,
-0.03626864030957222,
0.018977785483002663,
0.038703132420778275,
0.0008417896460741758,
0.0070471749641001225,
-0.002783506875857711,
-0.0145995719358325,
-0.03900390490889549,
-0.03040718100965023,
0.020330004394054413,
0.021335726603865623,
0.023235445842146873,
-0.03718272224068642,
0.049956049770116806,
-0.006815694272518158,
0.07293388247489929,
-0.014686875976622105,
-0.01744847744703293,
-0.02904709242284298,
-0.021323271095752716,
-0.010392474941909313,
0.004946666769683361,
0.00422641821205616,
-0.010871823877096176,
-0.07180453091859818,
0.028802888467907906,
0.058845870196819305,
0.025041405111551285,
0.048189427703619,
-0.023580588400363922,
0.01270960085093975,
0.012082390487194061,
-0.01992909237742424,
-0.03958985581994057,
-0.0019577329512685537,
-0.015760282054543495,
-0.05111919343471527,
0.04067502170801163,
0.05319441482424736,
-0.038783781230449677,
0.034667663276195526,
-0.01474728062748909,
-0.050209224224090576,
0.05573025718331337,
0.017642587423324585,
-0.017800984904170036,
-0.011196044273674488,
0.061788298189640045,
0.026954136788845062,
0.006764369085431099,
0.02344142459332943,
-0.08866224437952042,
0.03744537755846977,
0.002238496905192733,
-0.016361746937036514,
-0.0021352283656597137,
-0.023510020226240158,
0.11615566909313202,
-0.03353128582239151,
-0.004029430449008942,
0.017873002216219902,
-0.07889226078987122,
-0.02687242440879345,
0.006254184991121292,
0.012061799876391888,
0.03865819424390793,
-0.02645241655409336,
-0.00388363772071898,
0.022265493869781494,
0.011044763959944248,
0.017596684396266937,
0.04492520913481712,
-0.03223549574613571,
0.0727691575884819,
-0.022588146850466728,
-0.06255285441875458,
0.019686466082930565,
0.040191203355789185,
-0.06203429773449898,
-0.0487181730568409,
0.0019038041355088353,
0.00867904257029295,
-0.009017467498779297,
0.01235213316977024,
-0.007749911863356829,
0.017562026157975197,
-0.027111036702990532,
0.022966794669628143,
0.025482580065727234,
0.04848795384168625,
-0.05877292901277542,
0.016786225140094757,
0.0015737473731860518,
-0.01622985117137432,
0.020605765283107758,
-0.012783746235072613,
0.10637596994638443,
0.0797552838921547,
-0.019963618367910385,
-0.0011993047082796693,
0.031582061201334,
-0.002155681373551488,
-0.005455110687762499,
-0.012295332737267017,
0.0170601736754179,
-0.0024955691769719124,
-0.0023640065919607878,
-0.004843208007514477,
-0.019112400710582733,
0.03965664654970169,
-0.04860316589474678,
-0.0005733496509492397,
0.05692071467638016,
-0.0072640408761799335,
0.03902940824627876,
-0.028028104454278946,
0.008666912093758583,
0.0027202230412513018,
-0.026426199823617935,
-0.04694472625851631,
-0.006898850202560425,
-0.013915447518229485,
-0.001665465417318046,
0.021371303126215935,
-0.016812803223729134,
0.013384144753217697,
-0.05105153098702431,
0.00048480392433702946,
0.003713351208716631,
0.06149212270975113,
0.04300558194518089,
0.02353115938603878,
0.033654842525720596,
0.011609328910708427,
-0.05278893932700157,
-0.009198994375765324,
-0.127598375082016,
-0.0489606074988842,
-0.02466593310236931,
0.061686184257268906,
-0.019782979041337967,
0.05283772200345993,
-0.001971399411559105,
0.011313296854496002,
-0.02699974924325943,
-0.016359535977244377,
-0.0023739859461784363,
0.04522404074668884,
-0.012745464220643044,
-0.02886199951171875,
-0.026332087814807892,
0.03130367025732994,
0.07474260777235031,
0.0012426256434991956,
0.008412089198827744,
-0.0030140490271151066,
-0.039000675082206726,
-0.0004903922090306878,
-0.02545068971812725,
-0.014394296333193779,
0.035843268036842346,
0.008983030915260315,
0.036899324506521225,
-0.02782227285206318,
0.020490877330303192,
0.04113103449344635,
0.061574786901474,
0.06703165173530579,
0.015082590281963348,
-0.03139394521713257,
-0.012150629423558712,
-0.008648375980556011,
0.03295217826962471,
-0.010788409039378166,
0.015857532620429993,
-0.05140926316380501,
0.02309812419116497,
0.015672503039240837,
-0.010116142220795155,
-0.2632160484790802,
0.007058668415993452,
0.008686382323503494,
-0.012123530730605125,
0.06814330071210861,
-0.012546229176223278,
0.04225775972008705,
-0.013261335901916027,
-0.019778165966272354,
0.0007736709085293114,
0.005636762361973524,
0.01202011201530695,
-0.016802199184894562,
0.05148857831954956,
0.025908544659614563,
0.018555130809545517,
-0.043565165251493454,
-0.0139358164742589,
0.03403670713305473,
0.038609180599451065,
0.005551263224333525,
-0.08197402209043503,
-0.03192835673689842,
0.03042224980890751,
-0.030718157067894936,
0.049480218440294266,
-0.08823435008525848,
0.005125690717250109,
-0.04596647620201111,
-0.025791442021727562,
-0.00731562077999115,
-0.029484927654266357,
-0.0067498101852834225,
0.04354342445731163,
0.02303222008049488,
-0.008560378104448318,
0.02409888058900833,
0.007635648362338543,
0.0024760838132351637,
0.019106082618236542,
-0.004702732898294926,
0.0005606897175312042,
-0.041438937187194824,
0.006890847347676754,
0.07803423702716827,
0.03293991461396217,
-0.020457187667489052,
-0.007062443997710943,
-0.01788022555410862,
0.021581055596470833,
-0.0009252321324311197,
-0.04217853769659996,
-0.031820058822631836,
0.016967112198472023,
-0.010578729212284088,
-0.02958916500210762,
-0.011365817859768867,
0.006591796409338713,
-0.006994228344410658,
0.01593552529811859,
-0.02529311738908291,
-0.0648912712931633,
-0.0031343509908765554,
-0.0312254149466753,
0.011867590248584747,
-0.03671787679195404,
-0.08102067559957504,
-0.05015350505709648,
0.05231409892439842,
0.01373519841581583,
-0.007481351029127836,
-0.025786899030208588,
-0.027303604409098625,
-0.10072866082191467,
-0.004295715596526861,
0.0077818906866014,
-0.029394015669822693,
0.04075448960065842,
0.008572250604629517,
0.056613050401210785,
-0.007925182580947876,
-0.03932873159646988,
0.02010834962129593,
0.0053179385140538216,
0.0338350385427475,
-0.013393453322350979,
0.009513751603662968,
-0.038988761603832245,
-0.010643061250448227,
-0.03718053922057152,
0.023190230131149292,
-0.0021817893721163273,
0.016679465770721436,
-0.01631218194961548,
0.02762141264975071,
0.03251168876886368,
0.024349069222807884,
0.06166968122124672,
0.012319119647145271,
0.052004359662532806,
0.03262517973780632,
-0.054910194128751755,
-0.0061940900050103664,
-0.05200060084462166,
-0.02210715413093567,
0.030845070257782936,
-0.03680066019296646,
0.011652354151010513,
0.0466148816049099,
0.008326693437993526,
-0.009414449334144592,
-0.06030064821243286,
0.014391946606338024,
-0.03923513740301132,
-0.002790481084957719,
-0.034269921481609344,
-0.0012558281887322664,
0.01897016167640686,
0.023163944482803345,
0.0033278369810432196,
-0.030230343341827393,
0.05386140197515488,
-0.0030850423499941826,
0.028751928359270096,
0.03525922819972038,
0.00031351990764960647,
-0.000682259735185653,
-0.039750222116708755,
-0.0035225022584199905,
-0.029209209606051445,
0.03081277199089527,
0.046234823763370514,
-0.015789281576871872,
-0.012247388251125813,
0.05233444273471832,
0.0057182335294783115,
-0.02195115014910698,
-0.007054010406136513,
0.04206185042858124,
-0.019718777388334274,
0.009884263388812542,
0.01698332279920578,
0.030715078115463257,
0.018293853849172592,
0.03620688244700432,
0.02345164120197296,
0.027634400874376297,
-0.00629553385078907,
-0.01070157065987587,
-0.03560163825750351,
0.021286388859152794,
-0.045612942427396774,
-0.01620664820075035,
-0.03200680762529373,
-0.016601985320448875,
0.011329293251037598,
0.024040929973125458,
-0.011437370441854,
0.019100379198789597,
-0.05891275405883789,
0.055019933730363846,
-0.007489193230867386,
-0.03169718757271767,
-0.019629256799817085,
0.03078063577413559,
0.05686186999082565,
0.0006808766629546881,
-0.01013521384447813,
0.01145574264228344,
-0.02131376601755619,
-0.02745792083442211,
-0.0058379401452839375,
-0.043251894414424896,
0.010934212245047092,
-0.013573482632637024,
0.004067400470376015,
0.011965650133788586,
-0.007737960200756788,
-0.06232435256242752,
0.01652960106730461,
-0.0034396681003272533,
-0.021138424053788185,
-0.014708971604704857,
0.01593715511262417,
0.08367813378572464,
0.01372582744807005,
0.02798163704574108,
0.020780334249138832,
-0.043356578797101974,
0.0439276285469532,
-0.014137187041342258,
0.009634092450141907,
-0.009853166528046131,
-0.04773679003119469,
-0.02168990857899189,
-0.026785261929035187,
0.013560865074396133,
0.027875183150172234,
-0.026568854227662086,
-0.01904652640223503,
-0.008794249035418034,
0.030701713636517525,
-0.035491809248924255,
-0.011977785266935825,
0.03334902971982956,
-0.06445743143558502,
0.006797230802476406,
0.03448338434100151,
-0.0023637295234948397,
-0.0000028527856557047926,
-0.0007606942090205848,
-0.014726106077432632,
-0.05535835400223732,
0.002877600025385618,
0.001637192559428513,
-0.0037868034560233355,
-0.03445317968726158,
-0.02202240750193596,
0.00922204740345478,
-0.04083392396569252,
0.0034403279423713684,
-0.00031870088423602283,
0.015109733678400517,
-0.028256775811314583,
-0.011231661774218082,
0.062287043780088425,
-0.017241358757019043,
-0.00571788102388382,
-0.034049537032842636,
-0.0032452777959406376,
0.015795623883605003,
-0.051720649003982544,
0.019241059198975563,
0.061299849301576614,
-0.007600788492709398,
-0.024687370285391808,
-0.04036099091172218,
0.04106611758470535,
-0.007048512808978558,
0.0020457140635699034,
-0.012310588732361794,
0.01978500373661518,
-0.028304604813456535,
-0.00785771757364273,
0.0052916440181434155,
0.050196483731269836,
0.021406248211860657,
0.018381401896476746,
0.020935554057359695,
0.008203305304050446,
0.04679769277572632,
0.018029622733592987,
-0.06343355029821396,
-0.00871057715266943,
0.045450665056705475,
-0.02707112580537796,
-0.0052034854888916016,
-0.06828032433986664,
-0.046948451548814774,
0.03814040496945381,
-0.014426088891923428,
-0.001089184544980526,
-0.026264654472470284,
0.0749691054224968,
0.0159385334700346,
0.04706009477376938,
0.016971085220575333,
-0.054049890488386154,
0.04351922124624252,
-0.034359704703092575,
0.027076270431280136,
-0.06778621673583984,
-0.011960037983953953,
0.05998930335044861,
-0.003876926377415657,
0.03789867088198662,
0.011153179220855236,
-0.028602126985788345,
0.019861970096826553,
-0.031497158110141754,
-0.05576912313699722,
0.009490106254816055,
-0.04885895177721977,
0.006337684113532305,
0.017198964953422546,
-0.0559314601123333,
-0.010638686828315258,
-0.007055954542011023,
-0.05543605238199234,
-0.005532011855393648,
-0.00007789859955664724,
0.04066786170005798,
-0.025869296863675117,
0.006901055574417114,
-0.02286457270383835,
-0.012701960280537605,
0.05017976835370064,
0.03499365970492363,
-0.0024577416479587555,
0.015663253143429756,
-0.033417608588933945,
0.0872141569852829,
0.026453619822859764,
0.004373275674879551,
0.007226020563393831,
0.016316374763846397,
-0.027460439130663872,
-0.039000581949949265,
0.03774140402674675,
-0.0063576349057257175,
-0.04844547435641289,
-0.0723859891295433,
0.059421028941869736,
0.009555676020681858,
-0.03416264057159424,
-0.0006183841032907367,
0.02405807375907898,
-0.052146513015031815,
0.004908270668238401,
0.004887309856712818,
-0.014085967093706131,
-0.016401851549744606,
0.06071649491786957,
0.04556356370449066,
0.04231441020965576,
0.08259778469800949,
-0.010099461302161217,
-0.029883086681365967,
-0.02177959494292736,
0.10368476808071136,
0.07469251751899719,
0.024802356958389282,
-0.027338523417711258,
0.06933846324682236,
-0.047170013189315796,
-0.021278686821460724,
0.01804211735725403,
0.014841591008007526,
-0.021924739703536034,
-0.04087945818901062,
0.027527492493391037,
0.08182044327259064,
0.013509957119822502,
0.0732232853770256,
-0.036714643239974976,
0.003750941716134548,
0.042064402252435684,
0.009918764233589172,
-0.00016091596626210958,
0.061609089374542236,
0.027499718591570854,
0.02404048666357994,
-0.023639950901269913,
0.00032262265449389815,
-0.002309085102751851,
0.02622900903224945,
0.02185199223458767,
0.006812848150730133,
-0.01289251446723938,
0.02286102995276451,
0.0013240308035165071,
0.03324827179312706,
0.07271525263786316,
-0.025509968400001526,
-0.04742477461695671,
-0.010363727807998657,
0.015603700652718544,
0.006139377132058144,
0.053351029753685,
-0.005773808341473341,
0.00005348040576791391,
-0.001973372418433428,
-0.04404217749834061,
0.006940402090549469,
-0.012419563718140125,
-0.019918521866202354,
-0.0023413286544382572,
-0.014434690587222576,
-0.021561644971370697,
-0.010974929668009281,
0.04039057344198227,
-0.035928286612033844,
-0.03224713355302811,
-0.0380651019513607,
-0.07510119676589966,
-0.07009032368659973,
-0.08779595047235489,
-0.0051112486980855465,
-0.0154676903039217,
-0.03980898857116699,
-0.03430769592523575,
-0.03884982317686081,
0.009583953768014908,
0.011175232008099556,
-0.06363244354724884,
0.0036197060253471136,
0.04580466076731682,
-0.006873929873108864,
0.008037509396672249,
0.028937101364135742,
0.03397402912378311,
-0.03961049020290375,
-0.013622730039060116,
0.040912479162216187,
0.02299347333610058,
0.012702644802629948,
-0.00022933750005904585,
0.006547796539962292,
-0.09282877296209335,
0.024911848828196526,
0.03665919229388237,
-0.015429351478815079,
-0.08214413374662399,
0.04416004568338394,
-0.03779185190796852,
0.03240933269262314,
0.06987489014863968,
-0.0212689321488142,
0.013357866555452347,
-0.032793574035167694,
0.007328816223889589,
-0.04047827422618866,
-0.025989186018705368,
0.048177555203437805,
0.0004923234810121357,
0.06453466415405273,
0.05716555938124657,
-0.04053075984120369,
-0.023125898092985153,
0.02557966858148575,
-0.02249390445649624,
-0.006576952524483204,
-0.038383036851882935,
-0.028349576517939568,
-0.04061654210090637,
-0.09024281054735184,
0.004603472538292408,
0.01390883419662714,
-0.016193203628063202,
-0.052909936755895615,
0.00027813276392407715,
-0.022379454225301743,
-0.013752388767898083,
-0.022304566577076912,
0.003415769664570689,
-0.006366396322846413,
-0.023601487278938293,
-0.03396058455109596,
-0.06698707491159439,
0.017758097499608994,
-0.02816035971045494,
0.0009942336473613977,
-0.014774166978895664,
-0.05633973330259323,
0.010762227699160576,
0.015553071163594723,
0.04747644066810608,
0.022845137864351273,
0.015910640358924866,
-0.004352203570306301
] |
3,422
|
LiFT: Learning to Fine-Tune via Bayesian Parameter Efficient Meta Fine-Tuning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=7nyJBVCTGQ
|
[
"Minyoung Kim",
"Timothy Hospedales"
] |
Spotlight
|
We tackle the problem of parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) of a pre-trained large deep model on many different but related tasks. Instead of the simple but strong baseline strategy of task-wise independent fine-tuning, we aim to meta-learn the core shared information that can be used for unseen test tasks to improve the prediction performance further. That is, we propose a method for {\em learning-to-fine-tune} (LiFT). LiFT introduces a novel hierarchical Bayesian model that can be superior to both existing general meta learning algorithms like MAML and recent LoRA zoo mixing approaches such as LoRA-Retriever and model-based clustering. In our Bayesian model, the parameters of the task-specific LoRA modules are regarded as random variables where these task-wise LoRA modules are governed/regularized by higher-level latent random variables, which represents the prior of the LoRA modules that capture the shared information across all training tasks. To make the posterior inference feasible, we propose a novel SGLD-Gibbs sampling algorithm that is computationally efficient. To represent the posterior samples from the SGLD-Gibbs, we propose an online EM algorithm that maintains a Gaussian mixture representation for the posterior in an online manner in the course of iterative posterior sampling. We demonstrate the effectiveness of LiFT on NLP and vision multi-task meta learning benchmarks.
|
Bayesian methods, Parameter efficient fine-tuning, meta learning
|
We propose a novel hierarchical Bayesian model for meta PEFT that can be superior to both existing general meta learning algorithms like MAML and recent LoRA zoo mixing approaches such as Retrievers and model-based clustering.
| 9,775
| null |
[
0.0013764945324510336,
-0.020589739084243774,
0.0028220396488904953,
0.021848559379577637,
0.030196724459528923,
0.042885590344667435,
0.03130561113357544,
-0.014177176170051098,
-0.03302425146102905,
-0.020913925021886826,
-0.008159941993653774,
0.030449578538537025,
-0.08048815280199051,
-0.04225708916783333,
-0.03303080424666405,
0.03827056288719177,
0.0523831807076931,
-0.00643390417098999,
0.0019298194674775004,
0.030739933252334595,
-0.00029521287069655955,
-0.04526827484369278,
0.03410359099507332,
0.0007160351378843188,
-0.006224222481250763,
-0.004949767608195543,
0.01265933457762003,
0.0182311050593853,
-0.029495326802134514,
0.002434880705550313,
0.032238755375146866,
-0.015595768578350544,
0.020647302269935608,
-0.03284968063235283,
-0.009544840082526207,
-0.002431298606097698,
-0.026365263387560844,
-0.000122977900900878,
0.015049776993691921,
0.02862250618636608,
-0.032643139362335205,
0.019346581771969795,
-0.019274065271019936,
0.008098045364022255,
-0.05435595288872719,
0.01141107827425003,
-0.11945116519927979,
0.04950398579239845,
-0.006053485441952944,
-0.06289571523666382,
-0.07320406287908554,
0.023559128865599632,
-0.012066286988556385,
-0.02363261766731739,
0.03523300215601921,
0.05507149547338486,
0.04173755645751953,
-0.0843457579612732,
0.0009361549746245146,
-0.05882970243692398,
-0.06553970277309418,
0.015898915007710457,
0.036098990589380264,
0.010691656731069088,
0.014910145662724972,
-0.033216867595911026,
-0.010903757065534592,
0.06798110157251358,
-0.03623373433947563,
-0.013360041193664074,
-0.022992804646492004,
-0.0202419925481081,
-0.005179249215871096,
-0.017892053350806236,
0.01720341481268406,
-0.05053122341632843,
0.018996937200427055,
0.041748177260160446,
0.08320043981075287,
-0.011333507485687733,
0.017441464588046074,
0.012568256817758083,
0.02827439457178116,
0.05594277009367943,
0.027698636054992676,
0.0059904782101511955,
-0.05540017783641815,
-0.03356054797768593,
-0.06625249236822128,
0.0447898767888546,
-0.01517455093562603,
-0.03914617374539375,
0.016538381576538086,
0.03406306728720665,
0.013999467715620995,
0.03161044046282768,
0.026760989800095558,
-0.0002116535761160776,
0.015339845791459084,
0.019187895581126213,
-0.051260530948638916,
-0.027959035709500313,
0.037784118205308914,
0.0009038252755999565,
-0.12012635916471481,
-0.009023590013384819,
-0.01611851342022419,
-0.02207816205918789,
-0.022023295983672142,
0.01428990624845028,
-0.032545581459999084,
-0.01783851347863674,
-0.005649043247103691,
-0.011541614308953285,
-0.0844753235578537,
0.019759202376008034,
-0.005629655905067921,
0.0376984067261219,
-0.024059129878878593,
0.0006945027271285653,
0.030611412599682808,
0.06461001932621002,
0.003740198677405715,
0.04848337545990944,
-0.015187080018222332,
-0.0021018730476498604,
0.020330913364887238,
0.03410898149013519,
-0.027586163952946663,
-0.02627723105251789,
-0.0008634908590465784,
0.019963013008236885,
0.0018127915682271123,
0.007087470963597298,
-0.00609443336725235,
-0.011195600032806396,
-0.010243725031614304,
0.040880586951971054,
0.021309388801455498,
0.005652267020195723,
-0.03417837247252464,
0.0021811584010720253,
0.05214516445994377,
-0.009513127617537975,
0.08222886919975281,
-0.004596021492034197,
-0.01703735999763012,
-0.007616315968334675,
-0.0673460066318512,
0.009098675101995468,
0.016265515238046646,
0.004630225244909525,
-0.017764760181307793,
-0.0837530642747879,
0.016901537775993347,
0.06771890819072723,
-0.002893925877287984,
0.023667240515351295,
0.020660998299717903,
-0.001361408387310803,
0.015522941015660763,
-0.010866768658161163,
-0.02945343777537346,
0.02155265398323536,
-0.009816446341574192,
-0.04985871911048889,
0.030797701328992844,
0.032849766314029694,
-0.012964479625225067,
0.008211626671254635,
-0.03234108164906502,
-0.03619571030139923,
0.03914247080683708,
0.001715579186566174,
-0.053212739527225494,
-0.0005971473874524236,
0.0818682536482811,
0.010866337455809116,
0.04822403937578201,
0.05323372781276703,
-0.08585356175899506,
0.014066253788769245,
0.0033121597953140736,
0.007897891104221344,
0.021821491420269012,
-0.0403214767575264,
0.08219070732593536,
-0.053791869431734085,
0.018567867577075958,
-0.0005210950621403754,
-0.07051800191402435,
-0.005200894083827734,
-0.0068120225332677364,
-0.01290794089436531,
0.0516122505068779,
0.004494308028370142,
-0.018436603248119354,
0.0549982525408268,
0.04688166826963425,
0.07040376216173172,
0.06510744243860245,
-0.03075415827333927,
0.02840230241417885,
-0.01751025766134262,
-0.04550190642476082,
-0.022712895646691322,
0.03387729451060295,
-0.048772405833005905,
-0.026841001585125923,
0.04930627718567848,
-0.01197734847664833,
0.004960175603628159,
-0.01467203814536333,
-0.01671598292887211,
-0.003342791460454464,
0.03185759484767914,
-0.01052359864115715,
0.026651863008737564,
-0.016694124788045883,
-0.03905105963349342,
0.011493047699332237,
0.03496691957116127,
-0.015653781592845917,
0.003281757002696395,
-0.02347494475543499,
0.09282009303569794,
0.06600172817707062,
-0.03647659346461296,
-0.004174421541392803,
0.002984612016007304,
0.06636204570531845,
-0.006743960082530975,
0.014034992083907127,
-0.02646067924797535,
0.02725587971508503,
-0.03766873851418495,
-0.0020749964751303196,
-0.04709676653146744,
0.05617235228419304,
-0.03636946901679039,
-0.011472716927528381,
0.04440596327185631,
-0.00581640750169754,
0.05969533324241638,
0.038245219737291336,
0.013704625889658928,
0.04370226338505745,
-0.006555014289915562,
0.010955097153782845,
-0.02517109550535679,
0.010957878082990646,
-0.01616024039685726,
-0.029225395992398262,
-0.0233774371445179,
-0.0066292779520154,
-0.07039938122034073,
-0.03130292892456055,
-0.01654219999909401,
0.06067553162574768,
0.06081413850188255,
0.01877371408045292,
0.03100413829088211,
0.004722450394183397,
-0.019702328369021416,
-0.008455266244709492,
-0.1111002191901207,
-0.03817852959036827,
-0.03683267906308174,
0.06032590568065643,
-0.0029045266564935446,
0.031893618404865265,
0.034052636474370956,
0.00614142743870616,
-0.028577836230397224,
-0.024602621793746948,
0.0076482826843857765,
0.04217728599905968,
-0.00007274933159351349,
-0.04544135183095932,
-0.05333280563354492,
-0.013715500943362713,
0.07229916006326675,
-0.01884188875555992,
-0.016703609377145767,
-0.05050293356180191,
-0.04275232553482056,
-0.00933691393584013,
-0.0312625989317894,
0.004671724978834391,
0.016628995537757874,
0.022735800594091415,
0.005873838439583778,
-0.008754073642194271,
0.034270189702510834,
0.02921314723789692,
0.056596022099256516,
0.05533508583903313,
0.022514209151268005,
-0.053915929049253464,
0.044493697583675385,
-0.01945207640528679,
0.021347321569919586,
0.0052400934509932995,
-0.011227695271372795,
-0.019569972530007362,
-0.013421616517007351,
0.018511557951569557,
0.013549147173762321,
-0.2842620313167572,
-0.01232701726257801,
0.030776938423514366,
0.003328882623463869,
0.00869690626859665,
-0.023547939956188202,
0.03177787736058235,
-0.03072766587138176,
-0.0055289193987846375,
0.00004555088162305765,
0.014720805920660496,
0.04397193342447281,
0.017106954008340836,
0.04189504310488701,
0.04718964174389839,
0.02734893374145031,
0.005070634186267853,
0.006003412418067455,
0.01929548755288124,
0.0343872494995594,
-0.015617127530276775,
-0.0560942143201828,
0.009179020300507545,
0.053727615624666214,
-0.007766975089907646,
0.046593669801950455,
-0.06618998944759369,
-0.0038680897559970617,
-0.018219824880361557,
-0.02903418429195881,
0.006925066001713276,
-0.012992318719625473,
-0.0000024954690616141306,
0.04679807275533676,
0.01998182199895382,
-0.007604196667671204,
0.06132016330957413,
-0.006460703443735838,
0.04588649794459343,
0.0084334472194314,
-0.02140149660408497,
-0.005272894632071257,
0.004771909210830927,
0.02202211320400238,
0.10575899481773376,
-0.010265420190989971,
-0.05652869492769241,
-0.023055657744407654,
-0.019673708826303482,
0.018241919577121735,
-0.004112154711037874,
-0.02257469668984413,
-0.03138130158185959,
0.005949161481112242,
0.024368008598685265,
-0.008139323443174362,
0.012690558098256588,
0.0010802173055708408,
0.022140510380268097,
0.00665458757430315,
-0.003047654405236244,
-0.058358751237392426,
-0.012290150858461857,
-0.06020312011241913,
-0.011686420999467373,
-0.03573184460401535,
-0.042960990220308304,
-0.04268486052751541,
0.03867246210575104,
0.009821274317800999,
-0.018193667754530907,
0.015966366976499557,
-0.024990757927298546,
-0.10045531392097473,
0.03493473306298256,
-0.0102335624396801,
-0.0171198733150959,
-0.014773567207157612,
-0.013716659508645535,
0.04932659491896629,
-0.03835530951619148,
-0.06579896062612534,
0.022868962958455086,
-0.005130188073962927,
0.025071440264582634,
-0.052850741893053055,
0.0034226197749376297,
-0.038843680173158646,
-0.01174986269325018,
-0.027866872027516365,
0.020909786224365234,
0.012121951207518578,
0.03997863084077835,
0.02570224553346634,
0.04105649143457413,
0.0528034046292305,
0.03337780758738518,
0.05891551077365875,
0.03445697948336601,
0.023801246657967567,
-0.006757224909961224,
-0.07745832204818726,
-0.015976618975400925,
-0.024597816169261932,
-0.019628020003437996,
0.026546185836195946,
-0.04775099828839302,
-0.030544398352503777,
0.04130702093243599,
-0.014651835896074772,
-0.008562291041016579,
-0.02991291880607605,
0.006229122634977102,
-0.005166089162230492,
0.017551885917782784,
-0.00492906617000699,
-0.0044959415681660175,
0.023712458088994026,
0.026181699708104134,
-0.026312781497836113,
-0.05242384597659111,
0.056182846426963806,
-0.023730264976620674,
0.026417061686515808,
0.0018253662856295705,
-0.04361145570874214,
0.024319814518094063,
-0.0033432941418141127,
-0.03331032022833824,
-0.00074539560591802,
0.009727285243570805,
0.03631705045700073,
-0.012230074033141136,
-0.012646645307540894,
0.03796472027897835,
0.015396758913993835,
-0.006330867763608694,
0.012702039442956448,
0.05211794376373291,
-0.02914087288081646,
0.011267254129052162,
-0.0032596939709037542,
0.02772993966937065,
0.04850872606039047,
0.03606564179062843,
0.03106936626136303,
0.0036994207184761763,
0.0010278865229338408,
-0.011814598925411701,
-0.005499402992427349,
0.008486475795507431,
-0.05989796668291092,
-0.034735359251499176,
-0.04520487040281296,
0.02118636481463909,
-0.05155078321695328,
0.016906103119254112,
-0.0002800180809572339,
0.0070644267834723,
-0.07399545609951019,
0.029017293825745583,
0.026936376467347145,
-0.0075297183357179165,
0.01780296303331852,
0.02521715871989727,
0.025761054828763008,
-0.016284046694636345,
-0.02981344610452652,
0.0107437614351511,
0.0006053480901755393,
-0.01813388057053089,
-0.019672071561217308,
-0.0473199188709259,
-0.014155542477965355,
-0.025324171409010887,
-0.009564328007400036,
-0.006151149980723858,
-0.02454764023423195,
-0.026070984080433846,
0.067873015999794,
0.02524528093636036,
-0.010591148398816586,
-0.02055664174258709,
-0.005931957624852657,
0.07173983752727509,
0.012860232964158058,
-0.019806092604994774,
-0.00982277188450098,
-0.025749213993549347,
0.04014715924859047,
-0.015440142713487148,
0.01872495375573635,
-0.01806730031967163,
-0.02547534368932247,
-0.016227811574935913,
-0.06431254744529724,
-0.02363172173500061,
0.02458534762263298,
-0.014432154595851898,
-0.013810209929943085,
-0.020219378173351288,
0.027812620624899864,
-0.02170514315366745,
-0.014495139941573143,
0.024258339777588844,
-0.0905691608786583,
0.024041268974542618,
0.05402401089668274,
-0.03844571113586426,
0.045505136251449585,
-0.024079883471131325,
-0.032380472868680954,
-0.037713728845119476,
-0.010613098740577698,
-0.023288115859031677,
-0.029847895726561546,
-0.03342856094241142,
0.005204495973885059,
-0.0036963247694075108,
-0.0377323180437088,
0.03608407825231552,
-0.0069508058950304985,
0.004238960798829794,
-0.02115323580801487,
0.041778046637773514,
0.035557426512241364,
-0.026097163558006287,
-0.014859956689178944,
0.009071443229913712,
-0.01725853979587555,
0.0009281942620873451,
-0.04807782545685768,
0.017572347074747086,
0.051429376006126404,
-0.024066463112831116,
0.0219875518232584,
-0.0484161414206028,
0.04003290459513664,
0.0056159100495278835,
-0.010588026605546474,
0.028690164908766747,
-0.004041341599076986,
-0.027450691908597946,
0.020846763625741005,
-0.02388077974319458,
0.03106917440891266,
0.005021634511649609,
0.03205815330147743,
0.018638310953974724,
-0.002178860828280449,
0.014266477897763252,
0.008966980502009392,
-0.048718683421611786,
-0.008517788723111153,
0.058700431138277054,
-0.024940254166722298,
-0.033687565475702286,
-0.07227558642625809,
-0.03477645292878151,
0.006255526095628738,
0.02898845262825489,
0.030591895803809166,
-0.07146570086479187,
0.03821525350213051,
0.03706585243344307,
0.026051420718431473,
-0.008378059603273869,
-0.020140787586569786,
0.04330935329198837,
-0.0346558541059494,
0.009630215354263783,
-0.04960029944777489,
-0.043155819177627563,
0.07329626381397247,
-0.010051719844341278,
0.03244861215353012,
0.002748195780441165,
-0.05334082618355751,
0.04134758561849594,
-0.02534438669681549,
-0.03684317693114281,
0.007325735874474049,
-0.029710037633776665,
0.00491821113973856,
-0.015601377002894878,
-0.0566711351275444,
-0.0009609612752683461,
-0.02199259027838707,
-0.037229273468256,
0.0028001233004033566,
0.0035659351851791143,
0.07127695530653,
-0.02054690383374691,
0.01956896297633648,
-0.01182264368981123,
-0.0004667858884204179,
0.03211422637104988,
0.06978186964988708,
0.006709563545882702,
0.02448863722383976,
-0.021772058680653572,
0.048347800970077515,
0.02853540889918804,
-0.006964419968426228,
0.011845589615404606,
0.031009910628199577,
-0.010199995711445808,
-0.04400167241692543,
0.04096749797463417,
-0.022239036858081818,
-0.033761292695999146,
-0.04819085821509361,
0.04590108245611191,
0.04755975306034088,
-0.04191621020436287,
-0.03104524128139019,
0.043040093034505844,
-0.040394898504018784,
-0.0038314559496939182,
-0.005447620525956154,
-0.009848451241850853,
-0.005969368852674961,
0.0512118823826313,
0.03734438121318817,
0.032699018716812134,
0.058619916439056396,
0.01017976738512516,
-0.0023387328255921602,
0.017184536904096603,
0.06736132502555847,
0.060262229293584824,
0.07539326697587967,
-0.010291633196175098,
0.06543922424316406,
-0.010096386075019836,
-0.054521553218364716,
-0.00042362604290246964,
0.0075029535219073296,
-0.02018354833126068,
-0.05360954627394676,
-0.0011910026660189033,
0.08186975121498108,
0.031985118985176086,
0.05332350358366966,
-0.04698885232210159,
-0.014537384733557701,
0.026371052488684654,
-0.006765939295291901,
0.009787540882825851,
0.05250124633312225,
0.03415350988507271,
0.02841254137456417,
-0.04022367671132088,
-0.03782244771718979,
-0.010529767721891403,
0.008176145143806934,
0.0038723289035260677,
0.014949163421988487,
-0.04332496598362923,
0.01579071767628193,
-0.009341953322291374,
0.03307200223207474,
0.10395564138889313,
-0.0271481703966856,
-0.053043704479932785,
0.009037084877490997,
0.01145006064325571,
0.010086361318826675,
0.03592180833220482,
-0.018205273896455765,
-0.03002079203724861,
0.017297551035881042,
-0.06421453505754471,
0.03638496994972229,
0.06187618523836136,
0.03681912645697594,
-0.0035075400955975056,
-0.03719129413366318,
-0.03227692469954491,
0.009690812788903713,
0.025956301018595695,
-0.043612826615571976,
-0.03973482549190521,
-0.03242487087845802,
-0.05123518034815788,
-0.04134354367852211,
-0.0582214817404747,
0.022688522934913635,
-0.0023492476902902126,
-0.011072324588894844,
-0.01051664911210537,
-0.04152681678533554,
-0.010419577360153198,
0.05732017382979393,
-0.058831389993429184,
0.00638111075386405,
0.023084936663508415,
-0.000995196052826941,
-0.019701719284057617,
0.028763659298419952,
0.03957895562052727,
0.008293288759887218,
-0.009252332150936127,
0.03904584422707558,
0.007628629449754953,
0.018454400822520256,
-0.02064833976328373,
-0.004337496589869261,
-0.08963550627231598,
0.003438652725890279,
0.026033952832221985,
-0.024233918637037277,
-0.07970564812421799,
0.01704278215765953,
-0.011395951732993126,
0.04950962960720062,
0.04070056229829788,
0.003112750593572855,
0.007258157711476088,
-0.035511575639247894,
-0.03100065514445305,
-0.0007212565396912396,
0.013676940463483334,
0.0658227801322937,
0.0014259336749091744,
0.06859225034713745,
0.017076188698410988,
-0.014109146781265736,
-0.03620554134249687,
0.02620832994580269,
-0.0071009802632033825,
0.0022620297968387604,
-0.05285627022385597,
-0.05340082570910454,
-0.005724012851715088,
-0.09227926284074783,
-0.027781901881098747,
0.013702446594834328,
-0.006383039057254791,
-0.04982639104127884,
-0.019368506968021393,
-0.04315071925520897,
-0.0014273878186941147,
-0.023191792890429497,
0.018028410151600838,
-0.021808160468935966,
-0.031520914286375046,
-0.02077336795628071,
-0.06218835711479187,
0.009113130159676075,
-0.009324884042143822,
0.021157164126634598,
-0.03707233443856239,
-0.018476467579603195,
-0.0008024186245165765,
0.00629000598564744,
0.054876163601875305,
0.033994756639003754,
0.015134548768401146,
-0.013340321369469166
] |
3,423
|
Lightweight Neural App Control
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=BL4WBIfyrz
|
[
"Filippos Christianos",
"Georgios Papoudakis",
"Thomas Coste",
"Jianye HAO",
"Jun Wang",
"Kun Shao"
] |
Spotlight
|
This paper introduces a novel mobile phone control architecture, Lightweight Multi-modal App Control (LiMAC), for efficient interactions and control across various Android apps. LiMAC takes as input a textual goal and a sequence of past mobile observations, such as screenshots and corresponding UI trees, to generate precise actions. To address the computational constraints inherent to smartphones, we introduce a small Action Transformer (AcT) integrated with a fine-tuned vision-language model (VLM) for real-time decision-making and task execution. We evaluate LiMAC on two open-source mobile control datasets, demonstrating the superior performance of our small-form-factor approach against fine-tuned versions of open-source VLMs, such as Florence2 and Qwen2-VL. It also significantly outperforms prompt engineering baselines utilising closed-source foundation models like GPT-4o. More specifically, LiMAC increases the overall action accuracy by up to 19% compared to fine-tuned VLMs, and up to 42% compared to prompt-engineering baselines.
|
vision-language model, multi-modal, android control, app agent
| null | 9,741
|
2410.17883
|
[
-0.019800523295998573,
-0.023341873660683632,
0.009266016073524952,
0.020507201552391052,
0.04369901120662689,
0.030701834708452225,
0.02424267865717411,
0.009468283504247665,
-0.03614380583167076,
-0.03254187852144241,
-0.024686628952622414,
0.009321602992713451,
-0.06763538718223572,
-0.03186402469873428,
0.006664241198450327,
0.04005210101604462,
0.04534865543246269,
-0.019796371459960938,
0.02416190505027771,
-0.015626147389411926,
-0.022226592525839806,
-0.016122467815876007,
0.05407245084643364,
0.009261567145586014,
0.017343174666166306,
0.030957765877246857,
0.033889610320329666,
0.014605625532567501,
-0.03306492418050766,
0.0200029406696558,
0.046716026961803436,
0.02095596119761467,
0.0053895763121545315,
-0.043162696063518524,
0.02240368351340294,
-0.022489720955491066,
-0.027766354382038116,
0.013103394769132137,
-0.014500687830150127,
0.016053128987550735,
-0.04541414603590965,
0.024304158985614777,
-0.023235829547047615,
-0.01822325773537159,
-0.013802598230540752,
0.02822982706129551,
-0.08007600158452988,
0.02154259942471981,
-0.0017515028594061732,
-0.02865845151245594,
-0.1202486976981163,
0.03195002302527428,
-0.02017831988632679,
-0.013570298440754414,
0.0025732393842190504,
0.013797684572637081,
0.05511939898133278,
-0.09502951800823212,
-0.031131910160183907,
-0.056296829134225845,
-0.02183484099805355,
0.048470091074705124,
0.020727362483739853,
-0.017420174553990364,
-0.010876284912228584,
-0.01798814721405506,
-0.0017453632317483425,
0.04856713116168976,
-0.037757012993097305,
-0.010184760205447674,
-0.005653176922351122,
0.019064422696828842,
-0.008824508637189865,
-0.012008115649223328,
0.02362031489610672,
-0.03907394781708717,
0.02669454738497734,
0.04502161964774132,
0.08048058301210403,
0.008066796697676182,
-0.006573332939296961,
-0.011247597634792328,
0.016109848394989967,
0.043666329234838486,
0.01179148256778717,
0.05042657628655434,
-0.01938680186867714,
-0.03899446129798889,
-0.05783712863922119,
0.04147450998425484,
0.010872181504964828,
-0.03305659070611,
0.017573747783899307,
0.05907709524035454,
0.011890172958374023,
0.023633167147636414,
0.02467718906700611,
0.01461847499012947,
-0.00399717316031456,
0.014807501807808876,
0.001995418919250369,
-0.0060372608713805676,
0.027774376794695854,
0.0004637693054974079,
-0.0985787957906723,
-0.027478216215968132,
-0.028276177123188972,
-0.025941671803593636,
-0.029258813709020615,
0.0014387740520760417,
-0.034499604254961014,
0.015477828681468964,
0.02762838453054428,
-0.012863975949585438,
-0.0883692279458046,
0.03010558895766735,
-0.003359768772497773,
0.030889742076396942,
0.012417200952768326,
-0.011271304450929165,
0.07492154091596603,
0.05563005432486534,
0.02413887530565262,
0.04559171944856644,
-0.034384239464998245,
0.002269116463139653,
-0.001994770485907793,
0.018209660425782204,
0.010884023271501064,
-0.010662290267646313,
0.023963527753949165,
0.04342099651694298,
0.019907169044017792,
-0.009285623207688332,
-0.008494388312101364,
0.03428708016872406,
0.020078366622328758,
0.020727183669805527,
0.04359160736203194,
0.0022914607543498278,
-0.011831611394882202,
-0.04031624272465706,
0.07242609560489655,
-0.038722649216651917,
0.07343185693025589,
-0.0402350127696991,
-0.0043340763077139854,
-0.01942952536046505,
-0.03329123556613922,
-0.033103715628385544,
-0.004499081522226334,
-0.024260323494672775,
-0.020798861980438232,
-0.06773806363344193,
-0.0028618662618100643,
0.03891507163643837,
0.053782012313604355,
0.021005531772971153,
0.0073395525105297565,
-0.010736977681517601,
-0.0006539104506373405,
-0.033089783042669296,
-0.06148506700992584,
-0.00021576634026132524,
0.041325606405735016,
-0.03470185026526451,
0.032643310725688934,
0.007548918481916189,
-0.007345146033912897,
0.004273103084415197,
-0.01979617029428482,
-0.03278420865535736,
0.0257619209587574,
0.010110953822731972,
-0.049794044345617294,
0.01110558770596981,
0.038190897554159164,
0.005033138208091259,
-0.00806969404220581,
0.04291170462965965,
-0.06084015220403671,
0.015784403309226036,
0.028034109622240067,
-0.019267253577709198,
0.010046468116343021,
-0.017699381336569786,
0.07388067245483398,
-0.028693171218037605,
-0.056104570627212524,
-0.01824375055730343,
-0.07501105219125748,
-0.03348999843001366,
0.029680313542485237,
0.015540431253612041,
0.05924469232559204,
0.012919384986162186,
-0.025359224528074265,
0.03716523200273514,
0.0551624521613121,
0.04896850511431694,
0.055901557207107544,
-0.025332728400826454,
0.04075883328914642,
0.022296056151390076,
-0.05459403246641159,
-0.040116336196660995,
0.04373105987906456,
-0.04445090889930725,
-0.060249339789152145,
0.027645833790302277,
-0.025071917101740837,
-0.011010674759745598,
0.019786031916737556,
-0.011613434180617332,
0.04563892260193825,
-0.002768878825008869,
-0.017409993335604668,
0.004829809069633484,
-0.00683007575571537,
-0.05183316767215729,
-0.0025319079868495464,
-0.008938747458159924,
-0.024068905040621758,
0.034223269671201706,
-0.03773455321788788,
0.08382188528776169,
0.05626947805285454,
-0.03028257191181183,
-0.025506868958473206,
0.024730980396270752,
-0.007320246193557978,
-0.024837292730808258,
-0.01776030845940113,
-0.04119317606091499,
-0.002892141230404377,
-0.043316785246133804,
0.026568183675408363,
-0.038370661437511444,
0.023887360468506813,
-0.021337075158953667,
-0.012023796327412128,
0.0653519555926323,
-0.021525679156184196,
0.039655596017837524,
0.0032599586993455887,
0.006797907408326864,
0.019010761752724648,
-0.042328301817178726,
0.02974412590265274,
-0.01652400940656662,
-0.012645200826227665,
-0.008004873059689999,
0.016277706250548363,
-0.008378480561077595,
0.020072637125849724,
-0.05024696886539459,
-0.018780391663312912,
-0.0362885519862175,
0.04452667385339737,
0.03119192272424698,
0.02943817526102066,
0.04273903742432594,
-0.002480766037479043,
-0.010591628029942513,
-0.02683963067829609,
-0.103481724858284,
-0.031986452639102936,
0.014959060586988926,
0.012944350950419903,
0.072166807949543,
0.032102592289447784,
-0.00621448690071702,
0.02637123316526413,
-0.03662165626883507,
0.0201850738376379,
-0.003814772702753544,
-0.005630051251500845,
0.025649169459939003,
-0.027903525158762932,
-0.039340436458587646,
0.021800559014081955,
0.0730036124587059,
0.014399614185094833,
0.0015443569282069802,
0.008798048831522465,
-0.027415681630373,
0.04787132889032364,
-0.007934877648949623,
0.005122266244143248,
0.0115843266248703,
0.02726350538432598,
-0.019609693437814713,
-0.01297680288553238,
0.0056127882562577724,
0.020574498921632767,
0.06352826207876205,
0.03960796818137169,
0.023981060832738876,
-0.06523019075393677,
0.03183098882436752,
-0.02820003591477871,
-0.013775240629911423,
-0.0020328687969595194,
0.009849006310105324,
-0.021892903372645378,
-0.017707979306578636,
0.005772140808403492,
-0.027271179482340813,
-0.267052561044693,
-0.028896281495690346,
0.005180019419640303,
-0.0019854435231536627,
-0.0046389116905629635,
0.020575910806655884,
0.028779342770576477,
-0.043906502425670624,
0.023297516629099846,
0.036046352237463,
0.002050023293122649,
0.026200689375400543,
0.013247085735201836,
0.007106432691216469,
0.048052605241537094,
0.03305124491453171,
-0.012543103657662868,
-0.06170016899704933,
-0.009056282229721546,
0.01030746754258871,
-0.033672086894512177,
-0.05465805530548096,
0.017401617020368576,
-0.006567087024450302,
0.0013716964749619365,
0.04962143301963806,
-0.05878465250134468,
-0.016194768249988556,
-0.011849811300635338,
-0.010853666812181473,
-0.010983454063534737,
-0.026829788461327553,
-0.043025098741054535,
0.02785632759332657,
0.019496887922286987,
0.017820019274950027,
0.04492580145597458,
0.013548479415476322,
0.03009767457842827,
-0.0036876476369798183,
0.04491699859499931,
-0.02239220030605793,
-0.021036557853221893,
0.03356550261378288,
0.08479686081409454,
-0.002929053967818618,
-0.08441462367773056,
-0.022915856912732124,
-0.003912756685167551,
0.039636049419641495,
0.0064096637070178986,
-0.04105024412274361,
-0.04292750358581543,
0.03871707245707512,
0.005584145896136761,
0.007023507263511419,
-0.018096817657351494,
-0.016370590776205063,
0.008787916973233223,
0.030373280867934227,
0.005927647929638624,
-0.03774946555495262,
-0.057324569672346115,
-0.03248797729611397,
0.003555015893653035,
-0.020521678030490875,
-0.04262256249785423,
-0.04897786304354668,
0.047484155744314194,
0.0316256508231163,
0.01055010873824358,
-0.022844625636935234,
0.004201256204396486,
-0.11411603540182114,
-0.01992465928196907,
0.01172703132033348,
-0.02648257091641426,
-0.01271100528538227,
-0.0016230405308306217,
0.03655630350112915,
-0.01737852208316326,
-0.04366598650813103,
0.016638608649373055,
0.004055429715663195,
0.01608969084918499,
-0.01497477013617754,
-0.01808059774339199,
-0.031731631606817245,
0.0270768404006958,
-0.0251768808811903,
0.037405844777822495,
-0.005136921536177397,
-0.003107210621237755,
0.01215402688831091,
0.05847746133804321,
0.012957681901752949,
0.01695147529244423,
0.036037180572748184,
-0.003906401805579662,
0.011624861508607864,
0.014826659113168716,
-0.062498804181814194,
-0.01668303832411766,
-0.039797358214855194,
0.02608533203601837,
0.05707084387540817,
-0.04959850385785103,
-0.034265778958797455,
0.03985930606722832,
0.03566605597734451,
-0.0029465090483427048,
-0.01629137434065342,
0.005129135679453611,
-0.005168296862393618,
-0.02217201143503189,
-0.011449026875197887,
0.01210599672049284,
0.03273797780275345,
0.026747766882181168,
-0.05404164269566536,
-0.07077275961637497,
0.03152403235435486,
-0.00965358316898346,
0.028827479109168053,
-0.008584343828260899,
-0.022805992513895035,
-0.04377664625644684,
0.0060384850949049,
-0.009961209259927273,
-0.00902536790817976,
0.027873681858181953,
0.052558522671461105,
-0.013270954601466656,
0.005876909475773573,
-0.0020481315441429615,
-0.005599902011454105,
0.024111095815896988,
-0.033296726644039154,
0.019290359690785408,
-0.039404235780239105,
-0.014592103660106659,
-0.00332580110989511,
0.04805547371506691,
0.02375439554452896,
0.045168519020080566,
-0.01099135261029005,
0.011728445999324322,
0.020438730716705322,
0.014872107654809952,
0.008288501761853695,
0.005707383155822754,
-0.08766214549541473,
-0.030578244477510452,
-0.03469153121113777,
0.013742468319833279,
-0.04371193051338196,
0.009703010320663452,
-0.04208111763000488,
0.035271283239126205,
-0.019460147246718407,
0.04095146432518959,
-0.012267877347767353,
-0.03766339272260666,
-0.00917288102209568,
0.011020817793905735,
0.04518042132258415,
0.00425037182867527,
-0.0007451160927303135,
0.015028301626443863,
-0.024397140368819237,
-0.023929383605718613,
-0.061107296496629715,
-0.009288563393056393,
-0.019919052720069885,
-0.031548887491226196,
0.020959995687007904,
-0.014556892216205597,
-0.034680042415857315,
-0.040041711181402206,
0.05998017266392708,
0.010232798755168915,
-0.014225292950868607,
-0.0013963757082819939,
-0.007134739309549332,
0.09687239676713943,
0.014190781861543655,
-0.002726576989516616,
0.02150975912809372,
-0.03236398473381996,
0.02324734628200531,
0.009608825668692589,
0.06069715693593025,
-0.04007027670741081,
-0.0680832788348198,
-0.04065611958503723,
-0.05095164477825165,
0.007880941964685917,
0.03180484101176262,
0.005621474701911211,
-0.052084293216466904,
-0.01824306882917881,
0.016301138326525688,
-0.0695699006319046,
0.010843999683856964,
0.033830057829618454,
-0.07901762425899506,
0.022156953811645508,
0.04477392137050629,
-0.014033777639269829,
0.03289603814482689,
-0.04835702106356621,
-0.06139518693089485,
-0.01335460040718317,
-0.015547879971563816,
0.005598028656095266,
-0.02100532315671444,
-0.035789329558610916,
-0.018556617200374603,
-0.02142421528697014,
-0.028578294441103935,
-0.026813391596078873,
-0.0024707585107535124,
-0.03898848220705986,
-0.027180440723896027,
-0.006674281787127256,
0.006300171837210655,
-0.03163052722811699,
0.003240853315219283,
0.004477267619222403,
-0.02365224063396454,
0.0059407660737633705,
-0.04939843714237213,
0.01567370817065239,
0.05905751883983612,
0.0033693655859678984,
-0.010503726080060005,
-0.07359293848276138,
-0.005969896446913481,
0.01501567754894495,
0.020876821130514145,
-0.023438958451151848,
0.014004542492330074,
-0.05644000694155693,
-0.006524542346596718,
0.023032499477267265,
0.02715015411376953,
0.018149232491850853,
0.005313387606292963,
-0.015634523704648018,
0.013323836959898472,
0.02450074627995491,
0.028339149430394173,
-0.029997700825333595,
0.04531319439411163,
0.05320756137371063,
-0.03660956770181656,
-0.018886113539338112,
-0.035380393266677856,
-0.04520425945520401,
0.014929802156984806,
0.012207921594381332,
0.020853623747825623,
-0.02917289361357689,
0.03128611668944359,
0.005400121212005615,
0.030088532716035843,
0.024063587188720703,
-0.04607259854674339,
0.04978875815868378,
-0.06651847064495087,
0.035307928919792175,
-0.04782425984740257,
-0.017633957788348198,
0.06286498159170151,
-0.04167485609650612,
0.0327208936214447,
0.03983420878648758,
-0.017381852492690086,
0.06283418834209442,
-0.01322775986045599,
-0.03793536499142647,
-0.009416358545422554,
-0.013975582085549831,
-0.020257070660591125,
0.025825897231698036,
-0.07581831514835358,
0.02827233448624611,
-0.0038297493010759354,
-0.02882135659456253,
0.04201102256774902,
0.01932663470506668,
0.038960836827754974,
0.003198369173333049,
0.047204647213220596,
-0.01820060797035694,
0.008536149747669697,
0.03722962364554405,
0.023778067901730537,
-0.011089678853750229,
0.03330640494823456,
-0.011016478762030602,
0.06212296709418297,
0.02750340849161148,
0.017315587028861046,
-0.003525754204019904,
0.01228372287005186,
-0.019932666793465614,
-0.06461004167795181,
0.06045830249786377,
-0.012906514108181,
-0.06352715939283371,
-0.05913987010717392,
0.06020891293883324,
0.038695063441991806,
-0.023545529693365097,
0.016505667939782143,
0.025768820196390152,
-0.0432957261800766,
-0.007684874814003706,
0.019320402294397354,
0.014004732482135296,
0.04890159144997597,
0.04829088971018791,
0.014039158821105957,
0.0711357593536377,
0.08532945066690445,
0.03165603056550026,
-0.01831720396876335,
0.004263922106474638,
0.10212939232587814,
0.05860166624188423,
0.04816029220819473,
0.014167558401823044,
0.08304056525230408,
-0.004301320295780897,
-0.051063086837530136,
0.03636247292160988,
0.05309326946735382,
-0.029493412002921104,
-0.048245303332805634,
0.056538645178079605,
0.09533234685659409,
0.001809095498174429,
0.03992769122123718,
-0.023841138929128647,
-0.01809307001531124,
0.044379472732543945,
0.039092812687158585,
-0.025545619428157806,
0.012215406633913517,
0.04696318134665489,
0.014980918727815151,
-0.014733067713677883,
0.02052757702767849,
-0.020466696470975876,
-0.054310768842697144,
-0.024424921721220016,
0.035555072128772736,
-0.0014981034910306334,
0.02249784767627716,
-0.021205328404903412,
0.03992600739002228,
0.09982986748218536,
-0.01641871966421604,
-0.010540960356593132,
0.033530011773109436,
0.0094736497849226,
0.01190267875790596,
0.05484361946582794,
-0.013424515724182129,
-0.015041450969874859,
0.04265763983130455,
-0.005223952699452639,
-0.001058606430888176,
0.0263026412576437,
0.02075914479792118,
0.009595704264938831,
-0.03737684711813927,
-0.05559232085943222,
-0.03887660801410675,
0.023921117186546326,
-0.03438173234462738,
-0.02292812243103981,
-0.05160678178071976,
-0.02187390998005867,
-0.05285772681236267,
-0.09406949579715729,
0.033926840871572495,
0.008731947280466557,
-0.08195428550243378,
-0.013190356083214283,
-0.058894433081150055,
0.015035433694720268,
0.0057321758940815926,
-0.036836158484220505,
0.009304127655923367,
0.035462893545627594,
-0.00452030124142766,
-0.0006519383168779314,
0.019123859703540802,
0.052502017468214035,
-0.013777372427284718,
0.01947290264070034,
-0.02215084433555603,
0.03320464491844177,
0.01707274280488491,
0.0033141854219138622,
0.01221063919365406,
-0.09288562834262848,
0.011905044317245483,
-0.015894576907157898,
-0.02030991204082966,
-0.0657331645488739,
0.002469039522111416,
-0.056934695690870285,
0.05809127539396286,
0.08871814608573914,
-0.041713897138834,
0.016807809472084045,
-0.0355992317199707,
-0.016154726967215538,
-0.0000679988952470012,
0.011950276792049408,
0.04108479246497154,
-0.025886280462145805,
0.04670415818691254,
0.02900415100157261,
-0.010189943015575409,
-0.032474443316459656,
0.04948995262384415,
0.006177276838570833,
-0.0009434334933757782,
-0.03405942767858505,
-0.035253752022981644,
-0.02315722033381462,
-0.07061374187469482,
0.0033428319729864597,
0.07166509330272675,
-0.006072922144085169,
-0.045282162725925446,
0.0010265882592648268,
-0.00994944479316473,
0.015221839770674706,
-0.011890889145433903,
-0.0038697998970746994,
-0.04231047257781029,
-0.03513096645474434,
-0.013751094229519367,
-0.05499420315027237,
0.023048684000968933,
-0.05893298238515854,
0.003530520247295499,
-0.013828206807374954,
-0.03391082212328911,
0.0012876439141109586,
-0.0025094756856560707,
-0.003169861389324069,
-0.02248709462583065,
0.006572142243385315,
-0.013087378814816475
] |
3,424
|
Progressive Compositionality in Text-to-Image Generative Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=S85PP4xjFD
|
[
"Xu Han",
"Linghao Jin",
"Xiaofeng Liu",
"Paul Pu Liang"
] |
Spotlight
|
Despite the impressive text-to-image (T2I) synthesis capabilities of diffusion models, they often struggle to understand compositional relationships between objects and attributes, especially in complex settings. Existing approaches through building compositional architectures or generating difficult negative captions often assume a fixed prespecified compositional structure, which limits generalization to new distributions. In this paper, we argue that curriculum training is crucial to equipping generative models with a fundamental understanding of compositionality. To achieve this, we leverage large-language models (LLMs) to automatically compose complex scenarios and harness Visual-Question Answering (VQA) checkers to automatically curate a contrastive dataset, ConPair, consisting of 15k pairs of high-quality contrastive images. These pairs feature minimal visual discrepancies and cover a wide range of attribute categories, especially complex and natural scenarios. To learn effectively from these error cases (i.e., hard negative images), we propose EvoGen, a new multi-stage curriculum for contrastive learning of diffusion models. Through extensive experiments across a wide range of compositional scenarios, we showcase the effectiveness of our proposed framework on compositional T2I benchmarks.
|
compositional text-to-image generation, contrastive learning, compositional understanding, T2I generation
|
Contrastively improving compositional text-to-image generation in diffusion models via generating fine-grained hard negative images.
| 9,669
|
2410.16719
|
[
0.04480148106813431,
-0.0064587718807160854,
-0.004497955087572336,
0.08877098560333252,
0.023784508928656578,
0.01497604139149189,
0.022197911515831947,
0.011068596504628658,
0.0033520152792334557,
-0.024870149791240692,
-0.041081205010414124,
0.0042905500158667564,
-0.0404602475464344,
0.007584064267575741,
0.011463119648396969,
0.03991900011897087,
0.02803843654692173,
0.0016977520426735282,
-0.011366941966116428,
0.04997943341732025,
0.004900419153273106,
-0.0050482419319450855,
0.002225938718765974,
-0.0190910454839468,
0.02172662317752838,
-0.021480415016412735,
0.05253645032644272,
-0.012095510959625244,
-0.035285621881484985,
0.00008432316826656461,
0.014080029912292957,
-0.021284479647874832,
0.004984728060662746,
-0.02898053266108036,
-0.0016147816786542535,
-0.047964487224817276,
-0.03682712838053703,
-0.01001624297350645,
0.02491782419383526,
0.0019632719922810793,
-0.05070766806602478,
-0.010862301103770733,
-0.021398114040493965,
-0.00979922991245985,
-0.05395577475428581,
-0.014732042327523232,
-0.12688332796096802,
0.038873448967933655,
-0.003457841696217656,
-0.022665586322546005,
-0.09428698569536209,
0.03867495059967041,
0.012436632066965103,
-0.007170739118009806,
0.00574476970359683,
0.02591589465737343,
0.031591661274433136,
-0.06234351545572281,
-0.007897250354290009,
-0.05372188612818718,
-0.02576465904712677,
0.035495784133672714,
0.0009493654943071306,
0.014075910672545433,
-0.009343534708023071,
0.002759360708296299,
-0.03093794174492359,
0.03745249658823013,
-0.07338433712720871,
-0.05629271641373634,
-0.02654113434255123,
0.008365977555513382,
-0.008863678202033043,
0.004239986184984446,
0.005751678720116615,
-0.05353332683444023,
-0.01154349371790886,
0.0065923635847866535,
0.05718431621789932,
-0.025918126106262207,
0.024518275633454323,
0.043530549854040146,
0.003930928651243448,
0.03850260749459267,
-0.0008017123909667134,
0.011737817898392677,
0.0006878080894239247,
-0.006700586061924696,
-0.04372749850153923,
0.03633667528629303,
-0.031129028648138046,
-0.06667235493659973,
0.006851378362625837,
0.021637404337525368,
0.06425932049751282,
-0.03381279110908508,
0.029357437044382095,
0.024751555174589157,
0.016370562836527824,
0.0008007251308299601,
-0.014275250025093555,
-0.028542501851916313,
0.014113432727754116,
0.013805371709167957,
-0.10444489866495132,
-0.0012391482014209032,
-0.0443577840924263,
-0.016181401908397675,
0.0056570349261164665,
0.0030827862210571766,
-0.036168839782476425,
-0.021762367337942123,
0.014681139029562473,
-0.00795463752001524,
-0.05895952507853508,
0.01397364865988493,
0.02115749940276146,
0.026915473863482475,
-0.023819034919142723,
-0.005872840061783791,
0.04045584425330162,
0.009294196963310242,
0.03200475871562958,
0.09546475857496262,
-0.025119181722402573,
0.036404553800821304,
0.02704031579196453,
0.036375511437654495,
-0.060276757925748825,
-0.011798935942351818,
-0.003480313578620553,
0.037237174808979034,
0.00669758440926671,
0.02221640758216381,
0.01864938996732235,
-0.028190232813358307,
-0.005855661351233721,
-0.0012254825560376048,
0.04306555539369583,
-0.011677498929202557,
0.008919775485992432,
-0.027989650145173073,
0.05924103036522865,
-0.02378736436367035,
0.06524979323148727,
-0.03446674346923828,
-0.0245968047529459,
-0.027881328016519547,
-0.009696546010673046,
-0.0038808071985840797,
0.0259051825851202,
-0.018079053610563278,
0.04242606833577156,
-0.07208969444036484,
-0.009506621398031712,
0.08177460730075836,
0.012922041118144989,
0.02242662012577057,
-0.004034142009913921,
0.0065245358273386955,
0.026279743760824203,
0.011490801349282265,
-0.025996427983045578,
0.014568810351192951,
-0.0035480433143675327,
-0.07880420982837677,
-0.0055975886061787605,
0.019497212022542953,
-0.05113556981086731,
-0.02285010926425457,
-0.04250452667474747,
-0.033667903393507004,
0.054851654917001724,
0.0019530088175088167,
-0.01620475947856903,
-0.0011459136148914695,
0.039995014667510986,
0.012569008395075798,
0.04486403986811638,
0.00952781643718481,
-0.08237498998641968,
0.01754816062748432,
0.016327088698744774,
-0.02519933134317398,
0.04044787958264351,
-0.017300447449088097,
0.0534188337624073,
-0.013197796419262886,
0.010645592585206032,
0.045555561780929565,
-0.07214381545782089,
-0.006061512511223555,
0.013314015232026577,
-0.02043752558529377,
0.04877254739403725,
0.017786283046007156,
-0.011963879689574242,
0.030000578612089157,
0.05556204169988632,
0.06812356412410736,
0.0498313307762146,
-0.02726486138999462,
0.04938284680247307,
-0.026662908494472504,
0.006346162408590317,
0.004237191751599312,
0.044811736792325974,
-0.029401814565062523,
-0.047983717173337936,
0.009536350145936012,
-0.016180435195565224,
-0.0001491478324169293,
0.028134087100625038,
0.012932860292494297,
0.04451598599553108,
-0.001131884171627462,
-0.02127440832555294,
-0.0011424490949139,
0.014658468775451183,
-0.06510128825902939,
0.050832945853471756,
-0.001215992495417595,
-0.008011202327907085,
-0.01110947784036398,
-0.04746153578162193,
0.0903521403670311,
0.04864827170968056,
-0.02791692316532135,
0.0015617504250258207,
0.030497178435325623,
0.010301873087882996,
0.014717919752001762,
0.017321571707725525,
-0.009253491647541523,
0.01669405959546566,
-0.015335168689489365,
0.014876080676913261,
-0.012812801636755466,
0.07245419174432755,
-0.05315003544092178,
0.02711978368461132,
0.04180000349879265,
-0.02153593674302101,
0.050197068601846695,
-0.0195109061896801,
0.018825622275471687,
0.02739878185093403,
0.004400217439979315,
-0.022394876927137375,
-0.0349721685051918,
-0.018678072839975357,
0.004639392253011465,
-0.004072858951985836,
-0.026965752243995667,
0.027357829734683037,
-0.03492986783385277,
-0.020940424874424934,
-0.02719097025692463,
0.04455156624317169,
0.04294576495885849,
-0.010390515439212322,
0.03000817634165287,
0.006231776904314756,
-0.025190340355038643,
0.004320391453802586,
-0.08698973059654236,
-0.02837994508445263,
-0.029412567615509033,
0.04501070827245712,
-0.025528457015752792,
0.0551651194691658,
-0.014096046797931194,
0.022653957828879356,
-0.04464001581072807,
-0.0104189058765769,
0.011240231804549694,
0.01812872290611267,
0.0005324032972566783,
-0.020334940403699875,
-0.005362637806683779,
-0.01079613622277975,
0.055459994822740555,
-0.038841612637043,
-0.024257972836494446,
-0.041989073157310486,
-0.049378201365470886,
-0.02351931296288967,
-0.012032082304358482,
0.003585255704820156,
0.025042688474059105,
0.035333797335624695,
0.025012677535414696,
-0.0005784619715996087,
0.009023843333125114,
0.031916022300720215,
0.056602295488119125,
0.044619131833314896,
-0.04466648027300835,
-0.02877037599682808,
0.05506479740142822,
-0.0062406244687736034,
0.015341239050030708,
0.008783618919551373,
0.025718966498970985,
-0.012936536222696304,
0.011035623960196972,
0.023698514327406883,
-0.009417733177542686,
-0.2701602876186371,
0.004484115168452263,
-0.007903950288891792,
-0.004666595254093409,
0.014711841009557247,
-0.04052542895078659,
0.045261088758707047,
-0.06851743161678314,
-0.017263995483517647,
-0.0013579071965068579,
-0.006733796559274197,
0.03602133318781853,
0.005991807207465172,
0.07272692024707794,
0.04508230462670326,
0.032200299203395844,
0.003646317170932889,
-0.021381404250860214,
0.0040520308539271355,
0.04831179231405258,
-0.02061828225851059,
-0.04121030494570732,
-0.01084314938634634,
0.06089533865451813,
-0.01387983001768589,
0.040466565638780594,
-0.0693834200501442,
-0.01634029485285282,
-0.0074635837227106094,
-0.004713363479822874,
0.0008340438362210989,
-0.02849966287612915,
0.02275083027780056,
0.06137697771191597,
-0.008897187188267708,
0.02099607326090336,
0.0447317399084568,
-0.012676587328314781,
0.018995746970176697,
0.013663140125572681,
0.01398450043052435,
-0.018432410433888435,
-0.021235831081867218,
0.010274040512740612,
0.036485761404037476,
-0.04258230701088905,
-0.046348754316568375,
-0.02520902082324028,
-0.020315492525696754,
0.030987631529569626,
-0.002321881940588355,
-0.020262913778424263,
0.001199129270389676,
0.025853492319583893,
0.011575601994991302,
-0.006937739904969931,
0.0038934843614697456,
-0.0318625345826149,
0.0048131481744349,
-0.01896778680384159,
0.012324660085141659,
-0.047475673258304596,
-0.045596662908792496,
-0.004499269649386406,
-0.0059402878396213055,
-0.013172406703233719,
-0.059646010398864746,
-0.04882979765534401,
0.035703301429748535,
0.044995225965976715,
-0.040652159601449966,
0.010422633960843086,
-0.008305059745907784,
-0.08376751840114594,
0.007613723166286945,
0.01464603841304779,
-0.015983376652002335,
-0.020991040393710136,
-0.03543351963162422,
0.010078742168843746,
-0.02725652977824211,
-0.038962673395872116,
0.00030439297552220523,
-0.011684848926961422,
0.016382509842514992,
-0.014723978005349636,
0.045060496777296066,
-0.05021387338638306,
-0.002621463965624571,
-0.041660960763692856,
0.06470619142055511,
0.015126216225326061,
0.007052022498100996,
-0.009263191372156143,
0.04986898601055145,
0.030439598485827446,
0.04600972682237625,
0.08037107437849045,
0.047193024307489395,
-0.009134232066571712,
0.04507895186543465,
-0.07109986245632172,
-0.015897607430815697,
-0.013815301470458508,
-0.05510762706398964,
0.008357450366020203,
-0.059913381934165955,
-0.024500342085957527,
0.03240269795060158,
-0.006008554715663195,
-0.07148290425539017,
-0.020113080739974976,
-0.00311068631708622,
0.008049611002206802,
-0.022676941007375717,
-0.0028889377135783434,
-0.009307760745286942,
0.033751554787158966,
0.055693190544843674,
-0.023774905130267143,
0.006857641506940126,
0.05806589499115944,
-0.05276059731841087,
0.017577048391103745,
0.004774267785251141,
-0.01662920042872429,
0.00238633225671947,
-0.0428989976644516,
-0.02136186882853508,
0.001446234411559999,
0.04742145538330078,
-0.02213047631084919,
0.00230691977776587,
0.02066596783697605,
0.06448297202587128,
-0.015763413161039352,
0.010677425190806389,
-0.021967943757772446,
0.013196173124015331,
-0.032712843269109726,
0.021470602601766586,
0.008340496569871902,
0.04079655185341835,
0.029426559805870056,
0.03945901617407799,
-0.019598834216594696,
0.00020713970297947526,
0.027987509965896606,
-0.04779127985239029,
-0.024062281474471092,
0.04979339987039566,
-0.04396052286028862,
-0.0275675468146801,
0.0011259940220043063,
0.00936988927423954,
-0.012904901057481766,
-0.011430968530476093,
-0.013166145421564579,
0.03599971905350685,
-0.053714778274297714,
0.05744250863790512,
0.00870203971862793,
-0.02665787562727928,
0.0023284656926989555,
0.031680941581726074,
0.013927088119089603,
-0.0062255035154521465,
-0.005514310672879219,
-0.018641440197825432,
-0.004479681141674519,
0.024973347783088684,
-0.029866645112633705,
-0.02780219167470932,
-0.020834624767303467,
-0.005303317215293646,
0.0007607192383147776,
-0.013177555054426193,
-0.011229214258491993,
-0.059409163892269135,
0.07357127219438553,
-0.013563972897827625,
-0.02741312049329281,
0.06174664571881294,
0.024383511394262314,
0.09208240360021591,
0.01661514863371849,
-0.0045248097740113735,
-0.009160365909337997,
-0.05717866122722626,
0.05075160041451454,
-0.023561008274555206,
-0.010040308348834515,
-0.03517724946141243,
-0.03536337614059448,
-0.0356181375682354,
-0.06805889308452606,
0.007302667014300823,
0.017973287031054497,
0.007056152448058128,
-0.008920684456825256,
-0.010134328156709671,
0.009480086155235767,
-0.062493495643138885,
0.03518705070018768,
0.013958205468952656,
-0.07027607411146164,
0.007601397577673197,
-0.0006132259150035679,
-0.031499508768320084,
0.00489021185785532,
0.02705167420208454,
-0.049128834158182144,
-0.07976637780666351,
-0.05780871957540512,
-0.0006137771997600794,
-0.03686264157295227,
-0.028093639761209488,
-0.03910089284181595,
0.00279731722548604,
0.0007554962066933513,
0.006946180015802383,
0.019256338477134705,
-0.010793996974825859,
-0.04412677511572838,
0.0027687260881066322,
0.04414013400673866,
-0.03549725562334061,
-0.015594816766679287,
0.012101207859814167,
-0.028356513008475304,
0.022834010422229767,
-0.053038232028484344,
-0.008327535353600979,
0.053207188844680786,
0.0011880086967721581,
-0.025455523282289505,
-0.039518047124147415,
0.03818882256746292,
0.04032031074166298,
0.005242961458861828,
0.03352370113134384,
-0.025688499212265015,
-0.021889131516218185,
0.005960514768958092,
0.019581226631999016,
0.03924283757805824,
0.026077087968587875,
-0.011898161843419075,
0.007429642602801323,
0.019225435331463814,
0.034002937376499176,
0.0006659465725533664,
-0.0516187958419323,
-0.014426585286855698,
0.04465678706765175,
-0.03524843230843544,
-0.007547177840024233,
-0.058476466685533524,
-0.0401994064450264,
0.040924523025751114,
0.02308625914156437,
0.04687313735485077,
-0.04026004299521446,
0.024312494322657585,
0.027860185131430626,
0.019969170913100243,
0.01694810390472412,
-0.014027305878698826,
0.01826990209519863,
-0.011607815511524677,
0.01650712639093399,
-0.07201564311981201,
-0.028005322441458702,
0.05983854830265045,
-0.019615614786744118,
-0.04307933151721954,
-0.03355473652482033,
-0.03713967651128769,
0.04093407839536667,
-0.02697659097611904,
-0.054813165217638016,
0.0250984076410532,
-0.039991430938243866,
-0.003952352795749903,
0.008494963869452477,
-0.0295732319355011,
0.031157774850726128,
-0.024816351011395454,
-0.062017813324928284,
0.004403526894748211,
0.02190803736448288,
0.04020969197154045,
0.004964236635714769,
0.0032594907097518444,
-0.0014419934013858438,
0.035308387130498886,
0.03732776641845703,
0.06788183003664017,
0.02718249335885048,
0.01300628762692213,
-0.01033514179289341,
0.07640286535024643,
0.028431391343474388,
0.02481897547841072,
0.02608092688024044,
0.009212713688611984,
-0.008894250728189945,
-0.07549256831407547,
0.04944402724504471,
0.007589472457766533,
-0.00752633810043335,
-0.07938748598098755,
0.04228880628943443,
0.028419995680451393,
-0.060408443212509155,
-0.025257356464862823,
0.058765046298503876,
-0.04302997514605522,
0.013952428475022316,
-0.008316801860928535,
0.02358698658645153,
-0.005677859764546156,
0.056708671152591705,
-0.007814801298081875,
0.04869340732693672,
0.06833132356405258,
0.0013643737183883786,
0.0007288401247933507,
-0.012367106042802334,
0.04180307686328888,
0.04884053394198418,
0.07214266806840897,
-0.02157098427414894,
0.07625633478164673,
-0.03522184118628502,
-0.043703604489564896,
0.002477341564372182,
0.03199075534939766,
0.00388263538479805,
-0.04538048803806305,
0.04024985805153847,
0.09461583942174911,
0.021079475060105324,
0.05152330547571182,
-0.04635336995124817,
-0.020672038197517395,
0.012372448109090328,
0.008375640027225018,
-0.004949913825839758,
0.0013374299742281437,
0.0446348637342453,
0.0046162731014192104,
-0.008628594689071178,
0.009930253960192204,
-0.01329340972006321,
-0.054946497082710266,
0.018185965716838837,
-0.003908978775143623,
-0.03077673725783825,
0.0009980101604014635,
-0.01526138000190258,
0.0352909080684185,
0.1054120883345604,
-0.03473867475986481,
-0.04987117275595665,
0.014382286928594112,
0.014893989078700542,
0.04253032058477402,
0.06469736993312836,
0.01085494365543127,
-0.027735626325011253,
-0.015178707428276539,
-0.029889661818742752,
-0.005355456378310919,
0.007435820531100035,
0.013061990961432457,
0.020103562623262405,
-0.03144765645265579,
-0.019909653812646866,
0.02846655063331127,
0.011342499405145645,
-0.04907052963972092,
-0.05644383281469345,
-0.0173188429325819,
-0.03957062587141991,
-0.05553833767771721,
-0.01341257430613041,
0.0618649497628212,
-0.004392081405967474,
-0.029630690813064575,
-0.03975087031722069,
-0.01807837001979351,
0.020206259563565254,
0.058261193335056305,
-0.07346437871456146,
0.01638542301952839,
0.05468406155705452,
0.01023256778717041,
-0.03119197115302086,
0.02054302953183651,
0.01770337112247944,
-0.020942920818924904,
-0.007421099115163088,
0.043413836508989334,
0.011654067784547806,
-0.009715004824101925,
-0.03029375895857811,
0.013756128959357738,
-0.1138368472456932,
0.009252417832612991,
0.025925053283572197,
-0.04674304649233818,
-0.08343242853879929,
0.022269997745752335,
-0.012242181226611137,
0.045288022607564926,
0.08480279892683029,
0.024890931323170662,
0.017983103170990944,
-0.03938573598861694,
0.008734834380447865,
-0.018219228833913803,
0.01919853873550892,
0.07337826490402222,
-0.011530011892318726,
0.08478593826293945,
0.046198006719350815,
0.005018704570829868,
-0.03191684931516647,
0.01787673309445381,
-0.01997964084148407,
0.01885652169585228,
-0.017005564644932747,
-0.04050981625914574,
-0.0266913753002882,
-0.10464756190776825,
-0.027555573731660843,
0.014659084379673004,
-0.006650517228990793,
-0.032351016998291016,
0.007077963091433048,
-0.02935967780649662,
-0.019481709226965904,
0.016794849187135696,
-0.02337886020541191,
0.0003975708968937397,
-0.0343814492225647,
-0.026889115571975708,
-0.05725690349936485,
-0.0015610918635502458,
-0.017193278297781944,
0.000417408678913489,
-0.03931307792663574,
-0.027734674513339996,
-0.030332235619425774,
-0.017843902111053467,
0.05418919026851654,
0.006510541308671236,
0.0586559884250164,
-0.011225324124097824
] |
3,425
|
On Quantizing Neural Representation for Variable-Rate Video Coding
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=44cMlQSreK
|
[
"Junqi Shi",
"Zhujia Chen",
"Hanfei Li",
"Qi Zhao",
"Ming Lu",
"Tong Chen",
"Zhan Ma"
] |
Spotlight
|
This work introduces NeuroQuant, a novel post-training quantization (PTQ) approach tailored to non-generalized Implicit Neural Representations for variable-rate Video Coding (INR-VC). Unlike existing methods that require extensive weight retraining for each target bitrate, we hypothesize that variable-rate coding can be achieved by adjusting quantization parameters (QPs) of pre-trained weights. Our study reveals that traditional quantization methods, which assume inter-layer independence, are ineffective for non-generalized INR-VC models due to significant dependencies across layers. To address this, we redefine variable-rate INR-VC as a mixed-precision quantization problem and establish a theoretical framework for sensitivity criteria aimed at simplified, fine-grained rate control. Additionally, we propose network-wise calibration and channel-wise quantization strategies to minimize quantization-induced errors, arriving at a unified formula for representation-oriented PTQ calibration. Our experimental evaluations demonstrate that NeuroQuant significantly outperforms existing techniques in varying bitwidth quantization and compression efficiency, accelerating encoding by up to eight times and enabling quantization down to INT2 with minimal reconstruction loss. This work introduces variable-rate INR-VC for the first time and lays a theoretical foundation for future research in rate-distortion optimization, advancing the field of video coding technology. The materials
will be available at https://github.com/Eric-qi/NeuroQuant.
|
Variable Rate, Video Coding, Quantization, Neural Representation
| null | 9,659
|
2502.11729
|
[
0.002430559368804097,
-0.02146579511463642,
-0.020831560716032982,
0.019020358100533485,
0.04615693911910057,
0.056372858583927155,
-0.00494346534833312,
-0.00820388924330473,
-0.03368469327688217,
-0.04652400687336922,
-0.01239404734224081,
0.0016541406512260437,
-0.049233291298151016,
0.002404303988441825,
0.012749511748552322,
0.07294866442680359,
0.031668391078710556,
-0.02618289552628994,
0.029531290754675865,
0.009253483265638351,
-0.017651956528425217,
-0.04520297795534134,
0.050939660519361496,
0.025910716503858566,
0.016573553904891014,
-0.024286068975925446,
-0.003730478696525097,
0.015126264654099941,
-0.046441297978162766,
-0.006808593403548002,
0.023593228310346603,
-0.008582865819334984,
0.005372755695134401,
-0.020975664258003235,
0.013018959201872349,
0.015424313023686409,
-0.038001157343387604,
0.02925974503159523,
0.009797964245080948,
-0.006730581633746624,
-0.0318424329161644,
-0.0008969150949269533,
-0.009814798831939697,
-0.0007420680485665798,
-0.04889348894357681,
0.014154031872749329,
-0.05057778209447861,
-0.00798916444182396,
0.0008299082983285189,
-0.02701430581510067,
-0.0875030905008316,
0.05803530663251877,
-0.02171497605741024,
0.0012742350809276104,
-0.0003876154951285571,
0.0363752618432045,
0.01771504431962967,
-0.07316915690898895,
-0.031001178547739983,
-0.06141389533877373,
0.006336481310427189,
-0.011516811326146126,
0.014819514937698841,
0.0103148790076375,
0.017529083415865898,
-0.0011912720510736108,
0.004738999530673027,
0.041113194078207016,
-0.04170822352170944,
0.003817186690866947,
-0.033236052840948105,
0.016324328258633614,
-0.010460874065756798,
-0.008828476071357727,
-0.009788968600332737,
-0.04811533913016319,
0.028449419885873795,
0.005704396404325962,
0.0726698711514473,
-0.012564193457365036,
0.02507978118956089,
0.04626750200986862,
-0.010680530220270157,
0.05591265857219696,
-0.008881916292011738,
0.019199814647436142,
-0.015912694856524467,
-0.020727206021547318,
-0.08350677788257599,
0.053223755210638046,
-0.03324218466877937,
-0.02467617765069008,
0.037752218544483185,
0.007663455791771412,
-0.011952090077102184,
0.007136674597859383,
0.029927272349596024,
-0.0005385363474488258,
0.03341308981180191,
-0.009970542974770069,
-0.015669196844100952,
-0.030571158975362778,
0.04670697823166847,
-0.0062121558003127575,
-0.08924323320388794,
-0.014174499548971653,
-0.015066391788423061,
-0.03631298243999481,
0.00009854890231508762,
0.033715616911649704,
-0.0665430948138237,
0.028768740594387054,
0.04144352301955223,
-0.016950929537415504,
-0.09869730472564697,
0.009672029875218868,
0.0187034010887146,
0.032139815390110016,
-0.04573340713977814,
0.010011265985667706,
0.06146450340747833,
0.04186146706342697,
-0.017843089997768402,
0.06263921409845352,
-0.0014885744312778115,
0.013343533501029015,
0.03157581761479378,
0.02134455367922783,
-0.0069634877145290375,
-0.033802200108766556,
0.0186261348426342,
0.019816476851701736,
-0.025157669559121132,
0.0184815414249897,
-0.00802631489932537,
-0.025027630850672722,
0.014786109328269958,
-0.01888391561806202,
0.004727059975266457,
-0.004741153679788113,
0.004385762847959995,
-0.03571830689907074,
0.05019744113087654,
-0.040708158165216446,
0.07036037743091583,
-0.0003467995848041028,
-0.011247299611568451,
-0.019084548577666283,
0.006235846318304539,
-0.02221727930009365,
-0.02979089878499508,
-0.013695579022169113,
0.02989385835826397,
-0.08474753051996231,
-0.016245510429143906,
0.020971190184354782,
0.034082893282175064,
0.04302164167165756,
-0.0157654769718647,
-0.0033160392194986343,
-0.0033618302550166845,
-0.02417287603020668,
-0.02452821470797062,
0.02653605118393898,
-0.01626288704574108,
-0.0616392120718956,
0.025897279381752014,
0.030466236174106598,
-0.025467094033956528,
-0.0015795908402651548,
-0.03695911541581154,
-0.05234949290752411,
0.032147567719221115,
0.007188127376139164,
-0.04298882931470871,
-0.002131181536242366,
0.02672179415822029,
0.03519783541560173,
0.010032479651272297,
0.034084200859069824,
-0.09475916624069214,
0.040949027985334396,
0.0007319062133319676,
0.0019235333893448114,
-0.01689646765589714,
-0.06402416527271271,
0.10627257823944092,
-0.054469358175992966,
-0.010672379285097122,
0.0060331677086651325,
-0.03202113136649132,
0.002374479314312339,
-0.010167255066335201,
-0.011447855271399021,
0.0483342781662941,
0.020304251462221146,
0.015258912928402424,
0.002969936467707157,
0.037720080465078354,
0.020688949152827263,
0.035780951380729675,
-0.05089771747589111,
0.09050758183002472,
-0.013561193831264973,
-0.03970184177160263,
0.021091172471642494,
0.03925284370779991,
-0.04978204891085625,
-0.01016173418611288,
-0.025011291727423668,
0.007566870655864477,
0.0020317870657891035,
0.013613526709377766,
0.013132540509104729,
-0.002942791674286127,
-0.021808087825775146,
-0.022635528817772865,
0.019419051706790924,
0.021301474422216415,
-0.05709455534815788,
0.029304811730980873,
0.022145574912428856,
0.017252959311008453,
0.010624466463923454,
-0.03460916131734848,
0.11555454879999161,
0.04699818789958954,
-0.06348593533039093,
-0.0267899539321661,
0.007696175016462803,
-0.026337377727031708,
0.019419562071561813,
-0.012303200550377369,
-0.032776180654764175,
0.00016087215044535697,
0.003204846289008856,
-0.021324656903743744,
-0.02867291308939457,
0.06415645033121109,
-0.04551028087735176,
0.024992534890770912,
0.0790330246090889,
-0.013435304164886475,
0.03840517997741699,
-0.006042950786650181,
0.0257079117000103,
0.01677551679313183,
-0.005990711972117424,
-0.005936795845627785,
-0.036254074424505234,
-0.03162273392081261,
0.026169002056121826,
0.003071758896112442,
-0.006874115206301212,
0.025286652147769928,
-0.038598187267780304,
-0.02179073728621006,
0.006702032871544361,
0.06847335398197174,
0.03190454840660095,
0.06359267234802246,
0.03107880800962448,
0.04031236469745636,
-0.006158926989883184,
-0.03982074558734894,
-0.0822402760386467,
-0.04653788357973099,
-0.008494546636939049,
0.025217197835445404,
-0.005705635063350201,
0.043319594115018845,
0.023488227277994156,
0.0151904271915555,
-0.02868177741765976,
-0.013437638059258461,
-0.02508968859910965,
0.02453758753836155,
0.01924368366599083,
-0.03521950542926788,
0.01545922365039587,
0.028877733275294304,
0.03807050734758377,
-0.0007555804331786931,
-0.012987837195396423,
0.0092229088768363,
-0.025026358664035797,
-0.04974083974957466,
-0.016216404736042023,
0.011635350063443184,
-0.0075154672376811504,
0.030904240906238556,
0.038819123059511185,
-0.030609574168920517,
0.031864043325185776,
0.041274603456258774,
0.060423463582992554,
0.05655265599489212,
-0.001333845779299736,
-0.015413776971399784,
0.0176389142870903,
-0.021045314148068428,
0.015469204634428024,
0.00121200957801193,
0.01280540507286787,
-0.05861080437898636,
0.00993889756500721,
0.023196043446660042,
-0.03477701544761658,
-0.2834179103374481,
-0.010613909922540188,
0.010260318405926228,
0.02824261225759983,
0.045932117849588394,
-0.029181234538555145,
0.02129233069717884,
-0.012075649574398994,
-0.041572410613298416,
0.043022457510232925,
-0.001849224790930748,
-0.006875684019178152,
-0.03958401083946228,
0.0361764132976532,
0.054019536823034286,
0.010126112960278988,
-0.012869282625615597,
0.01568392664194107,
0.002052603056654334,
0.04277420416474342,
-0.02556152082979679,
-0.07098221033811569,
-0.014277607202529907,
0.026170041412115097,
-0.0031281481496989727,
-0.0012779292883351445,
-0.08275651186704636,
0.02408227138221264,
-0.039004623889923096,
-0.024812689051032066,
-0.0191276166588068,
-0.022304410114884377,
0.017240867018699646,
0.02135578915476799,
0.0013513426529243588,
-0.023171493783593178,
0.03913601115345955,
-0.03654685989022255,
0.0568247064948082,
0.025165168568491936,
-0.005020258482545614,
-0.015696391463279724,
0.0003007225750479847,
-0.009408703073859215,
0.06093611940741539,
0.03470722958445549,
-0.06050143018364906,
-0.003980584442615509,
0.007298782467842102,
0.02184818498790264,
0.015018375590443611,
-0.03912520408630371,
-0.006421913392841816,
0.02000071480870247,
-0.03219611197710037,
-0.045254919677972794,
0.018084876239299774,
-0.0055016581900417805,
0.006133563816547394,
-0.008522013202309608,
-0.021260159090161324,
-0.044647976756095886,
-0.057455889880657196,
-0.02718760259449482,
0.01894984394311905,
-0.026606740429997444,
-0.0665297582745552,
-0.05548501014709473,
0.06565351784229279,
0.02280459739267826,
-0.008045160211622715,
0.019982416182756424,
-0.02106444537639618,
-0.08158715069293976,
0.013147431425750256,
0.02319127321243286,
-0.011996491812169552,
-0.0005544134764932096,
-0.022152436897158623,
0.06850922107696533,
0.006092164199799299,
-0.04944071173667908,
0.015922175720334053,
0.006913755554705858,
0.017764225602149963,
-0.04473549500107765,
0.0037111223209649324,
-0.028851069509983063,
0.015987956896424294,
-0.016487734392285347,
0.0655055120587349,
-0.01977168768644333,
0.04472288116812706,
-0.0030246437527239323,
0.018403945490717888,
0.05427029728889465,
0.012619195505976677,
0.05619337409734726,
0.0001027756734401919,
-0.005997254978865385,
0.018633367493748665,
-0.052155908197164536,
-0.022160086780786514,
-0.06807779520750046,
-0.040971480309963226,
0.04257878288626671,
-0.024613050743937492,
-0.008136761374771595,
0.03703565150499344,
0.030759545043110847,
-0.06038473919034004,
-0.02201182022690773,
0.008225304074585438,
0.007254115771502256,
-0.017940890043973923,
-0.024399641901254654,
-0.009179760701954365,
0.011251651681959629,
-0.007013334427028894,
-0.054234057664871216,
-0.03142094984650612,
0.037545815110206604,
-0.019991369917988777,
0.010125139728188515,
0.010636243037879467,
0.007702237460762262,
-0.02930174395442009,
-0.02159876935184002,
-0.03967386111617088,
-0.010994485579431057,
0.03028910793364048,
0.04740362614393234,
0.0065499176271259785,
0.022641543298959732,
0.07084804028272629,
0.00670477794483304,
-0.00019402243196964264,
0.0004220290284138173,
0.03121129609644413,
-0.029690265655517578,
0.021851103752851486,
0.03167790547013283,
0.03356371819972992,
0.0371936671435833,
0.009279643185436726,
0.014399331994354725,
0.035141438245773315,
-0.012565587647259235,
-0.02710907906293869,
-0.02269970439374447,
0.04473164305090904,
-0.059140171855688095,
-0.05408939719200134,
-0.013018921948969364,
-0.048215996474027634,
0.00494187418371439,
0.02981601469218731,
-0.017401274293661118,
0.03667144849896431,
-0.048752132803201675,
0.07422062009572983,
0.039860669523477554,
-0.04559842497110367,
0.001020891359075904,
0.04026930779218674,
0.04998109117150307,
0.019541069865226746,
-0.018229594454169273,
0.03250877186655998,
0.02515200525522232,
-0.01016127411276102,
0.0073027280159294605,
-0.028624042868614197,
-0.03826885297894478,
0.001097660162486136,
0.019882408902049065,
-0.02693444862961769,
-0.03172983601689339,
-0.03097791224718094,
0.04041938856244087,
0.03209070488810539,
-0.031071074306964874,
-0.004162313882261515,
0.030679725110530853,
0.05704749375581741,
-0.04709554463624954,
-0.0031790609937161207,
0.019549066200852394,
-0.0231377724558115,
0.033249061554670334,
0.016014229506254196,
-0.012797056697309017,
-0.02361190877854824,
-0.0005452038021758199,
-0.04438744857907295,
-0.02868737280368805,
0.0020618666894733906,
0.034533314406871796,
-0.021945567801594734,
-0.03368425741791725,
0.0025975320022553205,
0.03940490633249283,
-0.043173979967832565,
-0.013255310244858265,
0.010238162241876125,
-0.04963056743144989,
0.005763376131653786,
0.024296337738633156,
-0.060990042984485626,
0.005710035562515259,
-0.04180416837334633,
-0.02627313695847988,
-0.03489600494503975,
-0.014798097312450409,
-0.006514790467917919,
-0.0012681123334914446,
0.0042803348042070866,
-0.006259228568524122,
0.015789300203323364,
-0.01874253712594509,
0.045824628323316574,
-0.022993292659521103,
-0.008549402467906475,
-0.007056575268507004,
-0.007529177702963352,
0.04877812787890434,
-0.02102172188460827,
0.02093375101685524,
0.004727235995233059,
-0.011894652619957924,
-0.003348509082570672,
-0.0591566301882267,
0.030176660045981407,
0.08484122157096863,
-0.010497931391000748,
0.004143308848142624,
-0.052593525499105453,
0.04779594764113426,
-0.02650558017194271,
-0.014606823213398457,
-0.005242310464382172,
0.010112299583852291,
-0.0665057897567749,
0.04276619479060173,
0.0035562440752983093,
0.03573063388466835,
0.00004052310032420792,
-0.0025188238359987736,
0.020777450874447823,
0.028374968096613884,
0.009268971160054207,
0.00850353017449379,
-0.05576010420918465,
-0.026658542454242706,
0.05321919173002243,
-0.058185432106256485,
-0.010470797307789326,
-0.053986914455890656,
-0.0214629378169775,
0.025973692536354065,
-0.03177155554294586,
0.011043824255466461,
-0.044721778482198715,
0.058475688099861145,
0.02799491584300995,
0.04557304456830025,
0.0019775426480919123,
-0.008498596027493477,
0.02702452428638935,
-0.04021357372403145,
0.022394593805074692,
-0.05044279247522354,
-0.0430123545229435,
0.03411753475666046,
0.01802120916545391,
0.026142897084355354,
0.011031640693545341,
-0.01748773455619812,
0.0624857023358345,
-0.03987209498882294,
-0.050408393144607544,
0.00024269618734251708,
-0.04518844559788704,
-0.006553522311151028,
0.030199110507965088,
-0.054537080228328705,
0.01350659690797329,
0.0008999603451229632,
-0.06624384969472885,
0.007002148311585188,
0.015849579125642776,
0.05066942423582077,
0.008082819171249866,
0.005525738932192326,
-0.0249229334294796,
-0.008442812599241734,
0.04476047307252884,
0.05373314023017883,
0.04857178032398224,
-0.009465262293815613,
-0.006864125374704599,
0.04070558771491051,
0.06066552549600601,
-0.00013478481560014188,
0.05195609852671623,
0.018970636650919914,
0.005468335468322039,
-0.0700027346611023,
0.011983395554125309,
-0.01491386629641056,
-0.051910653710365295,
-0.06621027737855911,
0.039123110473155975,
0.013261736370623112,
-0.02509094774723053,
-0.012612867169082165,
0.06136989966034889,
-0.042623549699783325,
-0.008441579528152943,
0.006244232412427664,
0.011858893558382988,
-0.009126553311944008,
0.07104360312223434,
-0.0019653253257274628,
0.027122747153043747,
0.058841247111558914,
0.008851299062371254,
-0.00586544256657362,
-0.0037560220807790756,
0.08015314489603043,
0.07353268563747406,
0.035038817673921585,
-0.030382618308067322,
0.0649448037147522,
-0.04940998926758766,
-0.02874613367021084,
-0.004415818024426699,
0.030961932614445686,
0.002787279197946191,
-0.04342777654528618,
0.004409484565258026,
0.08810632675886154,
-0.00023906024580355734,
0.07343261688947678,
-0.019180797040462494,
-0.005480366293340921,
0.053704798221588135,
-0.011048957705497742,
-0.011794657446444035,
0.005241482984274626,
0.03036869317293167,
-0.004284652415663004,
-0.006511266343295574,
-0.00617011496797204,
-0.00812340434640646,
0.013143881224095821,
0.043905578553676605,
0.0067545343190431595,
0.007071302272379398,
0.04370240494608879,
-0.02131018601357937,
0.028509505093097687,
0.10062282532453537,
-0.04553193971514702,
-0.04222879931330681,
-0.014753928408026695,
0.01615462824702263,
-0.01481609046459198,
0.035907674580812454,
-0.004903256893157959,
-0.03196513280272484,
-0.024672292172908783,
-0.06153535842895508,
0.012027774006128311,
0.03753640130162239,
0.02133091911673546,
-0.006618613842874765,
0.010045378468930721,
-0.019620215520262718,
0.008961145766079426,
0.011019555851817131,
-0.008813399821519852,
-0.05806398391723633,
-0.037112046033144,
-0.052475232630968094,
-0.059172600507736206,
-0.06973443925380707,
0.015025218948721886,
-0.01446922030299902,
-0.05005905032157898,
-0.057904742658138275,
-0.04164241999387741,
0.05426272377371788,
0.020200612023472786,
-0.06564680486917496,
0.0021061410661786795,
0.03990785777568817,
-0.018375935032963753,
-0.003868507221341133,
0.03329039365053177,
0.05083958059549332,
0.004261801950633526,
0.005699022673070431,
0.026914890855550766,
0.03910791501402855,
0.016496723517775536,
-0.008399765007197857,
0.007080827374011278,
-0.09883125871419907,
0.002896831603720784,
0.05302621051669121,
-0.03863495960831642,
-0.06161893159151077,
0.034482669085264206,
-0.04688705876469612,
0.025906091555953026,
0.10101224482059479,
-0.010179568082094193,
0.03157699108123779,
-0.058756809681653976,
-0.03677221015095711,
-0.028925864025950432,
-0.017288710922002792,
0.08274223655462265,
-0.029646314680576324,
0.06748147308826447,
0.0321335569024086,
-0.019111942499876022,
-0.022690655663609505,
0.022505993023514748,
-0.030497509986162186,
0.001895494875498116,
-0.0034361567813903093,
-0.043347157537937164,
-0.045663021504879,
-0.09028658270835876,
-0.006844806484878063,
0.009589338675141335,
-0.004511100240051746,
-0.019475635141134262,
0.012096986174583435,
0.016567589715123177,
0.028331657871603966,
-0.044823065400123596,
-0.009892049245536327,
-0.031804077327251434,
-0.0032448042184114456,
-0.02421589568257332,
-0.05064590275287628,
0.018737932667136192,
-0.014367565512657166,
-0.01757543720304966,
-0.008373476564884186,
-0.07099493592977524,
-0.01905776932835579,
0.006907572038471699,
0.018964111804962158,
0.05411452054977417,
0.046246450394392014,
-0.0016518949996680021
] |
3,426
|
Can Watermarked LLMs be Identified by Users via Crafted Prompts?
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=ujpAYpFDEA
|
[
"Aiwei Liu",
"Sheng Guan",
"Yiming Liu",
"Leyi Pan",
"Yifei Zhang",
"Liancheng Fang",
"Lijie Wen",
"Philip S. Yu",
"Xuming Hu"
] |
Spotlight
|
Text watermarking for Large Language Models (LLMs) has made significant progress in detecting LLM outputs and preventing misuse. Current watermarking techniques offer high detectability, minimal impact on text quality, and robustness to text editing.
However, current researches lack investigation into the imperceptibility of watermarking techniques in LLM services.
This is crucial as LLM providers may not want to disclose the presence of watermarks in real-world scenarios, as it could reduce user willingness to use the service and make watermarks more vulnerable to attacks. This work is the first to investigate the imperceptibility of watermarked LLMs. We design an identification algorithm called Water-Probe that detects watermarks through well-designed prompts to the LLM. Our key motivation is that current watermarked LLMs expose consistent biases under the same watermark key, resulting in similar differences across prompts under different watermark keys. Experiments show that almost all mainstream watermarking algorithms are easily identified with our well-designed prompts,
while Water-Probe demonstrates a minimal false positive rate for non-watermarked LLMs.
Finally, we propose that the key to enhancing the imperceptibility of watermarked LLMs is to increase the randomness of watermark key selection. Based on this, we introduce the Water-Bag strategy, which significantly improves watermark imperceptibility by merging multiple watermark keys.
|
Large Language Models, Watermark, Identification
|
We present Water-Probe, a method to identify watermarked LLMs using crafted prompts, and propose the Water-Bag strategy to improve watermark imperceptibility.
| 9,641
|
2410.03168
|
[
0.0009027947671711445,
-0.035850536078214645,
-0.02383066713809967,
0.05558823421597481,
0.06429432332515717,
-0.015021109953522682,
0.023093393072485924,
0.01316226925700903,
-0.01971542090177536,
-0.010522316209971905,
-0.04131463170051575,
0.017813790589571,
-0.022065142169594765,
-0.00289504649117589,
-0.011394023895263672,
0.05411785468459129,
0.015326358377933502,
-0.0029538667295128107,
0.0421258918941021,
-0.0034839152358472347,
0.002140627009794116,
-0.012750470079481602,
0.02350887842476368,
0.004940783604979515,
0.015426951460540295,
0.029081787914037704,
0.02555335871875286,
0.0187288336455822,
-0.07321648299694061,
0.0306826401501894,
0.07324301451444626,
-0.01067725196480751,
0.030664030462503433,
-0.016468072310090065,
0.0449240542948246,
0.007246606517583132,
-0.08493421971797943,
0.009990421123802662,
-0.0032813921570777893,
0.030470039695501328,
-0.03180944547057152,
0.02844986505806446,
-0.009149035438895226,
0.0017376848263666034,
-0.05656517297029495,
-0.0060201045125722885,
-0.13124282658100128,
0.020420407876372337,
-0.02051662839949131,
0.010832015424966812,
-0.09793168306350708,
0.042044926434755325,
-0.0383986197412014,
0.024240588769316673,
0.023717891424894333,
0.06773561984300613,
0.05805874243378639,
-0.09132011979818344,
0.02269504964351654,
-0.034487947821617126,
-0.026183968409895897,
-0.026912886649370193,
0.03325939178466797,
0.021864986047148705,
-0.02378043159842491,
-0.047352664172649384,
0.012801597826182842,
0.014800301752984524,
-0.06830482184886932,
-0.0323377288877964,
0.022383693605661392,
0.026758816093206406,
-0.014312687329947948,
-0.04440999776124954,
-0.02897810935974121,
-0.014345440082252026,
0.002663161838427186,
0.01730298064649105,
0.04081158712506294,
-0.0031582999508827925,
0.0230883676558733,
0.00908709317445755,
0.024281712248921394,
0.03434036299586296,
-0.022310473024845123,
-0.013410243205726147,
-0.0328102707862854,
-0.008435691706836224,
-0.028803223744034767,
0.011152105405926704,
0.0014600688591599464,
-0.052120376378297806,
0.058574236929416656,
0.022583087906241417,
0.06006741523742676,
-0.03130548447370529,
0.008287477307021618,
0.03878708928823471,
-0.031438715755939484,
0.005015224684029818,
0.009908239357173443,
-0.03845108672976494,
0.012927071191370487,
0.04869122430682182,
-0.0832781195640564,
-0.016458557918667793,
-0.04494379460811615,
0.0031798211857676506,
0.0018382503185421228,
0.0053681060671806335,
0.007930830121040344,
-0.02432616427540779,
-0.017313634976744652,
-0.01914004422724247,
-0.07700642198324203,
0.03527037799358368,
0.00387674942612648,
0.028919409960508347,
0.0037985381204634905,
0.023785285651683807,
0.06461884081363678,
0.04998273029923439,
0.0036274956073611975,
0.05594199523329735,
0.028629638254642487,
-0.00543926190584898,
0.04160819202661514,
0.052983179688453674,
-0.02937771938741207,
-0.054477084428071976,
0.015045227482914925,
0.062136102467775345,
-0.0072732786647975445,
0.024204526096582413,
0.020360607653856277,
0.026692263782024384,
-0.0243998933583498,
0.00794416293501854,
0.057094961404800415,
-0.02049272693693638,
0.005500883795320988,
-0.01824941486120224,
0.026193218305706978,
-0.036918751895427704,
0.02411399781703949,
0.012990718707442284,
0.008083299733698368,
-0.025759687647223473,
-0.0566370002925396,
-0.005076942034065723,
0.022099671885371208,
-0.011150146834552288,
0.028198618441820145,
-0.03186682611703873,
0.003807740518823266,
0.06361091136932373,
0.02725978009402752,
0.015381550416350365,
-0.039119403809309006,
-0.00417434424161911,
-0.0001951763842953369,
-0.01838582381606102,
-0.06848907470703125,
0.0003422983572818339,
-0.020523300394415855,
-0.011266466230154037,
0.03175682947039604,
0.0009898882126435637,
-0.012569918297231197,
0.005316140595823526,
-0.040000852197408676,
-0.036230992525815964,
0.05350508168339729,
-0.012744707055389881,
-0.02332191728055477,
0.02694929577410221,
0.04379824548959732,
0.04324037581682205,
0.06534931063652039,
0.04641008749604225,
-0.07420333474874496,
0.015339731238782406,
-0.000012117971891711932,
-0.008301088586449623,
0.023433610796928406,
0.006719005294144154,
0.07466819137334824,
0.002118894597515464,
-0.013747245073318481,
-0.00251180911436677,
-0.0990949347615242,
0.006988581269979477,
0.037462905049324036,
0.007860109210014343,
0.04133553430438042,
-0.007293847389519215,
0.034149982035160065,
0.04826652631163597,
0.010815035551786423,
0.0649062991142273,
0.03706475347280502,
-0.003282783320173621,
0.02829577401280403,
-0.04142789542675018,
-0.03719663992524147,
-0.006743548437952995,
0.02858569100499153,
-0.0488002635538578,
-0.03085733950138092,
-0.030293595045804977,
-0.013168716803193092,
0.005562490317970514,
0.026729440316557884,
0.03192686662077904,
0.005436626262962818,
-0.028748352080583572,
-0.01309951301664114,
0.015066747553646564,
0.024133432656526566,
-0.07213043421506882,
0.05292312428355217,
0.03252037242054939,
0.003545851679518819,
0.02156890742480755,
-0.01816227287054062,
0.10555057972669601,
0.03508594632148743,
-0.03186111897230148,
0.007804483640938997,
0.0020824233070015907,
-0.028428804129362106,
-0.043779194355010986,
-0.008815311826765537,
-0.04886089637875557,
-0.009732701815664768,
-0.03438524156808853,
0.00526690436527133,
-0.011444386094808578,
0.06594367325305939,
-0.01339971274137497,
0.0018446083413437009,
0.07251188158988953,
-0.02617860585451126,
0.04498763382434845,
-0.02917131409049034,
0.02693469263613224,
-0.010557620786130428,
0.013997083529829979,
0.00022872812405694276,
-0.0053252167999744415,
-0.0037993493024259806,
0.005208104383200407,
-0.009071935899555683,
-0.056192152202129364,
0.003563195001333952,
-0.041913680732250214,
-0.022289229556918144,
-0.009663162752985954,
0.03974747657775879,
0.03349786996841431,
0.003906741738319397,
0.04279483109712601,
0.002657103817909956,
-0.03815888613462448,
-0.007985151372849941,
-0.07871204614639282,
-0.017505040392279625,
-0.0022640922106802464,
0.03040292300283909,
0.00096039759228006,
0.034815721213817596,
0.019857682287693024,
-0.03179452568292618,
-0.01552263367921114,
0.038937781006097794,
0.037158895283937454,
0.030974633991718292,
0.004174876492470503,
-0.03741675987839699,
0.0076458873227238655,
-0.020143184810876846,
0.06475241482257843,
-0.023624273017048836,
-0.04477561637759209,
-0.04210251569747925,
-0.049964841455221176,
-0.044571008533239365,
-0.021608848124742508,
-0.03258422017097473,
0.009551952593028545,
-0.04078422114253044,
0.016316039487719536,
0.020970696583390236,
0.02980484999716282,
0.024174321442842484,
0.04367576539516449,
0.006097371224313974,
-0.02323812246322632,
0.0028470756951719522,
0.051986366510391235,
-0.008808271028101444,
0.023481935262680054,
0.019169189035892487,
-0.008585674688220024,
-0.04579070210456848,
0.0024188796523958445,
0.03916012495756149,
0.00010432182170916349,
-0.287858247756958,
0.02175554819405079,
0.015513762831687927,
-0.02675924263894558,
-0.005599785130470991,
0.018828395754098892,
0.04552777484059334,
-0.04126587137579918,
-0.03178824856877327,
-0.0018908284837380052,
0.013310130685567856,
0.018726663663983345,
0.006558907683938742,
0.028640270233154297,
0.03249711915850639,
0.0481574572622776,
-0.029731594026088715,
-0.024631831794977188,
0.02732750028371811,
0.019756222143769264,
-0.017058193683624268,
-0.06249864771962166,
-0.01323083695024252,
0.03654245287179947,
-0.0004460223426576704,
0.057232487946748734,
-0.05509600043296814,
0.0009820734849199653,
-0.01814524084329605,
0.005749859847128391,
-0.016975291073322296,
-0.03809351846575737,
-0.02872057817876339,
0.01865972951054573,
-0.004781709983944893,
-0.0200643353164196,
0.04387204721570015,
0.01220036018639803,
0.005419917870312929,
0.012744233012199402,
0.053217627108097076,
-0.008760012686252594,
-0.014614342711865902,
-0.015335246920585632,
0.05174880847334862,
0.008070859126746655,
-0.030550360679626465,
-0.03515436872839928,
0.015661975368857384,
0.03313016891479492,
-0.02105320245027542,
-0.05148728936910629,
-0.017506210133433342,
0.030659882351756096,
-0.031083768233656883,
-0.0027251739520579576,
-0.010435675270855427,
-0.03993995860219002,
-0.027555786073207855,
0.022745361551642418,
0.0092063769698143,
-0.021512532606720924,
-0.03746454790234566,
-0.032165586948394775,
-0.017199160531163216,
-0.027126871049404144,
-0.059698134660720825,
-0.08786430954933167,
0.060593876987695694,
0.057073693722486496,
-0.00015270698349922895,
0.030447008088231087,
0.010289961472153664,
-0.10448651015758514,
0.019509460777044296,
-0.009121083654463291,
-0.0053689125925302505,
-0.006689442787319422,
-0.014745024032890797,
0.028804471716284752,
-0.03678634390234947,
-0.019008800387382507,
0.012593324296176434,
0.014569583348929882,
0.022150307893753052,
-0.03324102610349655,
0.0006258237990550697,
-0.010401376523077488,
-0.019708191975951195,
-0.04233592003583908,
0.05842210352420807,
0.015345747582614422,
-0.016115985810756683,
0.025933122262358665,
0.037805624306201935,
0.009186327457427979,
0.057276129722595215,
0.01885148510336876,
0.04689180478453636,
0.02158893272280693,
0.023043088614940643,
-0.05494118481874466,
0.008168778382241726,
-0.03799433261156082,
0.007622373290359974,
0.016493098810315132,
-0.04083418846130371,
-0.01067041140049696,
0.018523454666137695,
-0.0498349666595459,
-0.04824516922235489,
-0.045315563678741455,
-0.024024097248911858,
-0.029524000361561775,
-0.004938593599945307,
-0.022585248574614525,
0.015040169470012188,
0.014476347714662552,
0.02130555361509323,
-0.07408957928419113,
-0.022368067875504494,
0.051436033099889755,
-0.005253988783806562,
0.004089367110282183,
-0.019882600754499435,
-0.004896530881524086,
-0.0466989204287529,
0.0026869941502809525,
-0.003237202763557434,
-0.018102779984474182,
0.050040293484926224,
0.009082076139748096,
0.013133242726325989,
-0.001203764695674181,
0.07454588264226913,
0.012090513482689857,
0.007926969788968563,
-0.00869180727750063,
-0.0143690574914217,
-0.019504040479660034,
0.03494865074753761,
-0.025429515168070793,
0.04823324829339981,
0.02677193097770214,
0.05415915697813034,
-0.0205648522824049,
0.03384798392653465,
-0.016653133556246758,
-0.02357189916074276,
0.0015668160049244761,
0.014785820618271828,
-0.07268879562616348,
-0.02669535018503666,
-0.01155222300440073,
0.05287589132785797,
-0.015136180445551872,
-0.019594348967075348,
0.037402473390102386,
0.017347605898976326,
-0.059720344841480255,
0.06012456864118576,
0.015039744786918163,
0.005599677097052336,
0.012173211202025414,
0.020514721050858498,
0.030155736953020096,
-0.024822261184453964,
0.0276374239474535,
0.0429251566529274,
0.02397186867892742,
0.013816173188388348,
-0.04146371781826019,
-0.0422082394361496,
-0.0018564017955213785,
-0.005331562831997871,
-0.0015099012525752187,
0.02444312907755375,
0.012657000683248043,
-0.047869592905044556,
0.027223821729421616,
0.00028201829991303384,
-0.015981320291757584,
-0.0031423931941390038,
0.02025986649096012,
0.09928897023200989,
-0.015115653164684772,
0.01324952207505703,
-0.008706929162144661,
-0.045774199068546295,
0.011025989428162575,
0.0010170285822823644,
0.020113591104745865,
-0.009642229415476322,
-0.04938182979822159,
-0.028029926121234894,
-0.06061115860939026,
-0.002210264327004552,
0.025023337453603745,
0.03260811045765877,
-0.0035695405676960945,
-0.020130323246121407,
0.010605329647660255,
-0.010828790254890919,
-0.03604985028505325,
-0.027622126042842865,
-0.08475077897310257,
0.025773771107196808,
0.019395017996430397,
-0.039228036999702454,
0.023126270622015,
-0.014749743975698948,
-0.0275371465831995,
-0.06506838649511337,
-0.017827382311224937,
0.024266451597213745,
-0.016898654401302338,
-0.048596300184726715,
-0.04487474262714386,
0.022555489093065262,
0.014133911579847336,
-0.013103451579809189,
-0.0042657204903662205,
0.009726295247673988,
0.017603306099772453,
-0.0025558611378073692,
0.03970920294523239,
-0.04378900304436684,
0.006177323870360851,
0.007469284813851118,
-0.03574587404727936,
0.0552171915769577,
-0.06608129292726517,
0.044820331037044525,
0.03853720799088478,
-0.0062843323685228825,
0.03207903727889061,
-0.05157221853733063,
0.0035905942786484957,
-0.04110471159219742,
0.01031870674341917,
0.011583956889808178,
0.0037654682528227568,
-0.03137924149632454,
0.006421653553843498,
0.017081983387470245,
0.0488024577498436,
-0.023816300556063652,
0.028508972376585007,
-0.03780127316713333,
0.049376096576452255,
-0.0012855699751526117,
0.04969039559364319,
-0.03807803615927696,
-0.03834957629442215,
0.06664903461933136,
-0.04242831841111183,
0.022158117964863777,
-0.044462889432907104,
-0.04442315921187401,
0.024008048698306084,
0.000504475028719753,
0.0391472689807415,
0.00951006542891264,
0.025159012526273727,
0.038827672600746155,
0.013386529870331287,
-0.022472796961665154,
-0.005322994664311409,
0.020848041400313377,
-0.04891740903258324,
-0.0045033968053758144,
-0.060605861246585846,
0.05835462361574173,
0.03903252258896828,
-0.05902942270040512,
0.016742169857025146,
-0.00864171702414751,
-0.04778730869293213,
0.02558518387377262,
-0.03198163956403732,
-0.057222068309783936,
0.005552293267101049,
-0.012174635194242,
-0.027588799595832825,
0.035469722002744675,
-0.037272099405527115,
0.02578001096844673,
-0.0034868507646024227,
-0.03383829444646835,
-0.01767982915043831,
-0.012919604778289795,
0.044202979654073715,
-0.0021143185440450907,
-0.018427470698952675,
-0.025156263262033463,
0.022770198062062263,
-0.02132434956729412,
0.0351695753633976,
0.010144240222871304,
-0.0022417090367525816,
-0.0070614442229270935,
0.04642528295516968,
0.055446892976760864,
-0.003738378407433629,
0.023975055664777756,
-0.004845351446419954,
-0.06153329461812973,
-0.0816366970539093,
0.07418984174728394,
0.008139735087752342,
-0.03846508637070656,
-0.04217702895402908,
0.06445515155792236,
0.044858165085315704,
-0.04062710329890251,
-0.06735088676214218,
0.04201943799853325,
-0.027069564908742905,
0.009368645027279854,
-0.024167556315660477,
-0.005958928260952234,
-0.015537428669631481,
0.04760083183646202,
0.014572441577911377,
0.02775413729250431,
0.05162621662020683,
-0.0002493873762432486,
-0.017393074929714203,
-0.01567717269062996,
0.05838858708739281,
0.08317500352859497,
0.056065551936626434,
0.004978120792657137,
0.05038115382194519,
-0.05976837873458862,
-0.03373615816235542,
0.0031137235928326845,
0.011422683484852314,
-0.0015286804409697652,
0.014980931766331196,
0.019320925697684288,
0.07198435813188553,
-0.007579564582556486,
0.047790758311748505,
-0.03481487184762955,
0.0070000323466956615,
0.03320204094052315,
0.036513250321149826,
-0.0148373544216156,
0.025502178817987442,
0.013340368866920471,
-0.0037079411558806896,
-0.06419717520475388,
-0.004096054006367922,
0.03431498631834984,
-0.02079557068645954,
0.022484995424747467,
0.016148187220096588,
-0.029903428629040718,
0.0036496836692094803,
-0.04787537828087807,
0.06225619465112686,
0.10487564653158188,
-0.02475614659488201,
-0.04980766028165817,
0.030166303738951683,
0.017489589750766754,
0.04167380556464195,
0.07883434742689133,
0.0011047658044844866,
0.020889032632112503,
0.009560713544487953,
-0.024081936106085777,
0.021770164370536804,
0.015377959236502647,
-0.026678163558244705,
0.038244470953941345,
-0.004037999082356691,
-0.021437887102365494,
0.01803041808307171,
0.03565094992518425,
-0.050561994314193726,
-0.02284424379467964,
-0.042079564183950424,
-0.06969661265611649,
-0.042337868362665176,
-0.041590895503759384,
0.019587399438023567,
0.017927799373865128,
-0.06286917626857758,
0.008003246039152145,
-0.061829645186662674,
0.01604541577398777,
0.009676932357251644,
-0.09155257791280746,
0.011369574815034866,
0.03365815803408623,
0.014963950030505657,
-0.02190745435655117,
0.021620729938149452,
0.020173847675323486,
-0.04772642254829407,
-0.015329036861658096,
0.000456797395600006,
-0.0038402013015002012,
0.0169326551258564,
-0.03618023544549942,
-0.009203588590025902,
-0.09155455976724625,
-0.004150662571191788,
0.007888796739280224,
-0.013368393294513226,
-0.07017137855291367,
0.010889800265431404,
-0.019157474860548973,
-0.01194972824305296,
0.09416882693767548,
0.019307032227516174,
0.03435815870761871,
-0.004834065679460764,
-0.012638097628951073,
-0.008841714821755886,
0.029929671436548233,
0.0512661449611187,
0.00034753663931041956,
0.05838402360677719,
0.0405319482088089,
-0.01934906654059887,
-0.02659684233367443,
0.005965011194348335,
-0.01829688623547554,
-0.002696555107831955,
-0.05833877995610237,
0.0002684511127881706,
-0.05582907795906067,
-0.06879973411560059,
-0.00020558062533382326,
0.01988363452255726,
-0.008939252234995365,
-0.01733768917620182,
0.01638130471110344,
0.0013066618703305721,
-0.019449133425951004,
-0.01769627258181572,
-0.02785887010395527,
-0.014718705788254738,
-0.048839546740055084,
-0.009262826293706894,
-0.06271880120038986,
0.0020200801081955433,
-0.004974388517439365,
-0.01772243157029152,
0.014277145266532898,
-0.045249003916978836,
-0.00015960563905537128,
0.04211939126253128,
0.030273953452706337,
0.0027631267439574003,
0.0031959812622517347,
-0.0267475713044405
] |
3,427
|
Temporal Heterogeneous Graph Generation with Privacy, Utility, and Efficiency
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=tj5xJInWty
|
[
"Xinyu He",
"Dongqi Fu",
"Hanghang Tong",
"Ross Maciejewski",
"Jingrui He"
] |
Spotlight
|
Nowadays, temporal heterogeneous graphs attract much research and industrial attention for building the next-generation Relational Deep Learning models and applications, due to their informative structures and features. While providing timely and precise services like personalized recommendations and question answering, this rich information also introduces extra exposure risk for each node in the graph. The distinctive local topology, the abundant heterogeneous features, and the time dimension of the graph data are more prone to expose sensitive information and narrow down the scope of victim candidates, which calls for well-defined protection techniques on graphs. To this end, we propose a Temporal Heterogeneous Graph Generator balancing Privacy, Utility, and Efficiency, named THePUff. More specifically, we first propose a differential privacy algorithm to perturb the input temporal heterogeneous graph for protecting privacy, and then utilize both the perturbed graph and the original one in a generative adversarial setting for THePUff to learn and generate privacy-guaranteed and utility-preserved graph data in an efficient manner. We further propose 6 new metrics in the temporal setting to measure heterogeneous graph utility and privacy. Finally, based on temporal heterogeneous graph datasets with up to 1 million nodes and 20 million edges, the experiments show that THePUff generates utilizable temporal heterogeneous graphs with privacy protected, compared with state-of-the-art baselines.
|
Temporal Graph, Heterogeneous Graph, Graph Generation
| null | 9,626
| null |
[
0.02186525985598564,
-0.02828352153301239,
0.010226605460047722,
0.059477824717760086,
0.0212844368070364,
0.02962721884250641,
0.01973109133541584,
-0.009262267500162125,
0.01638295315206051,
-0.030032487586140633,
0.02366509474813938,
-0.0396406464278698,
-0.06483649462461472,
0.009233380667865276,
-0.007378736045211554,
0.03245002403855324,
0.021483197808265686,
-0.02023722603917122,
0.0026917557697743177,
0.019667668268084526,
0.0063625178299844265,
-0.011896044947206974,
-0.006780656054615974,
-0.00039693553117103875,
0.0512244738638401,
0.012266021221876144,
0.0005518218968063593,
-0.010323522612452507,
0.0010890853591263294,
0.028255771845579147,
0.035176414996385574,
-0.0055472212843596935,
-0.007444416638463736,
-0.06416148692369461,
0.03190998733043671,
-0.013666760176420212,
-0.06626471132040024,
0.025596581399440765,
-0.002331072697415948,
0.029731564223766327,
-0.05113353952765465,
0.011070771142840385,
0.024963416159152985,
0.019225914031267166,
-0.041516564786434174,
0.019124900922179222,
-0.04819589480757713,
0.04863157868385315,
0.01725163497030735,
0.010080873034894466,
-0.11364426463842392,
0.020953627303242683,
0.030529404059052467,
0.013362294062972069,
-0.0035492652095854282,
0.024834411218762398,
0.05410359799861908,
-0.06853602826595306,
-0.00914804544299841,
-0.022574525326490402,
-0.0008503890712745488,
-0.0007996841450221837,
0.08028146624565125,
-0.00013034071889705956,
-0.014710423536598682,
-0.009060180746018887,
0.013616403564810753,
0.04100814089179039,
-0.027246756479144096,
-0.017248820513486862,
0.025371834635734558,
0.019783468917012215,
-0.004885876085609198,
0.0017635079566389322,
-0.024290723726153374,
-0.01962324045598507,
-0.0075302887707948685,
0.01273437961935997,
0.06909365206956863,
0.005173233803361654,
-0.0013646399602293968,
0.027815615758299828,
0.01130700297653675,
0.03374188393354416,
0.00265374849550426,
0.025176014751195908,
-0.07181225717067719,
-0.02798832766711712,
-0.08843781054019928,
0.019391879439353943,
-0.01627468690276146,
-0.03734862059354782,
-0.0006323999841697514,
-0.01628515124320984,
-0.009070330299437046,
-0.028520558029413223,
0.03961196541786194,
-0.0024291316512972116,
0.04825916513800621,
-0.019661739468574524,
0.010745413601398468,
-0.05456935986876488,
0.0017230318626388907,
-0.012171927839517593,
-0.1134599894285202,
-0.03398331254720688,
-0.055280618369579315,
-0.03663372993469238,
0.009228738024830818,
-0.004780908580869436,
-0.00771955493837595,
0.019111890345811844,
0.025925390422344208,
-0.00678387051448226,
-0.05858168005943298,
0.01918008178472519,
-0.0020238638389855623,
-0.017817512154579163,
0.01566266268491745,
-0.019178466871380806,
0.0573776476085186,
0.011883027851581573,
-0.015215757302939892,
0.06505518406629562,
0.024415716528892517,
0.011748426593840122,
0.03547310829162598,
-0.0044621918350458145,
-0.023945624008774757,
-0.02617940492928028,
-0.0058826664462685585,
0.033293791115283966,
-0.003407240379601717,
0.011619526892900467,
-0.008966276422142982,
-0.023055292665958405,
-0.010744613595306873,
0.04231877997517586,
0.025852061808109283,
-0.025086412206292152,
0.01582977920770645,
-0.060170456767082214,
0.04324151948094368,
-0.06090500205755234,
0.07090429216623306,
-0.03273015469312668,
-0.014384293928742409,
0.006255747750401497,
-0.019622109830379486,
-0.00401046359911561,
0.003828468034043908,
0.014736214652657509,
0.01915145106613636,
-0.06365769356489182,
-0.0008821315132081509,
0.044502854347229004,
0.06256617605686188,
0.03513862565159798,
-0.02667202055454254,
0.012115689925849438,
0.03527383133769035,
0.009522123262286186,
-0.05585801973938942,
0.028622398152947426,
-0.004812041763216257,
-0.07591982930898666,
0.04191276803612709,
0.03627331182360649,
-0.041303906589746475,
-0.046222493052482605,
-0.02899554930627346,
-0.025809191167354584,
0.030936384573578835,
-0.015845371410250664,
-0.006141697987914085,
0.04907279089093208,
0.03774339705705643,
-0.0429646372795105,
0.017713768407702446,
0.0304435845464468,
-0.0773436427116394,
0.04182839393615723,
0.025440167635679245,
-0.0017093907808884978,
-0.021228384226560593,
-0.0016155274352058768,
0.05565767362713814,
-0.022251270711421967,
-0.0004826837975997478,
0.0023489289451390505,
-0.07330638915300369,
-0.006384663283824921,
0.021539397537708282,
-0.01724124513566494,
0.07781654596328735,
-0.0048734950833022594,
0.03147105500102043,
0.03522033616900444,
0.005799311678856611,
0.03547165170311928,
0.038519732654094696,
-0.03549616411328316,
0.01703942008316517,
-0.046655453741550446,
-0.05172831937670708,
0.018169671297073364,
0.02052539400756359,
-0.03671804815530777,
-0.06465141475200653,
-0.016346866264939308,
0.00001241354584635701,
0.019908981397747993,
-0.02088746428489685,
-0.01400336716324091,
0.00036133555113337934,
0.029925065115094185,
-0.019359054043889046,
0.022360462695360184,
0.013939221389591694,
-0.01606544852256775,
0.07531958073377609,
-0.002099372912198305,
-0.03705786168575287,
0.016579000279307365,
-0.047102224081754684,
0.11769700050354004,
0.05069519206881523,
-0.029932305216789246,
0.01555703580379486,
0.04560844972729683,
0.012363892048597336,
0.02659473940730095,
0.001960381167009473,
-0.032776135951280594,
0.035980161279439926,
-0.009623916819691658,
0.009707528166472912,
-0.022376541048288345,
0.05901024490594864,
-0.03743968531489372,
0.024173656478524208,
0.0460733063519001,
-0.0070866914466023445,
0.06717701256275177,
0.0008846433483995497,
0.009528241120278835,
0.024998128414154053,
0.0023228307254612446,
-0.011068387888371944,
-0.025711938738822937,
-0.015971578657627106,
0.011086247861385345,
0.03621341288089752,
-0.021503452211618423,
0.0001695025130175054,
-0.03136217221617699,
0.040641266852617264,
0.01353735476732254,
0.03019937314093113,
0.04640718922019005,
0.02104763314127922,
0.0026761002372950315,
-0.0017509250901639462,
-0.022500643506646156,
-0.05321766808629036,
-0.12506896257400513,
-0.023382820188999176,
-0.015024346299469471,
0.04131544381380081,
-0.008831137791275978,
0.05394778028130531,
-0.04522261023521423,
0.0012895457912236452,
0.007094880566000938,
0.0014058316592127085,
0.009989789687097073,
0.006784264929592609,
0.012609395198523998,
-0.043554723262786865,
-0.03677499294281006,
0.003350800834596157,
0.0578705333173275,
-0.031404800713062286,
-0.007257905323058367,
-0.050003718584775925,
-0.044959958642721176,
0.037050165235996246,
-0.03396899998188019,
-0.02925986982882023,
0.01196304615586996,
0.033782243728637695,
0.025399919599294662,
-0.0019482941133901477,
0.011762302368879318,
0.06277890503406525,
0.09443185478448868,
0.03346001356840134,
0.0051398263312876225,
-0.008260591886937618,
0.020253127440810204,
0.01214980985969305,
0.004277216270565987,
0.0021682449150830507,
0.0015359276439994574,
-0.03089071623980999,
-0.012797141447663307,
0.023966094478964806,
-0.020126948133111,
-0.25520452857017517,
0.005629855208098888,
-0.019847648218274117,
-0.028218509629368782,
-0.005456868559122086,
-0.015298730693757534,
0.06695133447647095,
-0.008748569525778294,
-0.04367997124791145,
-0.01387434359639883,
0.0013568466529250145,
0.01078809704631567,
0.01274376455694437,
0.031368549913167953,
0.03816154599189758,
0.026862747967243195,
-0.015483505092561245,
-0.041121888905763626,
0.04898109659552574,
0.02259465493261814,
-0.030221223831176758,
-0.06187356263399124,
-0.02525479532778263,
0.021020540967583656,
-0.006468828767538071,
0.02084854058921337,
-0.08207732439041138,
-0.01936507783830166,
-0.02288123033940792,
-0.018309591338038445,
0.003797210520133376,
-0.025008032098412514,
0.016074202954769135,
0.02833750657737255,
-0.006392566487193108,
0.009640214033424854,
0.02196497842669487,
0.015413937158882618,
0.018441446125507355,
0.030963415279984474,
0.012193302623927593,
0.0072693289257586,
-0.03288504108786583,
0.021192237734794617,
0.06144598126411438,
0.01652815192937851,
-0.053463809192180634,
-0.0035213495139032602,
0.012435726821422577,
0.013243613764643669,
0.010850225575268269,
-0.0366973802447319,
-0.03580990806221962,
-0.00291269994340837,
-0.02077658660709858,
-0.051826924085617065,
-0.017584187909960747,
-0.0039748321287333965,
0.016667960211634636,
0.017953764647245407,
0.026161253452301025,
-0.05053562670946121,
0.044188518077135086,
-0.014532281085848808,
-0.011314578354358673,
-0.027547886595129967,
-0.07555912435054779,
-0.0900915339589119,
0.014827217906713486,
0.03632554039359093,
-0.0055651976726949215,
0.016752131283283234,
-0.0022824869956821203,
-0.0937696099281311,
0.003306544851511717,
0.011323141865432262,
-0.0025589175056666136,
-0.007576662581413984,
0.02774912491440773,
0.05301717668771744,
-0.017931081354618073,
-0.032936904579401016,
-0.034153107553720474,
0.004386399872601032,
0.015785379335284233,
-0.02014828473329544,
0.03114134818315506,
-0.05825090408325195,
-0.01199436653405428,
-0.04732418805360794,
0.045200165361166,
0.011420325376093388,
0.05638640746474266,
0.02437768690288067,
0.04203818365931511,
0.03134690597653389,
0.02008282206952572,
0.048285309225320816,
0.021124744787812233,
-0.004940529819577932,
0.05475230515003204,
-0.04251588508486748,
-0.04907538741827011,
-0.03234684094786644,
-0.028200719505548477,
0.006425837986171246,
-0.01313376147300005,
-0.004189591854810715,
0.013033278286457062,
-0.018306821584701538,
-0.0600530207157135,
-0.040259119123220444,
0.018492048606276512,
-0.020642505958676338,
-0.013249559327960014,
-0.02810194157063961,
-0.02158714458346367,
0.04863901436328888,
0.03803582489490509,
-0.014489940367639065,
-0.04115765914320946,
0.04579164832830429,
-0.00390259618870914,
0.017341794446110725,
-0.006633004639297724,
-0.04498916491866112,
-0.02965119667351246,
-0.031667016446590424,
0.04076045751571655,
0.031109945848584175,
0.017021648585796356,
0.04945893585681915,
-0.010732573457062244,
-0.0025155062321573496,
0.07151611149311066,
-0.0032556294463574886,
-0.008812862448394299,
-0.03550582006573677,
0.031495947390794754,
-0.010733765549957752,
0.03755488619208336,
0.011421823874115944,
0.03385617211461067,
-0.004641983192414045,
0.037801630795001984,
0.004853479098528624,
0.03315141797065735,
0.02887944132089615,
0.00046536821173503995,
-0.004025791306048632,
0.006283116061240435,
-0.058139070868492126,
-0.00598281342536211,
-0.05363791435956955,
0.013127676211297512,
0.0027142250910401344,
0.05452125519514084,
-0.008327951654791832,
-0.01499730721116066,
-0.03208554908633232,
0.07106371968984604,
-0.03728953003883362,
-0.015498792752623558,
-0.017690083011984825,
0.02008805237710476,
0.06673788279294968,
-0.03177327662706375,
-0.005950921215116978,
0.011446529068052769,
-0.016581250354647636,
0.005178132094442844,
0.0042190770618617535,
-0.011454388499259949,
-0.00669487752020359,
0.007569070439785719,
-0.005595276597887278,
0.008452766574919224,
-0.008092053234577179,
-0.02515319734811783,
0.03308556601405144,
-0.01004746649414301,
0.014381586574018002,
0.003632431384176016,
0.02761990576982498,
0.09482896327972412,
0.02709674835205078,
-0.008227065205574036,
-0.009116536006331444,
-0.03072446770966053,
0.09242462366819382,
0.0009563268977217376,
0.023094823583960533,
-0.05075374245643616,
-0.0653226226568222,
0.002613878110423684,
-0.06547610461711884,
0.008893690072000027,
0.00529222097247839,
-0.010752791538834572,
-0.029954370111227036,
-0.012537344358861446,
0.011387529782950878,
-0.019368214532732964,
0.020349595695734024,
0.004012015648186207,
-0.05251416936516762,
0.002438511699438095,
0.04609609767794609,
-0.04209304600954056,
0.015925293788313866,
-0.012442430481314659,
-0.012997394427657127,
-0.0375320129096508,
-0.045163337141275406,
0.007801242638379335,
0.006244451738893986,
-0.020369788631796837,
-0.007610904984176159,
-0.047640636563301086,
0.007747525814920664,
0.03354928269982338,
0.006822188384830952,
0.02301015704870224,
-0.03293076157569885,
0.015232635661959648,
0.08708501607179642,
-0.03981846570968628,
-0.006580117624253035,
-0.01964953914284706,
0.001464802771806717,
0.01935182698071003,
-0.04703064635396004,
0.010216325521469116,
0.02343881130218506,
-0.06139057129621506,
0.005385839380323887,
-0.05602014437317848,
0.025743788108229637,
-0.013303210027515888,
-0.004098549485206604,
0.0011781930224969983,
-0.02057330682873726,
-0.06731446087360382,
-0.027275722473859787,
0.016207167878746986,
0.03510625287890434,
0.005933371838182211,
0.03935753554105759,
0.0295768603682518,
-0.006671466398984194,
0.035041194409132004,
0.0022202173713594675,
-0.08157569915056229,
-0.03300157189369202,
0.0356094129383564,
-0.044021427631378174,
-0.024854378774762154,
-0.08545446395874023,
-0.010485654696822166,
-0.0123649463057518,
-0.07520102709531784,
0.011457543820142746,
0.003995450213551521,
0.018663199618458748,
0.033669956028461456,
0.04884732514619827,
0.025249099358916283,
-0.013843471184372902,
0.010527977719902992,
-0.05013895407319069,
-0.017039503902196884,
-0.06227697804570198,
0.01815047487616539,
0.028903411701321602,
-0.04505516216158867,
0.000825001741759479,
0.009493301622569561,
-0.015287984162569046,
0.031206797808408737,
-0.04280918836593628,
-0.06483727693557739,
0.0025220783427357674,
-0.030665425583720207,
-0.0003725978313013911,
0.009507426992058754,
-0.044853344559669495,
-0.013727644458413124,
0.013546565547585487,
-0.044399362057447433,
-0.04508361220359802,
0.011020652018487453,
0.008934768848121166,
-0.01517814677208662,
0.02620300091803074,
-0.03795696422457695,
0.024325743317604065,
0.03425159305334091,
0.037772271782159805,
-0.006667569279670715,
0.04617631435394287,
-0.002573650795966387,
0.03637168928980827,
0.031970616430044174,
-0.0009489989024586976,
0.041221849620342255,
0.023899389430880547,
-0.004529636353254318,
-0.03217040002346039,
0.051585257053375244,
-0.0011943895369768143,
-0.03166898712515831,
-0.08182632178068161,
0.07485160231590271,
0.008709011599421501,
-0.06454267352819443,
-0.04646209254860878,
0.02859439142048359,
-0.02803853340446949,
0.006148705258965492,
-0.035921793431043625,
-0.016996586695313454,
0.008231297135353088,
0.08036114275455475,
0.020733926445245743,
0.027625784277915955,
0.06261080503463745,
0.035765133798122406,
0.013673420995473862,
-0.023896053433418274,
0.06087443605065346,
0.07659485936164856,
0.028310025110840797,
-0.026225287467241287,
0.06353507190942764,
-0.01907823234796524,
-0.038592636585235596,
0.017876842990517616,
0.031934287399053574,
-0.05358697101473808,
-0.031317342072725296,
0.021463075652718544,
0.05843520164489746,
-0.04233677312731743,
0.054336994886398315,
-0.04992643743753433,
0.023939071223139763,
0.041405290365219116,
0.01612168550491333,
-0.003987905569374561,
0.06578517705202103,
0.020819716155529022,
0.03067449852824211,
-0.029628140851855278,
-0.015972213819622993,
0.014952837489545345,
0.005059545859694481,
0.03733641281723976,
0.046033825725317,
-0.012687087059020996,
0.016647499054670334,
0.0040125236846506596,
0.006940026767551899,
0.08069957047700882,
-0.053108539432287216,
-0.058109283447265625,
0.03307950869202614,
-0.02165006473660469,
0.0032445008400827646,
0.042756494134664536,
0.009612380526959896,
-0.0061344061978161335,
-0.005013422109186649,
-0.05431176722049713,
0.011612058617174625,
-0.023913724347949028,
-0.005902452860027552,
0.03752075880765915,
-0.026662983000278473,
0.004600683692842722,
0.020766202360391617,
-0.039660900831222534,
-0.031067002564668655,
-0.05498315766453743,
-0.02335699461400509,
-0.03730067238211632,
-0.061590131372213364,
-0.05279018357396126,
0.004424526821821928,
0.002261509420350194,
-0.05052226409316063,
0.04178131744265556,
0.003910762723535299,
0.03888191655278206,
0.04915386438369751,
-0.04634591192007065,
-0.0003124751674477011,
0.012029136531054974,
0.004855004604905844,
0.026568446308374405,
0.011091866530478,
0.026223240420222282,
-0.016553159803152084,
-0.010497230105102062,
0.004158077295869589,
0.036350689828395844,
0.005834451410919428,
-0.02155919559299946,
-0.03740342706441879,
-0.10012105852365494,
0.003354237647727132,
0.0013443381758406758,
-0.0772867277264595,
-0.08567547053098679,
0.034345097839832306,
-0.001815539551898837,
0.04666625335812569,
0.07278110086917877,
0.021150602027773857,
-0.011454309336841106,
-0.035491667687892914,
0.0020524889696389437,
0.022053351625800133,
-0.006526448763906956,
0.05644191801548004,
-0.01864030584692955,
0.08004716783761978,
0.04617985710501671,
-0.07071793079376221,
0.02356433868408203,
0.025163643062114716,
0.012141507118940353,
-0.030766448006033897,
-0.04504621773958206,
-0.0017248125514015555,
0.003383640432730317,
-0.09078378230333328,
0.001055628526955843,
0.02198781631886959,
0.004684395622462034,
-0.031240422278642654,
0.0039107948541641235,
0.013434628956019878,
0.01144320983439684,
-0.007963014766573906,
-0.05350516736507416,
0.0015091581735759974,
-0.028827805072069168,
-0.0014059105888009071,
-0.09844999760389328,
0.017711395397782326,
-0.02710394375026226,
0.02152099274098873,
-0.024863900616765022,
-0.06954215466976166,
-0.018011484295129776,
-0.030979475006461143,
0.05271727964282036,
0.008922411128878593,
0.033803973346948624,
0.04452294483780861
] |
3,428
|
Attention with Markov: A Curious Case of Single-layer Transformers
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=SqZ0KY4qBD
|
[
"Ashok Vardhan Makkuva",
"Marco Bondaschi",
"Adway Girish",
"Alliot Nagle",
"Martin Jaggi",
"Hyeji Kim",
"Michael Gastpar"
] |
Spotlight
|
Attention-based transformers have achieved tremendous success across a variety of disciplines including natural languages. To deepen our understanding of their sequential modeling capabilities, there is a growing interest in using Markov input processes to study them. A key finding is that when trained on first-order Markov chains, transformers with two or more layers consistently develop an induction head mechanism to estimate the in-context bigram conditional distribution. In contrast, single-layer transformers, unable to form an induction head, directly learn the Markov kernel but often face a surprising challenge: they become trapped in local minima representing the unigram distribution, whereas deeper models reliably converge to the ground-truth bigram. While single-layer transformers can theoretically model first-order Markov chains, their empirical failure to learn this simple kernel in practice remains a curious phenomenon. To explain this contrasting behavior of single-layer models, in this paper we introduce a new framework for a principled analysis of transformers via Markov chains. Leveraging our framework, we theoretically characterize the loss landscape of single-layer transformers and show the existence of global minima (bigram) and bad local minima (unigram) contingent on data properties and model architecture. We precisely delineate the regimes under which these local optima occur. Backed by experiments, we demonstrate that our theoretical findings are in congruence with the empirical results. Finally, we outline several open problems in this arena.
|
Markov chains, Transformers, Optimization, Landscape
|
We theoretically characterize the loss landscape of single-layer transformers and show the existence of global minima (bigram) and bad local minima (unigram) contingent upon the specific data characteristics and the transformer architecture.
| 9,590
| null |
[
-0.035202160477638245,
-0.019144553691148758,
-0.0056518749333918095,
0.038537461310625076,
0.012725838460028172,
0.020827611908316612,
0.008927837014198303,
0.019580649212002754,
-0.01734769344329834,
-0.008050867356359959,
-0.012972721830010414,
0.02907070331275463,
-0.0556868314743042,
0.0015330180758610368,
-0.011240103282034397,
0.030969440937042236,
0.037521786987781525,
-0.014002842828631401,
-0.0020075496286153793,
0.0038432301953434944,
-0.003248952329158783,
0.0014704029308632016,
0.049701787531375885,
0.0020355344749987125,
0.03189924731850624,
-0.014363824389874935,
0.012213366106152534,
0.008115513250231743,
-0.03870781883597374,
0.012530420906841755,
0.014182206243276596,
-0.005707073025405407,
0.007424443960189819,
-0.001947664306499064,
0.026896802708506584,
-0.009356129914522171,
-0.04694104194641113,
-0.007438140921294689,
0.014204621315002441,
0.024955786764621735,
-0.04766976833343506,
0.015086181461811066,
-0.01391349546611309,
0.010359575040638447,
-0.06102573126554489,
0.00174033606890589,
-0.08943679928779602,
0.030396010726690292,
0.0018612409476190805,
-0.04134812206029892,
-0.1239752545952797,
0.03368135169148445,
-0.0037872917018830776,
-0.006614073645323515,
0.008660458959639072,
0.01070693414658308,
0.050306178629398346,
-0.09824123233556747,
-0.00581445312127471,
-0.026138048619031906,
-0.017801275476813316,
0.00024115591077134013,
-0.006406338885426521,
0.022311583161354065,
-0.007529120892286301,
-0.03331644460558891,
0.0031952194403856993,
0.0475950613617897,
-0.036800745874643326,
-0.028054295107722282,
-0.03539887070655823,
0.009002935141324997,
-0.03204477205872536,
0.05255148932337761,
0.010255713015794754,
-0.03448944538831711,
0.01774737238883972,
0.018282821401953697,
0.057093147188425064,
0.02168094553053379,
-0.0042387316934764385,
0.020371343940496445,
0.036943983286619186,
0.05064292624592781,
0.03285439684987068,
0.008655555546283722,
-0.028975287452340126,
-0.03863207623362541,
-0.083835668861866,
0.04799090325832367,
-0.03279576823115349,
-0.062440089881420135,
-0.005449877120554447,
0.03374999016523361,
-0.003352866508066654,
0.0020700693130493164,
0.009566250257194042,
0.030691297724843025,
0.009665584191679955,
0.011196959763765335,
-0.013076812960207462,
-0.016400372609496117,
0.021633660420775414,
-0.0029507798608392477,
-0.11387599259614944,
-0.031017934903502464,
0.01420518010854721,
-0.006053459364920855,
0.012199374847114086,
0.009250606410205364,
-0.03220909461379051,
-0.01850215531885624,
0.022614676505327225,
-0.0008872732287272811,
-0.0899164006114006,
0.010776706971228123,
-0.027210477739572525,
0.0032431066501885653,
-0.023092254996299744,
0.0005620677839033306,
0.04866699129343033,
0.05482372269034386,
0.025574391707777977,
0.060270488262176514,
-0.013489064760506153,
-0.005549372639507055,
0.007235806435346603,
0.03812797740101814,
-0.029446322470903397,
-0.023983674123883247,
0.004017818719148636,
0.030946997925639153,
0.023262372240424156,
0.025214217603206635,
0.0020442090462893248,
0.026822714135050774,
0.021953625604510307,
0.04427877813577652,
0.0473003126680851,
-0.012391769327223301,
0.005290219094604254,
-0.0015271144220605493,
0.0583421066403389,
-0.014131247997283936,
0.07309793680906296,
-0.007002204190939665,
-0.05071283504366875,
0.005073172505944967,
-0.022871728986501694,
0.0056073544546961784,
0.04015753045678139,
0.004328950308263302,
0.0277138352394104,
-0.053342223167419434,
0.007815510965883732,
0.04725057631731033,
-0.011787923984229565,
0.0013529034331440926,
0.012997915036976337,
0.008205052465200424,
-0.0044364468194544315,
-0.0019196801586076617,
-0.04194622486829758,
0.037434112280607224,
-0.004788521211594343,
-0.05163620784878731,
0.02024415321648121,
0.01616274006664753,
-0.026900218799710274,
-0.011666148900985718,
-0.028028076514601707,
-0.06920883804559708,
0.06407620012760162,
-0.013539517298340797,
-0.03400503098964691,
-0.01280692033469677,
0.06476722657680511,
0.002864713314920664,
0.052436914294958115,
0.012490912340581417,
-0.08061407506465912,
0.02646458148956299,
-0.00025843485491350293,
0.00577345909550786,
0.02387089468538761,
-0.02745991386473179,
0.07388617098331451,
-0.01291115116328001,
-0.012595188803970814,
0.00627850741147995,
-0.07141982018947601,
0.009372742846608162,
0.0011089033214375377,
-0.010928773321211338,
0.07506081461906433,
0.0015498907305300236,
-0.006932325195521116,
0.027676165103912354,
0.05482691153883934,
0.05131057649850845,
0.0409659817814827,
-0.03690598905086517,
0.052386246621608734,
-0.014738345518708229,
-0.030133087188005447,
0.00374630861915648,
0.03659382462501526,
-0.04663371294736862,
-0.011063878424465656,
-0.00778444018214941,
-0.004321861546486616,
0.03296558931469917,
0.012638647109270096,
-0.014031675644218922,
0.003362224902957678,
-0.0024280850775539875,
-0.005492173135280609,
-0.015247073024511337,
0.022419029846787453,
-0.04833080992102623,
0.02735079638659954,
0.0005272381822578609,
-0.0119023397564888,
0.004468546714633703,
-0.015229093842208385,
0.10312391817569733,
0.06271927058696747,
-0.01005549356341362,
-0.0055223689414560795,
0.026799658313393593,
0.025966646149754524,
0.0006987422239035368,
0.010446381755173206,
-0.0232271496206522,
0.015791423618793488,
-0.013571991585195065,
0.004133854992687702,
-0.01758546009659767,
0.03450101241469383,
-0.038252416998147964,
-0.012781667523086071,
0.06112949550151825,
-0.033669836819171906,
0.03963179141283035,
0.01460899319499731,
0.02242383174598217,
0.05754472687840462,
-0.02980629913508892,
-0.014485150575637817,
-0.020110972225666046,
-0.054803330451250076,
-0.008538912050426006,
-0.0012771091423928738,
-0.038896527141332626,
0.0021623384673148394,
-0.026978380978107452,
-0.015649180859327316,
-0.009047599509358406,
0.0726718008518219,
0.06596022844314575,
0.026982437819242477,
0.03892521560192108,
-0.009061080403625965,
-0.03207418695092201,
-0.028507839888334274,
-0.12103873491287231,
-0.04520110413432121,
-0.04077643156051636,
0.025932567194104195,
0.002405947307124734,
0.043493106961250305,
-0.001881430740468204,
0.035545043647289276,
-0.03671540692448616,
-0.017292490229010582,
0.015574280172586441,
0.04302341863512993,
-0.0014755686279386282,
-0.030573416501283646,
-0.0005531496135517955,
-0.016626080498099327,
0.06125302240252495,
-0.02484183944761753,
-0.05039018765091896,
-0.02983153983950615,
-0.04190025478601456,
-0.023536179214715958,
-0.038365527987480164,
-0.012422172352671623,
0.006673164200037718,
0.010938609950244427,
0.0039527234621346,
-0.014263737015426159,
0.02575065940618515,
0.021176902577280998,
0.07494749128818512,
0.05396689474582672,
0.011468413285911083,
-0.02236722968518734,
0.026804974302649498,
-0.03226020559668541,
0.009755650535225868,
-0.01480079721659422,
0.02584008127450943,
-0.015423574484884739,
-0.027784671634435654,
0.021045269444584846,
-0.003722372232005,
-0.26882433891296387,
-0.0324726402759552,
-0.0003049630322493613,
-0.025312883779406548,
0.04299706965684891,
-0.022061418741941452,
0.03553062304854393,
-0.026961060240864754,
-0.005155937746167183,
0.018333274871110916,
-0.007220203056931496,
0.029270097613334656,
0.0017005768604576588,
0.07155103236436844,
0.05502786487340927,
0.005063497461378574,
-0.022622276097536087,
0.013850873336195946,
0.027891894802451134,
0.04000058397650719,
0.010010908357799053,
-0.07538245618343353,
-0.04919634014368057,
0.06782865524291992,
-0.013772972859442234,
0.04370063170790672,
-0.0731973797082901,
-0.002350461669266224,
-0.019550656899809837,
0.011041548103094101,
-0.02877514623105526,
-0.040478043258190155,
0.0015255487523972988,
0.010675482451915741,
0.005847263149917126,
0.0047325510531663895,
0.041537098586559296,
0.006692027673125267,
0.0027466132305562496,
0.014334829524159431,
0.040671925991773605,
-0.02326963096857071,
0.005060364026576281,
0.0042518628761172295,
0.07337188720703125,
-0.0008504798752255738,
-0.06058642640709877,
-0.03129224106669426,
-0.013584132306277752,
0.022716866806149483,
-0.03522229567170143,
-0.03615964204072952,
-0.010042167268693447,
0.0005668587982654572,
0.012359224259853363,
-0.021516304463148117,
-0.0022429132368415594,
-0.039706096053123474,
-0.01205606572329998,
0.012236424721777439,
0.003968754317611456,
-0.0697883740067482,
-0.008995969779789448,
-0.04839351400732994,
-0.011351490393280983,
-0.026506127789616585,
-0.059279125183820724,
-0.04450387880206108,
0.03918428719043732,
0.02379857376217842,
-0.021171273663640022,
-0.0009348391904495656,
-0.012090391479432583,
-0.09609748423099518,
0.015024187043309212,
0.005370166152715683,
-0.005628326442092657,
-0.013541613705456257,
0.00810465682297945,
0.04336686432361603,
-0.04577277600765228,
-0.0769878700375557,
-0.005508296191692352,
0.0020059377420693636,
0.031507402658462524,
-0.027774933725595474,
0.0014078047825023532,
-0.030480843037366867,
-0.02887827903032303,
-0.01905449479818344,
0.03635670244693756,
0.016664963215589523,
0.0019719405099749565,
-0.01339990645647049,
0.06456810981035233,
0.04218023270368576,
0.008512135595083237,
0.06605614721775055,
0.03035108931362629,
0.00249662552960217,
0.026937197893857956,
-0.060692574828863144,
-0.03447406366467476,
-0.038838788866996765,
-0.03646361827850342,
0.05558810383081436,
-0.05739211663603783,
-0.04373589903116226,
0.005644742865115404,
-0.004455248825252056,
-0.04631876200437546,
-0.03549771383404732,
-0.006644995883107185,
0.018150055781006813,
-0.02624364010989666,
-0.008490038104355335,
0.0006123663624748588,
0.04605771228671074,
0.03996596485376358,
-0.01318739540874958,
-0.0029818390030413866,
0.04361693561077118,
-0.04186299070715904,
0.009862394072115421,
-0.000946484855376184,
-0.023244524374604225,
0.017194267362356186,
-0.00009949226659955457,
0.00271177152171731,
0.013742721639573574,
0.05518074333667755,
0.020252861082553864,
-0.0161905400454998,
0.012057336047291756,
0.05027267709374428,
0.007407449185848236,
-0.005309315863996744,
-0.004712971858680248,
0.014320573769509792,
-0.011730200611054897,
0.030642954632639885,
-0.023408452048897743,
0.05432302877306938,
0.039485614746809006,
0.014828060753643513,
-0.01224595308303833,
-0.0004778919683303684,
0.031966619193553925,
-0.011790551245212555,
-0.014978836290538311,
0.04961555451154709,
-0.05177539214491844,
-0.029743028804659843,
-0.020526258274912834,
0.015161348506808281,
-0.01595914177596569,
0.03456031531095505,
0.0025363601744174957,
-0.014957531355321407,
-0.06493570655584335,
0.07252205163240433,
0.008772107772529125,
-0.014360002242028713,
0.00922304019331932,
0.04614851623773575,
0.020646024495363235,
-0.02737818844616413,
0.005790331866592169,
0.060493335127830505,
0.03016091324388981,
-0.009526746347546577,
-0.03548135608434677,
-0.038524504750967026,
0.005617819260805845,
0.008692684583365917,
0.03129701688885689,
0.0227628443390131,
-0.01089343149214983,
-0.02889874204993248,
0.03508206829428673,
0.022113651037216187,
0.0050470479764044285,
0.018666526302695274,
0.04043009132146835,
0.09090596437454224,
-0.00886559672653675,
0.0017886909190565348,
0.026419997215270996,
-0.05539651960134506,
0.04543063044548035,
0.007937985472381115,
-0.003080628579482436,
-0.029186001047492027,
-0.06419632583856583,
-0.034293826669454575,
-0.0361676961183548,
0.012473905459046364,
0.004897402133792639,
-0.010791243053972721,
-0.021861977875232697,
-0.035335540771484375,
0.03757072240114212,
-0.03669667989015579,
-0.004971013870090246,
0.025297529995441437,
-0.07651243358850479,
0.0071190097369253635,
0.030021298676729202,
-0.0495331808924675,
0.042702533304691315,
-0.013749931938946247,
-0.011495295912027359,
-0.054822877049446106,
-0.03105052001774311,
0.010670643299818039,
-0.0326114222407341,
-0.03326355293393135,
-0.024696961045265198,
0.03286326304078102,
0.006938430946320295,
-0.002383701503276825,
-0.0019283604342490435,
0.018568847328424454,
-0.026288408786058426,
0.011594429612159729,
0.013935673050582409,
-0.016060082241892815,
0.001915550441481173,
0.013149206526577473,
-0.046619441360235214,
0.02342120371758938,
-0.03374844416975975,
0.029933635145425797,
0.06401964277029037,
-0.039191022515296936,
-0.029369814321398735,
-0.02643514610826969,
0.019193051382899284,
0.00907719787210226,
-0.00463377358391881,
0.014870359562337399,
0.0030945176258683205,
-0.0504850335419178,
0.038494858890771866,
0.01884879730641842,
0.03160450980067253,
0.03359990194439888,
0.0036504012532532215,
0.0024737147614359856,
0.010268342681229115,
0.02656920999288559,
0.02651994302868843,
-0.05445484071969986,
-0.003979705274105072,
0.06642165780067444,
-0.031148100271821022,
-0.05055208131670952,
-0.09427682310342789,
-0.0649697333574295,
0.030859701335430145,
-0.019240934401750565,
0.015006897039711475,
-0.03524729982018471,
0.014260346069931984,
0.042119357734918594,
0.037904758006334305,
-0.02526676468551159,
0.001787608372978866,
0.031020445749163628,
-0.03713645040988922,
0.004056415520608425,
-0.05447810888290405,
-0.04511505365371704,
0.09092303365468979,
-0.02282000705599785,
0.022283511236310005,
-0.0199669748544693,
-0.0410182923078537,
0.041811779141426086,
-0.011725664138793945,
-0.046033792197704315,
0.018761776387691498,
-0.013355722650885582,
0.03737823665142059,
0.013841166161000729,
-0.04798579588532448,
-0.016816142946481705,
-0.042655181139707565,
-0.04531507566571236,
0.01704304665327072,
-0.01368681713938713,
0.06548884510993958,
-0.012641512788832188,
0.022056838497519493,
-0.02248530276119709,
0.015615340322256088,
0.02313116006553173,
0.08963707834482193,
0.015264961868524551,
0.030914247035980225,
-0.01650409586727619,
0.05680381879210472,
0.011478785425424576,
0.009340477176010609,
0.014914475381374359,
0.038118064403533936,
-0.0199953131377697,
-0.07260283082723618,
0.02676510065793991,
-0.019876066595315933,
0.00042534733074717224,
-0.0431530624628067,
0.07955783605575562,
0.02787230722606182,
-0.05263993516564369,
-0.024421939626336098,
0.02513459324836731,
-0.06355879455804825,
-0.030674677342176437,
-0.006180858705192804,
0.011757826432585716,
-0.017370184883475304,
0.0547230988740921,
0.03613680228590965,
0.0587446391582489,
0.06802483648061752,
-0.005076104775071144,
-0.023162556812167168,
-0.0016406768700107932,
0.0866568386554718,
0.049142394214868546,
0.058948177844285965,
-0.009911318309605122,
0.06157661974430084,
-0.04262310266494751,
-0.06649269908666611,
0.0036762470845133066,
0.047437094151973724,
0.007935927249491215,
-0.04891712963581085,
0.04039578512310982,
0.07971085608005524,
-0.00501633295789361,
0.08133669942617416,
-0.05160951614379883,
-0.0278765931725502,
0.06052316725254059,
0.03102739527821541,
-0.01683649607002735,
0.03903041407465935,
0.044519808143377304,
0.0034156986512243748,
-0.015408135019242764,
-0.033400580286979675,
-0.005661620758473873,
-0.0293094702064991,
-0.0036978416610509157,
0.02902931533753872,
0.0035621593706309795,
0.0077056679874658585,
-0.01313153188675642,
0.04364793747663498,
0.11230598390102386,
-0.02525421790778637,
-0.019826585426926613,
-0.013728748075664043,
-0.01835801638662815,
0.013253704644739628,
0.05795152485370636,
-0.022805113345384598,
-0.03370945155620575,
-0.012287076562643051,
-0.044856417924165726,
0.0050442954525351524,
0.018551183864474297,
-0.018602443858981133,
-0.00833051186054945,
-0.018999110907316208,
-0.02888687513768673,
0.005926554556936026,
0.01796867325901985,
-0.044015154242515564,
-0.049889881163835526,
-0.03202899545431137,
-0.05274307355284691,
-0.031146030873060226,
-0.0453481562435627,
0.03929445147514343,
-0.003664659569039941,
-0.022836940363049507,
-0.009994112886488438,
-0.0362371988594532,
-0.0027941062580794096,
0.031785380095243454,
-0.056261349469423294,
0.011503830552101135,
0.025069262832403183,
-0.020384332165122032,
-0.020406601950526237,
0.036599885672330856,
0.041955407708883286,
-0.01858694665133953,
-0.021258637309074402,
0.06348325312137604,
0.012225749902427197,
-0.007059017196297646,
-0.0030479843262583017,
-0.009629914537072182,
-0.10166087001562119,
0.01509771216660738,
0.0346703827381134,
-0.062320902943611145,
-0.09169981628656387,
0.014707125723361969,
-0.024689272046089172,
0.019585339352488518,
0.044739704579114914,
0.011785577051341534,
0.01366758905351162,
-0.05232702195644379,
-0.007892899215221405,
0.006899711675941944,
0.015527322888374329,
0.042856816202402115,
0.00827762670814991,
0.06040072441101074,
0.04507149010896683,
0.008657789789140224,
-0.030562181025743484,
0.01704828441143036,
-0.025127049535512924,
-0.00035503480467014015,
0.006502674426883459,
-0.026786239817738533,
-0.019143063575029373,
-0.10034316033124924,
-0.03537890315055847,
0.020188242197036743,
0.01986389234662056,
-0.025074157863855362,
0.009154720231890678,
-0.04978679493069649,
0.024588575586676598,
-0.0058363862335681915,
-0.044657401740550995,
-0.0333920381963253,
-0.014200699515640736,
-0.02874280884861946,
-0.06797921657562256,
0.015866080299019814,
-0.02963896654546261,
0.026831870898604393,
-0.03397730737924576,
-0.018423255532979965,
0.021649710834026337,
-0.017041603103280067,
0.024661077186465263,
0.004430647939443588,
0.015333440154790878,
-0.045713722705841064
] |
3,429
|
The Computational Complexity of Circuit Discovery for Inner Interpretability
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=QogcGNXJVw
|
[
"Federico Adolfi",
"Martina G. Vilas",
"Todd Wareham"
] |
Spotlight
|
Many proposed applications of neural networks in machine learning, cognitive/brain science, and society hinge on the feasibility of inner interpretability via circuit discovery. This calls for empirical and theoretical explorations of viable algorithmic options. Despite advances in the design and testing of heuristics, there are concerns about their scalability and faithfulness at a time when we lack understanding of the complexity properties of the problems they are deployed to solve. To address this, we study circuit discovery with classical and parameterized computational complexity theory: (1) we describe a conceptual scaffolding to reason about circuit finding queries in terms of affordances for description, explanation, prediction and control; (2) we formalize a comprehensive set of queries for mechanistic explanation, and propose a formal framework for their analysis; (3) we use it to settle the complexity of many query variants and relaxations of practical interest on multi-layer perceptrons. Our findings reveal a challenging complexity landscape. Many queries are intractable, remain fixed-parameter intractable relative to model/circuit features, and inapproximable under additive, multiplicative, and probabilistic approximation schemes. To navigate this landscape, we prove there exist transformations to tackle some of these hard problems with better-understood heuristics, and prove the tractability or fixed-parameter tractability of more modest queries which retain useful affordances. This framework allows us to understand the scope and limits of interpretability queries, explore viable options, and compare their resource demands on existing and future architectures.
|
inner interpretability, mechanistic interpretability, circuit discovery, computational complexity, parameterized complexity
|
Parameterized complexity of circuit queries explains interpretability outcomes and viable algorithmic options for circuit discovery.
| 9,565
|
2410.08025
|
[
-0.02380286157131195,
0.01086900383234024,
-0.011305312626063824,
0.05312875658273697,
0.051180023699998856,
0.02849569171667099,
0.007603210862725973,
-0.015534012578427792,
-0.028735630214214325,
-0.02540508471429348,
0.004393778275698423,
0.022123433649539948,
-0.03204207494854927,
0.026071006432175636,
-0.004160734824836254,
0.04803874343633652,
0.0402815118432045,
-0.027827667072415352,
0.040445465594530106,
0.0017160167917609215,
0.02799784205853939,
0.009424314834177494,
0.022225696593523026,
0.026586199179291725,
0.03937533125281334,
-0.002276084618642926,
0.01604543998837471,
-0.009619977325201035,
-0.014075646176934242,
0.028870385140180588,
0.048210565000772476,
0.0007112936582416296,
0.006149566266685724,
-0.05387415364384651,
0.005406051408499479,
0.011476310901343822,
-0.04768896847963333,
-0.014478988945484161,
-0.01474173553287983,
0.030009591951966286,
-0.04222416877746582,
0.014178452081978321,
-0.006165130529552698,
0.046463362872600555,
-0.07323708385229111,
0.03639175742864609,
-0.11281221359968185,
0.030275903642177582,
-0.011549483984708786,
-0.001878794631920755,
-0.08848263323307037,
0.03394130617380142,
0.0034644268453121185,
0.009912955574691296,
0.00037168979179114103,
0.01360169518738985,
0.05621752515435219,
-0.05084141343832016,
-0.002322125481441617,
-0.049676839262247086,
-0.03241890296339989,
0.036908503621816635,
0.0016116126207634807,
0.021321546286344528,
-0.01651815138757229,
-0.03431641310453415,
0.020670896396040916,
0.042988914996385574,
-0.05382244288921356,
0.007320999633520842,
-0.05725583806633949,
0.004021192900836468,
-0.0019862486515194178,
0.007602581288665533,
0.018038300797343254,
-0.027023693546652794,
0.01703670620918274,
0.010891721583902836,
0.06424035876989365,
-0.005417825188487768,
0.02784034051001072,
0.04547864943742752,
0.01709173060953617,
0.04412201792001724,
0.018664859235286713,
-0.00010004790965467691,
-0.06931164860725403,
-0.045421622693538666,
-0.06927746534347534,
0.022951558232307434,
-0.0284582432359457,
-0.0536399707198143,
-0.0012020292924717069,
0.027826065197587013,
0.04398821294307709,
-0.0019526390824466944,
0.013946698978543282,
-0.010657438077032566,
0.014118507504463196,
0.00819109845906496,
0.01092707272619009,
-0.04016067460179329,
0.004789310973137617,
0.003056631190702319,
-0.10367243736982346,
-0.0024826510343700647,
-0.008987664245069027,
-0.0383434034883976,
0.01442811544984579,
0.008098138496279716,
-0.037609826773405075,
0.002022556960582733,
0.02349969744682312,
-0.0004208746540825814,
-0.10649033635854721,
0.02090238220989704,
-0.005694872699677944,
-0.0006925847264938056,
-0.011895271018147469,
-0.0035787662491202354,
0.05608128756284714,
0.05557510629296303,
-0.011092622764408588,
0.06361375749111176,
-0.023714272305369377,
0.01955265924334526,
0.022136056795716286,
0.05068322643637657,
-0.030042041093111038,
-0.030242888256907463,
-0.0031621973030269146,
0.040462132543325424,
0.010936412960290909,
0.002464079996570945,
-0.008431777358055115,
-0.04336182773113251,
0.003534890478476882,
0.010001693852245808,
0.03361933305859566,
0.023109223693609238,
-0.0018144701607525349,
-0.037033211439847946,
0.07722759991884232,
-0.05293358489871025,
0.04726862162351608,
-0.04061662778258324,
-0.010274308733642101,
-0.017229871824383736,
-0.017605336382985115,
-0.04121043533086777,
0.003916382323950529,
0.015735896304249763,
-0.012778200209140778,
-0.0846983939409256,
0.03174126148223877,
0.05643836036324501,
0.0078026545234024525,
0.023457931354641914,
0.0024998607113957405,
0.017088666558265686,
0.0026395993772894144,
-0.04261881113052368,
-0.01136995293200016,
-0.012754888273775578,
-0.014849447645246983,
-0.04653865844011307,
0.03753679245710373,
0.05221180617809296,
-0.026897698640823364,
0.010474426671862602,
-0.0266459621489048,
-0.04047928377985954,
0.03881397470831871,
0.015874559059739113,
-0.03065738081932068,
-0.0008620375883765519,
0.03820681944489479,
-0.022377923130989075,
0.020389394834637642,
0.01847214065492153,
-0.08143965154886246,
-0.007887979969382286,
-0.03084535151720047,
0.0009636232280172408,
-0.003135889768600464,
-0.043492596596479416,
0.07892127335071564,
-0.05387548357248306,
0.011776587925851345,
-0.024188846349716187,
-0.05953202769160271,
-0.01194681040942669,
0.0003963595663663,
-0.005929070524871349,
0.06316012144088745,
0.027459170669317245,
-0.007541539613157511,
0.005953928921371698,
0.02612842433154583,
0.05222305282950401,
0.05902102217078209,
-0.011294783093035221,
0.05431493744254112,
-0.028149781748652458,
-0.061085160821676254,
0.018702475354075432,
0.05151338502764702,
-0.060627762228250504,
-0.02249162271618843,
-0.01856195367872715,
0.012629656121134758,
-0.0427495501935482,
0.028742611408233643,
-0.041170425713062286,
0.03216798976063728,
-0.02022828534245491,
-0.00310122175142169,
0.009982568211853504,
0.022841885685920715,
-0.04568487033247948,
0.0196548979729414,
0.02744148299098015,
0.0004220707924105227,
0.021079223603010178,
-0.03493548557162285,
0.10666316747665405,
0.07419862598180771,
-0.041011396795511246,
-0.013054175302386284,
0.05566796287894249,
0.005072777159512043,
0.02104823850095272,
-0.0025602334644645452,
-0.03127099573612213,
0.026530178263783455,
-0.0161454901099205,
-0.022312168031930923,
-0.01914515346288681,
0.040466148406267166,
-0.057493023574352264,
-0.038064707070589066,
0.06928940117359161,
-0.031360022723674774,
0.05872035771608353,
-0.008675612509250641,
0.0009979910682886839,
0.03848546743392944,
-0.028301149606704712,
-0.02380266785621643,
0.009681032970547676,
-0.03116348199546337,
-0.017475711181759834,
0.016286320984363556,
-0.0015841489657759666,
0.016269678249955177,
-0.06606345623731613,
-0.008636275306344032,
-0.0073194606229662895,
0.08785349130630493,
0.03466816991567612,
0.0029476620256900787,
0.031571146100759506,
0.0019788455683737993,
-0.06162537261843681,
0.002960141049697995,
-0.11785198003053665,
-0.050846029072999954,
-0.014147843234241009,
0.05130589008331299,
0.0047203050926327705,
0.02519981749355793,
-0.016287419945001602,
0.04344132915139198,
-0.023093977943062782,
-0.04095767065882683,
-0.002731275511905551,
0.04809094965457916,
0.0020963011775165796,
-0.023799872025847435,
0.0008400692604482174,
0.028684411197900772,
0.06587498635053635,
-0.019199024885892868,
-0.0211520753800869,
-0.035033002495765686,
-0.05178301781415939,
-0.024327289313077927,
-0.02409682795405388,
-0.0017215044936165214,
0.011921757832169533,
-0.0010347978677600622,
0.03806264325976372,
-0.002041553147137165,
0.01861235871911049,
0.05015726387500763,
0.06942889839410782,
0.05702044442296028,
0.009019649587571621,
-0.0020071761682629585,
0.0012432882795110345,
-0.019416429102420807,
0.028420332819223404,
-0.024544110521674156,
0.032990776002407074,
-0.017151236534118652,
0.015865260735154152,
0.04246335104107857,
-0.0038653360679745674,
-0.2479514181613922,
-0.03385324403643608,
0.013574331067502499,
-0.0240044966340065,
0.01661740615963936,
0.020234374329447746,
0.016486426815390587,
0.008749912492930889,
-0.0017637417186051607,
-0.000079514597018715,
0.007473124656826258,
0.02001049555838108,
-0.02138371206820011,
0.06671107560396194,
0.03600411117076874,
0.0229993537068367,
-0.03785862401127815,
-0.016009898856282234,
-0.016538769006729126,
0.030351480469107628,
-0.010499716736376286,
-0.07429462671279907,
-0.021910564973950386,
0.01007789745926857,
-0.00540716340765357,
0.02179376222193241,
-0.10185129940509796,
-0.013710243627429008,
-0.04509219899773598,
-0.013696933165192604,
-0.048549529165029526,
-0.030588142573833466,
-0.021095503121614456,
0.021607007831335068,
0.014878916554152966,
0.004778657574206591,
0.03102686256170273,
-0.02069230191409588,
0.013895371928811073,
0.05188918486237526,
0.0064355297945439816,
-0.013999996706843376,
0.02992160990834236,
0.028473934158682823,
0.05963507667183876,
-0.003502299077808857,
-0.03195507824420929,
-0.017585525289177895,
-0.0195397287607193,
0.017293555662035942,
-0.02277328632771969,
-0.033301182091236115,
-0.001960896188393235,
-0.007364761084318161,
0.016103219240903854,
-0.025211988016963005,
-0.003975688014179468,
-0.018344074487686157,
-0.026322053745388985,
0.006825814489275217,
-0.01788739114999771,
-0.05843029171228409,
-0.0018038774142041802,
-0.017297085374593735,
-0.004079445730894804,
-0.020618360489606857,
-0.08603698760271072,
-0.034080199897289276,
0.056913673877716064,
0.03953850269317627,
0.01120731234550476,
0.024926036596298218,
-0.016853686422109604,
-0.08316755294799805,
0.015332136303186417,
0.009341764263808727,
-0.014024754986166954,
-0.013316953554749489,
0.01236677449196577,
0.03594833239912987,
-0.041353289037942886,
-0.017115917056798935,
-0.05337861552834511,
0.026496371254324913,
0.05019304156303406,
-0.003635959466919303,
-0.006220109295099974,
-0.023922037333250046,
-0.057305075228214264,
-0.015993833541870117,
0.009710683487355709,
0.04685793071985245,
0.030270500108599663,
-0.04924056679010391,
0.04625869169831276,
-0.002443792764097452,
0.07336822897195816,
0.051445700228214264,
0.011471754871308804,
0.03517178073525429,
0.01763179339468479,
-0.04852268472313881,
-0.013127031736075878,
-0.017617255449295044,
-0.07981927692890167,
0.020958101376891136,
-0.045478787273168564,
-0.01709754578769207,
0.04306769743561745,
-0.00022869373788125813,
-0.013710550963878632,
-0.08073201775550842,
-0.009468400850892067,
-0.020813526585698128,
0.02308737486600876,
-0.022977788001298904,
0.014226723462343216,
0.026766780763864517,
0.03250829130411148,
-0.032402705401182175,
-0.026898270472884178,
0.04976580664515495,
-0.010663055814802647,
0.021845651790499687,
-0.00007748848292976618,
0.0004931194125674665,
-0.01039426401257515,
-0.018844984471797943,
0.017991485074162483,
0.002358574653044343,
0.05287204682826996,
0.013273108750581741,
0.0002249571989523247,
0.03812190517783165,
0.05729493126273155,
0.00689109368249774,
-0.025462597608566284,
0.023911135271191597,
-0.00398257514461875,
-0.020910009741783142,
0.023337768390774727,
0.005795157980173826,
0.07058237493038177,
0.002274991013109684,
0.021979933604598045,
0.01760038547217846,
0.008427619934082031,
-0.010685090906918049,
-0.004540740512311459,
-0.010032054036855698,
0.006390381138771772,
-0.06204954534769058,
0.0005668047233484685,
-0.04586377739906311,
0.01686650514602661,
0.0033044817391783,
0.029458554461598396,
-0.022402523085474968,
0.003985726740211248,
-0.06624718010425568,
0.04045616835355759,
-0.0035059205256402493,
-0.0012517418945208192,
-0.025275785475969315,
0.023220404982566833,
0.0531686507165432,
-0.02203924022614956,
0.009493764489889145,
0.022200681269168854,
0.025088923051953316,
-0.008887365460395813,
-0.0066508338786661625,
-0.02983267232775688,
-0.009002812206745148,
-0.004388495348393917,
-0.006435486953705549,
0.007921275682747364,
-0.028312215581536293,
-0.02849683351814747,
-0.007276745978742838,
-0.007539713755249977,
-0.009793746285140514,
0.003810631576925516,
0.016967618837952614,
0.07823186367750168,
0.007466654758900404,
0.03238607570528984,
0.0019017617451027036,
-0.025397321209311485,
0.019338242709636688,
0.00037709021125920117,
0.02556164376437664,
-0.03337683156132698,
-0.035471703857183456,
-0.016872094944119453,
-0.03717239201068878,
0.021844927221536636,
0.02230883575975895,
0.00838453322649002,
-0.041487716138362885,
0.03373655676841736,
-0.00999494083225727,
-0.04675804078578949,
-0.006300059612840414,
0.045095816254615784,
-0.04451823979616165,
0.0427161380648613,
0.045531049370765686,
-0.0037532588467001915,
0.035978302359580994,
-0.021599356085062027,
-0.008176987990736961,
-0.03828314319252968,
-0.020709890872240067,
0.007606635335832834,
0.013604984618723392,
-0.014686346985399723,
0.01520740520209074,
0.01736260950565338,
0.01998889073729515,
0.010726852342486382,
0.006631975527852774,
0.016177641227841377,
-0.045664992183446884,
0.02111600525677204,
0.046399712562561035,
-0.0014377956977114081,
-0.024547215551137924,
-0.002248031785711646,
-0.045355234295129776,
-0.012681890279054642,
-0.038428548723459244,
0.0071052429266273975,
0.030694816261529922,
0.006738773547112942,
-0.04186932370066643,
-0.0389610230922699,
0.03112616203725338,
-0.02761443331837654,
0.02126333862543106,
-0.013365871272981167,
0.009989296086132526,
-0.037055958062410355,
-0.009350483305752277,
-0.00971314962953329,
0.030736682936549187,
0.021437659859657288,
-0.0004181939584668726,
-0.0055198161862790585,
-0.0013841654872521758,
0.013939728029072285,
0.002587284427136183,
-0.055053699761629105,
-0.027606239542365074,
0.07275422662496567,
-0.020394405350089073,
0.005683013238012791,
-0.04216703027486801,
-0.023472962900996208,
-0.016458861529827118,
-0.05243996903300285,
0.0189137514680624,
-0.006170201580971479,
0.029927002266049385,
-0.012940265238285065,
0.05114109441637993,
-0.01966664381325245,
-0.023715874180197716,
0.047458548098802567,
-0.047918982803821564,
0.01862051524221897,
-0.06041480228304863,
-0.0008541375282220542,
0.046389706432819366,
-0.05646936222910881,
0.027437038719654083,
0.010586178861558437,
-0.01808975078165531,
0.05780133605003357,
-0.032885488122701645,
-0.05102783069014549,
0.026392986997961998,
-0.009903189726173878,
0.01577923074364662,
0.027628028765320778,
-0.04489114135503769,
-0.04328006133437157,
-0.03434397280216217,
-0.022948019206523895,
0.003586671780794859,
0.003239564597606659,
0.01499783806502819,
-0.001289773266762495,
0.0005305336671881378,
0.004344349727034569,
0.01794172264635563,
0.026401856914162636,
0.050809863954782486,
0.049450404942035675,
0.033479806035757065,
-0.05215505510568619,
0.06787718087434769,
0.03898334503173828,
0.02234422042965889,
-0.013552672229707241,
0.035096582025289536,
-0.010837094858288765,
-0.045148108154535294,
0.026117201894521713,
-0.05469762906432152,
-0.028381071984767914,
-0.07418928295373917,
0.0643450915813446,
0.023766865953803062,
-0.03661998733878136,
-0.010159105993807316,
0.0220375694334507,
-0.06980983167886734,
0.020297082141041756,
0.023596538230776787,
-0.014181328937411308,
0.006300987675786018,
0.07396195828914642,
0.009699705056846142,
0.05056547001004219,
0.06761758774518967,
0.01887211762368679,
-0.033901721239089966,
-0.008698592893779278,
0.08284171670675278,
0.08118931204080582,
0.034911852329969406,
-0.0186151210218668,
0.06957699358463287,
-0.03395450860261917,
-0.035308267921209335,
0.01037213858217001,
0.009177765808999538,
-0.027988174930214882,
-0.021190466359257698,
0.03924692049622536,
0.0631556585431099,
0.017407720908522606,
0.08232970535755157,
-0.059277188032865524,
0.010411351919174194,
0.08787348121404648,
-0.0032529309391975403,
0.0018737850477918983,
0.08006645739078522,
0.03192552179098129,
-0.020622316747903824,
-0.01106311660259962,
-0.034784115850925446,
-0.04738758131861687,
-0.007470788434147835,
0.013992305845022202,
0.03588643670082092,
-0.006417464464902878,
0.01708647422492504,
0.002697751158848405,
0.06057078391313553,
0.10448431223630905,
-0.03202681988477707,
-0.019603006541728973,
0.0052497205324471,
-0.0020849353168159723,
-0.0038078338839113712,
0.03572886809706688,
-0.023599185049533844,
-0.0055434126406908035,
-0.005830747075378895,
-0.037190407514572144,
0.02037130668759346,
0.016306564211845398,
0.008823073469102383,
-0.007180900312960148,
-0.0270641278475523,
-0.046934131532907486,
-0.006666532251983881,
0.06585924327373505,
-0.035867609083652496,
-0.04130030423402786,
-0.044483575969934464,
-0.02256172150373459,
-0.061892375349998474,
-0.04617900773882866,
0.014994843862950802,
-0.03753774240612984,
-0.03469274565577507,
0.00897628627717495,
0.007189966272562742,
-0.0013814737321808934,
0.025988193228840828,
-0.07183947414159775,
-0.02412724494934082,
0.06161639839410782,
-0.006747168488800526,
0.0034580728970468044,
0.03627206012606621,
0.04501425847411156,
-0.02211560495197773,
-0.013917241245508194,
0.04624275118112564,
-0.00997963733971119,
0.01914108730852604,
0.003924109973013401,
-0.034080758690834045,
-0.09794303774833679,
-0.022773893550038338,
0.0014506911393254995,
-0.04160952568054199,
-0.08953767269849777,
0.029254021123051643,
-0.029647408053278923,
0.026827897876501083,
0.0877717137336731,
0.026163022965192795,
0.012304678559303284,
-0.050051428377628326,
-0.007508695125579834,
0.004226467106491327,
-0.015560529194772243,
0.05518973618745804,
-0.02577047608792782,
0.05325797572731972,
0.031057829037308693,
-0.015837308019399643,
-0.023388268426060677,
0.03798303008079529,
-0.0245298333466053,
0.00593302957713604,
-0.02530592866241932,
-0.0285252183675766,
-0.011883244849741459,
-0.1144200786948204,
-0.01481209509074688,
0.002062214072793722,
0.008340860716998577,
-0.03747209161520004,
0.01989208720624447,
-0.02202182449400425,
-0.01109439879655838,
0.006186868529766798,
-0.030574442818760872,
-0.0024095228873193264,
-0.03315914794802666,
-0.05126364529132843,
-0.062420886009931564,
0.011672180145978928,
-0.04659266769886017,
0.016264069825410843,
-0.03166753053665161,
-0.057413745671510696,
-0.05093425139784813,
-0.02481585554778576,
0.0665866956114769,
0.021918384358286858,
0.03148428350687027,
-0.006483261473476887
] |
3,430
|
Topological Schrödinger Bridge Matching
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=WzCEiBILHu
|
[
"Maosheng Yang"
] |
Spotlight
|
Given two boundary distributions, the \emph{Schrödinger Bridge} (SB) problem seeks the “most likely” random evolution between them with respect to a reference process. It has revealed rich connections to recent machine learning methods for generative modeling and distribution matching. While these methods perform well in Euclidean domains, they are not directly applicable to topological domains such as graphs and simplicial complexes, which are crucial for data defined over network entities, such as node signals and edge flows. In this work, we propose the \emph{Topological Schrödinger Bridge problem} ($\mathcal{T}$SBP) for matching signal distributions on a topological domain. We set the reference process to follow some linear tractable \emph{topology-aware} stochastic dynamics such as topological heat diffusion. For the case of Gaussian boundary distributions, we derive a \emph{closed-form} topological SB ($\mathcal{T}$SB) in terms of its time-marginal and stochastic differential. In the general case, leveraging the well-known result, we show that the optimal process follows the forward-backward topological dynamics governed by some unknowns. Building on these results, we develop $\mathcal{T}$SB-based models for matching topological signals by parameterizing the unknowns in the optimal process as \emph{(topological) neural networks} and learning them through \emph{likelihood training}. We validate the theoretical results and demonstrate the practical applications of $\mathcal{T}$SB-based models on both synthetic and real-world networks, emphasizing the role of topology. Additionally, we discuss the connections of $\mathcal{T}$SB-based models to other emerging models, and outline future directions for topological signal matching.
|
Schrödinger Bridge, Topological Signal Distribution Matching, Topological Stochastic Dynamics, Topological Generative Models
|
We investigate Schrödinger bridge based models for topological signal matching.
| 9,513
| null |
[
-0.03168349713087082,
-0.0052042086608707905,
0.009609383530914783,
0.03967889025807381,
0.025723086670041084,
0.006973125506192446,
0.029790613800287247,
0.007316409610211849,
0.01128863263875246,
-0.06922384351491928,
0.013688716106116772,
-0.03247908502817154,
-0.07650761306285858,
0.018986443057656288,
-0.001956370659172535,
0.05087393522262573,
0.03698257729411125,
-0.020780958235263824,
0.0035967722069472075,
0.0018453256925567985,
-0.02149241603910923,
0.0035636364482343197,
0.0010573719628155231,
0.017969485372304916,
0.04124826565384865,
-0.0008675148128531873,
0.02052920125424862,
0.015082304365932941,
0.025031287223100662,
0.015112527646124363,
0.02745440974831581,
0.002287197858095169,
-0.02627662569284439,
-0.02594524249434471,
-0.012049589306116104,
-0.014420311897993088,
-0.023811673745512962,
-0.0039099445566535,
-0.016018591821193695,
0.018280712887644768,
-0.036508332937955856,
0.033966630697250366,
0.028471296653151512,
-0.008544627577066422,
-0.04475861042737961,
-0.008968416601419449,
-0.09020506590604782,
0.04266708344221115,
0.01999833434820175,
-0.03705085441470146,
-0.07760243862867355,
0.02301953360438347,
0.00657843891531229,
0.036319833248853683,
-0.03317662328481674,
0.015349074266850948,
0.03992815688252449,
-0.03262973204255104,
0.013791082426905632,
-0.08369900286197662,
0.007512557785958052,
0.05397903546690941,
0.022059885784983635,
0.0166232418268919,
-0.0038484493270516396,
-0.0100331362336874,
-0.001466314191929996,
0.053766775876283646,
-0.01646175980567932,
-0.06425181031227112,
0.0015369262546300888,
0.0093303844332695,
0.04402654245495796,
0.006407877895981073,
0.005902642384171486,
-0.0162460058927536,
-0.006668764166533947,
0.02173411101102829,
0.06196049973368645,
-0.032938458025455475,
-0.007470829412341118,
0.0347997285425663,
0.025500912219285965,
0.01884416677057743,
0.010733111761510372,
-0.01164999883621931,
-0.08228784799575806,
-0.0020303211640566587,
-0.08680543303489685,
0.0682050809264183,
-0.033610764890909195,
-0.009149298071861267,
0.025348840281367302,
0.04893558844923973,
0.05340082198381424,
-0.016738800331950188,
0.03183428570628166,
0.005983023438602686,
0.01233943086117506,
-0.025467442348599434,
-0.027276815846562386,
-0.0034653116017580032,
0.02598515897989273,
-0.029970278963446617,
-0.074801504611969,
-0.06686187535524368,
-0.03215589374303818,
-0.03443683683872223,
-0.030100606381893158,
0.017063746228814125,
-0.04183558002114296,
-0.018809061497449875,
0.017610054463148117,
0.026656324043869972,
-0.08078652620315552,
0.03955596312880516,
-0.0022618179209530354,
-0.007277543190866709,
0.026569969952106476,
0.016819721087813377,
0.027621706947684288,
0.029935523867607117,
-0.04074803739786148,
0.06126413121819496,
0.03240412846207619,
0.016995428130030632,
0.037625137716531754,
0.025981714949011803,
-0.06532202661037445,
-0.037227336317300797,
0.026849422603845596,
0.07238967716693878,
0.008679930120706558,
-0.010148854926228523,
0.034961264580488205,
-0.023128587752580643,
0.04582536965608597,
0.012617628090083599,
0.00023839596542529762,
-0.00902404822409153,
-0.006626924499869347,
0.01523501705378294,
0.037579819560050964,
-0.02353155054152012,
0.06736477464437485,
0.008732259273529053,
-0.019007142633199692,
-0.04636378586292267,
-0.002095661824569106,
0.024793121963739395,
-0.005365016404539347,
0.03210335597395897,
-0.02200794778764248,
-0.017710236832499504,
0.006903038825839758,
0.027160117402672768,
0.04265860840678215,
0.041208527982234955,
-0.013648671098053455,
-0.02053963765501976,
0.019090618938207626,
-0.023498889058828354,
0.01726001314818859,
0.031920239329338074,
-0.01900644414126873,
-0.06502848118543625,
0.043232064694166183,
0.05010167136788368,
-0.04196176305413246,
-0.004267477430403233,
-0.02461938187479973,
-0.05499754846096039,
0.0478091686964035,
0.011780924163758755,
0.01610739715397358,
-0.03014589473605156,
0.053362198173999786,
-0.019626131281256676,
-0.018932634964585304,
0.0134340301156044,
-0.07715388387441635,
0.026380617171525955,
0.04193786904215813,
-0.0034609688445925713,
0.01366922166198492,
-0.009563034400343895,
0.07353726029396057,
-0.016962934285402298,
0.00017972680507227778,
0.014544576406478882,
-0.07459042966365814,
-0.009376664645969868,
0.017838487401604652,
-0.019821718335151672,
0.05054164677858353,
0.019599156454205513,
-0.012090171687304974,
0.03006029687821865,
0.04106320068240166,
0.030555807054042816,
0.026996828615665436,
-0.02396775409579277,
0.022706730291247368,
0.008157463744282722,
-0.017398308962583542,
-0.011467797681689262,
0.05128121376037598,
-0.09003989398479462,
-0.03613444045186043,
-0.011854460462927818,
0.018478017300367355,
-0.03273504227399826,
-0.025075316429138184,
-0.07467134296894073,
0.031102310866117477,
-0.015746956691145897,
-0.005571403075009584,
-0.0064672669395804405,
0.04142442345619202,
-0.023153042420744896,
0.06734461337327957,
0.04465065151453018,
-0.018557867035269737,
-0.0018247752450406551,
-0.014116278849542141,
0.11612510681152344,
0.09376130998134613,
-0.013322824612259865,
-0.0014067112933844328,
0.03309141844511032,
-0.0034702648408710957,
-0.005932834465056658,
0.010385937988758087,
0.003149638418108225,
0.029945984482765198,
-0.01669377274811268,
-0.011532575823366642,
-0.029148226603865623,
0.05098332464694977,
-0.05227994918823242,
0.005710124038159847,
0.053681742399930954,
-0.029670491814613342,
0.05697674676775932,
-0.005778453312814236,
0.014873193576931953,
0.05634205788373947,
-0.038438379764556885,
-0.023955577984452248,
-0.02727360837161541,
-0.04558679834008217,
0.0014023666735738516,
0.006596984341740608,
-0.010509013198316097,
0.016565563157200813,
-0.06902449578046799,
-0.017608657479286194,
0.037220798432826996,
0.06298428028821945,
0.06719457358121872,
0.019875993952155113,
-0.04131833463907242,
-0.007288215681910515,
-0.05233020335435867,
-0.07461678236722946,
-0.10713700950145721,
-0.03514615073800087,
0.0025908921379595995,
0.05148295685648918,
0.009144867770373821,
0.02486286871135235,
-0.018627548590302467,
0.010642284527420998,
-0.020372383296489716,
-0.044996149837970734,
0.0034573024604469538,
0.010641669854521751,
-0.01430250983685255,
-0.02836478315293789,
-0.0105371605604887,
0.035402800887823105,
0.06747475266456604,
-0.02949320711195469,
-0.050004806369543076,
-0.024133028462529182,
-0.06731197983026505,
-0.01237769890576601,
-0.033811360597610474,
-0.018265126273036003,
0.007873774506151676,
0.02486773021519184,
0.013633964583277702,
-0.002224087482318282,
0.0013805797789245844,
0.02263541892170906,
0.06569474190473557,
0.06860921531915665,
0.018821178004145622,
-0.011924691498279572,
0.004748077597469091,
-0.0035401713103055954,
0.020802484825253487,
-0.04065322130918503,
0.010766088962554932,
-0.012208927422761917,
0.02156807854771614,
0.03288942202925682,
0.006985877174884081,
-0.28075557947158813,
-0.008616587147116661,
0.04380998760461807,
-0.028058413416147232,
0.003620292991399765,
0.023257913067936897,
0.05582185462117195,
-0.019015317782759666,
-0.05787569284439087,
-0.0001455523888580501,
-0.0362837091088295,
0.004597875755280256,
-0.0272199884057045,
0.062449317425489426,
0.042397528886795044,
-0.01413846854120493,
-0.003477404359728098,
-0.03498170152306557,
0.04885493963956833,
0.017948931083083153,
-0.04494495317339897,
-0.058083537966012955,
-0.015192944556474686,
0.015051981434226036,
-0.009087027050554752,
0.00833846814930439,
-0.07569817453622818,
-0.031431835144758224,
-0.05090029165148735,
0.03354731202125549,
-0.048593029379844666,
-0.030669284984469414,
0.004851116333156824,
0.042722709476947784,
0.0057617793790996075,
0.013065636157989502,
0.017637867480516434,
-0.024972878396511078,
0.010666852816939354,
0.00980509165674448,
-0.029686512425541878,
0.05223921313881874,
-0.025163941085338593,
0.010821904055774212,
0.051132820546627045,
0.0032572890631854534,
-0.00636644009500742,
0.021988103166222572,
-0.0020254584960639477,
0.024515880271792412,
-0.024823181331157684,
0.0076444572769105434,
0.01964021846652031,
-0.06556779891252518,
0.005731281824409962,
0.005412828177213669,
-0.031296707689762115,
-0.00836332980543375,
-0.03593021258711815,
-0.0039046078454703093,
-0.0005786383990198374,
-0.024870987981557846,
-0.0029696570709347725,
-0.009725876152515411,
-0.002226610202342272,
-0.03958767279982567,
-0.1013856902718544,
-0.057522717863321304,
0.05183853954076767,
0.026610324159264565,
0.02550090104341507,
0.029726773500442505,
-0.03346909210085869,
-0.09711647033691406,
0.02361096255481243,
0.027931734919548035,
-0.00761085981503129,
-0.03510139510035515,
0.037063609808683395,
0.01761499047279358,
-0.046582914888858795,
-0.01943042501807213,
-0.043739162385463715,
0.04718642681837082,
0.017538167536258698,
0.0017363082151859999,
0.0022785014007240534,
-0.0328214168548584,
-0.04583773761987686,
-0.04191853106021881,
0.01947583258152008,
0.010094967670738697,
0.06185327097773552,
0.03032701648771763,
0.05470185726881027,
0.06028985232114792,
0.0033559815492480993,
0.04928188771009445,
0.037270501255989075,
-0.010015279054641724,
0.06130049005150795,
-0.0627092570066452,
-0.0077407481148839,
-0.012024098075926304,
-0.015442817471921444,
0.040822479873895645,
-0.06180538609623909,
0.008993315510451794,
0.011782113462686539,
0.005066725891083479,
-0.037412699311971664,
-0.04980744421482086,
-0.013852051459252834,
-0.007305304519832134,
0.005986637435853481,
-0.02733609452843666,
0.005038215313106775,
0.03658008202910423,
0.026933440938591957,
-0.01770167052745819,
-0.019460028037428856,
0.03844679147005081,
-0.010739902034401894,
-0.008014286868274212,
-0.007219791412353516,
-0.004642178770154715,
-0.05602512136101723,
-0.0016801278106868267,
0.02542652003467083,
0.003352166386321187,
0.029729528352618217,
0.07290856540203094,
0.00007875803567003459,
0.01833893544971943,
0.05162026360630989,
-0.0007545297266915441,
-0.004887922201305628,
-0.041620418429374695,
0.03471013903617859,
-0.005514821037650108,
0.056650228798389435,
0.02623278647661209,
0.05397786945104599,
-0.020474130287766457,
0.023512372747063637,
0.020861733704805374,
0.02649589255452156,
0.012587616220116615,
0.0065863486379384995,
0.0016958849737420678,
-0.016361985355615616,
-0.04881724342703819,
-0.02686344087123871,
-0.02208755724132061,
0.013215940445661545,
0.011578693985939026,
0.023916887119412422,
-0.0055577741004526615,
0.029518837109208107,
-0.05419682711362839,
0.02639499492943287,
0.019413979724049568,
-0.023377247154712677,
0.011892786249518394,
-0.01635158807039261,
0.07840809226036072,
-0.0398750826716423,
0.028093039989471436,
0.0008243598276749253,
-0.01799989677965641,
0.01302205678075552,
0.009966450743377209,
-0.011218298226594925,
0.00800591241568327,
-0.04111441969871521,
0.03582392632961273,
0.010721084661781788,
-0.01790081523358822,
-0.032147493213415146,
-0.004926630295813084,
0.039891164749860764,
-0.011666678823530674,
-0.01675773411989212,
0.058297012001276016,
0.05714857205748558,
-0.002384458901360631,
0.010302244685590267,
-0.013590867631137371,
-0.028642037883400917,
0.04073168709874153,
0.010866445489227772,
0.00017416324408259243,
-0.05863596871495247,
-0.028804492205381393,
-0.029546057805418968,
-0.05182330682873726,
0.035976048558950424,
0.025446845218539238,
-0.04116899147629738,
-0.018031733110547066,
0.04496701806783676,
0.00011680162424454466,
-0.033460430800914764,
0.033888839185237885,
0.02657206915318966,
-0.04896468669176102,
-0.010160122998058796,
0.05464652553200722,
-0.014340712688863277,
0.02033061534166336,
-0.013999245129525661,
-0.028422927483916283,
-0.0394592322409153,
-0.002717918250709772,
0.002771022031083703,
0.002896431367844343,
-0.038579486310482025,
-0.010122493840754032,
0.003917325288057327,
0.0011701715411618352,
0.021580422297120094,
0.016211016103625298,
0.025541037321090698,
-0.04566071927547455,
0.0021745162084698677,
0.04629940539598465,
-0.04378364607691765,
0.0021540685556828976,
0.002295813988894224,
-0.017977172508835793,
-0.006587138399481773,
-0.06200633943080902,
-0.011356303468346596,
0.021481487900018692,
0.004833484999835491,
-0.0026119016110897064,
-0.07772176712751389,
0.0002061270351987332,
-0.021918680518865585,
0.0006914259865880013,
0.0003238334320485592,
-0.012430474162101746,
-0.021005116403102875,
-0.028270211070775986,
-0.0028687859885394573,
0.014161679893732071,
0.018692011013627052,
0.00008124505257001147,
0.031549014151096344,
-0.008515721186995506,
0.009050395339727402,
-0.008708442561328411,
-0.06761632859706879,
-0.015956275165081024,
0.057544540613889694,
0.00037201502709649503,
-0.06461244076490402,
-0.08812977373600006,
-0.015487494878470898,
0.021478017792105675,
-0.03996622934937477,
-0.0040284073911607265,
-0.03622962161898613,
0.040635205805301666,
0.014085878618061543,
0.026593627408146858,
0.0005797836347483099,
-0.035508692264556885,
0.027010878548026085,
-0.05442768707871437,
0.01609586551785469,
-0.028966719284653664,
0.011066118255257607,
-0.001530906418338418,
-0.02602403238415718,
0.045071668922901154,
-0.004330737981945276,
0.0011212282115593553,
0.01287972740828991,
-0.05426667630672455,
-0.06280311197042465,
0.018771624192595482,
-0.0025292132049798965,
-0.009035316295921803,
0.020410165190696716,
-0.037199001759290695,
-0.015632905066013336,
-0.013474761508405209,
-0.02938676066696644,
0.02599373087286949,
0.035156432539224625,
0.0033983998000621796,
-0.007966762408614159,
0.021730199456214905,
-0.003868847619742155,
0.011554999276995659,
-0.02963409386575222,
0.057854559272527695,
0.014479092322289944,
0.02366512082517147,
-0.041122350841760635,
0.0404977984726429,
0.03924768418073654,
-0.011350663378834724,
0.030037468299269676,
0.030149366706609726,
-0.03013094700872898,
-0.0658247098326683,
0.03978647664189339,
-0.0045153177343308926,
-0.0003680265217553824,
-0.06490542739629745,
0.030915193259716034,
0.025502024218440056,
-0.07688049226999283,
-0.0037753863725811243,
0.02094404585659504,
-0.0030146301724016666,
0.018104631453752518,
0.009841255843639374,
-0.002473954576998949,
0.004556788597255945,
0.053864408284425735,
0.0032809805124998093,
0.04019889980554581,
0.05882678180932999,
0.010176785290241241,
-0.014013777486979961,
-0.04553724825382233,
0.07507593184709549,
0.08594489097595215,
0.01614183560013771,
0.013025481253862381,
0.0772799402475357,
-0.037188850343227386,
-0.04123399406671524,
0.010572997853159904,
0.018195055425167084,
-0.026470599696040154,
-0.005693189334124327,
-0.0032727045472711325,
0.09121116995811462,
-0.019117379561066628,
0.08101283013820648,
-0.00821403507143259,
-0.0030431745108217,
0.037319835275411606,
0.03957582637667656,
0.001873696455731988,
0.03247035667300224,
0.017581196501851082,
0.01159315463155508,
-0.030136186629533768,
-0.013975393027067184,
-0.020702501758933067,
-0.024590106680989265,
0.030834147706627846,
0.02165468968451023,
0.020508350804448128,
0.008906455710530281,
0.017798850312829018,
0.05012024566531181,
0.10181284695863724,
-0.044431429356336594,
-0.07489202171564102,
-0.008548484183847904,
0.009464438073337078,
0.012905112467706203,
0.024263404309749603,
0.0064420634880661964,
0.0016146395355463028,
0.010661562904715538,
-0.06709188967943192,
0.041108403354883194,
0.011465019546449184,
-0.025927871465682983,
0.01819850504398346,
-0.04515110328793526,
-0.026645051315426826,
0.012203379534184933,
0.015005901455879211,
-0.030800731852650642,
-0.05555034801363945,
-0.01503688469529152,
-0.03814135491847992,
-0.06531576812267303,
-0.034463196992874146,
0.022681159898638725,
-0.03572695329785347,
-0.022052554413676262,
0.01942720077931881,
-0.010218445211648941,
0.02193649485707283,
0.037634216248989105,
-0.05272466316819191,
-0.05234473943710327,
0.04655665159225464,
-0.0013454651925712824,
0.01933227851986885,
0.020058749243617058,
0.030836407095193863,
-0.019758932292461395,
-0.009522550739347935,
0.01030789129436016,
-0.03602583333849907,
0.030719567090272903,
0.0019909574184566736,
0.00858263485133648,
-0.09853503853082657,
0.03392791375517845,
0.019395364448428154,
-0.03883383795619011,
-0.07521744817495346,
0.029896387830376625,
-0.017260801047086716,
0.00782139040529728,
0.06339701265096664,
-0.0031267928425222635,
-0.012703275308012962,
-0.05866255238652229,
-0.014720668084919453,
-0.011901740916073322,
-0.00026182018336839974,
0.0608053021132946,
-0.029336709529161453,
0.07320959866046906,
0.033470094203948975,
-0.02042469009757042,
-0.024352343752980232,
0.022086121141910553,
0.026896866038441658,
0.005199972540140152,
-0.023416824638843536,
-0.013885763473808765,
-0.021247729659080505,
-0.09779249876737595,
-0.048008184880018234,
0.029840262606739998,
0.006551006808876991,
-0.03198561817407608,
0.011426134966313839,
0.04912406578660011,
-0.009277229197323322,
0.023228608071804047,
-0.008535793982446194,
-0.013784299604594707,
-0.022108089178800583,
-0.04059756174683571,
-0.07416032999753952,
-0.007057194598019123,
-0.01769280806183815,
-0.010812397114932537,
-0.009763459675014019,
-0.03844360262155533,
-0.02117731235921383,
-0.04140345752239227,
0.017653722316026688,
-0.002722023520618677,
0.011462188325822353,
0.0020410811994224787
] |
3,431
|
ThunderKittens: Simple, Fast, and Adorable Kernels
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=0fJfVOSUra
|
[
"Benjamin Frederick Spector",
"Simran Arora",
"Aaryan Singhal",
"Arjun Parthasarathy",
"Daniel Y Fu",
"Christopher Re"
] |
Spotlight
|
The challenge of mapping AI architectures to GPU hardware is creating a critical bottleneck in AI progress. Despite substantial efforts, hand-written custom kernels fail to meet their theoretical performance thresholds, even on well-established operations like linear attention. The diverse capabilities of GPUs suggests we might we need a wide variety of techniques to achieve high performance. However, our work explores if a small number of key abstractions can drastically simplify the process. We present ThunderKittens (TK), a framework for writing performant AI kernels while remaining easy to use. Our abstractions map to the three levels of the GPU hierarchy: (1) at the warp-level, we provide 16x16 matrix tiles as basic data structures and PyTorch-like operations, (2) at the thread-block level, we provide templates for asynchronously overlapping operations, and (3) at the grid-level, TK helps hide block launch, tear-down, and memory costs. We show the value of TK by providing simple & diverse kernels that match or outperform prior art. We match CuBLAS and FlashAttention-3 on GEMM and attention inference performance and outperform the strongest baselines by $10-40$\% on attention backwards, $8\times$ on state space models, and $14\times$ on linear attention.
|
Systems, Kernels, Efficiency, Efficient Models, IO Awareness, GPUs
|
ThunderKittens (TK) is a framework that simplifies the creation of high-performance AI kernels through key abstractions, enabling efficient implementation of ML architectures on GPU hardware and surpassing previous approaches in hardware utilization.
| 9,493
|
2410.20399
|
[
-0.006498987320810556,
-0.023278893902897835,
-0.007892027497291565,
0.0468880720436573,
0.0008942821295931935,
0.0451500378549099,
0.004064833279699087,
0.04209853708744049,
-0.014630023390054703,
-0.023133404552936554,
-0.03396028280258179,
-0.002995692193508148,
-0.0665784403681755,
0.011447949334979057,
0.00017459048831369728,
0.04724054038524628,
0.028034266084432602,
-0.03224867954850197,
0.012669647112488747,
0.01703600399196148,
0.0011370086576789618,
-0.032512299716472626,
0.015397590585052967,
0.02328253723680973,
0.010087130591273308,
-0.00412852643057704,
0.028917599469423294,
0.030776865780353546,
-0.030976762995123863,
0.008656789548695087,
0.007279540877789259,
0.025215348228812218,
-0.011246073991060257,
-0.04892943426966667,
0.004698263015598059,
-0.015539685264229774,
-0.06458674371242523,
0.034565720707178116,
0.02783750370144844,
0.008287649601697922,
-0.012624530121684074,
0.004475971218198538,
0.01609431579709053,
0.017216533422470093,
-0.0460420586168766,
0.03400379419326782,
-0.10542317479848862,
0.034999337047338486,
-0.008093547075986862,
-0.021677518263459206,
-0.08154235035181046,
0.02642795816063881,
0.008031642995774746,
-0.006911919452250004,
0.026709305122494698,
0.009873802773654461,
0.03453719988465309,
-0.0757787898182869,
-0.003472498618066311,
-0.047447968274354935,
-0.0200908575206995,
-0.013977752067148685,
0.01811762899160385,
0.023445269092917442,
-0.02670932002365589,
0.0031206817366182804,
0.017407549545168877,
0.005592630710452795,
-0.04726306349039078,
-0.0452517494559288,
-0.010211111046373844,
0.005391136277467012,
-0.003914278000593185,
0.030418291687965393,
0.01966879889369011,
-0.027998918667435646,
0.004385019186884165,
0.015781177207827568,
0.08878368884325027,
-0.012288502417504787,
0.02299281768500805,
0.011492800898849964,
0.016703862696886063,
0.07711929082870483,
0.0005615742411464453,
0.007773395627737045,
-0.004970744717866182,
-0.021340740844607353,
-0.07876613736152649,
0.0563749223947525,
-0.023541204631328583,
-0.017703181132674217,
0.03523310646414757,
0.04822796583175659,
-0.031166572123765945,
0.020599910989403725,
-0.0025227428413927555,
0.005360743962228298,
0.021523961797356606,
0.010096467100083828,
0.002832057885825634,
-0.048144519329071045,
-0.0026053604669868946,
0.019058285281062126,
-0.0927969366312027,
-0.009827053174376488,
-0.02453748695552349,
-0.01815599761903286,
-0.026662196964025497,
0.014477104879915714,
-0.01993093267083168,
-0.026864899322390556,
0.01821366511285305,
-0.022195126861333847,
-0.07452911138534546,
0.028385736048221588,
-0.006681398954242468,
0.00538999680429697,
-0.007981306873261929,
-0.009074067696928978,
0.05640437826514244,
0.086636483669281,
0.0029748212546110153,
0.057301152497529984,
0.021350715309381485,
0.02683335915207863,
0.011656728573143482,
0.014048301614820957,
-0.01941225677728653,
-0.04164987429976463,
0.01620689406991005,
0.03246336802840233,
0.0014335601590573788,
0.0007117174100130796,
-0.0006123268976807594,
-0.01688423939049244,
-0.010197686031460762,
0.01574060693383217,
0.04045281931757927,
-0.0051366472616791725,
0.024657955393195152,
-0.049720779061317444,
0.055659785866737366,
-0.03435394912958145,
0.07508540153503418,
-0.03030298464000225,
-0.007385780569165945,
-0.0036325084511190653,
-0.007991413585841656,
0.020411547273397446,
-0.01596076413989067,
0.0252082496881485,
-0.03682209923863411,
-0.0654384195804596,
0.05094023793935776,
0.04768412187695503,
0.019940173253417015,
0.008186100982129574,
0.008573289029300213,
0.050190381705760956,
0.0013186216820031404,
0.010645918548107147,
-0.04299583286046982,
-0.0041768914088606834,
-0.01091099064797163,
-0.03429054841399193,
0.04849373921751976,
0.012578843161463737,
-0.014002880081534386,
-0.015378905460238457,
-0.02441778965294361,
-0.04828702285885811,
0.045553918927907944,
0.030927537009119987,
0.008666030131280422,
-0.0025277079548686743,
0.09388036280870438,
-0.019668910652399063,
0.0069082388654351234,
0.02832549437880516,
-0.08339075744152069,
0.01660207286477089,
0.02426297217607498,
0.003121379530057311,
-0.03947312757372856,
-0.01970825344324112,
0.06919386982917786,
-0.04322529956698418,
-0.022843193262815475,
-0.020100479945540428,
-0.0942976102232933,
-0.011120456270873547,
0.019225910305976868,
-0.0031490286346524954,
0.0721520408987999,
-0.00037550623528659344,
-0.042140379548072815,
-0.004470443353056908,
0.027848634868860245,
0.041157372295856476,
0.039274342358112335,
-0.038787391036748886,
0.0582713857293129,
-0.030524203553795815,
-0.03172995522618294,
-0.019257741048932076,
0.04373344033956528,
-0.059209294617176056,
-0.06187965348362923,
-0.009096704423427582,
-0.0006036855629645288,
-0.024140121415257454,
0.017390165477991104,
0.012884718365967274,
0.025293022394180298,
0.015519882552325726,
0.014795909635722637,
-0.009307964704930782,
0.029550638049840927,
-0.05393778160214424,
0.020299607887864113,
0.00996063556522131,
-0.013972935266792774,
-0.003367745317518711,
0.00016828521620482206,
0.09808626770973206,
0.043293461203575134,
-0.0731932669878006,
0.005521995015442371,
-0.006756586022675037,
-0.006060096435248852,
0.023747652769088745,
0.0033583426848053932,
-0.028534723445773125,
-0.025153767317533493,
-0.03326234593987465,
0.024058254435658455,
-0.04320620745420456,
0.05401191487908363,
-0.03800658509135246,
-0.07277712970972061,
0.06652986258268356,
-0.003801798913627863,
0.08250992745161057,
0.026859581470489502,
0.0037955506704747677,
0.05573999881744385,
-0.05193822830915451,
-0.026383183896541595,
-0.02912166900932789,
-0.02424280159175396,
-0.0016391378594562411,
0.0011364149395376444,
-0.02909398078918457,
-0.008995793759822845,
-0.05514783784747124,
-0.006327773444354534,
-0.027291856706142426,
0.04672427102923393,
0.0446142815053463,
0.005502594634890556,
0.008256737142801285,
0.02432083524763584,
-0.03195696324110031,
-0.0011103987926617265,
-0.124265655875206,
0.0023011474404484034,
-0.0020976129453629255,
0.028253182768821716,
-0.007432566024363041,
0.025976024568080902,
-0.017014387995004654,
0.019495300948619843,
-0.02982330694794655,
-0.03510603681206703,
-0.016981355845928192,
0.013736012391746044,
-0.00123605877161026,
-0.025245822966098785,
-0.03311782702803612,
0.015858182683587074,
0.0597897432744503,
-0.012177949771285057,
0.013214674778282642,
-0.028072286397218704,
-0.03569510951638222,
0.016557231545448303,
-0.07912350445985794,
-0.00767653388902545,
-0.0071654790081083775,
0.03745341673493385,
0.03199606388807297,
-0.05861169844865799,
0.024137083441019058,
0.037833720445632935,
0.125889852643013,
0.05293278768658638,
-0.010811458341777325,
-0.06722675263881683,
0.011080682277679443,
-0.007773618679493666,
0.03285234421491623,
-0.018831893801689148,
0.030082248151302338,
-0.022692512720823288,
0.0002307226968696341,
0.004151369910687208,
-0.030592836439609528,
-0.25971823930740356,
-0.028232667595148087,
-0.0015508508076891303,
-0.02957558073103428,
0.031066300347447395,
-0.00733978534117341,
0.019384630024433136,
-0.0076192147098481655,
0.01823519729077816,
-0.004830281715840101,
0.00825563445687294,
0.03330497443675995,
-0.019734105095267296,
0.04299160838127136,
0.05925268679857254,
0.02436395362019539,
-0.004178097937256098,
-0.010306578129529953,
0.010156193748116493,
0.035795796662569046,
0.0129755400121212,
-0.10302645713090897,
-0.03704196959733963,
0.03110657073557377,
-0.009951047599315643,
0.012814323417842388,
-0.07202745974063873,
0.0022979911882430315,
-0.03424517810344696,
-0.005729298107326031,
-0.011754065752029419,
-0.01726449467241764,
-0.009864638559520245,
0.04787223041057587,
0.001789287431165576,
0.0061855074018239975,
0.050999563187360764,
-0.02331697568297386,
0.04206095263361931,
0.00800407025963068,
0.01905401237308979,
-0.013881166465580463,
-0.011477207764983177,
0.01622784323990345,
0.08987239748239517,
-0.0020236594136804342,
-0.06655799597501755,
-0.039101775735616684,
-0.043697960674762726,
0.019558001309633255,
-0.016797853633761406,
-0.035618916153907776,
-0.03428945317864418,
0.035452667623758316,
-0.035834942013025284,
-0.029632775112986565,
-0.00037335450178943574,
0.024498166516423225,
-0.02041906677186489,
0.031834688037633896,
-0.02100013568997383,
-0.05079512298107147,
-0.01915409415960312,
-0.0016564424149692059,
-0.015227047726511955,
-0.043885208666324615,
-0.057064760476350784,
-0.056539881974458694,
0.016718056052923203,
0.025865327566862106,
-0.006290235556662083,
0.01150511670857668,
-0.04396829754114151,
-0.0916033461689949,
0.00923250988125801,
0.026724660769104958,
-0.0289887897670269,
0.00048475025687366724,
0.03023543581366539,
0.06260418891906738,
-0.033441442996263504,
-0.07949375361204147,
0.01011680532246828,
0.001052540959790349,
0.019981220364570618,
-0.03254886344075203,
-0.02416098490357399,
-0.0413469560444355,
0.02262372337281704,
-0.00496751768514514,
0.04630640894174576,
-0.002183630596846342,
0.02241291105747223,
-0.027712032198905945,
0.058202143758535385,
0.017308538779616356,
0.06237632408738136,
0.04106833413243294,
0.03235518932342529,
0.04820169508457184,
0.03444647789001465,
-0.09346046298742294,
-0.029144149273633957,
-0.033650465309619904,
-0.048511046916246414,
0.032727811485528946,
-0.024557651951909065,
-0.026014719158411026,
0.06678061187267303,
0.016888659447431564,
-0.02521592006087303,
-0.06440171599388123,
0.01885063387453556,
0.004334751516580582,
0.0027921332512050867,
-0.010436189360916615,
0.04688018187880516,
0.03936281427741051,
-0.007791973650455475,
0.013774732127785683,
-0.05287161096930504,
0.030857756733894348,
-0.030427275225520134,
0.026667648926377296,
0.011507580988109112,
0.0005585546605288982,
-0.003867024090141058,
-0.014724613167345524,
0.007525158580392599,
-0.013061745092272758,
0.022376587614417076,
0.039015594869852066,
-0.006664021406322718,
0.022278591990470886,
0.033322565257549286,
-0.01171835232526064,
0.006844467483460903,
0.005851192865520716,
0.01655796356499195,
-0.01265953853726387,
0.038219887763261795,
-0.0152805270627141,
0.035073354840278625,
0.02432955801486969,
-0.001900092582218349,
0.014990579336881638,
0.003900339361280203,
0.0005689299432560802,
-0.007163364905864,
0.012713810428977013,
0.011544445529580116,
-0.002902204869315028,
-0.008348473347723484,
-0.037649378180503845,
-0.005327700637280941,
-0.0231475792825222,
0.03807244822382927,
-0.025200968608260155,
0.005352019798010588,
-0.05399564653635025,
0.03416358307003975,
0.027989787980914116,
-0.018682997673749924,
-0.018926674500107765,
0.027790576219558716,
0.038312893360853195,
0.007876656949520111,
-0.028801344335079193,
0.02101162075996399,
0.03233560919761658,
-0.019638126716017723,
-0.028961803764104843,
-0.028494035825133324,
-0.0046624052338302135,
0.0004855591105297208,
0.036135174334049225,
0.003370466409251094,
-0.017444437369704247,
-0.008981574326753616,
0.016044827178120613,
-0.0018258437048643827,
0.00946008786559105,
-0.0016210448229685426,
0.009161021560430527,
0.08500058203935623,
0.00808682944625616,
-0.004133053123950958,
0.01847682148218155,
-0.020671194419264793,
0.04949435591697693,
-0.015090431086719036,
0.03018205054104328,
-0.009156490676105022,
-0.02663423866033554,
-0.017062341794371605,
-0.03181803226470947,
0.0402233824133873,
-0.00624045729637146,
-0.020246833562850952,
-0.074131079018116,
-0.00921484176069498,
-0.001783641055226326,
-0.05895649641752243,
0.01334359310567379,
0.0688328891992569,
-0.04623134061694145,
0.0030558668076992035,
0.01952914148569107,
0.005454871337860823,
0.0009336457005701959,
-0.008447973057627678,
-0.011519751511514187,
-0.05315733700990677,
-0.0003139236359857023,
0.0009257530327886343,
0.0008659724844619632,
-0.008539804257452488,
-0.008645765483379364,
-0.021450480446219444,
-0.022544967010617256,
-0.0001711091463221237,
-0.00322106690146029,
0.0070533291436731815,
-0.028818001970648766,
-0.01613442972302437,
0.019443050026893616,
0.005183689296245575,
-0.029407475143671036,
-0.010092267766594887,
-0.03300647810101509,
0.04310750588774681,
-0.058593377470970154,
0.015298157930374146,
0.06637290865182877,
-0.005140709225088358,
0.004937209654599428,
-0.034389887005090714,
0.009449183009564877,
0.023065879940986633,
-0.01805354282259941,
-0.00001033477110468084,
-0.015903042629361153,
-0.042546894401311874,
0.02019622176885605,
0.011012156493961811,
-0.00605957442894578,
-0.007127650082111359,
0.012507152743637562,
-0.03421870246529579,
0.01115791779011488,
-0.0006945838686078787,
0.002831843448802829,
-0.031475286930799484,
-0.01269722729921341,
0.054608575999736786,
-0.08096246421337128,
-0.012157372198998928,
-0.060937196016311646,
-0.04255066066980362,
0.01841239258646965,
-0.043074727058410645,
-0.005805274471640587,
-0.04160279408097267,
0.032011859118938446,
-0.006348020862787962,
0.06297123432159424,
0.011338445357978344,
-0.0310987401753664,
0.05484144762158394,
-0.030825432389974594,
0.007970628328621387,
-0.04190598055720329,
-0.04665268212556839,
0.03347673639655113,
-0.04507748782634735,
-0.004104443360120058,
0.013452613726258278,
-0.05264364928007126,
0.025291645899415016,
-0.02355865389108658,
-0.0557214729487896,
0.03643626719713211,
-0.020496059209108353,
-0.005114015657454729,
0.027997126802802086,
-0.033357392996549606,
0.01654423587024212,
-0.02040185034275055,
-0.024001730605959892,
0.010655260644853115,
0.01239051390439272,
0.03922557458281517,
-0.0024731324519962072,
0.01962696760892868,
-0.019404781982302666,
-0.011420587077736855,
0.03994245082139969,
0.035853710025548935,
-0.010748647153377533,
0.05507069081068039,
-0.022700849920511246,
0.09462687373161316,
0.03858938440680504,
0.025637399405241013,
0.01652158796787262,
0.00029238086426630616,
-0.012906838208436966,
-0.016306595876812935,
0.036200303584337234,
-0.014562019146978855,
-0.04560033604502678,
-0.056658074259757996,
0.07155293226242065,
0.013503112830221653,
-0.05056489631533623,
-0.012162001803517342,
0.02129978872835636,
-0.06260227411985397,
0.008130037225782871,
-0.03684777766466141,
-0.020707113668322563,
-0.010325209237635136,
0.069454126060009,
0.0031410129740834236,
0.022117147222161293,
0.08225379884243011,
0.037198103964328766,
-0.010998867452144623,
-0.03251127898693085,
0.0683007687330246,
0.043259359896183014,
0.057613346725702286,
-0.03414617106318474,
0.058153245598077774,
-0.015716159716248512,
-0.03702555596828461,
0.04100257158279419,
0.04207382723689079,
-0.009529543109238148,
-0.013324183411896229,
0.05508159473538399,
0.06896869838237762,
0.003165152855217457,
0.06989400088787079,
-0.07883169502019882,
0.008853156119585037,
0.06777199357748032,
0.014749918133020401,
-0.01277736946940422,
0.08625278621912003,
0.024242699146270752,
0.039662521332502365,
-0.015717394649982452,
-0.05036832019686699,
0.009809901006519794,
-0.04875456541776657,
0.016648005694150925,
0.01849791593849659,
-0.003694025333970785,
0.013608708046376705,
-0.01401226781308651,
0.02571984753012657,
0.09846967458724976,
-0.02686043083667755,
-0.03917548060417175,
0.010144688189029694,
0.028713416308164597,
0.01954040303826332,
0.04433467611670494,
-0.015971096232533455,
-0.030999664217233658,
0.005618344526737928,
-0.03775316849350929,
0.010131369344890118,
0.008105652406811714,
-0.011293306015431881,
0.04625144973397255,
-0.03387473151087761,
-0.03311356529593468,
0.032025400549173355,
-0.006738082505762577,
-0.05916933715343475,
-0.04309270158410072,
-0.036135993897914886,
-0.012449966743588448,
-0.028159230947494507,
-0.0026537622325122356,
-0.004619440995156765,
-0.008610588498413563,
-0.06155310943722725,
-0.01881909742951393,
-0.016108449548482895,
0.008919009007513523,
0.03197016566991806,
-0.05571505427360535,
0.0065384116023778915,
0.008400510996580124,
0.01175028644502163,
-0.029575426131486893,
0.04633786901831627,
0.05437064915895462,
-0.028329210355877876,
-0.021120605990290642,
0.04298519715666771,
0.040269635617733,
-0.007202853448688984,
0.01131284236907959,
-0.03068092092871666,
-0.11507570743560791,
0.013822243548929691,
0.03320007026195526,
-0.02554197609424591,
-0.0679374635219574,
0.003614423330873251,
-0.03279082849621773,
0.020350078120827675,
0.06728624552488327,
-0.0014948983443900943,
0.03703295812010765,
-0.052179694175720215,
0.003310065483674407,
0.008992690593004227,
0.0006219804054126143,
0.04499950632452965,
0.00416851881891489,
0.0880161002278328,
0.04092155769467354,
-0.02484452724456787,
0.010301461443305016,
0.020435592159628868,
0.010684466920793056,
0.005678575951606035,
-0.012649857439100742,
-0.013019980862736702,
-0.016691887751221657,
-0.1085011214017868,
0.0012078088475391269,
0.03688749298453331,
0.040494292974472046,
-0.04316568002104759,
0.02146110311150551,
-0.012629954144358635,
-0.011293193325400352,
0.013083036988973618,
-0.025435352697968483,
-0.0219175573438406,
-0.03441733494400978,
-0.013769041746854782,
-0.055083729326725006,
0.030134258791804314,
-0.0458507314324379,
0.022096851840615273,
-0.023433616384863853,
-0.03212040662765503,
0.012101354077458382,
-0.005464601330459118,
0.04936351254582405,
-0.00861495453864336,
0.026455778628587723,
-0.01598573476076126
] |
3,432
|
gRNAde: Geometric Deep Learning for 3D RNA inverse design
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=lvw3UgeVxS
|
[
"Chaitanya K. Joshi",
"Arian Rokkum Jamasb",
"Ramon Viñas Torné",
"Charles Harris",
"Simon V Mathis",
"Alex Morehead",
"Rishabh Anand",
"Pietro Lio"
] |
Spotlight
|
Computational RNA design tasks are often posed as inverse problems, where sequences are designed based on adopting a single desired secondary structure without considering 3D conformational diversity. We introduce gRNAde, a geometric RNA design pipeline operating on 3D RNA backbones to design sequences that explicitly account for structure and dynamics. gRNAde uses a multi-state Graph Neural Network and autoregressive decoding to generates candidate RNA sequences conditioned on one or more 3D backbone structures where the identities of the bases are unknown. On a single-state fixed backbone re-design benchmark of 14 RNA structures from the PDB identified by Das et al. (2010), gRNAde obtains higher native sequence recovery rates (56% on average) compared to Rosetta (45% on average), taking under a second to produce designs compared to the reported hours for Rosetta. We further demonstrate the utility of gRNAde on a new benchmark of multi-state design for structurally flexible RNAs, as well as zero-shot ranking of mutational fitness landscapes in a retrospective analysis of a recent ribozyme. Experimental wet lab validation on 10 different structured RNA backbones finds that gRNAde has a success rate of 50% at designing pseudoknotted RNA structures, a significant advance over 35% for Rosetta. Open source code and tutorials are available at: github.com/chaitjo/geometric-rna-design
|
RNA Structure, RNA Design, Geometric Deep Learning, Graph Neural Networks
|
GNN-based, wet-lab validated 3D RNA design pipeline; obtains SOTA performance for single-state, multi-state design, mutant fitness ranking.
| 9,487
|
2305.14749
|
[
-0.007315300405025482,
-0.01067670900374651,
-0.0260767862200737,
0.04131264239549637,
0.02826607972383499,
0.022171393036842346,
0.043394312262535095,
0.044441044330596924,
0.004810616839677095,
-0.06418982893228531,
0.03708341717720032,
0.012216536328196526,
-0.05965613201260567,
0.014721863903105259,
-0.00596168078482151,
0.0779276192188263,
0.038313012570142746,
0.009176244959235191,
0.010526352562010288,
0.003761477302759886,
0.02403257042169571,
-0.029109394177794456,
-0.012728025205433369,
0.02084742672741413,
0.0685357004404068,
-0.0034344352316111326,
0.01868174411356449,
0.00845515076071024,
-0.023614251986145973,
0.011512224562466145,
0.012063506990671158,
-0.006472419481724501,
0.007079040631651878,
-0.04878736659884453,
0.011822506785392761,
-0.045779768377542496,
-0.07338396459817886,
-0.001665357151068747,
0.006503470707684755,
-0.00599365821108222,
-0.051126427948474884,
-0.016006315127015114,
-0.015239361673593521,
0.013772740960121155,
-0.028590133413672447,
0.022820614278316498,
-0.05146526172757149,
0.0780949518084526,
0.01066812314093113,
-0.004792860709130764,
-0.11358325183391571,
0.05038055032491684,
0.007232191506773233,
0.011629275977611542,
-0.013321357779204845,
0.029658610001206398,
0.08130958676338196,
-0.0350789800286293,
-0.011087590828537941,
-0.05999450758099556,
-0.004080889746546745,
0.037048786878585815,
0.045040376484394073,
0.0014158192789182067,
0.012450498528778553,
-0.007535731419920921,
0.0014191981172189116,
0.04902137070894241,
-0.02945784479379654,
-0.034920066595077515,
-0.03462144732475281,
-0.013561166822910309,
0.002705645514652133,
-0.0016390271484851837,
0.050249166786670685,
-0.05399029701948166,
-0.022664133459329605,
0.03150082379579544,
0.08036740124225616,
0.029584020376205444,
-0.010287872515618801,
0.029614346101880074,
-0.0161740705370903,
0.05940990522503853,
-0.04862075671553612,
-0.005032885819673538,
-0.04233014956116676,
-0.0035068285651504993,
-0.069040946662426,
0.026820210739970207,
-0.031233036890625954,
-0.09307610243558884,
0.0554606169462204,
0.051253922283649445,
0.053596608340740204,
0.0008981822757050395,
0.014313825406134129,
0.054764192551374435,
0.005405742209404707,
0.01858559437096119,
-0.025421656668186188,
-0.03609498590230942,
0.006704086437821388,
-0.019776878878474236,
-0.1148095428943634,
-0.010516351088881493,
-0.04555533826351166,
-0.05803677812218666,
0.029809260740876198,
-0.016542287543416023,
-0.021735655143857002,
-0.023723213002085686,
0.0011342365760356188,
0.006240427028387785,
-0.08787284046411514,
0.05086635425686836,
0.02633029595017433,
0.01206226646900177,
-0.041207898408174515,
-0.005727105308324099,
0.02159738354384899,
0.035503827035427094,
0.023043949156999588,
0.0601424016058445,
0.010812393389642239,
-0.005328720435500145,
-0.009657253511250019,
0.006100842263549566,
-0.036799781024456024,
-0.03684425354003906,
-0.007007801905274391,
0.039705757051706314,
-0.014246693812310696,
0.015043305233120918,
-0.006982858758419752,
-0.02147873304784298,
-0.02650713361799717,
0.01460489071905613,
0.027080636471509933,
0.0069029005244374275,
-0.017951063811779022,
-0.0006369408802129328,
0.019706590101122856,
-0.01547932904213667,
0.07023817300796509,
-0.014026610180735588,
0.023963944986462593,
-0.037726033478975296,
-0.009907220490276814,
0.023425497114658356,
-0.0019431599648669362,
-0.039222076535224915,
-0.015568302944302559,
-0.049011219292879105,
0.015862450003623962,
0.046825092285871506,
0.03394032269716263,
0.05891267582774162,
-0.0026309688109904528,
-0.004443937446922064,
0.024045322090387344,
-0.002767973579466343,
-0.012584909796714783,
0.020707232877612114,
0.010199114680290222,
-0.020494788885116577,
0.03758495673537254,
0.07881688326597214,
-0.03914434835314751,
-0.0292611476033926,
-0.06400929391384125,
-0.04137201979756355,
0.06339901685714722,
-0.02129002846777439,
-0.023951057344675064,
-0.010192736983299255,
0.05371825397014618,
-0.03253260627388954,
0.023471089079976082,
0.03106723725795746,
-0.08374010026454926,
0.02226129360496998,
0.04279352352023125,
0.009693479165434837,
-0.010522814467549324,
-0.044923335313797,
0.11236415803432465,
0.004660867154598236,
0.01689194142818451,
0.034955061972141266,
-0.08335080742835999,
-0.03009951114654541,
0.02654779702425003,
-0.0016218016389757395,
0.06125611811876297,
0.02329140715301037,
0.014503665268421173,
0.07687337696552277,
0.016127148643136024,
0.019095906987786293,
0.007294622715562582,
-0.005039785522967577,
0.06142139434814453,
-0.02449912764132023,
-0.05392744019627571,
-0.012413626536726952,
0.0394088476896286,
-0.07041338831186295,
-0.03262297064065933,
0.021070443093776703,
0.013790322467684746,
-0.02129683643579483,
0.02835366688668728,
-0.017660537734627724,
0.02284901961684227,
-0.00927069690078497,
0.02056569792330265,
-0.018544938415288925,
-0.02735513262450695,
-0.05317046493291855,
0.023041492328047752,
0.011830671690404415,
0.009425317868590355,
-0.016693534329533577,
-0.025746777653694153,
0.11099796742200851,
0.06929589807987213,
-0.02829834260046482,
-0.004319533705711365,
0.039414968341588974,
-0.00018526602070778608,
-0.02257862500846386,
0.020869974046945572,
-0.01289403811097145,
-0.001740342122502625,
0.012021427042782307,
-0.005016490817070007,
-0.008253389038145542,
0.06203412264585495,
-0.0455552376806736,
0.007801949046552181,
0.04031233862042427,
-0.04813269153237343,
0.03891700878739357,
0.013044247403740883,
0.015281260013580322,
0.016924014315009117,
-0.020622748881578445,
-0.03594939410686493,
-0.044491831213235855,
-0.009753666818141937,
0.010515158995985985,
0.009465442970395088,
-0.0030217848252505064,
0.03475349396467209,
-0.0450420156121254,
-0.010067041963338852,
-0.02641291171312332,
0.05689204856753349,
0.04261162132024765,
-0.0028527937829494476,
-0.02460012584924698,
-0.005434342660009861,
-0.02470894530415535,
-0.03607363998889923,
-0.11011206358671188,
-0.04343980923295021,
-0.0380195751786232,
0.05852774903178215,
0.010144046507775784,
0.054097529500722885,
0.023847665637731552,
-0.001478563412092626,
-0.01149377878755331,
-0.018700074404478073,
0.0007688481127843261,
0.03874729201197624,
-0.013789954595267773,
-0.07004103064537048,
-0.018520638346672058,
0.01669088751077652,
0.0638638511300087,
-0.028115244582295418,
-0.04509836062788963,
-0.03805200383067131,
-0.027884850278496742,
-0.0006511648534797132,
-0.020212510600686073,
-0.025386633351445198,
0.036775924265384674,
-0.00778531888499856,
0.036770205944776535,
-0.06761350482702255,
0.00022912229178473353,
0.06571095436811447,
0.012255016714334488,
0.05319086089730263,
0.003403034759685397,
-0.0447220616042614,
0.013951399363577366,
0.010509691201150417,
0.017514917999505997,
0.0032423418015241623,
0.034212373197078705,
-0.02286607027053833,
0.015637021511793137,
0.07285640388727188,
-0.013473624363541603,
-0.2495734840631485,
-0.008705703541636467,
-0.020024580880999565,
-0.028527485206723213,
0.050926655530929565,
-0.012136717326939106,
0.03080618381500244,
-0.02947678416967392,
-0.030958715826272964,
0.00012142020568717271,
-0.015350289642810822,
0.03233979642391205,
-0.004784153774380684,
0.02671937458217144,
0.04211852326989174,
0.014629484154284,
-0.052315112203359604,
-0.006107797380536795,
0.023785296827554703,
0.010979742743074894,
0.010004781186580658,
-0.06499466300010681,
-0.0002873907797038555,
-0.00012103805056540295,
-0.024609528481960297,
0.012895720079541206,
-0.09052962809801102,
-0.011453826911747456,
0.008130482397973537,
0.0010182555997744203,
-0.00411946838721633,
-0.018656812608242035,
0.010434838011860847,
0.042695097625255585,
0.025297118350863457,
-0.012847170233726501,
0.03792639449238777,
-0.025156574323773384,
0.05694783478975296,
0.0229843407869339,
0.007790589239448309,
-0.022922193631529808,
-0.024386079981923103,
0.018004555255174637,
0.08961975574493408,
0.001123873982578516,
-0.015250799246132374,
0.018656468018889427,
-0.025304803624749184,
0.03915909305214882,
0.00045507101458497345,
-0.0342521071434021,
-0.024640114977955818,
0.03640430420637131,
0.01848444528877735,
-0.008635994046926498,
0.011199909262359142,
0.02137141488492489,
-0.03637297451496124,
-0.007912566885352135,
0.05381644517183304,
-0.04771878942847252,
-0.024525975808501244,
-0.03522077202796936,
-0.01992846094071865,
-0.05102416127920151,
-0.06547790765762329,
-0.04008576273918152,
0.030457859858870506,
0.058986108750104904,
-0.007061800453811884,
0.031026067212224007,
-0.017111768946051598,
-0.07713199406862259,
0.030393479391932487,
-0.03821374848484993,
-0.0243011973798275,
-0.026059875264763832,
-0.035110827535390854,
0.029223795980215073,
-0.018846528604626656,
-0.02496558614075184,
-0.015851633623242378,
0.047429949045181274,
0.014908650889992714,
-0.003181862412020564,
0.02851426787674427,
-0.032050564885139465,
-0.027791254222393036,
-0.02145722135901451,
0.01972785033285618,
-0.03614974021911621,
0.032722897827625275,
-0.011902226135134697,
0.031072363257408142,
0.009973069652915001,
0.023401161655783653,
0.018900133669376373,
0.04764756187796593,
0.03472573310136795,
0.058653514832258224,
-0.04286746680736542,
0.007194613106548786,
-0.013038803823292255,
-0.015445942990481853,
0.008618129417300224,
-0.039871133863925934,
-0.01185261644423008,
0.05210863798856735,
0.025339851155877113,
-0.03434550762176514,
-0.025392180308699608,
-0.005232634022831917,
-0.023585548624396324,
-0.031169120222330093,
-0.017252570018172264,
0.04423975571990013,
0.03499174118041992,
0.009396756067872047,
-0.024621175602078438,
-0.007781615015119314,
0.0468856543302536,
-0.040262337774038315,
0.0027783955447375774,
-0.011617662385106087,
0.01825040765106678,
-0.0023864314425736666,
-0.04939480125904083,
0.015288684517145157,
-0.0103253573179245,
0.048997122794389725,
0.04080028086900711,
-0.028965627774596214,
-0.0038667074404656887,
0.0431152805685997,
0.04385492950677872,
-0.03920632600784302,
-0.007376575842499733,
0.02642388641834259,
-0.016188394278287888,
-0.016559811308979988,
-0.01706695556640625,
0.009835943579673767,
-0.006832541432231665,
0.05651955306529999,
0.028120530769228935,
0.02076135203242302,
0.031557969748973846,
0.0008819228387437761,
-0.004897239618003368,
0.013186769559979439,
-0.06428983807563782,
-0.0026280733291059732,
-0.05226757377386093,
0.021342739462852478,
-0.015512838959693909,
0.03658965602517128,
0.01870419830083847,
0.005249750334769487,
-0.052106332033872604,
0.0324297696352005,
-0.012761099264025688,
-0.04657318815588951,
0.02466379664838314,
0.009044726379215717,
0.06093110516667366,
-0.016800884157419205,
-0.0017696950817480683,
0.022083809599280357,
-0.0356222465634346,
-0.020913319662213326,
-0.005744641646742821,
-0.031013604253530502,
0.001285829464904964,
-0.07572535425424576,
0.026783687993884087,
0.013511666096746922,
-0.016307806596159935,
-0.030083414167165756,
0.03192334249615669,
-0.0013530482538044453,
-0.01723579876124859,
0.03384605795145035,
0.05329979583621025,
0.0544588677585125,
-0.014792248606681824,
-0.03671995550394058,
-0.024670163169503212,
-0.01588732935488224,
0.016561301425099373,
-0.05723296478390694,
0.015349319204688072,
-0.046488843858242035,
-0.013323823921382427,
-0.03016914613544941,
-0.04853229597210884,
-0.008618980646133423,
0.03469943627715111,
0.0006780250114388764,
-0.020340802147984505,
-0.0008625370101071894,
0.01561881136149168,
-0.04153859242796898,
0.002405482577160001,
0.03445761278271675,
-0.07162390649318695,
0.010924353264272213,
-0.009647208265960217,
0.022468697279691696,
0.018418937921524048,
-0.0035658967681229115,
-0.0546187125146389,
-0.02662353403866291,
-0.018164971843361855,
0.007457577157765627,
-0.004903850611299276,
-0.03774318844079971,
0.002599018858745694,
-0.013054972514510155,
0.005297569558024406,
0.006287660915404558,
-0.01217282097786665,
0.00400515366345644,
-0.036148566752672195,
0.006709550507366657,
0.041121236979961395,
-0.021688323467969894,
0.0001315787376370281,
-0.002862204797565937,
-0.01378715131431818,
0.06021680310368538,
-0.03314937278628349,
0.05186961218714714,
0.01398383267223835,
-0.026960937306284904,
-0.012146012857556343,
-0.020078139379620552,
-0.0004980114754289389,
-0.01018834114074707,
0.0008047472801990807,
0.05669759213924408,
-0.015370672568678856,
-0.04676426574587822,
0.02575315162539482,
-0.02222537435591221,
0.03565511852502823,
0.012944844551384449,
0.03758752718567848,
0.008367645554244518,
0.028814347460865974,
0.03903427720069885,
-0.003019144991412759,
-0.029783904552459717,
-0.03196495771408081,
0.04441266879439354,
0.0012382091954350471,
-0.02902127429842949,
-0.05849703401327133,
-0.018218232318758965,
-0.0019393820548430085,
0.0016793552786111832,
0.05445738509297371,
-0.06467284262180328,
0.08110380917787552,
0.04120904579758644,
0.022696610540151596,
-0.0014691478572785854,
-0.058575596660375595,
0.058439090847969055,
-0.012249267660081387,
-0.0019618459045886993,
-0.06919670104980469,
0.01200814824551344,
0.06626468151807785,
-0.010602976195514202,
-0.017460430040955544,
-0.00805655773729086,
0.0014304759679362178,
0.00325817265547812,
-0.02627101168036461,
-0.05388280749320984,
0.007291973102837801,
-0.00961843691766262,
0.007775681558996439,
0.002117831725627184,
-0.027561746537685394,
-0.018636619672179222,
-0.001895144465379417,
-0.03882180526852608,
-0.027078397572040558,
0.01816428080201149,
0.020395155996084213,
-0.022336723282933235,
0.0019826798234134912,
-0.004010386765003204,
-0.008326748386025429,
0.03935612738132477,
0.062431756407022476,
0.029435018077492714,
0.020256895571947098,
-0.03479591757059097,
0.08429073542356491,
0.08031460642814636,
0.03197032958269119,
0.018711140379309654,
0.0011051283217966557,
-0.009647448547184467,
-0.047055188566446304,
0.015050198882818222,
0.017001116648316383,
-0.0319521389901638,
-0.05160345509648323,
0.08812396973371506,
0.020293936133384705,
-0.05174953117966652,
-0.0018529669614508748,
0.006643394008278847,
-0.03017307259142399,
-0.0018275324255228043,
0.0007655426161363721,
-0.006995442323386669,
0.009995288215577602,
0.049356479197740555,
-0.030632449313998222,
0.004835817962884903,
0.06748481094837189,
-0.013348330743610859,
-0.0018592001870274544,
-0.01868181861937046,
0.08653747290372849,
0.053972277790308,
0.02832840569317341,
-0.03420312702655792,
0.06322772055864334,
-0.019460491836071014,
-0.05404067412018776,
0.00703031849116087,
0.032918937504291534,
-0.028098011389374733,
-0.03387513384222984,
0.03875719755887985,
0.027934366837143898,
-0.013279900886118412,
0.056515682488679886,
-0.018123062327504158,
-0.007557178381830454,
0.00626733060926199,
0.011854755692183971,
0.016611959785223007,
0.041047871112823486,
0.0332346111536026,
-0.00803489238023758,
-0.02605965919792652,
0.006833341438323259,
-0.03599739074707031,
-0.0326516218483448,
0.01819947548210621,
-0.01045648381114006,
-0.06396771222352982,
0.025709472596645355,
-0.031274404376745224,
0.023030061274766922,
0.07431075721979141,
-0.01257311925292015,
-0.04529803618788719,
-0.023515062406659126,
0.04482962563633919,
-0.012273824773728848,
0.0016124362591654062,
0.0026754802092909813,
-0.00197857478633523,
-0.01847044751048088,
-0.06294025480747223,
0.01689973659813404,
-0.011382241733372211,
-0.028443319723010063,
-0.025443343445658684,
0.008718583732843399,
-0.015444878488779068,
-0.016676560044288635,
-0.012409280985593796,
-0.041094232350587845,
-0.046785056591033936,
-0.011632106266915798,
-0.06404101848602295,
-0.05645691230893135,
-0.037415675818920135,
0.006563018076121807,
-0.012722307816147804,
-0.032015345990657806,
0.04492408409714699,
-0.003239236306399107,
0.036390531808137894,
0.04683477804064751,
-0.055908966809511185,
-0.041825465857982635,
0.0735265389084816,
0.015322924591600895,
-0.02426033839583397,
0.06960895657539368,
0.010361832566559315,
-0.011888250708580017,
-0.028956210240721703,
0.0030065246392041445,
-0.0066123963333666325,
0.028543751686811447,
0.049783606082201004,
-0.0019772127270698547,
-0.10524686425924301,
0.003156249178573489,
0.025576923042535782,
-0.01998215727508068,
-0.09209711104631424,
0.03335478901863098,
-0.0102483369410038,
0.010075111873447895,
0.05392415076494217,
0.03402373194694519,
-0.010046558454632759,
-0.04240382835268974,
-0.012231781147420406,
0.025888599455356598,
-0.027901729568839073,
0.08412246406078339,
-0.03272353857755661,
0.06088169664144516,
0.032794516533613205,
-0.0023059563245624304,
-0.004431887995451689,
0.008923611603677273,
0.0261414535343647,
-0.0017773282015696168,
-0.04465372487902641,
-0.03142184764146805,
-0.06631045043468475,
-0.08450111746788025,
-0.008405064232647419,
0.025821255519986153,
-0.046016715466976166,
-0.009901666082441807,
0.014254722744226456,
-0.006606812588870525,
0.018137477338314056,
0.010570753365755081,
-0.036544475704431534,
-0.009290178306400776,
-0.005856441333889961,
-0.044195711612701416,
-0.04709051549434662,
-0.035294607281684875,
0.0033740289509296417,
0.016681762412190437,
-0.024663761258125305,
-0.046742092818021774,
0.012513754889369011,
-0.020041387528181076,
0.022264843806624413,
0.012549541890621185,
0.03179425746202469,
0.03306451439857483
] |
3,433
|
A Second-Order Perspective on Model Compositionality and Incremental Learning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=OZVTqoli2N
|
[
"Angelo Porrello",
"Lorenzo Bonicelli",
"Pietro Buzzega",
"Monica Millunzi",
"Simone Calderara",
"Rita Cucchiara"
] |
Spotlight
|
The fine-tuning of deep pre-trained models has revealed compositional properties, with multiple specialized modules that can be arbitrarily composed into a single, multi-task model. However, identifying the conditions that promote compositionality remains an open issue, with recent efforts concentrating mainly on linearized networks. We conduct a theoretical study that attempts to demystify compositionality in standard non-linear networks through the second-order Taylor approximation of the loss function. The proposed formulation highlights the importance of staying within the pre-training basin to achieve composable modules. Moreover, it provides the basis for two dual incremental training algorithms: the one from the perspective of multiple models trained individually, while the other aims to optimize the composed model as a whole. We probe their application in incremental classification tasks and highlight some valuable skills. In fact, the pool of incrementally learned modules not only supports the creation of an effective multi-task model but also enables unlearning and specialization in certain tasks. Code available at <https://github.com/aimagelab/mammoth>
|
Continual Learning, Model Compositionality, Ensemble Learning, Task Arithmetic
|
We explore compositionality in fine-tuning non-linear deep models, revealing that staying within the pre-training basin is key to creating effective incremental learners.
| 9,444
|
2405.16350
|
[
-0.0020533523056656122,
-0.01872350089251995,
0.007776996586471796,
0.0324428528547287,
0.028947673738002777,
0.040846485644578934,
0.017287110909819603,
0.01297760009765625,
-0.019604183733463287,
-0.03469640761613846,
0.009264962747693062,
0.027432750910520554,
-0.06011052802205086,
-0.008108693175017834,
0.019278980791568756,
0.06226567178964615,
0.039962735027074814,
-0.0013705302262678742,
-0.004659432917833328,
0.021195605397224426,
-0.0037005795165896416,
-0.010592871345579624,
0.021653370931744576,
0.010111518204212189,
0.03341080620884895,
-0.029323063790798187,
0.010548361577093601,
-0.020588042214512825,
-0.02714293822646141,
0.007005556020885706,
0.024978742003440857,
0.004555461462587118,
0.020816339179873466,
-0.046037934720516205,
0.00622948445379734,
0.02737540379166603,
-0.020700089633464813,
-0.006328508257865906,
0.01660401001572609,
0.012524425983428955,
-0.07151085883378983,
0.005814606789499521,
-0.01621556282043457,
0.01590939424932003,
-0.05796428397297859,
0.004625472240149975,
-0.1004432812333107,
0.004162984900176525,
0.025263536721467972,
-0.044567905366420746,
-0.11293669044971466,
0.05178011208772659,
0.015286598354578018,
-0.03442985564470291,
0.017554739490151405,
0.03285377845168114,
0.022599684074521065,
-0.059253860265016556,
-0.011319517157971859,
-0.03795672580599785,
-0.028618184849619865,
0.06749948114156723,
0.016264136880636215,
0.001953676575794816,
-0.01405288651585579,
-0.004924677778035402,
-0.00836953055113554,
0.03815227374434471,
-0.06754165887832642,
-0.025964438915252686,
-0.00963430292904377,
0.01523824967443943,
-0.010635484009981155,
0.034753233194351196,
-0.03111707977950573,
-0.05043652653694153,
-0.0009519787854515016,
0.003027632599696517,
0.04887235164642334,
0.015404153615236282,
0.009002006612718105,
0.0549333356320858,
0.005783973727375269,
0.01497089397162199,
0.015036934986710548,
0.02227940410375595,
-0.010602748021483421,
-0.03766123205423355,
-0.05656713247299194,
0.05238458886742592,
-0.05050899460911751,
-0.04948520287871361,
0.01994212530553341,
0.008744576945900917,
0.007762456778436899,
-0.030793678015470505,
0.014493964612483978,
0.013578308746218681,
0.030495930463075638,
0.01660977303981781,
0.0005076589295640588,
-0.04675358533859253,
0.0023148576728999615,
-0.0164161566644907,
-0.10714546591043472,
-0.027492240071296692,
-0.029872402548789978,
-0.009992449544370174,
0.001964808674529195,
-0.0018401474226266146,
-0.06301920115947723,
-0.012096447870135307,
-0.006322679575532675,
-0.013714378699660301,
-0.0724916011095047,
0.003084552939981222,
-0.02547338791191578,
0.03769375756382942,
-0.02277214266359806,
-0.00032649587956257164,
0.04763621464371681,
0.037518538534641266,
0.0066881631501019,
0.07651462405920029,
-0.012437248602509499,
0.0270451121032238,
0.0036514527164399624,
0.033125437796115875,
-0.04117841273546219,
-0.040498729795217514,
0.007991567254066467,
0.0403149388730526,
0.0015910372603684664,
0.014855608344078064,
-0.022301889955997467,
-0.05424809455871582,
-0.010338027961552143,
0.02264646254479885,
0.011508999392390251,
0.026710569858551025,
0.027501406148076057,
-0.03624337166547775,
0.0810573473572731,
-0.032577503472566605,
0.05859258398413658,
-0.022647645324468613,
-0.008635997772216797,
-0.023552456870675087,
-0.005755377467721701,
-0.05737045779824257,
-0.0003783407446462661,
0.010625372640788555,
-0.01610053889453411,
-0.0918102040886879,
0.022236347198486328,
0.06719661504030228,
0.020518828183412552,
0.024141982197761536,
-0.008924231864511967,
0.013525246642529964,
0.02349400706589222,
-0.011398456059396267,
-0.027821781113743782,
0.027393972501158714,
-0.003365132724866271,
-0.09106896072626114,
0.016666874289512634,
0.06686119735240936,
-0.026049265637993813,
-0.008129915222525597,
-0.04227213189005852,
-0.04420027881860733,
0.048873670399188995,
0.010750682093203068,
-0.02683638222515583,
-0.01144060306251049,
0.07424258440732956,
0.0073727890849113464,
0.05378689616918564,
0.03830910474061966,
-0.08376070857048035,
0.03628222644329071,
0.010340464301407337,
-0.003333138767629862,
0.02722978964447975,
-0.002551701618358493,
0.08886311203241348,
-0.041807256639003754,
0.011639176867902279,
0.012433071620762348,
-0.04557568579912186,
0.00020409206626936793,
0.015105445869266987,
-0.02391507662832737,
0.07694581151008606,
0.030161462724208832,
-0.015558055602014065,
0.016999680548906326,
0.013566503301262856,
0.058629460632801056,
0.06842101365327835,
-0.03486863151192665,
0.0075568463653326035,
-0.033670272678136826,
-0.013312002643942833,
-0.00528711685910821,
0.03165604546666145,
-0.055691372603178024,
-0.04146223142743111,
0.011362581513822079,
-0.021231582388281822,
-0.010362157598137856,
0.0028700290713459253,
0.005383993033319712,
0.032505765557289124,
0.008755614049732685,
-0.01732124760746956,
0.007293366361409426,
0.027483856305480003,
-0.05570555105805397,
0.027040336281061172,
0.024833867326378822,
-0.01529473066329956,
0.014125530607998371,
-0.05964084714651108,
0.08913601189851761,
0.04888923093676567,
-0.03294975683093071,
-0.028211014345288277,
0.012566687539219856,
0.03137729689478874,
0.02380920946598053,
-0.005082611460238695,
-0.00382625893689692,
0.026326783001422882,
0.010507962666451931,
-0.0086264843121171,
-0.02495506778359413,
0.051570549607276917,
-0.05353822186589241,
0.005103269591927528,
0.0815066248178482,
-0.03011898323893547,
0.057033102959394455,
-0.03187880665063858,
0.02396012656390667,
0.007922627031803131,
-0.002153000794351101,
-0.0252377912402153,
-0.004828966688364744,
-0.027140282094478607,
0.005039024166762829,
-0.006009770557284355,
-0.026265105232596397,
-0.017955467104911804,
-0.0463373027741909,
-0.033307693898677826,
-0.009837755933403969,
0.07367479801177979,
0.03955211490392685,
0.015885934233665466,
0.02148081175982952,
0.014585927128791809,
-0.009156563319265842,
-0.002866082126274705,
-0.09890082478523254,
-0.057013556361198425,
-0.033712778240442276,
0.05952369049191475,
0.01568075641989708,
0.0474650040268898,
-0.020318035036325455,
0.021250726655125618,
-0.011188387870788574,
-0.0080944849178195,
-0.0005493154167197645,
0.045733727514743805,
-0.0019352989038452506,
-0.053788959980010986,
-0.03014182299375534,
-0.010533047839999199,
0.07372525334358215,
-0.023652195930480957,
-0.01995554380118847,
-0.058189596980810165,
-0.0380728542804718,
-0.009585131891071796,
-0.03448744863271713,
-0.002411190653219819,
0.0056999181397259235,
0.019098415970802307,
0.01473948173224926,
-0.018936239182949066,
0.025764990597963333,
0.014159000478684902,
0.07954849302768707,
0.059431545436382294,
0.000251425604801625,
0.005047317128628492,
0.016669850796461105,
-0.040225688368082047,
0.036607395857572556,
0.012069415301084518,
0.006560705602169037,
0.0027267129626125097,
0.014761569909751415,
0.024183962494134903,
0.020853683352470398,
-0.2721780836582184,
-0.03439224138855934,
-0.00568908266723156,
-0.002510127378627658,
0.03438568115234375,
-0.010245363228023052,
0.027726635336875916,
-0.024038774892687798,
-0.027264859527349472,
0.007977897301316261,
0.0008560114074498415,
0.007221456617116928,
0.028681399300694466,
0.05913359671831131,
0.02235925756394863,
0.019033271819353104,
-0.011850133538246155,
0.009011450223624706,
-0.02538595162332058,
0.054335497319698334,
-0.024019744247198105,
-0.09089849144220352,
-0.011004657484591007,
0.03788860887289047,
-0.027449248358607292,
0.03948446363210678,
-0.10006250441074371,
0.009174852631986141,
-0.04035993292927742,
-0.004185962490737438,
-0.03631981462240219,
-0.022590937092900276,
0.007205253932625055,
0.03969326987862587,
-0.0029858595225960016,
-0.00040633787284605205,
0.029125237837433815,
0.006793847307562828,
0.018258843570947647,
-0.0024334124755114317,
-0.008066088892519474,
-0.0008159035351127386,
-0.015432795509696007,
0.011782380752265453,
0.06686435639858246,
-0.011598678305745125,
-0.060249947011470795,
-0.015123198740184307,
-0.015381007455289364,
0.028516115620732307,
-0.013608197681605816,
-0.0470125712454319,
-0.01212370302528143,
0.027098070830106735,
0.015152172185480595,
-0.03556550294160843,
0.010086871683597565,
-0.031751349568367004,
0.010069223120808601,
0.017479440197348595,
-0.015322703868150711,
-0.0666910707950592,
-0.00708669051527977,
-0.030279885977506638,
-0.012354118749499321,
0.012283815070986748,
-0.06733151525259018,
-0.05247347801923752,
0.03504341095685959,
0.0323752723634243,
-0.008070947602391243,
0.02244029939174652,
-0.01710350438952446,
-0.07920784503221512,
0.0038508474826812744,
-0.024355057626962662,
-0.00020542973652482033,
-0.0400204211473465,
-0.0014457781799137592,
0.04162440076470375,
-0.018289342522621155,
-0.047959621995687485,
0.003486623987555504,
-0.014358249492943287,
0.02944105677306652,
0.010633494704961777,
0.028125636279582977,
-0.01282923948019743,
-0.030608559027314186,
-0.03701435774564743,
0.023051759228110313,
0.02032513916492462,
0.04394664615392685,
-0.03149069845676422,
0.05103069171309471,
0.02847629226744175,
0.019031981006264687,
0.04393599554896355,
0.033095959573984146,
0.008725550025701523,
0.03984082490205765,
-0.06415463238954544,
-0.001390334335155785,
-0.032880693674087524,
-0.047918107360601425,
-0.004321935586631298,
-0.05303199589252472,
-0.023622239008545876,
0.05433589592576027,
0.017966635525226593,
-0.04203292727470398,
-0.05508843809366226,
0.0037858271971344948,
0.0007464890368282795,
-0.047517478466033936,
-0.003976932726800442,
-0.020200619474053383,
0.01563327945768833,
0.03109964169561863,
0.013223385438323021,
-0.007569253910332918,
0.07342784106731415,
-0.04221483692526817,
0.03183458372950554,
-0.01690411940217018,
-0.03886101394891739,
-0.01177563238888979,
-0.020379872992634773,
0.00230011367239058,
0.013157456181943417,
0.03271116688847542,
0.032254960387945175,
-0.02175280451774597,
-0.005159524269402027,
0.05087553337216377,
0.025795340538024902,
0.0038322890177369118,
-0.010848775506019592,
0.03886739909648895,
-0.050556596368551254,
0.011476460844278336,
0.041935067623853683,
0.0441243015229702,
0.023753367364406586,
-0.0007806838257238269,
0.02072143368422985,
0.004827012307941914,
-0.008663477376103401,
-0.021122829988598824,
-0.028825370594859123,
0.0513434112071991,
-0.022458739578723907,
-0.007551176939159632,
-0.029414687305688858,
0.040889933705329895,
-0.016317909583449364,
0.03277755156159401,
0.0009145484655164182,
0.0323670469224453,
-0.05359712615609169,
0.05485761910676956,
-0.005570972338318825,
-0.02637745812535286,
-0.006003476679325104,
0.038456663489341736,
0.04305211827158928,
-0.027908863499760628,
-0.008759505115449429,
0.026160167530179024,
0.030355338007211685,
0.024042600765824318,
0.0026131304912269115,
-0.014007074758410454,
-0.04430802911520004,
0.022788874804973602,
-0.006686495151370764,
-0.00015292588796000928,
-0.003300085198134184,
-0.019149910658597946,
0.0491044819355011,
-0.0021243731025606394,
-0.03332291543483734,
0.017175069078803062,
0.04986784979701042,
0.07873804867267609,
0.02533772401511669,
0.0032198489643633366,
-0.0016093727899715304,
-0.031274810433387756,
0.04604314640164375,
-0.015461617149412632,
0.03276829048991203,
-0.030388828366994858,
-0.04625041410326958,
-0.02859651669859886,
-0.0265799593180418,
-0.0016522934893146157,
0.03983034938573837,
0.011596795171499252,
0.005547664128243923,
-0.012112801894545555,
0.029861941933631897,
-0.03790316730737686,
0.007900197058916092,
0.042996011674404144,
-0.08148422092199326,
0.017127634957432747,
0.01156572438776493,
-0.03914722800254822,
-0.0048024896532297134,
-0.019034700468182564,
-0.0493851900100708,
-0.06980054080486298,
-0.06013895198702812,
-0.004858442582190037,
0.008903981186449528,
0.017658699303865433,
0.0009300552192144096,
-0.006368690636008978,
-0.008373066782951355,
0.0231646616011858,
0.0007234874065034091,
0.00048600294394418597,
-0.036523476243019104,
0.0022594518959522247,
0.04464277997612953,
-0.007739124819636345,
0.002245956100523472,
0.007727765943855047,
-0.01564202830195427,
0.02235826477408409,
-0.03273855522274971,
0.0064215101301670074,
0.04779939353466034,
0.004363027401268482,
-0.01682579144835472,
-0.0391855463385582,
0.03730371594429016,
-0.008024441078305244,
-0.03270098567008972,
0.006680869963020086,
-0.009391657076776028,
-0.03554294630885124,
-0.004960077349096537,
0.011598804965615273,
0.03745456784963608,
0.020019419491291046,
-0.0004327517526689917,
0.00028840071172453463,
-0.01361485943198204,
0.011798802763223648,
0.04580217972397804,
-0.06044492498040199,
0.0035511567257344723,
0.06756970286369324,
-0.02262519858777523,
0.004438482690602541,
-0.06826147437095642,
-0.024813983589410782,
0.01665537804365158,
-0.02741984650492668,
0.03519827499985695,
-0.027510205283761024,
0.03308749943971634,
0.032879460602998734,
0.032524414360523224,
0.01400772761553526,
-0.0294969342648983,
0.04334636032581329,
-0.05082078278064728,
0.008689096197485924,
-0.076569564640522,
-0.03341451287269592,
0.06471125781536102,
-0.00965491309762001,
0.005662897601723671,
0.011419626884162426,
-0.027698351070284843,
0.0333249568939209,
-0.03565724194049835,
-0.03195668384432793,
0.0037791477516293526,
-0.058970581740140915,
0.03768806532025337,
0.011417996138334274,
-0.04521772637963295,
-0.027613036334514618,
-0.02647743746638298,
-0.07746485620737076,
0.0030524444300681353,
-0.0035345188807696104,
0.05029461905360222,
0.023002956062555313,
0.008501127362251282,
-0.0021257023327052593,
0.03268088772892952,
0.030327726155519485,
0.06667361408472061,
0.02947261743247509,
0.01727594994008541,
-0.044849928468465805,
0.053123749792575836,
0.02570006251335144,
0.05393470451235771,
-0.014886516146361828,
0.027931762859225273,
-0.011444970034062862,
-0.05810195952653885,
0.0385110042989254,
0.007990487851202488,
-0.011103346012532711,
-0.05669504031538963,
0.026804348453879356,
0.002285356866195798,
-0.02908513881266117,
-0.03249184787273407,
0.04140212759375572,
-0.05973905324935913,
-0.004775048233568668,
0.01670282892882824,
0.010458815842866898,
-0.03391561657190323,
0.07404708862304688,
0.025355437770485878,
0.029411843046545982,
0.05776204541325569,
-0.0031494670547544956,
-0.025611786171793938,
-0.009248385205864906,
0.07540164142847061,
0.03391037881374359,
0.059909310191869736,
-0.023834209889173508,
0.06692638248205185,
-0.06754222512245178,
-0.019667163491249084,
0.002735851099714637,
0.025570036843419075,
-0.007059562020003796,
-0.040521904826164246,
0.027967626228928566,
0.06584230810403824,
0.028920501470565796,
0.10084851086139679,
-0.04490688443183899,
-0.011876844801008701,
0.031694162636995316,
0.009915745817124844,
0.002539335982874036,
0.04172130301594734,
0.043414607644081116,
0.028652362525463104,
-0.025066880509257317,
-0.027468467131257057,
-0.02508431300520897,
-0.03131579980254173,
0.02236841805279255,
0.017214814200997353,
-0.022222870960831642,
0.014750123955309391,
-0.004472328815609217,
0.055473845452070236,
0.11039768904447556,
-0.04442223533987999,
-0.03124222904443741,
-0.011780878528952599,
0.0142719317227602,
0.035025209188461304,
0.03496764972805977,
0.011898874305188656,
-0.04173917695879936,
0.004250119905918837,
-0.05316225066781044,
0.021189268678426743,
0.027388915419578552,
-0.00278350617736578,
-0.007260279729962349,
-0.021457744762301445,
-0.043210845440626144,
0.004313427023589611,
0.020992491394281387,
0.009904847480356693,
-0.045471835881471634,
-0.009649808518588543,
-0.0650494322180748,
-0.040317513048648834,
-0.034090060740709305,
0.042843177914619446,
-0.016276881098747253,
-0.019215073436498642,
-0.012816098518669605,
-0.03534485399723053,
-0.010768012143671513,
0.0618150494992733,
-0.045450855046510696,
0.04056975990533829,
0.011113053187727928,
0.0014067103620618582,
0.0002611556265037507,
0.0207882821559906,
0.03828515484929085,
-0.015268532559275627,
0.01461163628846407,
0.034323181957006454,
-0.031246816739439964,
0.025391029193997383,
-0.03438854590058327,
-0.001098974491469562,
-0.10658998787403107,
0.010457118973135948,
0.014567874372005463,
-0.042756807059049606,
-0.08207780122756958,
0.01645243912935257,
-0.006537637207657099,
0.026853641495108604,
0.0548240952193737,
-0.02736351452767849,
-0.002653006464242935,
-0.051322996616363525,
-0.010377345606684685,
0.0020191336516290903,
0.008138872683048248,
0.06544217467308044,
-0.018280478194355965,
0.04481281340122223,
0.02996877208352089,
-0.0049978080205619335,
-0.009931862354278564,
0.02370876632630825,
-0.009614119306206703,
0.0018102185567840934,
-0.0063997479155659676,
-0.050100747495889664,
-0.020795704796910286,
-0.10255999118089676,
-0.004613255150616169,
0.0169280543923378,
0.022041067481040955,
-0.039259202778339386,
-0.013631771318614483,
-0.03395884484052658,
0.004497776739299297,
0.006763940677046776,
-0.057268157601356506,
0.014659766107797623,
-0.03550209105014801,
-0.026234067976474762,
-0.05257755145430565,
0.03109487146139145,
0.009815131314098835,
0.01460360735654831,
-0.06775446981191635,
-0.057640884071588516,
-0.027791187167167664,
-0.020010419189929962,
0.06521081924438477,
0.008455725386738777,
0.0423140823841095,
-0.01616176776587963
] |
3,434
|
Lean-STaR: Learning to Interleave Thinking and Proving
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=SOWZ59UyNc
|
[
"Haohan Lin",
"Zhiqing Sun",
"Sean Welleck",
"Yiming Yang"
] |
Spotlight
|
Traditional language model-based theorem proving assumes that by training on a sufficient amount of formal proof data, a model will learn to prove theorems. Our key observation is that a wealth of informal information that is not present in formal proofs can be useful for learning to prove theorems. For instance, humans think through steps of a proof, but this thought process is not visible in the resulting code. We present Lean-STaR, a framework for training language models to produce informal thoughts prior to each step of a proof, thereby boosting the model's theorem-proving capabilities. Lean-STaR uses retrospective ground-truth tactics to generate synthetic thoughts for training the language model. At inference time, the trained model directly generates the thoughts prior to the prediction of the tactics in each proof step. Building on the self-taught reasoner framework, we then apply expert iteration to further fine-tune the model on the correct proofs it samples and verifies using the Lean solver. Lean-STaR significantly outperform base models (43.4% → 46.3%, Pass@64). We also analyze the impact of the augmented thoughts on various aspects of the theorem proving process, providing insights into their effectiveness.
|
Automated Theorem Proving, Chain-of-Thought, Reinforcement Learning, Reasoning
| null | 9,410
| null |
[
-0.009848221205174923,
-0.010787839069962502,
0.0002647855435498059,
0.05091598257422447,
0.042892348021268845,
0.01891760155558586,
0.03107290528714657,
-0.01011120155453682,
-0.014449670910835266,
-0.010697385296225548,
-0.026537789031863213,
0.027263453230261803,
-0.05732426419854164,
-0.005929914768785238,
-0.007054487243294716,
0.04564540088176727,
0.016619009897112846,
0.015870826318860054,
0.030046915635466576,
0.009843933396041393,
0.00015977284056134522,
0.02102571353316307,
0.0335494689643383,
0.0006800947012379766,
0.04568411409854889,
0.01129846926778555,
0.03755165636539459,
0.009058559313416481,
-0.023291636258363724,
-0.022652681916952133,
0.03077954612672329,
-0.01223097462207079,
0.012896203435957432,
-0.02725174091756344,
-0.040292758494615555,
-0.0037746012676507235,
-0.03677597641944885,
0.039427902549505234,
0.01192935649305582,
0.008678379468619823,
-0.04731309786438942,
0.028230391442775726,
0.017817597836256027,
-0.011412585154175758,
-0.07028457522392273,
0.006100377533584833,
-0.1157563328742981,
0.04490981251001358,
-0.014206154271960258,
-0.03667104244232178,
-0.1095292717218399,
0.03806792199611664,
0.008752704598009586,
-0.013729211874306202,
-0.0015448967460542917,
0.030865123495459557,
0.054316285997629166,
-0.09961961209774017,
0.013550728559494019,
-0.0568353570997715,
-0.03997932747006416,
0.023997796699404716,
-0.004886811599135399,
0.0030714015010744333,
0.011253931559622288,
-0.005465446971356869,
0.019111724570393562,
0.04302944988012314,
-0.06031219661235809,
-0.03063984215259552,
-0.031547661870718,
-0.0025937138125300407,
-0.027705896645784378,
0.005143763497471809,
-0.00023998726101126522,
-0.05396439507603645,
0.033568672835826874,
0.036934737116098404,
0.05639008432626724,
0.0008082728018052876,
0.00039467422175221145,
0.04045239835977554,
0.01276466902345419,
0.04054959863424301,
0.028250399976968765,
0.0035528328735381365,
-0.02711431495845318,
-0.03497215732932091,
-0.07813204079866409,
0.042435355484485626,
-0.009498675353825092,
-0.05842798203229904,
0.007423467468470335,
0.04214470833539963,
0.018927885219454765,
0.018510980531573296,
0.03271428123116493,
0.03692076727747917,
0.007895388640463352,
0.006496012210845947,
-0.031509947031736374,
-0.07893253862857819,
0.03747769817709923,
-0.018020490184426308,
-0.09773693978786469,
0.018483808264136314,
-0.020377550274133682,
-0.025054581463336945,
0.0024355179630219936,
0.023817865177989006,
-0.009556840173900127,
0.004845936316996813,
-0.0023409004788845778,
-0.011841455474495888,
-0.08576301485300064,
0.0314922034740448,
-0.01202897634357214,
0.023733777925372124,
-0.009221607819199562,
0.033261578530073166,
0.04287027567625046,
0.030086250975728035,
0.025606447830796242,
0.07490458339452744,
-0.01585749164223671,
0.03599872812628746,
-0.005266377702355385,
0.026115775108337402,
-0.027434159070253372,
-0.037011466920375824,
0.02526669390499592,
0.03500330448150635,
0.0021079520229250193,
0.004839919973164797,
0.0021575731225311756,
0.012589788995683193,
-0.005236126482486725,
0.0095826992765069,
0.010961686260998249,
0.005876652896404266,
-0.0035236754920333624,
0.0012462491868063807,
0.08066363632678986,
-0.02220565266907215,
0.04137739539146423,
0.007610632572323084,
-0.021200455725193024,
-0.006356730125844479,
-0.025121385231614113,
0.00023659692669752985,
0.006298169028013945,
-0.019669514149427414,
-0.0029955462086945772,
-0.04785696044564247,
0.03138125687837601,
0.04654552415013313,
0.023576723411679268,
0.015281721018254757,
-0.00548676447942853,
0.014838510192930698,
-0.002144778613001108,
0.0026011760346591473,
-0.03132575377821922,
-0.003128242213279009,
-0.02147468365728855,
-0.05974914878606796,
0.03178901597857475,
0.009477474726736546,
-0.0661153569817543,
0.01575087383389473,
-0.025468740612268448,
-0.025761082768440247,
0.08548686653375626,
-0.026387179270386696,
-0.0017186707118526101,
-0.008403651416301727,
0.09265295416116714,
-0.008609910495579243,
0.08757347613573074,
0.01521262340247631,
-0.07657010108232498,
0.014335579238831997,
-0.00038686010520905256,
0.007779399864375591,
-0.014839382842183113,
-0.01617499627172947,
0.08250411599874496,
-0.027064744383096695,
0.035587847232818604,
0.035898253321647644,
-0.1067204549908638,
-0.046350620687007904,
0.055857375264167786,
-0.011522847227752209,
0.08252836763858795,
0.0058006783947348595,
0.003033459186553955,
0.020868543535470963,
0.013423952274024487,
0.05200622230768204,
0.03788348287343979,
-0.029570631682872772,
0.06053994968533516,
-0.0048063681460917,
-0.03889339417219162,
0.022151749581098557,
0.03570059686899185,
-0.04892238229513168,
-0.09138499200344086,
0.017490312457084656,
-0.022613979876041412,
-0.002454902743920684,
0.024040134623646736,
0.00013311395014170557,
0.003020134987309575,
0.014199696481227875,
-0.0043259188532829285,
-0.011865434236824512,
0.01867883838713169,
-0.04341551661491394,
0.027851859107613564,
0.009571079164743423,
-0.01842545159161091,
-0.013214868493378162,
-0.03049430064857006,
0.0763438418507576,
0.06586745381355286,
-0.017989587038755417,
-0.013082361780107021,
0.05177203193306923,
-0.009904759004712105,
-0.013411372900009155,
-0.0035586280282586813,
-0.027247991412878036,
0.0124314920976758,
-0.0161676537245512,
0.01718050241470337,
-0.0033855459187179804,
0.04857112839818001,
-0.04274957999587059,
-0.009443629533052444,
0.049555931240320206,
-0.029229270294308662,
0.07051077485084534,
0.019922249019145966,
-0.014627843163907528,
0.008609230630099773,
0.008838142268359661,
0.0016901417402550578,
-0.01466879341751337,
-0.03081841953098774,
-0.01641349121928215,
0.010626452043652534,
-0.03565634787082672,
-0.026694338768720627,
-0.045708633959293365,
-0.011039648205041885,
0.01051248051226139,
0.073264479637146,
0.057366762310266495,
-0.01522425189614296,
0.0031682373955845833,
0.009106100536882877,
-0.025989115238189697,
0.027671096846461296,
-0.11105793714523315,
-0.039327241480350494,
-0.01745307818055153,
0.04366369917988777,
-0.009754574857652187,
0.05066300928592682,
0.005826910492032766,
0.0346473790705204,
-0.004661401268094778,
-0.05179121717810631,
0.008216764777898788,
-0.008362320251762867,
0.01233659591525793,
-0.05921563878655434,
-0.02471011132001877,
0.005458866246044636,
0.08373622596263885,
-0.036733321845531464,
-0.0028531828429549932,
-0.039027146995067596,
-0.02149268612265587,
0.024331027641892433,
-0.07356114685535431,
-0.0021754188928753138,
0.036654889583587646,
0.005881280172616243,
0.014098628424108028,
-0.0348043218255043,
0.01494174636900425,
0.07876472175121307,
0.02791708894073963,
0.03541726991534233,
-0.022950977087020874,
-0.0000409676504204981,
0.040773726999759674,
-0.009854111820459366,
0.023412778973579407,
-0.0005708794924430549,
0.05120892450213432,
0.0026870532892644405,
0.00013828420196659863,
0.020678875967860222,
0.0005106585449539125,
-0.2636081278324127,
-0.004775730427354574,
-0.01656324416399002,
-0.02350396104156971,
0.05122044309973717,
-0.01863839477300644,
0.046671584248542786,
-0.044006239622831345,
-0.04216368496417999,
0.0024848110042512417,
0.01051638275384903,
0.03178548812866211,
0.009641624055802822,
0.05435852333903313,
0.04067877680063248,
0.04377393424510956,
0.013544862158596516,
-0.022104334086179733,
0.006624184548854828,
0.041555967181921005,
0.0009544859058223665,
-0.06725624203681946,
-0.0316612683236599,
0.04327453672885895,
-0.0038364988286048174,
0.03231692314147949,
-0.08211111277341843,
0.009502618573606014,
-0.05378646403551102,
-0.008058810606598854,
-0.02561090886592865,
-0.027410155162215233,
-0.03153451159596443,
0.015413427725434303,
0.021924810484051704,
0.04330864176154137,
0.04169216379523277,
-0.029328156262636185,
0.03719490393996239,
0.04020298272371292,
0.021305691450834274,
-0.019298924133181572,
-0.0030879236292093992,
0.025178011506795883,
0.06377989798784256,
-0.008775409311056137,
-0.06180857494473457,
-0.027064915746450424,
-0.04463382810354233,
0.04637144133448601,
-0.021764487028121948,
-0.017138272523880005,
-0.004906694404780865,
-0.03534403815865517,
-0.016340363770723343,
-0.017427535727620125,
0.002784841926768422,
-0.022188372910022736,
-0.04259184002876282,
0.006283937022089958,
0.015453795902431011,
-0.030457045882940292,
-0.007259945385158062,
-0.033685650676488876,
-0.019978228956460953,
-0.050073616206645966,
-0.04867874085903168,
-0.053096238523721695,
0.03303397446870804,
0.0383748896420002,
-0.03140321746468544,
0.020901672542095184,
-0.028738733381032944,
-0.08426006883382797,
-0.011766479350626469,
0.01368673238903284,
-0.016066495329141617,
-0.009126014076173306,
0.027752406895160675,
0.051861442625522614,
-0.029466016218066216,
-0.03749837726354599,
-0.016438864171504974,
0.01194487139582634,
0.01999804377555847,
0.015048235654830933,
0.03735920041799545,
-0.03310937061905861,
-0.012119270861148834,
-0.010813198052346706,
0.04218674451112747,
0.019029900431632996,
0.024496914818882942,
0.012344283983111382,
0.07306135445833206,
0.05356790870428085,
0.04387109726667404,
0.03131920099258423,
0.04507701098918915,
0.010116240940988064,
0.00299163069576025,
-0.10294218361377716,
0.024620819836854935,
-0.01911415532231331,
-0.03155551105737686,
-0.0005315840244293213,
-0.036461371928453445,
0.0038401533383876085,
0.03497005254030228,
-0.016004620119929314,
-0.05345955118536949,
-0.03054329939186573,
-0.011092578992247581,
0.008345428854227066,
-0.01777130924165249,
-0.012439440004527569,
-0.022164160385727882,
0.013178552500903606,
0.008863541297614574,
-0.014396362006664276,
-0.04899570718407631,
0.02401743456721306,
-0.029899707064032555,
0.0048965285532176495,
-0.03508793190121651,
-0.002505481941625476,
0.0030121884774416685,
-0.017648223787546158,
0.01085205189883709,
-0.012533143162727356,
0.003135556820780039,
0.015806034207344055,
0.007094395346939564,
0.027065377682447433,
0.04159293323755264,
-0.005472518969327211,
-0.018827034160494804,
-0.024823063984513283,
0.003339213551953435,
0.0028111746069043875,
0.011885258369147778,
-0.017892727628350258,
0.038111571222543716,
0.03036372922360897,
0.03817809373140335,
0.008057584054768085,
-0.002821421017870307,
-0.0028873293194919825,
0.01643376797437668,
0.02896680310368538,
0.009554225020110607,
-0.06997666507959366,
0.04028341919183731,
-0.04224255308508873,
0.017652098089456558,
-0.015357865951955318,
0.03612141311168671,
-0.024280967190861702,
0.004235607571899891,
-0.040166642516851425,
0.05063032731413841,
0.0032551458571106195,
-0.02271265909075737,
-0.015686938539147377,
0.02833925560116768,
0.04745054244995117,
-0.03268454596400261,
0.015553033910691738,
-0.01719694584608078,
0.012444746680557728,
-0.010619929991662502,
-0.03568942844867706,
-0.024969032034277916,
-0.006661746650934219,
-0.008376745507121086,
0.019742537289857864,
0.015319863334298134,
0.008206476457417011,
-0.03318855166435242,
0.014613230712711811,
-0.011704627424478531,
-0.025948962196707726,
-0.016722457483410835,
-0.005972434766590595,
0.06391690671443939,
-0.004413562826812267,
0.0030876591335982084,
-0.01712861657142639,
-0.04224179685115814,
0.032437387853860855,
-0.0081096813082695,
0.009923964738845825,
-0.016545716673135757,
-0.04078824073076248,
-0.05621340498328209,
-0.05515306442975998,
0.01272407453507185,
0.018314629793167114,
-0.011757075786590576,
0.00786099024116993,
-0.0029218390118330717,
-0.01639324426651001,
-0.05584339052438736,
-0.0054393308237195015,
0.053538259118795395,
-0.07685130834579468,
-0.013092241249978542,
0.03148109093308449,
0.02588513121008873,
0.01162753812968731,
-0.043444227427244186,
-0.028210870921611786,
-0.047875724732875824,
-0.026362691074609756,
0.03299598768353462,
0.0031797399278730154,
-0.008429013192653656,
0.028337644413113594,
-0.00002616416895762086,
-0.019529147073626518,
0.03217132389545441,
-0.008934280835092068,
0.012440511025488377,
-0.013482862152159214,
0.013014422729611397,
0.039771415293216705,
-0.015792934224009514,
-0.021015722304582596,
-0.011198490858078003,
-0.06462553888559341,
0.023301541805267334,
-0.04580410197377205,
0.02983011305332184,
0.019492316991090775,
0.008704648353159428,
-0.005266709718853235,
-0.03332240507006645,
0.030712658539414406,
-0.013804536312818527,
-0.025210829451680183,
0.004506261553615332,
-0.024805406108498573,
-0.0053163073025643826,
-0.007027082145214081,
-0.008095943368971348,
0.03587723523378372,
0.014717954210937023,
-0.02524382621049881,
0.019768062978982925,
0.007103982847183943,
-0.0050555202178657055,
0.022219061851501465,
-0.04228091612458229,
-0.007202905602753162,
0.07353411614894867,
-0.04758094623684883,
-0.02716544270515442,
-0.06536903977394104,
-0.03224549442529678,
0.022056255489587784,
-0.043808892369270325,
0.02799336053431034,
-0.006175879389047623,
0.0510379783809185,
-0.009229267947375774,
0.03541179373860359,
0.007074548397213221,
-0.034112125635147095,
0.060034625232219696,
-0.05810839682817459,
-0.019961312413215637,
-0.06363169848918915,
-0.008324410766363144,
0.08033783733844757,
-0.07313498109579086,
0.00017793953884392977,
-0.014333953149616718,
-0.04333658888936043,
0.0021961864549666643,
0.00045491583296097815,
-0.03237075358629227,
0.011580292135477066,
-0.032661281526088715,
-0.012498240917921066,
0.03426908701658249,
-0.031643886119127274,
-0.0252375490963459,
0.018558908253908157,
-0.03889094665646553,
0.012190056964755058,
-0.04053281992673874,
0.03765685483813286,
-0.012284868396818638,
-0.000803255767095834,
-0.010083903558552265,
0.007138049229979515,
0.02188154309988022,
0.05731259658932686,
0.010541812516748905,
0.026701675727963448,
-0.03500448539853096,
0.06329980492591858,
0.05219779908657074,
0.040972188115119934,
0.0013462956994771957,
0.013926791958510876,
-0.03370257094502449,
-0.05029229447245598,
0.05957234278321266,
-0.006330999545753002,
-0.013957840390503407,
-0.02280939184129238,
0.08712698519229889,
0.01045934483408928,
-0.05574638023972511,
-0.025722317397594452,
0.017060501500964165,
-0.04981880262494087,
-0.012552855536341667,
-0.009415922686457634,
-0.007325436919927597,
-0.013608173467218876,
0.06534599512815475,
-0.0024186838418245316,
0.046698201447725296,
0.06893938034772873,
0.024016231298446655,
-0.01658773235976696,
-0.04814339056611061,
0.05587572604417801,
0.04909341409802437,
0.05542263388633728,
0.008498494513332844,
0.0734279602766037,
-0.062370944768190384,
-0.04037034139037132,
0.01984100416302681,
0.01460513100028038,
-0.001556685660034418,
-0.03413638472557068,
0.04458259418606758,
0.08465263992547989,
-0.010154541581869125,
0.04755310341715813,
-0.05736316367983818,
-0.0013145682169124484,
0.020165923982858658,
0.016043180599808693,
-0.01039600558578968,
0.08493461459875107,
0.03416808322072029,
-0.009514597244560719,
-0.023646216839551926,
-0.031748294830322266,
-0.0000021710268356400775,
-0.05727296695113182,
0.01810748316347599,
-0.009453242644667625,
-0.011896598152816296,
0.016266893595457077,
-0.00719854049384594,
0.03616495057940483,
0.12613742053508759,
-0.05031994730234146,
-0.020610211417078972,
0.03951674699783325,
0.03542814403772354,
0.015989838168025017,
0.017706118524074554,
0.01785956881940365,
-0.022703172639012337,
0.033196691423654556,
-0.028798691928386688,
0.01909509487450123,
0.012578988447785378,
-0.0056383609771728516,
0.012301281094551086,
-0.008625228889286518,
-0.038488440215587616,
0.0215662382543087,
0.017770161852240562,
-0.037834491580724716,
-0.05678556114435196,
0.006900252308696508,
-0.05329655110836029,
-0.0366031639277935,
-0.03130500763654709,
0.021620074287056923,
-0.03295149281620979,
-0.05303660407662392,
0.019162824377417564,
-0.02306283824145794,
0.00788537971675396,
0.007674298249185085,
-0.05452620983123779,
0.008750101551413536,
0.04187509045004845,
0.015557411126792431,
0.005985507741570473,
0.021742871031165123,
0.03436276316642761,
0.0049011800438165665,
-0.020490018650889397,
0.015609527006745338,
0.01301649771630764,
-0.006870591547340155,
0.020378202199935913,
-0.0015363171696662903,
-0.10098949074745178,
0.005904811434447765,
-0.007323619909584522,
-0.009398910216987133,
-0.06909330189228058,
0.01503399945795536,
-0.04402110353112221,
0.009843598119914532,
0.07902508229017258,
0.027254419401288033,
0.03560835123062134,
-0.021100088953971863,
0.015606828965246677,
0.027751442044973373,
0.023866742849349976,
0.030413303524255753,
-0.01042535062879324,
0.06251078844070435,
0.006919192615896463,
-0.052755601704120636,
-0.06274263560771942,
0.037212807685136795,
-0.03069065697491169,
-0.0071204653941094875,
-0.04219544678926468,
-0.02055799402296543,
0.008382880128920078,
-0.1124151274561882,
-0.0110264727845788,
0.00693935202434659,
-0.02205468900501728,
-0.06436984241008759,
0.004680135287344456,
-0.019298624247312546,
-0.025376472622156143,
0.0014170625945553184,
-0.012384931556880474,
0.012167784385383129,
-0.037878744304180145,
-0.03191220387816429,
-0.04657694324851036,
0.003363619092851877,
0.0061459019780159,
0.030508579686284065,
-0.050554025918245316,
-0.05042682960629463,
-0.007176268380135298,
0.023651059716939926,
0.049360111355781555,
0.023159870877861977,
0.016219710931181908,
0.0028857437428086996
] |
3,435
|
Spectral Compressive Imaging via Unmixing-driven Subspace Diffusion Refinement
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Q150eWkQ4I
|
[
"Haijin Zeng",
"Benteng Sun",
"Yongyong Chen",
"Jingyong Su",
"Yong Xu"
] |
Spotlight
|
Spectral Compressive Imaging (SCI) reconstruction is inherently ill-posed, offering multiple plausible solutions from a single observation. Traditional deterministic methods typically struggle to effectively recover high-frequency details. Although diffusion models offer promising solutions to this challenge, their application is constrained by the limited training data and high computational demands associated with multispectral images (MSIs), complicating direct training. To address these issues, we propose a novel Predict-and-unmixing-driven-Subspace-Refine framework (PSR-SCI). This framework begins with a cost-effective predictor that produces an initial, rough estimate of the MSI. Subsequently, we introduce a unmixing-driven reversible spectral embedding module that decomposes the MSI into subspace images and spectral coefficients. This decomposition facilitates the adaptation of pre-trained RGB diffusion models and focuses refinement processes on high-frequency details, thereby enabling efficient diffusion generation with minimal MSI data. Additionally, we design a high-dimensional guidance mechanism with imaging consistency to enhance the model's efficacy. The refined subspace image is then reconstructed back into an MSI using the reversible embedding, yielding the final MSI with full spectral resolution. Experimental results on the standard KAIST and zero-shot datasets NTIRE, ICVL, and Harvard show that PSR-SCI enhances visual quality and delivers PSNR and SSIM metrics comparable to existing diffusion, transformer, and deep unfolding techniques. This framework provides a robust alternative to traditional deterministic SCI reconstruction methods. Code and models are available at [https://github.com/SMARK2022/PSR-SCI](https://github.com/SMARK2022/PSR-SCI).
|
Spectral compressive imaging, subspace, diffusion, fine-tune
| null | 9,358
| null |
[
-0.007076930720359087,
-0.030977416783571243,
-0.0117341298609972,
0.03161846846342087,
0.06372789293527603,
0.019460417330265045,
0.023839633911848068,
-0.0014947645831853151,
-0.029283680021762848,
-0.0872371643781662,
0.012106237933039665,
-0.013398484326899052,
-0.026922037824988365,
0.0006020480068400502,
0.014144068583846092,
0.07756572961807251,
0.04960412159562111,
-0.025494549423456192,
-0.014488467946648598,
0.05666950345039368,
0.01500098966062069,
-0.018706679344177246,
0.011490706354379654,
0.008263342082500458,
0.01174856722354889,
0.0016664278227835894,
0.030277496203780174,
0.016525998711586,
-0.04036147892475128,
-0.02444520778954029,
0.012282243929803371,
-0.02357742376625538,
-0.004613637924194336,
-0.05203793942928314,
0.03252141922712326,
0.048781510442495346,
-0.05227202549576759,
0.009872278198599815,
-0.02893557772040367,
0.004044228233397007,
-0.03517426177859306,
0.0014596031978726387,
0.0007236266974359751,
0.007030569016933441,
-0.04913056269288063,
-0.006907883565872908,
-0.10470648109912872,
0.0051395888440310955,
-0.01725928671658039,
-0.02495436929166317,
-0.0313081331551075,
-0.0011962753487750888,
0.008197525516152382,
-0.019483650103211403,
-0.008313421159982681,
0.0366973839700222,
0.02517940290272236,
-0.053794246166944504,
-0.023185299709439278,
-0.051810938864946365,
-0.03289421647787094,
-0.0042036185041069984,
-0.005997327622026205,
0.007273063529282808,
0.019460460171103477,
-0.014317273162305355,
0.015907814726233482,
0.0560193806886673,
-0.03004981204867363,
-0.0462738499045372,
0.014637315645813942,
-0.004023249726742506,
0.002647021086886525,
0.03393825516104698,
-0.009986274875700474,
-0.022883253172039986,
0.034739959985017776,
0.023613303899765015,
0.04025674983859062,
0.017545850947499275,
0.056308403611183167,
0.005318621173501015,
-0.02710464596748352,
0.029585838317871094,
-0.041426822543144226,
0.0012847540201619267,
-0.023070085793733597,
-0.016055181622505188,
-0.05595780164003372,
0.06600547581911087,
-0.01647580787539482,
-0.04653150588274002,
0.023716650903224945,
0.0430724136531353,
0.04975919798016548,
-0.026402972638607025,
0.016639195382595062,
-0.006348762195557356,
-0.0017254791455343366,
-0.0025106784887611866,
-0.0417250357568264,
-0.019426818937063217,
-0.0037005303893238306,
0.003241896629333496,
-0.06632783263921738,
-0.0056261965073645115,
-0.050621148198843,
-0.008382415398955345,
-0.03929463401436806,
-0.003200279315933585,
-0.005101744085550308,
-0.026690522208809853,
-0.029546547681093216,
-0.018452852964401245,
-0.09766560047864914,
0.03838290646672249,
0.03487694263458252,
0.00017355686577502638,
0.00888381339609623,
-0.01598701998591423,
0.06030098348855972,
0.06504202634096146,
-0.038637638092041016,
0.0754154697060585,
-0.002834090031683445,
0.015752995386719704,
0.036270685493946075,
0.02941502444446087,
-0.060113828629255295,
-0.015849744901061058,
0.022356273606419563,
0.02696923352777958,
-0.0007398792658932507,
-0.015618949197232723,
0.012438017874956131,
-0.01966738887131214,
0.03292548656463623,
-0.000004782300493388902,
0.05686153098940849,
-0.0061497814022004604,
-0.008680591359734535,
-0.023183709010481834,
0.013985234312713146,
-0.04398718476295471,
0.055048827081918716,
-0.04234786331653595,
0.058990638703107834,
-0.028503520414233208,
-0.02580682560801506,
0.021958258002996445,
0.033543121069669724,
-0.014104625210165977,
0.043498702347278595,
-0.05421711131930351,
-0.01382589153945446,
0.04387959465384483,
-0.02684674970805645,
-0.003930455539375544,
-0.009651759639382362,
0.006717093754559755,
0.00771070271730423,
-0.04541747272014618,
0.014170642010867596,
-0.011522144079208374,
-0.025534847751259804,
-0.03048570454120636,
0.018285296857357025,
0.027272379025816917,
-0.030935388058423996,
-0.02060095965862274,
-0.028516363352537155,
-0.047240160405635834,
0.01836881972849369,
0.01416484173387289,
-0.008068039081990719,
-0.004091593902558088,
0.04314202070236206,
0.05162906274199486,
0.026050612330436707,
-0.015545728616416454,
-0.1011192724108696,
0.008253256790339947,
-0.02505621127784252,
-0.030175695195794106,
0.01032444927841425,
-0.003508757334202528,
0.11388364434242249,
-0.014078779146075249,
-0.0032015349715948105,
0.017560891807079315,
-0.08315251767635345,
-0.018723154440522194,
0.015875885263085365,
-0.05312217399477959,
0.049523044377565384,
0.027337417006492615,
-0.03679010272026062,
-0.026723627001047134,
0.05612713471055031,
0.024279886856675148,
0.023650161921977997,
-0.03679269552230835,
0.06357017159461975,
-0.02132274955511093,
-0.05447031930088997,
-0.022731980308890343,
0.07490679621696472,
-0.05961822345852852,
-0.02655019797384739,
-0.02497062087059021,
0.03663159906864166,
-0.025669759139418602,
-0.022490205243229866,
-0.002829110948368907,
0.04002214968204498,
-0.0018795354990288615,
0.014826399274170399,
0.01390757318586111,
0.01078970730304718,
-0.04988386482000351,
0.04329667612910271,
0.023908402770757675,
-0.028849299997091293,
0.040446002036333084,
-0.016361389309167862,
0.1130869910120964,
0.07654549181461334,
-0.06570488214492798,
0.0026559222023934126,
0.012475711293518543,
-0.0073295701295137405,
-0.043258678168058395,
-0.019047798588871956,
-0.018068771809339523,
-0.0040306649170815945,
-0.014649647288024426,
0.002703740494325757,
-0.004304441623389721,
0.07917793840169907,
-0.059787873178720474,
0.007438403554260731,
0.061795495450496674,
-0.027345752343535423,
0.026245880872011185,
-0.0011933193309232593,
-0.015341505408287048,
0.05066496506333351,
-0.0010523599339649081,
-0.029164470732212067,
-0.019201351329684258,
0.010746446438133717,
0.04201497510075569,
0.01300953608006239,
-0.045446526259183884,
0.02793818712234497,
-0.06383880227804184,
-0.005449469666928053,
-0.020084908232092857,
0.09112602472305298,
0.009465521201491356,
-0.014808918349444866,
0.01851489394903183,
0.012320658192038536,
-0.07013759762048721,
-0.03383992612361908,
-0.0964573323726654,
-0.03538394346833229,
0.0025573072489351034,
0.05990942567586899,
-0.03228994831442833,
0.06175325810909271,
0.01290912739932537,
0.0036869209725409746,
0.002984025049954653,
-0.00935777835547924,
0.002261754125356674,
0.04286784306168556,
-0.001738921389915049,
-0.029638757929205894,
0.011715708300471306,
0.07667872309684753,
0.05744784697890282,
-0.0048731123097240925,
0.0012049616780132055,
-0.08272473514080048,
-0.04453699663281441,
-0.008218656294047832,
0.040539056062698364,
0.0043700034730136395,
-0.006740243639796972,
0.012851247563958168,
0.020817920565605164,
0.010444709099829197,
0.020778531208634377,
0.005787551403045654,
0.022194432094693184,
0.033635739237070084,
0.0003075599088333547,
0.005259679164737463,
0.015558997169137001,
0.01115813385695219,
0.015057274140417576,
-0.0026823675725609064,
0.01871161162853241,
-0.03263076767325401,
-0.011292975395917892,
0.02337067387998104,
-0.04703005030751228,
-0.26445692777633667,
0.01589621603488922,
-0.001446958864107728,
-0.00468321843072772,
0.039809659123420715,
-0.010665692389011383,
0.011118966154754162,
-0.03163531422615051,
-0.01488589122891426,
0.012491600587964058,
0.031562868505716324,
0.02158694714307785,
0.0015862794825807214,
0.04748373106122017,
0.03195749595761299,
0.02357078529894352,
0.02581849880516529,
-0.004014152102172375,
0.035071033984422684,
0.051254596561193466,
0.0008239604067057371,
-0.08361808210611343,
-0.01819155365228653,
0.027685586363077164,
-0.015825927257537842,
0.016003834083676338,
-0.07247326523065567,
0.013260937295854092,
-0.03898156061768532,
-0.02680451236665249,
-0.020426901057362556,
-0.053656693547964096,
0.013481318950653076,
0.057913638651371,
-0.015165773220360279,
0.005756660830229521,
-0.011960357427597046,
-0.0009041702724061906,
-0.014501262456178665,
-0.017052484676241875,
-0.0006304919370450079,
-0.025793852284550667,
-0.04234373942017555,
-0.00008870779856806621,
0.051618341356515884,
0.019529573619365692,
0.006647023838013411,
0.031493693590164185,
-0.004877438303083181,
0.052210044115781784,
-0.0048691276460886,
-0.007825748063623905,
-0.01976153813302517,
0.007655429188162088,
-0.02396916225552559,
-0.044504571706056595,
0.0030582298059016466,
0.013640918768942356,
-0.040860243141651154,
0.042022526264190674,
-0.014149834401905537,
-0.04194597154855728,
-0.008644483052194118,
-0.028336605057120323,
-0.009977687150239944,
-0.02503357082605362,
-0.07385580241680145,
-0.07174663990736008,
0.05458847060799599,
0.012400638312101364,
-0.009032247588038445,
0.004159167408943176,
-0.006228447426110506,
-0.06592646986246109,
0.06612075865268707,
-0.005616385024040937,
-0.01904550939798355,
-0.05647694319486618,
-0.05428494140505791,
0.04586775600910187,
-0.023941094055771828,
-0.026670590043067932,
0.04096575081348419,
0.018223898485302925,
-0.017938625067472458,
0.012594979256391525,
0.010689519345760345,
-0.03222178667783737,
-0.04008172079920769,
-0.04292447119951248,
0.03494179621338844,
-0.010381431318819523,
0.03590582683682442,
-0.006347967311739922,
0.05323036015033722,
0.07245096564292908,
0.03757075220346451,
0.06390665471553802,
0.059966329485177994,
-0.025335200130939484,
0.06313325464725494,
-0.04915960505604744,
-0.005338884424418211,
-0.016422927379608154,
-0.02590682916343212,
0.01090223342180252,
-0.055707402527332306,
-0.02984144538640976,
0.04561559855937958,
-0.019566401839256287,
-0.03576185926795006,
0.011478377506136894,
-0.014559119939804077,
0.011608081869781017,
0.009638175368309021,
-0.0014394993195310235,
0.011793000623583794,
0.010600041598081589,
0.023926867172122,
-0.01852574571967125,
-0.013538787141442299,
0.007852662354707718,
-0.014221841469407082,
0.0009588193497620523,
0.017869411036372185,
0.02466076985001564,
-0.053431522101163864,
0.02964705415070057,
-0.0003094521234743297,
-0.01464078389108181,
0.07755564153194427,
0.028879035264253616,
0.011845496483147144,
0.041329868137836456,
0.06951217353343964,
-0.0027575127314776182,
-0.01671057939529419,
-0.019720187410712242,
0.05175836384296417,
-0.006768363993614912,
0.04814452677965164,
-0.03261406719684601,
0.03166283667087555,
0.036454349756240845,
0.02834251895546913,
0.028260262683033943,
0.00679143238812685,
0.03462306782603264,
-0.03776838630437851,
-0.007589973043650389,
0.010706203058362007,
-0.0530029758810997,
-0.0559532530605793,
-0.018879201263189316,
-0.011935793794691563,
-0.0015173875726759434,
0.0017035839846357703,
-0.0223020501434803,
0.03656207397580147,
-0.078342504799366,
0.04547915235161781,
0.03049200028181076,
-0.06470709294080734,
0.0016199034871533513,
-0.014511332847177982,
0.048893898725509644,
0.017805662006139755,
-0.0048151263035833836,
0.0056585827842354774,
0.006652881391346455,
0.02905203588306904,
-0.028915606439113617,
-0.035185057669878006,
-0.02521654963493347,
0.008945425041019917,
0.028240682557225227,
0.01470180880278349,
0.0035006674006581306,
-0.038283709436655045,
0.05112592875957489,
0.02507893182337284,
-0.022598572075366974,
-0.03178009018301964,
-0.006487126462161541,
0.07099904119968414,
0.025932712480425835,
0.00505257910117507,
-0.03547164052724838,
-0.011337125673890114,
0.040896814316511154,
0.021511346101760864,
0.017540188506245613,
-0.05477451905608177,
-0.012124665081501007,
-0.013024800457060337,
-0.019192200154066086,
0.0003238073259126395,
0.04004336893558502,
-0.023942865431308746,
0.0017535832012072206,
0.002080859849229455,
-0.00018592980632092804,
0.002031163778156042,
0.006608839612454176,
0.021588828414678574,
-0.06229241192340851,
-0.004904383793473244,
0.04018302261829376,
-0.07141583412885666,
0.003631801810115576,
-0.012848207727074623,
-0.016056708991527557,
-0.05099814757704735,
0.022445760667324066,
-0.028831733390688896,
0.03149573504924774,
-0.022241491824388504,
0.007694554980844259,
0.032149627804756165,
-0.006081308238208294,
-0.022869979962706566,
0.019836075603961945,
0.009705789387226105,
-0.046210695058107376,
-0.0049051037058234215,
0.045545414090156555,
-0.021669641137123108,
0.03664110228419304,
-0.0148991784080863,
-0.03489697724580765,
0.0369192473590374,
-0.032082438468933105,
-0.010965940542519093,
0.05243998020887375,
0.053514108061790466,
0.02474929392337799,
-0.024753760546445847,
0.022087259218096733,
-0.030628062784671783,
0.018037963658571243,
-0.012340087443590164,
-0.013258568942546844,
-0.032673269510269165,
-0.019814763218164444,
-0.014629105105996132,
0.03973039239645004,
0.019760649651288986,
-0.004449794534593821,
0.010590055957436562,
0.016557160764932632,
0.0032528601586818695,
-0.0013237203238531947,
-0.05274784564971924,
-0.021184632554650307,
0.09536044299602509,
-0.027237877249717712,
-0.027231400832533836,
-0.08245950937271118,
-0.024708909913897514,
-0.02422977425158024,
-0.02726442925632,
0.0471385158598423,
0.010096106678247452,
0.03121330589056015,
0.04349609464406967,
0.013078288175165653,
-0.019341349601745605,
-0.03546348214149475,
0.0327887162566185,
-0.02451217733323574,
0.007833979092538357,
-0.04625418782234192,
-0.012299465015530586,
0.0687025859951973,
-0.03922254964709282,
0.0722883939743042,
-0.00034966570092365146,
0.013460323214530945,
-0.005928522907197475,
-0.02368074096739292,
-0.061986614018678665,
-0.006504696328192949,
-0.05201428383588791,
-0.027824267745018005,
0.007061793003231287,
-0.04852268099784851,
-0.005628486163914204,
-0.016161959618330002,
-0.021352091804146767,
0.007794646080583334,
0.036221638321876526,
0.01890719309449196,
-0.009486340917646885,
-0.03619574382901192,
-0.022621866315603256,
0.002006597351282835,
-0.015360824763774872,
0.03207971900701523,
-0.0015603683423250914,
0.01456031296402216,
-0.023237811401486397,
0.039287641644477844,
0.03530938923358917,
-0.021792178973555565,
0.044047463685274124,
-0.0010287683689966798,
0.011366859078407288,
-0.03405654430389404,
0.05371792986989021,
-0.011633303947746754,
-0.011208121664822102,
-0.06775260716676712,
0.023175988346338272,
0.042030882090330124,
-0.05146816000342369,
-0.04998021945357323,
0.056475527584552765,
-0.007576601579785347,
0.03465084359049797,
-0.0024402698036283255,
-0.018828237429261208,
0.010607128962874413,
0.06041902303695679,
-0.01749267429113388,
0.015221412293612957,
0.06579523533582687,
-0.02560216560959816,
0.019206056371331215,
-0.0006846197647973895,
0.0629764273762703,
0.06419437378644943,
0.016736237332224846,
0.01361182052642107,
0.07505781948566437,
-0.049321457743644714,
-0.009641973301768303,
0.026302851736545563,
0.0009870639769360423,
-0.013262554071843624,
-0.03238287195563316,
-0.006759428419172764,
0.12589679658412933,
0.030541492626070976,
0.06337274610996246,
-0.030422035604715347,
0.011886512860655785,
0.024472305551171303,
0.008725068531930447,
0.004696223884820938,
-0.0028531127609312534,
0.051112204790115356,
0.008070955984294415,
-0.023336127400398254,
-0.006688278634101152,
-0.01876402273774147,
-0.0074592167511582375,
0.045211516320705414,
-0.010031363926827908,
-0.017620140686631203,
0.045739829540252686,
0.006148696411401033,
0.007595586124807596,
0.08404070138931274,
-0.021918432787060738,
-0.07121440768241882,
-0.027106119319796562,
-0.0001558909279992804,
0.007963042706251144,
0.019396228715777397,
0.0021964688785374165,
-0.022687861695885658,
0.041786693036556244,
-0.03283543139696121,
0.003356799716129899,
0.05977941304445267,
0.000049079153541242704,
0.020695721730589867,
-0.010610130615532398,
-0.016157222911715508,
0.010882798582315445,
0.006465770769864321,
-0.0541953444480896,
-0.05341667681932449,
-0.0642554834485054,
-0.028334345668554306,
-0.038617346435785294,
-0.02809896506369114,
0.04395822063088417,
-0.0022684396244585514,
-0.02887341007590294,
-0.007776069920510054,
-0.04445808753371239,
-0.009111282415688038,
0.05055036023259163,
-0.06162334606051445,
-0.02254488691687584,
0.053273122757673264,
-0.05975177511572838,
-0.009246833622455597,
-0.0006916908314451575,
0.03249918296933174,
-0.02456795424222946,
0.016394762322306633,
0.036847036331892014,
-0.022131498903036118,
0.05098186060786247,
-0.016034971922636032,
-0.014194206334650517,
-0.07734612375497818,
0.00695747509598732,
0.02414681203663349,
-0.0002472846827004105,
-0.08282947540283203,
0.022500107064843178,
-0.01222437247633934,
0.002181048272177577,
0.05850669741630554,
-0.012409552000463009,
0.022679399698972702,
-0.053907789289951324,
-0.03900041803717613,
-0.005383890122175217,
0.01687515154480934,
0.02797001227736473,
-0.007469028700143099,
0.07982520014047623,
0.06572038680315018,
-0.004371775314211845,
0.0005053457571193576,
0.041212137788534164,
-0.025253476575016975,
0.02034410648047924,
-0.05110740289092064,
0.014311938546597958,
-0.04435369744896889,
-0.0867505744099617,
-0.021956531330943108,
-0.0015446092002093792,
-0.028814535588026047,
-0.03293367847800255,
0.004641773644834757,
-0.004601871594786644,
0.003217314835637808,
-0.05692043527960777,
0.028590254485607147,
-0.017697617411613464,
-0.038800619542598724,
-0.0450672022998333,
-0.045244306325912476,
0.0018745706183835864,
0.025813935324549675,
0.001652982784435153,
-0.023139670491218567,
-0.040571246296167374,
-0.016032394021749496,
0.02728184685111046,
0.03276639059185982,
0.022906852886080742,
0.035051584243774414,
-0.011981452815234661
] |
3,436
|
CBQ: Cross-Block Quantization for Large Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=eW4yh6HKz4
|
[
"Xin Ding",
"Xiaoyu Liu",
"Zhijun Tu",
"Yun Zhang",
"Wei Li",
"Jie Hu",
"Hanting Chen",
"Yehui Tang",
"Zhiwei Xiong",
"Baoqun Yin",
"Yunhe Wang"
] |
Spotlight
|
Post-training quantization (PTQ) has played a pivotal role in compressing large language models (LLMs) at ultra-low costs. Although current PTQ methods have achieved promising results by addressing outliers and employing layer- or block-wise loss optimization techniques, they still suffer from significant performance degradation at ultra-low bits precision. To dissect this issue, we conducted an in-depth analysis of quantization errors specific to LLMs and surprisingly discovered that, unlike traditional sources of quantization errors, the growing number of model parameters, combined with the reduction in quantization bits, intensifies inter-layer and intra-layer dependencies, which severely impact quantization accuracy. This finding highlights a critical challenge in quantizing LLMs. To address this, we propose CBQ, a cross-block reconstruction-based PTQ method for LLMs. CBQ leverages a cross-block dependency to establish long-range dependencies across multiple blocks and integrates an adaptive LoRA-Rounding technique to manage intra-layer dependencies. To further enhance performance, CBQ incorporates a coarse-to-fine pre-processing mechanism for processing weights and activations. Extensive experiments show that CBQ achieves superior low-bit quantization (W4A4, W4A8, W2A16) and outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods across various LLMs and datasets. Notably, CBQ only takes 4.3 hours to quantize a weight-only quantization of a 4-bit LLAMA1-65B model, achieving a commendable trade off between performance and efficiency.
|
Large Language Model Compression, ultra-low bits precision
| null | 9,338
|
2312.07950
|
[
-0.023571694269776344,
-0.028517475351691246,
-0.017468934878706932,
0.017033550888299942,
0.0375421978533268,
0.02454584278166294,
-0.005174774210900068,
0.006733720190823078,
-0.018144186586141586,
-0.005411784630268812,
-0.025420157238841057,
0.0076014078222215176,
-0.06988947838544846,
-0.01099475473165512,
0.002130439504981041,
0.05634499713778496,
0.041452690958976746,
-0.00677742762491107,
0.0396089032292366,
0.0017550175543874502,
0.020764678716659546,
-0.01789594255387783,
0.029397867619991302,
0.023068910464644432,
0.04941628873348236,
-0.004938917234539986,
0.024590086191892624,
0.03312307596206665,
-0.042524389922618866,
-0.006265595089644194,
0.03448018804192543,
-0.011269530281424522,
0.02261367067694664,
-0.008164739236235619,
0.04585034400224686,
0.01734519936144352,
-0.06427431106567383,
0.016574550420045853,
0.0071723563596606255,
-0.017433175817131996,
-0.027227533981204033,
0.01900407299399376,
0.014408141374588013,
0.022316401824355125,
-0.06003817915916443,
0.017653724178671837,
-0.09393825381994247,
-0.0017534397775307298,
0.0038369102403521538,
-0.051725056022405624,
-0.09275553375482559,
0.043223846703767776,
-0.008002923801541328,
-0.006830882281064987,
0.02649080567061901,
0.029709089547395706,
0.009275916963815689,
-0.10830208659172058,
-0.013662497512996197,
-0.036930810660123825,
-0.02914198860526085,
-0.012883155606687069,
-0.004558212589472532,
0.010599412024021149,
0.024983562529087067,
-0.027301378548145294,
-0.018478998914361,
0.04004810377955437,
-0.0536833219230175,
-0.05403624475002289,
0.009385131299495697,
0.01922488398849964,
0.00197203503921628,
-0.0005946462042629719,
0.0012531800894066691,
-0.042054079473018646,
0.011906841769814491,
0.02366180159151554,
0.05746840685606003,
-0.0042998213320970535,
0.009104801341891289,
0.03222007304430008,
0.018996525555849075,
0.03670854866504669,
0.0006207378464750946,
0.02116595022380352,
-0.03278576210141182,
-0.02751190960407257,
-0.10327399522066116,
0.04660329967737198,
0.02000952512025833,
-0.04894285276532173,
0.0141636673361063,
0.027641357854008675,
0.00598496338352561,
0.007435252889990807,
0.01465609297156334,
0.021404027938842773,
0.0046319211833179,
-0.0020891958847641945,
-0.01906823180615902,
-0.013904186896979809,
0.03811785206198692,
0.007123564835637808,
-0.10220493376255035,
-0.003486913163214922,
-0.015543483197689056,
-0.019599322229623795,
0.003062714356929064,
0.010643241927027702,
0.021822934970259666,
-0.02369886077940464,
0.01341843418776989,
-0.013984372839331627,
-0.07796381413936615,
0.018341634422540665,
0.024624155834317207,
0.01251109316945076,
-0.0337720587849617,
-0.00005246028013061732,
0.0477193184196949,
0.06862332671880722,
-0.015186210162937641,
0.08006855100393295,
-0.00627507409080863,
-0.020511122420430183,
0.012344597838819027,
0.03838832303881645,
-0.04017089307308197,
-0.03135165944695473,
-0.0076430668123066425,
0.051520008593797684,
-0.009118904359638691,
0.0068194009363651276,
-0.012234615162014961,
-0.026088817045092583,
0.0025746941100806,
0.009961801581084728,
0.05726053565740585,
-0.031056659296154976,
0.014220230281352997,
0.0016341784503310919,
0.052087731659412384,
-0.011964584700763226,
0.06187201291322708,
0.019135085865855217,
-0.05753203108906746,
-0.022230640053749084,
-0.024795163422822952,
0.010490701533854008,
0.011924328282475471,
-0.020620599389076233,
0.0030033341608941555,
-0.08367472141981125,
0.001749230083078146,
0.032439202070236206,
0.010922624729573727,
0.00792066939175129,
-0.00820701103657484,
0.00191432551946491,
-0.016037829220294952,
-0.011220436543226242,
-0.04798506945371628,
0.006265175063163042,
-0.021248305216431618,
-0.08610652387142181,
0.03502405807375908,
0.009205338545143604,
-0.05215293914079666,
0.023796208202838898,
-0.03338213264942169,
-0.05120902881026268,
0.04898501932621002,
-0.03243811056017876,
-0.06678146123886108,
-0.007485921960324049,
0.05888933688402176,
0.02509932778775692,
0.02321798726916313,
0.04886656254529953,
-0.09185020625591278,
0.03077097237110138,
0.02744235470890999,
0.0019058766774833202,
0.025798972696065903,
-0.034907519817352295,
0.11737579852342606,
-0.050144460052251816,
0.00566271273419261,
0.014349413104355335,
-0.0636710450053215,
0.01708313636481762,
-0.0061146896332502365,
0.01727372780442238,
0.051530756056308746,
0.011848322115838528,
0.033462412655353546,
0.026673760265111923,
0.03978825360536575,
0.03176681324839592,
0.03528294712305069,
-0.013987361453473568,
0.06177675724029541,
0.002718299627304077,
-0.041839972138404846,
0.03243289887905121,
0.04457894340157509,
-0.029856033623218536,
-0.010679875500500202,
-0.006610575132071972,
-0.017985370010137558,
-0.009244590997695923,
0.043726932257413864,
0.010022147558629513,
-0.015473433770239353,
-0.035780515521764755,
-0.004563783761113882,
-0.009011050686240196,
0.0405498668551445,
-0.04284079000353813,
0.046802639961242676,
0.021106885746121407,
0.009524470195174217,
0.020487019792199135,
-0.048113349825143814,
0.08581404387950897,
0.040916554629802704,
-0.028241325169801712,
-0.011493484489619732,
0.006169709376990795,
-0.012607933022081852,
-0.01871558278799057,
-0.012239404954016209,
-0.032479509711265564,
0.02663319930434227,
0.006184941623359919,
-0.02212834358215332,
-0.05693373456597328,
0.05176811292767525,
-0.03228863701224327,
-0.01219218224287033,
0.06398070603609085,
-0.010688920505344868,
0.04862147197127342,
0.00267990306019783,
-0.004711939953267574,
0.037554748356342316,
-0.011326035484671593,
-0.01756865158677101,
-0.03046691045165062,
-0.013134237378835678,
0.005357491783797741,
-0.005407179240137339,
-0.015649287030100822,
0.03576057776808739,
-0.04661046341061592,
0.000952301430515945,
-0.006287529598921537,
0.05326152592897415,
0.03602895140647888,
-0.005661838687956333,
0.013761202804744244,
0.024984275922179222,
-0.029390478506684303,
-0.017360009253025055,
-0.0747544914484024,
-0.02148648537695408,
-0.01978529430925846,
0.0305014755576849,
-0.012092350982129574,
0.04608366638422012,
-0.0005332259461283684,
0.02691555768251419,
-0.041570067405700684,
-0.009329884313046932,
-0.0011957406532019377,
0.039632268249988556,
-0.008343188092112541,
-0.017969900742173195,
-0.003371301805600524,
-0.0033631217665970325,
0.042052749544382095,
-0.026360562071204185,
-0.03317791596055031,
-0.018669718876481056,
-0.04873999208211899,
0.00263427197933197,
-0.05170485004782677,
0.020753808319568634,
0.01836210861802101,
0.01429307647049427,
0.028666680678725243,
-0.03593849018216133,
0.004516198765486479,
0.0561196506023407,
0.03511757403612137,
0.053697992116212845,
-0.01427464745938778,
-0.01982126198709011,
0.054308462888002396,
-0.037446606904268265,
0.010076290927827358,
0.011460966430604458,
0.03471393883228302,
-0.01857542246580124,
0.00028604071121662855,
0.009488733485341072,
-0.023296654224395752,
-0.27274197340011597,
0.019982410594820976,
0.009020227007567883,
-0.03429384157061577,
0.03724129870533943,
-0.007707713171839714,
0.009753450751304626,
-0.0317213237285614,
-0.02857234515249729,
0.0324864387512207,
0.004133716691285372,
0.029319018125534058,
-0.013313230127096176,
0.028203077614307404,
0.06351031363010406,
0.0602240264415741,
-0.03583141416311264,
0.001801752601750195,
0.028564490377902985,
0.0626293197274208,
0.007428852375596762,
-0.048064351081848145,
0.005104696378111839,
0.028210444375872612,
-0.004629394970834255,
0.03841150924563408,
-0.08224102854728699,
0.025045908987522125,
-0.014403159730136395,
-0.008918888866901398,
-0.014563268050551414,
-0.030313657596707344,
0.023532167077064514,
0.04184546694159508,
-0.016997581347823143,
-0.006324431858956814,
0.036222949624061584,
0.014073875732719898,
0.03392072394490242,
0.01786152832210064,
0.02305193990468979,
-0.01481134444475174,
-0.008772308938205242,
-0.011691262014210224,
0.0506165437400341,
0.022549178451299667,
-0.05516846850514412,
0.00401250971481204,
-0.023709451779723167,
0.027914324775338173,
0.006631733849644661,
-0.04609113186597824,
-0.020695485174655914,
0.011408830061554909,
-0.00024072700762189925,
-0.01616767607629299,
0.0023114352952688932,
-0.033296555280685425,
-0.03606986254453659,
-0.008350657299160957,
-0.02727203257381916,
-0.06287074834108353,
-0.053684283047914505,
-0.047879379242658615,
0.0010019948240369558,
-0.03169477730989456,
-0.05444224551320076,
-0.035124510526657104,
0.05983584001660347,
0.04605076089501381,
-0.009360293857753277,
0.04258253052830696,
-0.006310071796178818,
-0.06576012820005417,
-0.0019885459914803505,
0.029637550935149193,
-0.007383556105196476,
-0.014496331103146076,
-0.011710884980857372,
0.05408365651965141,
-0.02644570916891098,
-0.04307076707482338,
0.040303248912096024,
0.01927388831973076,
0.0032056495547294617,
-0.05682216212153435,
0.0024418130051344633,
-0.003881292650476098,
-0.01420249417424202,
-0.020248256623744965,
0.06032133474946022,
0.010465591214597225,
-0.011416739784181118,
0.0034707838203758,
0.054662395268678665,
0.013503151014447212,
0.014603658579289913,
0.06709053367376328,
0.0017159122508019209,
0.00961435865610838,
0.038469098508358,
-0.026024168357253075,
-0.037839267402887344,
-0.05834069848060608,
-0.03790445998311043,
0.05535387247800827,
-0.07121703773736954,
-0.026876535266637802,
0.016746602952480316,
0.013906317763030529,
-0.053399112075567245,
-0.03156458958983421,
0.028910834342241287,
0.009276056662201881,
-0.017596101388335228,
-0.0314425565302372,
-0.013463683426380157,
0.032376885414123535,
0.03426685929298401,
-0.03380163386464119,
0.0025398856960237026,
0.036457713693380356,
0.0002049934701062739,
-0.00572880869731307,
0.017398880794644356,
0.0032207719050347805,
-0.005863867234438658,
-0.0015121815958991647,
-0.0524548701941967,
-0.011937390081584454,
0.017556555569171906,
0.038381922990083694,
-0.024163614958524704,
0.016229992732405663,
0.045921143144369125,
-0.009106512181460857,
-0.006982977036386728,
-0.007244290318340063,
0.04874923452734947,
-0.010128685273230076,
0.010876466520130634,
-0.01394785474985838,
0.045833781361579895,
0.05055302754044533,
0.031062042340636253,
0.0013762419112026691,
0.01893802173435688,
-0.011928180232644081,
-0.016867147758603096,
-0.006670319475233555,
0.056236740201711655,
-0.03956766799092293,
-0.01456397958099842,
-0.010923199355602264,
0.016629451885819435,
-0.006705287378281355,
0.0495382659137249,
-0.008474146947264671,
0.04603232443332672,
-0.08672795444726944,
0.05955304950475693,
0.022563792765140533,
-0.010168998502194881,
0.010118291713297367,
0.04124627634882927,
0.01542550791054964,
-0.02030377835035324,
0.001109614153392613,
0.023379694670438766,
0.03703790903091431,
0.015132780186831951,
-0.026283910498023033,
-0.011677955277264118,
-0.016612114384770393,
-0.0049631353467702866,
0.017499558627605438,
-0.0014874918852001429,
0.0067125530913472176,
-0.021832821890711784,
0.04227384179830551,
0.03160697966814041,
-0.03954710811376572,
0.007253986783325672,
0.03337344154715538,
0.0891314148902893,
0.010892478749155998,
0.01250515691936016,
0.03734331950545311,
-0.03666214644908905,
0.056802842766046524,
0.02608487196266651,
0.00882323831319809,
-0.017309824004769325,
-0.0029786943923681974,
-0.036288898438215256,
-0.02977309562265873,
0.04114627093076706,
0.030021997168660164,
-0.0046870228834450245,
-0.02321653999388218,
-0.0018522877944633365,
-0.014359265565872192,
-0.02225467935204506,
-0.01131406519562006,
0.024541279301047325,
-0.07514016330242157,
0.014930175617337227,
0.018545661121606827,
-0.05276598781347275,
-0.004874502308666706,
-0.03048909455537796,
-0.03697747364640236,
-0.04984510689973831,
-0.02834390103816986,
-0.010193436406552792,
-0.010902495123445988,
-0.02709396556019783,
-0.016312401741743088,
0.03416173532605171,
-0.03301360830664635,
0.030863098800182343,
-0.022364478558301926,
-0.017949489876627922,
-0.013528693467378616,
0.01145735289901495,
0.07165130972862244,
-0.07021650671958923,
0.009595478884875774,
0.015191629528999329,
-0.03788348659873009,
0.015325293876230717,
-0.0627407655119896,
0.02539837546646595,
0.059432320296764374,
-0.01158352755010128,
0.021594513207674026,
-0.07830910384654999,
0.038855813443660736,
-0.004885041154921055,
-0.0031207427382469177,
0.014070351608097553,
-0.0019562295638024807,
0.002592278178781271,
0.02362479642033577,
-0.021014390513300896,
0.03684652969241142,
0.025660639628767967,
0.037414245307445526,
-0.03631845489144325,
0.016709400340914726,
-0.008991176262497902,
0.04788174852728844,
-0.04651797190308571,
-0.045465681701898575,
0.05237344279885292,
-0.022142063826322556,
-0.0413532480597496,
-0.09725082665681839,
-0.04768883064389229,
-0.0008647457580082119,
-0.020165281370282173,
0.034506525844335556,
-0.04464837908744812,
0.048928163945674896,
0.04090135544538498,
0.04929935187101364,
-0.016444839537143707,
-0.04197780787944794,
0.021797146648168564,
-0.02195477858185768,
-0.011214813217520714,
-0.03832815960049629,
-0.03354416415095329,
0.08695896714925766,
-0.029602592810988426,
0.024035140872001648,
-0.011065169237554073,
-0.03995812311768532,
0.0033911308273673058,
-0.015182893723249435,
-0.032653044909238815,
0.02439700812101364,
-0.04401019215583801,
-0.035163022577762604,
0.04601220041513443,
-0.05243588611483574,
-0.007943466305732727,
-0.005242441315203905,
-0.04073547199368477,
-0.003220565617084503,
0.011698042973876,
0.0655570924282074,
-0.031018691137433052,
-0.0018664178205654025,
-0.050153881311416626,
-0.02227081172168255,
-0.010576526634395123,
0.04000217467546463,
0.05205756798386574,
0.018926439806818962,
-0.030892951413989067,
0.027267716825008392,
0.045143019407987595,
-0.019801126793026924,
0.007457616738975048,
0.008871946483850479,
-0.021986832842230797,
-0.07107987999916077,
0.04845939949154854,
0.012048088945448399,
-0.0009221029467880726,
-0.03699440136551857,
0.06068792566657066,
0.031459689140319824,
-0.06301546096801758,
-0.04201116785407066,
0.04487933591008186,
-0.051905032247304916,
0.005260237026959658,
-0.04070029407739639,
-0.011280203238129616,
-0.0093980822712183,
0.08553741127252579,
0.04048897698521614,
0.029870063066482544,
0.09196554124355316,
-0.0012940349988639355,
-0.024853290989995003,
-0.006110339425504208,
0.05653156712651253,
0.05902831256389618,
0.056518372148275375,
-0.014923996292054653,
0.038593657314777374,
-0.0835040807723999,
-0.046058669686317444,
0.007490838877856731,
0.03480033203959465,
-0.005511079914867878,
-0.026616517454385757,
-0.004301785491406918,
0.08082281798124313,
-0.02550944685935974,
0.06984893232584,
-0.03683209791779518,
0.004891867283731699,
0.0481550469994545,
0.0036492247600108385,
-0.013950970023870468,
0.030206220224499702,
0.010558976791799068,
0.010741141624748707,
-0.02648494765162468,
-0.010861214250326157,
0.01762765645980835,
0.005328384693711996,
0.01801116392016411,
-0.005735000129789114,
0.01854141615331173,
-0.019902005791664124,
-0.02607077918946743,
0.05816749855875969,
0.10620149970054626,
-0.03855859860777855,
-0.03315885737538338,
-0.004305941052734852,
0.0010309574427083135,
-0.008775330148637295,
0.04923525080084801,
-0.007029804401099682,
-0.03572160378098488,
0.0007771544042043388,
-0.03798248618841171,
0.015434716828167439,
0.0250046718865633,
-0.008546006865799427,
0.007629264611750841,
0.005126492585986853,
-0.02832542359828949,
-0.0049962266348302364,
0.039215050637722015,
-0.08802638202905655,
-0.05132553353905678,
-0.046218860894441605,
-0.0539197102189064,
-0.04224122315645218,
-0.05055132508277893,
0.022097313776612282,
0.014337531290948391,
-0.019098352640867233,
-0.015548036433756351,
-0.06461498886346817,
-0.014947427436709404,
-0.005565909203141928,
-0.07203484326601028,
0.005906855221837759,
0.03701244294643402,
-0.019652435556054115,
-0.051319386810064316,
0.03165227919816971,
0.03299658000469208,
-0.034700728952884674,
-0.005390963051468134,
0.025670869275927544,
0.04107589274644852,
0.011652407236397266,
0.002340062288567424,
0.016515184193849564,
-0.10087043046951294,
0.022431356832385063,
0.02205195277929306,
-0.02305252104997635,
-0.06910838931798935,
0.04726245999336243,
0.0014337535249069333,
0.022293658927083015,
0.055044740438461304,
0.024830976501107216,
0.03485789895057678,
-0.03891849145293236,
-0.028305212035775185,
-0.014727896079421043,
0.00492451898753643,
0.03888515755534172,
-0.0016367388889193535,
0.06728897243738174,
0.05486124008893967,
0.003118132706731558,
-0.0438309982419014,
0.02348562516272068,
-0.014841293916106224,
-0.035887591540813446,
-0.018965546041727066,
-0.03170914575457573,
-0.006061891559511423,
-0.07439906150102615,
-0.03879065066576004,
0.015122483484447002,
-0.004525390919297934,
-0.03348951414227486,
0.023817388340830803,
0.016294552013278008,
-0.017569387331604958,
-0.03481220826506615,
-0.005429799668490887,
-0.016760075464844704,
-0.01713702082633972,
-0.01733141578733921,
-0.04853186756372452,
0.011725482530891895,
-0.010124037973582745,
-0.007689010817557573,
-0.03525560721755028,
-0.0506792888045311,
0.016373349353671074,
0.03941451758146286,
0.03744131326675415,
0.009484559297561646,
0.006736026611179113,
-0.036021847277879715
] |
3,437
|
Iterative Label Refinement Matters More than Preference Optimization under Weak Supervision
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=q5EZ7gKcnW
|
[
"Yaowen Ye",
"Cassidy Laidlaw",
"Jacob Steinhardt"
] |
Spotlight
|
Language model (LM) post-training relies on two stages of human supervision: task demonstrations for supervised finetuning (SFT), followed by preference comparisons for reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). As LMs become more capable, the tasks they are given become harder to supervise. Will post-training remain effective under unreliable supervision? To test this, we simulate unreliable demonstrations and comparison feedback using small LMs and time-constrained humans. We find that in the presence of unreliable supervision, SFT still retains some effectiveness, but DPO (a common RLHF algorithm) fails to improve the model beyond SFT. To address this, we propose *iterative label refinement* (ILR) as an alternative to RLHF. ILR improves the SFT data by using comparison feedback to decide whether human demonstrations should be replaced by model-generated alternatives, then retrains the model via SFT on the updated data. SFT+ILR outperforms SFT+DPO on several tasks with unreliable supervision (math, coding, and safe instruction-following). Our findings suggest that as LMs are used for complex tasks where human supervision is unreliable, RLHF may no longer be the best use of human comparison feedback; instead, it is better to direct feedback towards improving the training *data* rather than continually training the *model*. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/helloelwin/iterative-label-refinement.
|
unreliable human supervision, language model post-training, scalable oversight
|
We find SFT+DPO breaks down under unreliable supervision and show that it is better to direct unreliable feedback towards improving the training *data* rather than continually training the *model*.
| 9,316
|
2501.07886
|
[
-0.001965547678992152,
-0.012298326939344406,
-0.002531590173020959,
0.046833112835884094,
0.027738632634282112,
0.008193080313503742,
0.019063638523221016,
0.027873804792761803,
-0.00960547011345625,
-0.020265860483050346,
-0.02257990650832653,
0.05642843246459961,
-0.08288741111755371,
0.003787797875702381,
0.006316961720585823,
0.03563481196761131,
0.069687619805336,
0.01715945452451706,
-0.009342949837446213,
0.02930968627333641,
-0.013279715552926064,
0.007565042469650507,
0.010060262866318226,
-0.009600851684808731,
0.0347251258790493,
0.015315324999392033,
0.010773726738989353,
-0.005876742769032717,
-0.04064658656716347,
-0.01727125234901905,
0.0454162061214447,
-0.02753487043082714,
0.012168848887085915,
-0.008014249615371227,
0.00962647795677185,
0.01211782731115818,
-0.02993970550596714,
0.009834995493292809,
-0.008889995515346527,
0.020260073244571686,
-0.0560997799038887,
0.019015034660696983,
-0.00201014569029212,
-0.006126242224127054,
-0.06028689816594124,
0.02398356981575489,
-0.10747018456459045,
0.013067756779491901,
0.04172702878713608,
-0.05017334222793579,
-0.13147667050361633,
0.030963072553277016,
0.037125274538993835,
-0.03645698353648186,
0.016514720395207405,
0.02647857926785946,
0.044294144958257675,
-0.09936461597681046,
0.00494028627872467,
-0.015167578123509884,
-0.03812013566493988,
0.01838609203696251,
0.010448399931192398,
0.03190135210752487,
-0.004680272191762924,
-0.03946095332503319,
0.002810579724609852,
0.03994843736290932,
-0.043657708913087845,
-0.01757972314953804,
-0.029039429500699043,
0.011539843864738941,
-0.0032436279579997063,
0.004411500412970781,
0.01399942860007286,
-0.038385577499866486,
-0.0037607632111757994,
0.03400316461920738,
0.046623703092336655,
-0.018357204273343086,
0.016720537096261978,
0.03608954697847366,
0.025706084445118904,
0.018178746104240417,
0.026158388704061508,
0.011275782249867916,
-0.021289993077516556,
-0.05129750072956085,
-0.09497753530740738,
0.03134338557720184,
-0.0008429932640865445,
-0.043429117649793625,
0.020889313891530037,
0.04070360213518143,
0.03837541490793228,
0.0024289393331855536,
0.006765641272068024,
0.0223952978849411,
-0.01902543194591999,
-0.00914327148348093,
-0.03569739684462547,
-0.028533143922686577,
0.021440880373120308,
0.014767173677682877,
-0.10576476156711578,
-0.05057396739721298,
0.011053967289626598,
-0.0011744967196136713,
0.0048010689206421375,
0.0155186727643013,
-0.05553634092211723,
0.00788570661097765,
0.0010333379032090306,
-0.003998127765953541,
-0.0782790333032608,
0.009785082191228867,
-0.011855674907565117,
0.052688583731651306,
-0.019085345789790154,
0.0013918695040047169,
0.03870462253689766,
0.02856992743909359,
0.01896669901907444,
0.07529551535844803,
-0.035434264689683914,
0.013439537025988102,
-0.01195929292589426,
0.03561468794941902,
-0.059800319373607635,
-0.046811267733573914,
-0.007739522494375706,
0.04371834173798561,
-0.015351219102740288,
0.02301415428519249,
-0.03148205950856209,
0.025711026042699814,
0.02657928690314293,
-0.025834698230028152,
0.030198808759450912,
0.013093529269099236,
-0.0014387777773663402,
0.021331053227186203,
0.0608445443212986,
-0.01771111600100994,
0.06274072825908661,
-0.014022222720086575,
-0.013289239257574081,
-0.022958988323807716,
-0.03544478863477707,
0.006211698055267334,
0.016423137858510017,
-0.03775828704237938,
-0.002386360662057996,
-0.05009494721889496,
0.03549376130104065,
0.06903231889009476,
0.026943223550915718,
0.003207310102880001,
0.014572247862815857,
0.0004248867044225335,
0.0010474150767549872,
0.006637819577008486,
-0.03506525978446007,
-0.018026437610387802,
0.012866953387856483,
-0.0674368143081665,
0.022556297481060028,
0.001281135599128902,
-0.03771239146590233,
0.005426216870546341,
-0.03180733695626259,
-0.007076968904584646,
0.026757141575217247,
-0.05365294963121414,
-0.02199673093855381,
0.005566048435866833,
0.04698535427451134,
0.014820629730820656,
0.04385317489504814,
0.040608182549476624,
-0.075053371489048,
0.04026547446846962,
-0.006691159214824438,
0.012831221334636211,
-0.017386147752404213,
-0.020416678860783577,
0.08221939951181412,
-0.025761473923921585,
0.007192932069301605,
0.01922459341585636,
-0.08542727679014206,
-0.01906951144337654,
0.05065683275461197,
-0.03067028522491455,
0.06896157562732697,
-0.01266689132899046,
-0.00875051785260439,
0.04428612068295479,
0.02748677134513855,
0.06093614175915718,
0.06996062397956848,
-0.03432666137814522,
0.026492930948734283,
0.007850107736885548,
-0.03106294944882393,
0.002461737021803856,
0.05322173982858658,
-0.03823153302073479,
-0.045534905046224594,
0.047618284821510315,
-0.023313917219638824,
-0.013273064978420734,
0.034447550773620605,
0.022471018135547638,
0.03851998969912529,
0.03109590895473957,
-0.007269479800015688,
0.033116843551397324,
0.01636366732418537,
-0.03721284121274948,
0.019042225554585457,
0.022247683256864548,
-0.00039356283377856016,
0.0009452852536924183,
-0.06167735159397125,
0.08982226997613907,
0.06476456671953201,
-0.024731941521167755,
-0.029975805431604385,
0.021007848903536797,
0.001850011176429689,
0.01235141046345234,
0.01913291960954666,
-0.009769711643457413,
0.011608238331973553,
-0.01645689457654953,
0.009317944757640362,
-0.03042934089899063,
0.04588674008846283,
-0.03660734370350838,
-0.019423266872763634,
0.05049406364560127,
-0.0373893640935421,
0.0524880513548851,
0.004366016481071711,
0.019305631518363953,
0.02499963901937008,
0.03160674124956131,
-0.03007257543504238,
0.012704827822744846,
-0.02576945535838604,
0.0019103517988696694,
-0.0003361734270583838,
-0.03012012504041195,
-0.012572191655635834,
-0.04774904623627663,
-0.02973770536482334,
-0.03757011517882347,
0.06854359805583954,
0.055631883442401886,
0.008874042890965939,
0.025511140003800392,
-0.03792179003357887,
-0.052309293299913406,
0.0010765354381874204,
-0.10137059539556503,
-0.028739793226122856,
-0.003271430963650346,
0.01024063304066658,
0.0036091506481170654,
0.016111696138978004,
-0.0005995885003358126,
0.015978001058101654,
-0.0344313345849514,
-0.027691567316651344,
0.021235942840576172,
0.0246236864477396,
0.012348266318440437,
-0.02940465696156025,
-0.0011418480426073074,
-0.01826751045882702,
0.049196645617485046,
-0.004561369773000479,
-0.021584955975413322,
-0.024164393544197083,
-0.04410063475370407,
-0.0033190781250596046,
-0.05050920695066452,
-0.011718029156327248,
-0.0035125405993312597,
-0.00936152320355177,
0.014839417301118374,
-0.007096344139426947,
0.0018533003749325871,
0.013271259143948555,
0.030450008809566498,
0.06249360740184784,
0.0259025227278471,
-0.008513244800269604,
0.044196080416440964,
-0.022662200033664703,
0.006024183705449104,
-0.010922430083155632,
0.053104039281606674,
-0.010320690460503101,
0.012653371319174767,
0.0523366704583168,
0.024081382900476456,
-0.2805158793926239,
-0.031691599637269974,
0.014601903036236763,
-0.01694423519074917,
0.00632533198222518,
-0.024688392877578735,
0.08925854414701462,
-0.052529968321323395,
-0.031968288123607635,
0.004221692215651274,
0.011573584750294685,
0.04110676050186157,
0.02872490882873535,
0.06650757789611816,
0.026651427149772644,
0.03803466260433197,
-0.002828239230439067,
-0.04211272671818733,
0.006130941212177277,
0.05040762200951576,
-0.028567146509885788,
-0.07139252871274948,
-0.02650073915719986,
0.06272398680448532,
0.003955368418246508,
0.06215136498212814,
-0.06871987134218216,
0.0029383257497102022,
-0.03197045251727104,
-0.026409493759274483,
-0.015470696613192558,
-0.013791925273835659,
-0.028838131576776505,
0.02389964833855629,
0.020616276189684868,
-0.0016706070164218545,
0.03281356766819954,
0.013785474933683872,
0.04281194880604744,
0.013825902715325356,
-0.03057538904249668,
-0.02756100706756115,
-0.01051885262131691,
0.01991255208849907,
0.08017838001251221,
0.025574183091521263,
-0.0773024708032608,
-0.038356486707925797,
-0.029211143031716347,
0.04354791343212128,
-0.019438430666923523,
-0.031000874936580658,
-0.019015686586499214,
0.015794795006513596,
0.02015887200832367,
-0.0031921332702040672,
-0.0036519705317914486,
-0.03567935526371002,
-0.02427314966917038,
-0.021734829992055893,
-0.04023589566349983,
-0.038840152323246,
-0.032108381390571594,
-0.03430040180683136,
-0.03971558436751366,
-0.030053788796067238,
-0.0555880181491375,
-0.024058006703853607,
0.03411596640944481,
0.055352456867694855,
-0.02969731204211712,
0.018046099692583084,
-0.001888300757855177,
-0.08919678628444672,
0.02466764859855175,
-0.012537241913378239,
-0.006887056864798069,
-0.013518711552023888,
0.009215245954692364,
0.05207960680127144,
-0.027814093977212906,
-0.053742825984954834,
0.005887532606720924,
0.01791936345398426,
0.04083910956978798,
0.024078859016299248,
0.05308419093489647,
-0.002732376102358103,
-0.01982184872031212,
-0.034232500940561295,
0.028358422219753265,
0.01575172320008278,
-0.020545819774270058,
0.001754524651914835,
0.050837039947509766,
0.04714768007397652,
0.04769954830408096,
0.03649814426898956,
0.03420049697160721,
0.01154397614300251,
0.028609978035092354,
-0.07946456968784332,
0.01259805727750063,
-0.05325962230563164,
-0.009535335935652256,
0.01009345892816782,
-0.08081485331058502,
-0.013999282382428646,
0.0104545708745718,
-0.008615406230092049,
-0.02216695249080658,
-0.00598942069336772,
-0.0009848742047324777,
0.0017601423896849155,
-0.031157882884144783,
-0.030924715101718903,
-0.013258031569421291,
0.02611580677330494,
-0.006703855004161596,
-0.007460306864231825,
-0.036576978862285614,
0.03693333640694618,
-0.02784351073205471,
0.0343945175409317,
-0.022899581119418144,
-0.02433234266936779,
0.024038368836045265,
-0.02196018397808075,
-0.003736231243237853,
0.009292961098253727,
0.0220596082508564,
0.02176894061267376,
-0.002516535809263587,
0.023350220173597336,
0.055725254118442535,
0.015667090192437172,
0.023981502279639244,
0.0038535252679139376,
0.04623726010322571,
-0.028313089162111282,
0.009584478102624416,
0.010461578145623207,
0.033521708101034164,
0.0160329882055521,
0.026192983612418175,
-0.021975526586174965,
0.0019975644536316395,
-0.02727632224559784,
0.006047956645488739,
-0.005698966793715954,
0.057723212987184525,
-0.06043660640716553,
-0.025485843420028687,
-0.006518214009702206,
0.030475283041596413,
-0.01210690476000309,
0.013407758437097073,
-0.035056546330451965,
0.002603309927508235,
-0.0649452656507492,
0.02852545492351055,
0.02147558331489563,
-0.005482882261276245,
0.009270969778299332,
0.02606591396033764,
0.007935977540910244,
-0.0241268128156662,
0.0049738455563783646,
0.00630952836945653,
-0.009276161901652813,
0.005955559201538563,
-0.040541116148233414,
-0.0284800436347723,
-0.002187119098380208,
-0.05163582041859627,
-0.0133980643004179,
0.019320974126458168,
0.004679872654378414,
-0.05207353085279465,
0.04176400974392891,
-0.006818373221904039,
-0.00017342592764180154,
-0.0068746088072657585,
0.004462876822799444,
0.08478423953056335,
0.004910594318062067,
0.022645261138677597,
-0.0001371610414935276,
-0.008441968820989132,
0.02730305679142475,
-0.0237653199583292,
0.018792685121297836,
0.02261539362370968,
0.005071054678410292,
-0.033309776335954666,
-0.027776377275586128,
-0.009205123409628868,
0.015301884151995182,
0.03490431234240532,
0.021079037338495255,
-0.04073324427008629,
0.026171667501330376,
-0.04019215703010559,
-0.0448196604847908,
0.04260459542274475,
-0.06915917992591858,
-0.014456292614340782,
0.02361832559108734,
-0.0023056368809193373,
0.00986103992909193,
-0.07365075498819351,
-0.038794130086898804,
-0.06404812633991241,
-0.04225582629442215,
-0.0013570653973147273,
-0.03530431538820267,
-0.05868002772331238,
-0.026746362447738647,
-0.003892084350809455,
0.004911055788397789,
0.03262733295559883,
-0.013771163299679756,
-0.023769093677401543,
-0.0032574301585555077,
0.022495465353131294,
0.037379976361989975,
-0.03421597555279732,
-0.0015588359674438834,
0.025556331500411034,
-0.05054428055882454,
0.028269069269299507,
-0.026361707597970963,
0.03207650035619736,
0.0643889382481575,
-0.01245629321783781,
0.0016225418075919151,
-0.05069737136363983,
0.06678299605846405,
0.0016913393046706915,
-0.02083122357726097,
0.014728331938385963,
0.005445724353194237,
-0.018940169364213943,
0.0043628341518342495,
-0.000489396566990763,
0.020234357565641403,
0.03742462396621704,
-0.00025088319671340287,
-0.00887151900678873,
0.030728982761502266,
-0.0043435958214104176,
0.02884072996675968,
-0.04987935721874237,
-0.018488673493266106,
0.07078230381011963,
-0.029179440811276436,
-0.0035646173637360334,
-0.07795093208551407,
-0.04333977401256561,
0.0267805028706789,
-0.014017881825566292,
0.05192532762885094,
-0.046984098851680756,
0.033946242183446884,
0.023729080334305763,
0.033732522279024124,
0.00915883481502533,
-0.04218151420354843,
0.0316290408372879,
-0.06503944844007492,
-0.018302850425243378,
-0.033182721585035324,
-0.01110325288027525,
0.06885143369436264,
-0.0328935906291008,
-0.0051016430370509624,
-0.03058585710823536,
-0.02461296319961548,
0.030187474563717842,
-0.022425925359129906,
-0.043121349066495895,
-0.009380686096847057,
-0.009790654294192791,
-0.007372487802058458,
0.02144295908510685,
-0.04423720762133598,
-0.005352971609681845,
-0.04233846068382263,
-0.05382134020328522,
-0.024760419502854347,
0.016564514487981796,
0.02594711259007454,
-0.02022605389356613,
0.006818403489887714,
-0.041434869170188904,
0.027141926810145378,
-0.01776319555938244,
0.06449629366397858,
0.001189982402138412,
0.014163393527269363,
-0.04058944433927536,
0.060719411820173264,
0.034667979925870895,
-0.011925908736884594,
-0.004089308902621269,
0.022063082084059715,
-0.002534210681915283,
-0.03682299703359604,
0.07494185119867325,
-0.013578120619058609,
-0.010711535811424255,
-0.03948057442903519,
0.04128510504961014,
-0.007797702215611935,
-0.03617256134748459,
-0.0019015477737411857,
0.03796980530023575,
-0.04624461755156517,
-0.004697091411799192,
0.028246374800801277,
0.023376313969492912,
-0.03552480787038803,
0.06510421633720398,
0.06498189270496368,
0.0402548611164093,
0.07202404737472534,
0.014478529803454876,
-0.004134931601583958,
-0.012318309396505356,
0.0679343044757843,
0.061138544231653214,
0.08057104796171188,
0.017462678253650665,
0.07376197725534439,
-0.042354144155979156,
-0.04590408504009247,
0.03887544199824333,
0.024354632943868637,
0.005889067426323891,
-0.027131548151373863,
-0.005694705992937088,
0.060627005994319916,
-0.02284417301416397,
0.05962999165058136,
-0.02469039335846901,
0.0002371432346990332,
0.014637232758104801,
0.006236347369849682,
-0.008365596644580364,
0.04057616740465164,
0.026787487789988518,
0.014888569712638855,
-0.007828466594219208,
-0.021810470148921013,
0.00320677668787539,
-0.02511027827858925,
0.022927211597561836,
-0.021640075370669365,
-0.03487046808004379,
-0.003145452355965972,
0.00402904162183404,
0.02065287157893181,
0.10639980435371399,
-0.02198883146047592,
-0.011923232115805149,
0.030853290110826492,
0.018649872392416,
0.016490142792463303,
0.03361813724040985,
0.01664285734295845,
-0.033693838864564896,
0.01320249680429697,
-0.03986910358071327,
-0.0017938127275556326,
0.04564746096730232,
0.02253691479563713,
0.04262333735823631,
-0.04674607515335083,
-0.014120403677225113,
0.04038599878549576,
0.017317088320851326,
-0.0647193193435669,
-0.03737612068653107,
-0.02500304765999317,
-0.07724475115537643,
-0.026164984330534935,
-0.042967788875103,
0.007065725978463888,
-0.023909294977784157,
-0.02880123443901539,
0.014222128316760063,
-0.030332637950778008,
0.01630508527159691,
-0.002543471986427903,
-0.08444613218307495,
-0.0042177168652415276,
0.03752650320529938,
-0.004198242910206318,
0.00022393617837224156,
0.037115294486284256,
0.015586398541927338,
-0.013279435224831104,
-0.01917131617665291,
0.031260423362255096,
0.0019490915583446622,
0.033157654106616974,
-0.00955718383193016,
-0.0015513122780248523,
-0.11700937896966934,
0.005674359854310751,
0.032906416803598404,
-0.02677840366959572,
-0.06784168630838394,
0.023673132061958313,
-0.02995474636554718,
0.026858782395720482,
0.04821581766009331,
0.052474115043878555,
0.003927501849830151,
-0.028374982997775078,
-0.007036600727587938,
0.013444271869957447,
0.05107565224170685,
0.05666773021221161,
-0.01680028811097145,
0.06407175958156586,
0.037163373082876205,
-0.009647073224186897,
-0.06108418479561806,
0.00797377247363329,
0.013659545220434666,
-0.04032496362924576,
-0.017154037952423096,
-0.06474244594573975,
-0.013359247706830502,
-0.07511503249406815,
-0.005724325776100159,
0.0061024450697004795,
0.010986516252160072,
-0.04442618787288666,
-0.00763228815048933,
-0.02613671123981476,
-0.018064038828015327,
0.032964132726192474,
-0.028576117008924484,
0.001049119746312499,
-0.028854895383119583,
-0.04200122132897377,
-0.05314454063773155,
-0.011596694588661194,
-0.039283283054828644,
0.014734331518411636,
-0.04122573882341385,
-0.02829291671514511,
0.012522104196250439,
-0.008964435197412968,
0.03713757172226906,
0.0328671894967556,
0.019023220986127853,
-0.02085243910551071
] |
3,438
|
uniINF: Best-of-Both-Worlds Algorithm for Parameter-Free Heavy-Tailed MABs
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=2pNLknCTvG
|
[
"Yu Chen",
"Jiatai Huang",
"Yan Dai",
"Longbo Huang"
] |
Spotlight
|
In this paper, we present a novel algorithm, `uniINF`, for the Heavy-Tailed Multi-Armed Bandits (HTMAB) problem, demonstrating robustness and adaptability in both stochastic and adversarial environments. Unlike the stochastic MAB setting where loss distributions are stationary with time, our study extends to the adversarial setup, where losses are generated from heavy-tailed distributions that depend on both arms and time. Our novel algorithm `uniINF` enjoys the so-called Best-of-Both-Worlds (BoBW) property, performing optimally in both stochastic and adversarial environments *without* knowing the exact environment type. Moreover, our algorithm also possesses a Parameter-Free feature, *i.e.*, it operates *without* the need of knowing the heavy-tail parameters $(\sigma, \alpha)$ a-priori.
To be precise, `uniINF` ensures nearly-optimal regret in both stochastic and adversarial environments, matching the corresponding lower bounds when $(\sigma, \alpha)$ is known (up to logarithmic factors). To our knowledge, `uniINF` is the first parameter-free algorithm to achieve the BoBW property for the heavy-tailed MAB problem. Technically, we develop innovative techniques to achieve BoBW guarantees for Parameter-Free HTMABs, including a refined analysis for the dynamics of log-barrier, an auto-balancing learning rate scheduling scheme, an adaptive skipping-clipping loss tuning technique, and a stopping-time analysis for logarithmic regret.
|
Heavy Tailed, Multi-Armed Bandits, Parameter-Free, Best-of-Both-Worlds
| null | 9,301
|
2410.03284
|
[
-0.015138765797019005,
-0.019911574199795723,
0.014930139295756817,
-0.0004372801340650767,
0.034294065088033676,
-0.0062222229316830635,
0.022954061627388,
-0.011854534968733788,
0.002177666872739792,
-0.04410754144191742,
0.003416234627366066,
0.012125710025429726,
-0.06268706917762756,
-0.0043534100987017155,
0.026968609541654587,
0.0736868605017662,
0.021151913329958916,
-0.02154325321316719,
0.019055480137467384,
-0.002958527998998761,
0.00752506498247385,
0.011528871022164822,
0.05420084670186043,
0.024099823087453842,
0.03609319031238556,
0.03559355065226555,
0.03168749064207077,
0.025603516027331352,
-0.013668659143149853,
-0.005558161064982414,
0.0300658717751503,
-0.01654968410730362,
0.014962845481932163,
-0.036226529628038406,
0.04122911021113396,
0.019404102116823196,
-0.03348197788000107,
0.007411656901240349,
0.011383447796106339,
0.008871558122336864,
-0.05264317989349365,
0.009345874190330505,
-0.04808534309267998,
0.034967437386512756,
-0.029127271845936775,
-0.012209669686853886,
-0.08053848147392273,
0.03907034918665886,
0.030438141897320747,
-0.035000622272491455,
-0.09560120105743408,
0.026431376114487648,
0.03461441397666931,
-0.010162612423300743,
-0.013751260936260223,
0.038619086146354675,
0.06234379857778549,
-0.0745154321193695,
0.007352539803832769,
-0.043814465403556824,
-0.05078793317079544,
0.004768901038914919,
-0.0020361291244626045,
0.041559092700481415,
-0.009288706816732883,
-0.010600998997688293,
0.043901991099119186,
0.0461433008313179,
-0.029415613040328026,
-0.01273414772003889,
-0.009003300219774246,
-0.015216793864965439,
-0.022800760343670845,
0.01764078438282013,
0.0001916407491080463,
-0.0644020140171051,
0.014700266532599926,
0.007130667567253113,
0.06814693659543991,
0.0013145547127351165,
0.016478281468153,
-0.0013672709465026855,
0.025265691801905632,
0.030889244750142097,
-0.00284743239171803,
-0.006663607433438301,
-0.034974608570337296,
-0.02566254511475563,
-0.10320336371660233,
0.03391809016466141,
-0.04830717667937279,
-0.058509185910224915,
0.042740482836961746,
0.02886142209172249,
-0.030744286254048347,
-0.015738999471068382,
0.007770998869091272,
0.023017514497041702,
0.024807097390294075,
-0.02052086777985096,
-0.0184680987149477,
-0.026466893032193184,
0.022213783115148544,
0.00034418408176861703,
-0.09712839126586914,
-0.0033061669673770666,
-0.021691182628273964,
-0.018785016611218452,
-0.0068636247888207436,
0.013541492633521557,
-0.06145775318145752,
0.002259556669741869,
0.030086804181337357,
-0.03720882534980774,
-0.09367984533309937,
0.03539348021149635,
-0.004928629379719496,
0.0019645553547888994,
0.006307864096015692,
-0.024026725441217422,
0.056391697376966476,
0.042540546506643295,
-0.024424932897090912,
0.06560078263282776,
0.016779186204075813,
0.003864905796945095,
0.01800563931465149,
0.03794059902429581,
-0.030295493081212044,
-0.02529677376151085,
-0.0002633028198033571,
0.05243055894970894,
-0.01679130643606186,
0.019218966364860535,
-0.026834672316908836,
-0.004319213330745697,
0.009239903651177883,
0.03989813104271889,
0.023027466610074043,
-0.010911133140325546,
-0.0024189543910324574,
-0.019686009734869003,
0.052921369671821594,
-0.014089381322264671,
0.06798115372657776,
-0.019103186205029488,
-0.0014309510588645935,
-0.02385786548256874,
-0.049077969044446945,
-0.026520343497395515,
-0.00848632026463747,
-0.03586440533399582,
0.01482777576893568,
-0.030477996915578842,
-0.009460678324103355,
0.05977363511919975,
0.027774928137660027,
0.019749516621232033,
-0.0015544212656095624,
0.027759980410337448,
0.02959463745355606,
-0.010555904358625412,
-0.039253998547792435,
-0.014877346344292164,
-0.03160298988223076,
-0.0401352234184742,
0.06528250873088837,
0.04292584955692291,
-0.01029232982546091,
-0.030271055176854134,
-0.042834002524614334,
-0.03843953460454941,
0.06914646923542023,
0.00883436854928732,
-0.02872268483042717,
-0.007913026958703995,
0.0602545440196991,
0.003867735154926777,
0.04494147002696991,
0.029287418350577354,
-0.08008410036563873,
0.043767087161540985,
0.051992930471897125,
0.030935602262616158,
0.0021030388306826353,
-0.007377007510513067,
0.05673854053020477,
-0.03515539690852165,
0.022777065634727478,
0.033909063786268234,
-0.06736596673727036,
-0.025763435289263725,
0.020745068788528442,
-0.03761984035372734,
0.06764598190784454,
-0.012441949918866158,
-0.00376848760060966,
0.029700858518481255,
0.005442856345325708,
0.012180715799331665,
0.04530900716781616,
-0.041876960545778275,
0.050447460263967514,
0.0007416447624564171,
-0.04359942302107811,
-0.0004206362646073103,
0.0355604849755764,
-0.05484786257147789,
-0.021930627524852753,
0.01393072959035635,
-0.007972881197929382,
0.02232043817639351,
-0.004654006566852331,
0.008940708823502064,
0.03468596935272217,
0.027995388954877853,
0.01580435037612915,
0.016235586255788803,
0.038092147558927536,
-0.04400569200515747,
0.026461564004421234,
0.001112515339627862,
-0.034306492656469345,
0.0007788531365804374,
0.001368910656310618,
0.09073134511709213,
0.06502258777618408,
-0.04822647199034691,
-0.00919745210558176,
0.02367185428738594,
0.026315297931432724,
-0.012001588009297848,
0.03301036357879639,
-0.02346276119351387,
0.013436581939458847,
-0.007626648060977459,
0.026607418432831764,
-0.048202697187662125,
0.06797783821821213,
-0.0438058078289032,
-0.01805107668042183,
0.07565615326166153,
-0.0059759956784546375,
0.07413384318351746,
-0.004910198040306568,
-0.023970717564225197,
0.025819499045610428,
0.03178640827536583,
0.008010748773813248,
-0.020644230768084526,
-0.028036370873451233,
0.0014894400956109166,
0.057847119867801666,
-0.029060741886496544,
0.0021289484575390816,
-0.07059303671121597,
0.006888093892484903,
0.014949294738471508,
0.0798172876238823,
0.040809549391269684,
0.020352678373456,
0.02702459879219532,
-0.022129623219370842,
-0.017926912754774094,
-0.03034312278032303,
-0.1001373678445816,
-0.05667814239859581,
-0.010932253673672676,
0.015154258348047733,
0.029147373512387276,
0.01658911630511284,
-0.008906487375497818,
0.015172296203672886,
-0.008490880019962788,
-0.006185677368193865,
0.0005084421136416495,
0.046659477055072784,
0.025332357734441757,
-0.05909900739789009,
-0.007720998954027891,
0.022536437958478928,
0.06342204660177231,
-0.014190840534865856,
-0.030659029260277748,
-0.05152697488665581,
-0.024507984519004822,
-0.03326587751507759,
-0.026926392689347267,
-0.025644851848483086,
0.024829497560858727,
-0.009214624762535095,
0.05414862930774689,
-0.032865822315216064,
0.03334234654903412,
0.001927939709275961,
0.055580608546733856,
0.02074717916548252,
0.035769492387771606,
0.011098189279437065,
0.013496022671461105,
0.017763378098607063,
0.007722586393356323,
-0.022504130378365517,
0.018979167565703392,
-0.01600763015449047,
-0.04452838376164436,
0.0075459713116288185,
-0.015773342922329903,
-0.2784487307071686,
-0.011392672546207905,
-0.0016558908391743898,
-0.012378732673823833,
0.02266351692378521,
-0.028633417561650276,
0.001346356701105833,
-0.025943206623196602,
-0.04220930486917496,
0.008716779761016369,
0.043713588267564774,
0.018042420968413353,
0.01645132154226303,
0.042407725006341934,
0.06564806401729584,
0.022997166961431503,
-0.030302461236715317,
-0.004292156081646681,
0.02724272757768631,
0.02568475902080536,
-0.010961425490677357,
-0.08660820871591568,
-0.011550983414053917,
0.021135827526450157,
-0.02221773751080036,
0.05068768560886383,
-0.06331668794155121,
-0.011602144688367844,
-0.008171840570867062,
-0.014474352821707726,
-0.03466460853815079,
-0.026985617354512215,
-0.020657069981098175,
0.011277352459728718,
0.031150992959737778,
0.003834318835288286,
0.005632590968161821,
-0.021587500348687172,
0.02906591258943081,
0.023897822946310043,
-0.0013985437108203769,
-0.0016000601463019848,
0.0037046230863779783,
0.04402367025613785,
0.06803303211927414,
0.008413292467594147,
-0.03004555217921734,
-0.002382663544267416,
-0.006927338894456625,
0.030171522870659828,
-0.004173659719526768,
-0.021545112133026123,
-0.03371702507138252,
0.010049812495708466,
-0.0035702150780707598,
-0.04461803287267685,
-0.007236247882246971,
-0.013700335286557674,
0.0078090946190059185,
0.021601006388664246,
-0.01608097553253174,
-0.06439163535833359,
-0.03295265883207321,
-0.021606819704174995,
-0.029779735952615738,
-0.03816933557391167,
-0.03827271610498428,
-0.05919326841831207,
0.031708281487226486,
0.032019246369600296,
0.0051502324640750885,
-0.016932979226112366,
0.0025275966618210077,
-0.10094179958105087,
0.037684228271245956,
-0.005061384756118059,
-0.007897003553807735,
0.01563982293009758,
-0.005298521835356951,
0.05047474429011345,
-0.05648620054125786,
-0.049612294882535934,
0.000008115066520986147,
0.012876393273472786,
0.016011245548725128,
-0.04738154262304306,
0.03480608016252518,
0.0055278511717915535,
0.016037054359912872,
-0.032383162528276443,
0.02221536450088024,
0.036532942205667496,
0.041523367166519165,
0.00567057728767395,
0.06826259940862656,
0.057625461369752884,
0.03336773067712784,
0.01621277816593647,
0.04629811272025108,
0.0005925848381593823,
0.040030255913734436,
-0.09009534865617752,
-0.004524096380919218,
-0.05485355854034424,
-0.02648324705660343,
0.06051643192768097,
-0.04038849100470543,
-0.02173176035284996,
0.05497104674577713,
-0.012333276681602001,
-0.04308979585766792,
-0.02147955447435379,
-0.002875393722206354,
-0.005136427469551563,
-0.044509757310152054,
-0.027195334434509277,
-0.02137490175664425,
0.014082574285566807,
0.05332643538713455,
0.0006675771437585354,
-0.04848500341176987,
0.06076563894748688,
-0.0014402430970221758,
-0.004202601965516806,
0.0009608822874724865,
-0.007331932429224253,
-0.017867129296064377,
-0.014648598618805408,
-0.003651159815490246,
-0.00558141153305769,
0.0636238157749176,
0.06029624864459038,
-0.0023454076144844294,
0.0465245321393013,
0.055223867297172546,
-0.0013259919360280037,
-0.04161158204078674,
0.0038941337261348963,
0.04383513703942299,
-0.03177202492952347,
0.01668970286846161,
0.01809164136648178,
0.01887706108391285,
0.030731866136193275,
0.006116419564932585,
0.01267082616686821,
0.010826841928064823,
0.004752006381750107,
-0.005487051792442799,
0.007217941805720329,
0.0046819476410746574,
-0.040578752756118774,
-0.008052321150898933,
-0.02425374649465084,
0.004330405965447426,
0.007125552743673325,
0.05315971001982689,
0.010837437584996223,
0.007246657740324736,
-0.09195657819509506,
0.04447149485349655,
0.0017169355414807796,
-0.0035351801197975874,
0.02579541690647602,
0.034639909863471985,
0.033130478113889694,
-0.025476960465312004,
0.013007250614464283,
-0.0066023631952703,
0.012795201502740383,
-0.0018194866133853793,
-0.019370699301362038,
-0.03629676625132561,
-0.037829142063856125,
-0.00957015622407198,
-0.014009582810103893,
0.006884555798023939,
-0.020319020375609398,
-0.045109380036592484,
0.027829336002469063,
0.01670931465923786,
-0.015894323587417603,
-0.01316093374043703,
-0.005531843286007643,
0.0785176083445549,
-0.005053896922618151,
0.008550978265702724,
-0.0519816093146801,
-0.025305503979325294,
0.03683725744485855,
-0.005855113733559847,
0.014524750411510468,
-0.01133439876139164,
-0.04845505952835083,
-0.00020566310558933765,
-0.042596906423568726,
-0.013794472441077232,
-0.005153873469680548,
-0.01374396774917841,
-0.013789093121886253,
0.010613547638058662,
0.018564440310001373,
-0.042918238788843155,
-0.030140096321702003,
0.01445751916617155,
-0.04959703981876373,
0.03904203698039055,
0.010232227854430676,
-0.027467887848615646,
0.04292077198624611,
-0.06509900838136673,
-0.03760669380426407,
-0.019597694277763367,
0.00915641151368618,
0.029634039849042892,
-0.0005954415537416935,
-0.03073476068675518,
0.01635577343404293,
-0.009816940873861313,
0.0017136035021394491,
0.025864483788609505,
0.0074353269301354885,
-0.018236495554447174,
0.007112904917448759,
-0.021639501675963402,
0.06303337216377258,
-0.012367608025670052,
-0.035647377371788025,
0.02356596477329731,
0.0057118134573102,
0.018672814592719078,
-0.07149716466665268,
0.005025505553930998,
0.03844083100557327,
-0.010194964706897736,
0.023466819897294044,
-0.07269352674484253,
0.03576155751943588,
-0.029053976759314537,
-0.034535206854343414,
0.0011812655720859766,
0.025717420503497124,
-0.011192742735147476,
0.014113848097622395,
-0.02380773238837719,
0.019137952476739883,
-0.00492234667763114,
0.000010839078640856314,
0.010787567123770714,
-0.0006062578177079558,
-0.02087029069662094,
0.01655747927725315,
-0.05042041465640068,
0.00357857346534729,
0.0447588674724102,
-0.011832754127681255,
-0.008804195560514927,
-0.06319636851549149,
-0.03779801353812218,
0.012868824414908886,
-0.034277260303497314,
0.01714782789349556,
-0.022061090916395187,
0.025779176503419876,
0.032656505703926086,
0.03601100668311119,
-0.0005163737805560231,
-0.008444278500974178,
0.010030202567577362,
-0.088043712079525,
-0.01039924006909132,
-0.08849528431892395,
0.011805816553533077,
0.04590485990047455,
-0.0324445478618145,
0.028318120166659355,
0.03473071753978729,
-0.024387866258621216,
-0.0033263866789638996,
-0.011012045666575432,
-0.0640457272529602,
-0.008119313046336174,
-0.029848748818039894,
-0.0021472894586622715,
0.027719397097826004,
-0.03582852706313133,
-0.02313215285539627,
-0.024761566892266273,
-0.041696734726428986,
0.01265848521143198,
0.0088829156011343,
0.06070277467370033,
-0.01289297640323639,
0.009671279229223728,
-0.046053022146224976,
0.007892895489931107,
0.030196640640497208,
0.059571072459220886,
-0.0005124119925312698,
0.04689426347613335,
-0.0369073711335659,
0.06185699626803398,
0.05097272992134094,
0.02848200313746929,
0.04549713060259819,
-0.0169698316603899,
0.009690564125776291,
-0.04133925586938858,
0.030151836574077606,
0.0008237081929109991,
-0.01639690436422825,
-0.04005410522222519,
0.05357787385582924,
0.025172915309667587,
-0.052810605615377426,
-0.0568416565656662,
0.011919417418539524,
-0.055952753871679306,
0.022791171446442604,
-0.025059333071112633,
-0.01234503835439682,
-0.014483043923974037,
0.0946987196803093,
0.009949572384357452,
0.03853842616081238,
0.0487106554210186,
-0.0025466338265687227,
-0.008599556051194668,
-0.0067709824070334435,
0.049013227224349976,
0.03137646242976189,
0.05052446201443672,
-0.037263400852680206,
0.07555381208658218,
-0.05900871008634567,
-0.042570482939481735,
0.039919883012771606,
-0.02508450113236904,
-0.0274642426520586,
-0.0459732748568058,
0.007598664611577988,
0.06255117058753967,
-0.004472360014915466,
0.05587994307279587,
-0.06340936571359634,
0.004836365580558777,
0.0634494423866272,
-0.0030430727638304234,
0.02398565597832203,
0.05221295729279518,
0.033171989023685455,
0.027185669168829918,
-0.03233663737773895,
-0.02553081139922142,
0.015160718001425266,
-0.021512890234589577,
0.017494890838861465,
0.009542834013700485,
-0.01934819668531418,
0.04548479616641998,
0.03002845123410225,
0.03234884887933731,
0.08373675495386124,
-0.053088270127773285,
-0.02181839942932129,
0.007012915797531605,
-0.0036680102348327637,
-0.006174399051815271,
0.0508330762386322,
0.03121230937540531,
-0.018667185679078102,
-0.0033023380674421787,
-0.04747636616230011,
0.011728765442967415,
0.02165861614048481,
0.0275929793715477,
0.004844470415264368,
-0.023790786042809486,
0.0022220329847186804,
0.015291544608771801,
-0.010448643006384373,
-0.021301697939634323,
-0.01796586997807026,
-0.03957042098045349,
-0.056953806430101395,
-0.06752466410398483,
-0.06181316450238228,
0.007097877096384764,
0.005855955649167299,
-0.037365712225437164,
0.04700375720858574,
-0.01595330610871315,
0.0014242008328437805,
0.036329928785562515,
-0.05710402503609657,
-0.0086538540199399,
0.041567277163267136,
0.014514869078993797,
0.01987634040415287,
0.038078758865594864,
0.018057681620121002,
0.0050381990149617195,
-0.04131640866398811,
0.058320052921772,
0.022485988214612007,
0.028226511552929878,
-0.007661148440092802,
-0.022827981039881706,
-0.09024916589260101,
0.0005985275493003428,
0.042125675827264786,
-0.04309825599193573,
-0.08612719178199768,
0.03177034482359886,
-0.04686012119054794,
-0.014926861971616745,
0.05504421889781952,
-0.021824635565280914,
-0.023235822096467018,
-0.06311841309070587,
-0.024093100801110268,
-0.017146650701761246,
-0.007312221918255091,
0.029278462752699852,
-0.03290819004178047,
0.0628153532743454,
0.03392123058438301,
-0.039086319506168365,
-0.04138808324933052,
0.05975501239299774,
-0.004352244548499584,
-0.024167299270629883,
-0.009132028557360172,
-0.0396263524889946,
-0.026551997289061546,
-0.11515642702579498,
0.004689698573201895,
0.030002178624272346,
0.007825844921171665,
-0.02039811946451664,
0.012800268828868866,
0.013852340169250965,
0.0030429617036134005,
-0.0090084383264184,
-0.036609672009944916,
-0.01080069039016962,
-0.043617647141218185,
-0.025326700881123543,
-0.08712183684110641,
0.05749206990003586,
-0.03927991911768913,
-0.02007097750902176,
-0.013303090818226337,
-0.05009319633245468,
-0.012777146883308887,
0.006351676303893328,
0.013662734068930149,
0.018751775845885277,
0.006635680329054594,
0.028062177821993828
] |
3,439
|
Exploring Local Memorization in Diffusion Models via Bright Ending Attention
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=p4cLtzk4oe
|
[
"Chen Chen",
"Daochang Liu",
"Mubarak Shah",
"Chang Xu"
] |
Spotlight
|
Text-to-image diffusion models have achieved unprecedented proficiency in generating realistic images. However, their inherent tendency to memorize and replicate training data during inference raises significant concerns, including potential copyright infringement. In response, various methods have been proposed to evaluate, detect, and mitigate memorization. Our analysis reveals that existing approaches significantly underperform in handling local memorization, where only specific image regions are memorized, compared to global memorization, where the entire image is replicated. Also, they cannot locate the local memorization regions, making it hard to investigate locally. To address these, we identify a novel "bright ending" (BE) anomaly in diffusion models prone to memorizing training images. BE refers to a distinct cross-attention pattern observed in text-to-image diffusion models, where memorized image patches exhibit significantly greater attention to the final text token during the last inference step than non-memorized patches. This pattern highlights regions where the generated image replicates training data and enables efficient localization of memorized regions. Equipped with this, we propose a simple yet effective method to integrate BE into existing frameworks, significantly improving their performance by narrowing the performance gap caused by local memorization. Our results not only validate the successful execution of the new localization task but also establish new state-of-the-art performance across all existing tasks, underscoring the significance of the BE phenomenon.
|
Diffusion Models, Local Memorization, Bright Ending Attention
| null | 9,283
|
2410.21665
|
[
-0.017082009464502335,
-0.012047212570905685,
-0.007192878983914852,
0.05739060416817665,
0.041533876210451126,
-0.01189875602722168,
0.03942495957016945,
0.010618779808282852,
-0.04038446769118309,
-0.030422814190387726,
-0.011418690904974937,
0.0002164026809623465,
-0.026994680985808372,
0.010308485478162766,
-0.019018249586224556,
0.05108161270618439,
0.06302517652511597,
-0.00001349516969639808,
0.0009494622936472297,
0.01470795925706625,
0.0019063015934079885,
-0.027739977464079857,
0.03274194523692131,
0.022598903626203537,
0.000948516302742064,
-0.013903699815273285,
0.008106835186481476,
-0.018282048404216766,
-0.031211048364639282,
0.015635214745998383,
0.021555840969085693,
-0.0033902234863489866,
0.002522942377254367,
0.01807079091668129,
0.026638716459274292,
0.003254940966144204,
-0.04022509232163429,
0.004560405388474464,
0.013412036933004856,
0.019294336438179016,
-0.05192588269710541,
0.0033364184200763702,
-0.007651529274880886,
-0.008195620030164719,
-0.058184247463941574,
-0.013282706029713154,
-0.14070965349674225,
0.0494571253657341,
-0.008650346659123898,
-0.00672495411708951,
-0.11282660067081451,
0.05354927480220795,
0.02949179895222187,
-0.014434341341257095,
0.0024228005204349756,
0.020990561693906784,
0.06013187766075134,
-0.06269196420907974,
0.01779801771044731,
-0.07291049510240555,
-0.01000344567000866,
0.0337219312787056,
-0.0020062976982444525,
0.02174534648656845,
-0.016247332096099854,
-0.04186291620135307,
0.026613468304276466,
0.025630714371800423,
-0.06747771054506302,
-0.05157146602869034,
-0.02347857505083084,
0.0033186047803610563,
-0.009138823486864567,
-0.012409623712301254,
-0.031604889780282974,
-0.028261903673410416,
0.017395228147506714,
0.014916498214006424,
0.044192712754011154,
-0.004184012766927481,
0.005703238770365715,
0.011320528574287891,
-0.001623700256459415,
0.03974871337413788,
-0.0067999460734426975,
0.01600342057645321,
-0.07586746662855148,
-0.02777066081762314,
-0.05842091888189316,
0.009106668643653393,
-0.05067351832985878,
-0.03186381608247757,
-0.004648059606552124,
0.03336075320839882,
0.026547949761152267,
-0.004663587547838688,
0.02602372132241726,
0.01771031878888607,
0.012570501305162907,
0.022088008001446724,
-0.04184329882264137,
-0.01574200764298439,
0.0004182292614132166,
0.021227506920695305,
-0.09603586792945862,
-0.012507898733019829,
-0.03150330111384392,
-0.017798490822315216,
0.0024930941872298717,
-0.000660165271256119,
-0.021794868633151054,
-0.010707752779126167,
0.006782691925764084,
-0.004453363828361034,
-0.09325363487005234,
0.030582783743739128,
-0.014774934388697147,
0.003486113389953971,
-0.017974523827433586,
0.00964379869401455,
0.02460772730410099,
0.06646275520324707,
-0.012110144831240177,
0.0670737698674202,
-0.0023743079509586096,
0.02484399452805519,
0.004161435645073652,
0.0193585567176342,
-0.04598434269428253,
-0.03098977915942669,
0.005012551788240671,
0.028188355267047882,
0.010646836832165718,
-0.01270447950810194,
0.0059014782309532166,
-0.019751884043216705,
0.001593814231455326,
-0.013830249197781086,
0.059045493602752686,
-0.01647890731692314,
0.03386761620640755,
0.011616354808211327,
0.021516282111406326,
-0.024489525705575943,
0.08132970333099365,
-0.03464757651090622,
-0.028547650203108788,
-0.011883704923093319,
-0.021553220227360725,
0.01642860472202301,
0.0427398681640625,
-0.0005902430857531726,
0.02603594772517681,
-0.06618240475654602,
0.00969614926725626,
0.06948001682758331,
0.004971946589648724,
0.011440086178481579,
-0.008467921055853367,
0.00048557951231487095,
0.02785007655620575,
-0.005897507071495056,
-0.03024042770266533,
0.015064381994307041,
-0.025111950933933258,
-0.022341592237353325,
0.022086523473262787,
0.028373021632432938,
-0.03239457681775093,
-0.0031622806563973427,
-0.04584987089037895,
-0.03586410731077194,
0.0703333243727684,
-0.020981382578611374,
-0.02828940935432911,
0.014115101657807827,
0.01894896663725376,
0.024077726528048515,
0.012463163584470749,
0.022617774084210396,
-0.08981151878833771,
0.02420537918806076,
0.00013823459448758513,
0.014123075641691685,
0.005248351022601128,
-0.016198769211769104,
0.07004846632480621,
-0.019433535635471344,
-0.012930750846862793,
0.007329482119530439,
-0.07447542250156403,
0.0010612455662339926,
0.022722551599144936,
-0.02503346838057041,
0.06415504962205887,
0.011731065809726715,
0.006809757091104984,
0.010856585577130318,
0.06965599209070206,
0.05887187272310257,
0.050401344895362854,
-0.031415995210409164,
0.034259770065546036,
-0.021690955385565758,
-0.019101597368717194,
0.012558088637888432,
0.026300329715013504,
-0.05408574268221855,
-0.03203846141695976,
0.020392857491970062,
-0.033011529594659805,
0.010830933228135109,
-0.016807110980153084,
0.036303047090768814,
-0.004043725784868002,
-0.010256108827888966,
-0.018917759880423546,
0.02590928040444851,
0.00002782999217743054,
-0.0714569166302681,
0.03351910784840584,
0.035788074135780334,
-0.026983313262462616,
0.010302997194230556,
-0.01551390253007412,
0.0995481088757515,
0.03716519847512245,
-0.047007545828819275,
0.00771451136097312,
0.042343489825725555,
-0.008036807179450989,
-0.01092882826924324,
-0.02211110293865204,
-0.0186215341091156,
0.007274245377629995,
-0.027882708236575127,
0.022366635501384735,
-0.00729362852871418,
0.08027730882167816,
-0.051210030913352966,
-0.011964536271989346,
0.04091715067625046,
-0.006841446738690138,
0.04777514562010765,
0.009410912171006203,
0.00993080623447895,
0.027558280155062675,
-0.016887810081243515,
-0.007314200978726149,
-0.022137807682156563,
-0.01977682113647461,
-0.0007658411632291973,
-0.02092551253736019,
-0.052669934928417206,
0.03014805167913437,
-0.053421568125486374,
-0.0437203012406826,
0.010547337122261524,
0.060568198561668396,
0.0450827032327652,
0.00537390960380435,
0.046057794243097305,
-0.015473860315978527,
-0.015368308871984482,
-0.030466491356492043,
-0.09844508022069931,
-0.027818283066153526,
-0.028307121247053146,
0.04448584094643593,
-0.014921514317393303,
0.034957416355609894,
-0.004949445370584726,
0.023190440610051155,
-0.03334582597017288,
-0.041528791189193726,
0.008647624403238297,
0.0137995146214962,
-0.012555551715195179,
-0.03528856113553047,
-0.01808750256896019,
0.004503130912780762,
0.08066748082637787,
-0.007558978162705898,
-0.016801901161670685,
-0.03765179589390755,
-0.040944427251815796,
-0.036086514592170715,
0.012363906018435955,
-0.03006017953157425,
0.02413562685251236,
0.009204111061990261,
0.017177848145365715,
-0.003371805651113391,
0.052745938301086426,
0.0011912727495655417,
0.06631740927696228,
0.03112499974668026,
-0.007433202583342791,
-0.02000926062464714,
0.023813288658857346,
0.003743631299585104,
0.0006074797711335123,
0.0067007774487137794,
-0.008029420860111713,
0.002124137943610549,
0.005474746227264404,
0.011273427866399288,
0.005350017454475164,
-0.26512688398361206,
0.018883999437093735,
0.01067692693322897,
-0.02850329503417015,
0.021050352603197098,
-0.01013992726802826,
0.019853809848427773,
-0.02934541366994381,
0.0008684407221153378,
0.02780028246343136,
0.01485450565814972,
0.061881598085165024,
0.006042941007763147,
0.05469711124897003,
0.024369576945900917,
0.02271035499870777,
0.0020917896181344986,
-0.02941838838160038,
0.021765301004052162,
0.037411876022815704,
0.0037637599743902683,
-0.07638808339834213,
-0.048211049288511276,
0.057980671525001526,
-0.020285863429307938,
0.02503255382180214,
-0.08765322715044022,
0.008925738744437695,
-0.0035769010428339243,
0.005433619022369385,
0.006955020595341921,
-0.055247824639081955,
0.015164048410952091,
0.0590008869767189,
-0.004707474261522293,
0.021963976323604584,
0.028759082779288292,
-0.027431996539235115,
-0.013791789300739765,
0.019699126482009888,
0.031694550067186356,
-0.008146016858518124,
-0.013441679067909718,
0.010601240210235119,
0.06678272783756256,
0.018521858379244804,
-0.05524009093642235,
-0.030626684427261353,
-0.006945999804884195,
0.01930304989218712,
-0.002762486459687352,
-0.016008082777261734,
-0.03196817636489868,
0.012237312272191048,
-0.02532234787940979,
-0.020040705800056458,
-0.014279810711741447,
-0.015800677239894867,
-0.006864545401185751,
-0.02351158671081066,
0.004456321708858013,
-0.044104550033807755,
-0.036427855491638184,
-0.002974666887894273,
-0.021199041977524757,
-0.03489002585411072,
-0.04756351560354233,
-0.030256707221269608,
0.051863688975572586,
0.030552105978131294,
-0.015376107767224312,
0.012229399755597115,
-0.020237864926457405,
-0.09529642760753632,
0.008424297906458378,
-0.009419283829629421,
-0.028838790953159332,
-0.00997050292789936,
-0.008169736713171005,
0.0330357626080513,
-0.019982408732175827,
-0.024998167529702187,
0.027555346488952637,
0.04578298702836037,
0.01812153309583664,
-0.014425083994865417,
0.029029542580246925,
0.004507036879658699,
-0.007753001991659403,
-0.04143960773944855,
0.078253373503685,
0.026878388598561287,
0.01472647488117218,
-0.02893492393195629,
0.05816290155053139,
0.04054281860589981,
0.040671199560165405,
0.09065740555524826,
0.055403899401426315,
0.008591570891439915,
0.049132876098155975,
-0.08224967122077942,
-0.028866861015558243,
-0.01338571310043335,
-0.019302183762192726,
0.024971192702651024,
-0.06460476666688919,
-0.007575823925435543,
0.03367210924625397,
-0.004084269981831312,
-0.038478586822748184,
0.02894616685807705,
0.0049782912246882915,
0.006150213535875082,
0.010448426939547062,
-0.019591091200709343,
0.033396679908037186,
0.012283283285796642,
0.032813262194395065,
-0.06370654702186584,
-0.029201237484812737,
0.04050684720277786,
-0.03717402368783951,
0.004845332354307175,
0.008980004116892815,
-0.00968104600906372,
-0.034648917615413666,
0.01772373914718628,
-0.030717626214027405,
0.00107425672467798,
0.05860172212123871,
0.021029768511652946,
-0.0025995823089033365,
0.04323376715183258,
0.05272991955280304,
-0.04415779560804367,
0.00474795326590538,
0.004770370200276375,
0.012546056881546974,
-0.018786614760756493,
0.05061968415975571,
-0.003991178702563047,
0.025679316371679306,
0.039717912673950195,
0.018741454929113388,
-0.009847051464021206,
-0.003539399243891239,
-0.005858719348907471,
-0.04350460693240166,
-0.031180543825030327,
0.05398823320865631,
-0.06695148348808289,
-0.057457514107227325,
-0.02345583401620388,
-0.00026249594520777464,
-0.020753365010023117,
-0.003412068821489811,
-0.031104139983654022,
0.01769605278968811,
-0.057768937200307846,
0.0627245157957077,
0.032940950244665146,
-0.005304405465722084,
0.008598283864557743,
-0.031165285035967827,
0.01991501823067665,
0.007976084016263485,
-0.0018621472408995032,
0.025089407339692116,
-0.015168076381087303,
0.021103695034980774,
-0.0021552115213125944,
-0.05552363023161888,
-0.014680898748338223,
-0.011084538884460926,
0.03221920505166054,
0.014723214320838451,
-0.014183290302753448,
-0.03326910361647606,
0.05919946730136871,
0.03055712766945362,
-0.014321837574243546,
0.022171160206198692,
0.021635185927152634,
0.08644653111696243,
-0.00937910471111536,
0.015829535201191902,
-0.0026665201876312494,
-0.05963417887687683,
0.012983901426196098,
-0.043189555406570435,
-0.006624274421483278,
-0.06110415235161781,
-0.03687180578708649,
-0.03441956266760826,
-0.042743902653455734,
-0.021061085164546967,
0.004545962437987328,
-0.020976154133677483,
0.004716118331998587,
-0.02034752257168293,
-0.0013183351838961244,
-0.025287574157118797,
0.005364289041608572,
0.01411601435393095,
-0.0841255784034729,
0.029252344742417336,
0.044047627598047256,
-0.04083579033613205,
0.014001559466123581,
-0.03196590021252632,
-0.02058171108365059,
-0.06262031942605972,
-0.029453016817569733,
0.017689213156700134,
-0.022982921451330185,
-0.03606871888041496,
-0.0477232001721859,
0.023379750549793243,
0.019966978579759598,
0.0022344952449202538,
0.010065064765512943,
-0.009499749168753624,
-0.014023437164723873,
0.0017118193209171295,
0.019864549860358238,
-0.010181089863181114,
-0.013581844978034496,
0.014373483136296272,
-0.03958142548799515,
0.017898457124829292,
-0.02306218259036541,
0.04433862864971161,
0.050279416143894196,
-0.02354985848069191,
-0.03064173087477684,
-0.035176146775484085,
0.016298949718475342,
0.006665206979960203,
0.013870039954781532,
0.028182875365018845,
-0.0022064209915697575,
-0.05857308581471443,
0.018455911427736282,
0.008205113001167774,
0.04715804383158684,
-0.012898106127977371,
0.024810515344142914,
0.001811332069337368,
0.053132593631744385,
0.02070719376206398,
0.014963971450924873,
-0.030146628618240356,
-0.009245908819139004,
0.06369674205780029,
-0.034140463918447495,
-0.010638134554028511,
-0.08754849433898926,
-0.04550939425826073,
0.01913335733115673,
-0.0013578375801444054,
0.04063640907406807,
-0.014344712719321251,
0.02040284499526024,
0.01011757180094719,
0.022304879501461983,
-0.004689806140959263,
-0.00949961505830288,
0.028003521263599396,
-0.023705264553427696,
0.019745225086808205,
-0.060122717171907425,
-0.012384374625980854,
0.04443233087658882,
-0.045383721590042114,
0.019984301179647446,
-0.022680306807160378,
-0.013746535405516624,
0.03150651231408119,
-0.047955065965652466,
-0.05606919899582863,
0.009388142265379429,
-0.024375885725021362,
-0.00319166062399745,
0.027865272015333176,
-0.05490205064415932,
0.013577370904386044,
-0.057452935725450516,
-0.05387556552886963,
-0.008303261362016201,
-0.02728344313800335,
0.04228800907731056,
0.00714774988591671,
0.012274181470274925,
-0.008708718232810497,
0.02221772074699402,
0.011442790739238262,
0.06617049127817154,
0.002260911976918578,
0.013163844123482704,
-0.0011876651551574469,
0.06829676032066345,
0.03854191303253174,
0.01415097527205944,
0.015425880439579487,
0.02906562015414238,
-0.011803078465163708,
-0.05643828958272934,
0.027440575882792473,
-0.03137538582086563,
0.002474235137924552,
-0.05531689524650574,
0.06541496515274048,
0.05101889744400978,
-0.045847319066524506,
-0.0480397529900074,
0.03681326285004616,
-0.023969288915395737,
0.0058126612566411495,
-0.02868173085153103,
-0.00047723896568641067,
-0.006725076120346785,
0.08896806091070175,
0.015401477925479412,
0.06536450237035751,
0.07492290437221527,
0.012040597386658192,
-0.009769040159881115,
-0.016269318759441376,
0.07973790168762207,
0.07890790700912476,
0.056468188762664795,
0.014178596436977386,
0.08805955201387405,
0.008461480028927326,
-0.061277784407138824,
0.016851231455802917,
-0.0072601246647536755,
-0.01751585863530636,
-0.06806083023548126,
0.034680359065532684,
0.09020121395587921,
0.005736852530390024,
0.04789724946022034,
-0.053754743188619614,
0.009626941755414009,
0.03189428150653839,
0.0444568507373333,
0.004236015025526285,
-0.012030559591948986,
0.036438949406147,
0.004247293341904879,
-0.061990588903427124,
-0.000202652852749452,
0.014592362567782402,
-0.017358269542455673,
0.007923044264316559,
0.02426416426897049,
-0.021316107362508774,
0.013983426615595818,
-0.004097449593245983,
0.022644173353910446,
0.10829208046197891,
-0.03574148193001747,
-0.021546127274632454,
0.009567325003445148,
0.005627436097711325,
0.05582810938358307,
0.036032941192388535,
-0.013357032090425491,
0.0037139581982046366,
-0.011755461804568768,
-0.03754722699522972,
0.03718764707446098,
0.03327856957912445,
-0.012611666694283485,
0.00036443612771108747,
-0.04142259061336517,
0.0022044137585908175,
0.04040927067399025,
0.029041865840554237,
-0.03859052062034607,
-0.03951731696724892,
-0.03446468710899353,
-0.05817655846476555,
-0.04262624680995941,
-0.02803821675479412,
0.029496343806385994,
-0.01951291412115097,
-0.03290015831589699,
-0.020059075206518173,
-0.020396454259753227,
0.010658170096576214,
0.021079039201140404,
-0.050862330943346024,
-0.017097653821110725,
0.04198065400123596,
0.004420904908329248,
-0.03089386597275734,
0.02502306178212166,
0.023570673540234566,
-0.040295567363500595,
-0.010581471025943756,
0.06927371770143509,
-0.008830564096570015,
0.03977986052632332,
-0.01213077362626791,
-0.01730678416788578,
-0.10941300541162491,
0.021513856947422028,
0.02799711935222149,
-0.031084517017006874,
-0.08253937214612961,
0.03288361057639122,
-0.02781604789197445,
0.01577775552868843,
0.03237783536314964,
0.013132686726748943,
0.021252363920211792,
-0.04569133371114731,
-0.008977800607681274,
0.007790606003254652,
0.021429410204291344,
0.07510897517204285,
-0.005234846845269203,
0.11671603471040726,
0.03128056973218918,
0.0056100208312273026,
-0.027283404022455215,
0.022243574261665344,
-0.03053566999733448,
0.01498623937368393,
-0.02738676778972149,
-0.02268045023083687,
-0.04685662314295769,
-0.11458174884319305,
-0.042309269309043884,
0.030109073966741562,
-0.015736564993858337,
-0.030423181131482124,
-0.005174982827156782,
-0.013806578703224659,
0.013801144436001778,
-0.028707429766654968,
-0.012270734645426273,
-0.004186158999800682,
-0.017909357324242592,
-0.03130337595939636,
-0.06227349862456322,
-0.0013727216282859445,
-0.005316249560564756,
-0.005997920874506235,
0.00009409929043613374,
-0.0470169335603714,
0.026928363367915154,
-0.0005489505128934979,
0.029952241107821465,
0.020424945279955864,
0.022379925474524498,
-0.0105323176831007
] |
3,440
|
EmbedLLM: Learning Compact Representations of Large Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Fs9EabmQrJ
|
[
"Richard Zhuang",
"Tianhao Wu",
"Zhaojin Wen",
"Andrew Li",
"Jiantao Jiao",
"Kannan Ramchandran"
] |
Spotlight
|
With hundreds of thousands of language models available on Huggingface today, efficiently evaluating and utilizing these models across various downstream tasks has become increasingly critical. Many existing methods repeatedly learn task-specific representations of Large Language Models (LLMs), which leads to inefficiencies in both time and computational resources. To address this, we propose EmbedLLM, a framework designed to learn compact vector representations of LLMs that facilitate downstream applications involving many models, such as model routing. We introduce an encoder-decoder approach for learning such embedding, along with a systematic framework to evaluate their effectiveness. Empirical results show that EmbedLLM outperforms prior methods in model routing. Additionally, we demonstrate that our method can forecast a model's performance on multiple benchmarks, without incurring additional inference cost. Extensive probing experiments validate that the learned embeddings capture key model characteristics, e.g. whether the model is specialized for coding tasks, even without being explicitly trained on them. We open source our dataset, code and embedder to facilitate further research and application.
|
Large Language Models, Representation Learning, Model Routing
| null | 9,255
|
2410.02223
|
[
0.0005646293284371495,
-0.036712564527988434,
-0.0068888491950929165,
0.021446000784635544,
0.027432091534137726,
0.04562878981232643,
0.014184714294970036,
0.008892632089555264,
-0.019548287615180016,
-0.008622989989817142,
-0.018398456275463104,
0.025003956630825996,
-0.0586332306265831,
0.0003427999035920948,
-0.012498093768954277,
0.04023636877536774,
0.006341653410345316,
0.005843061022460461,
0.017574848607182503,
0.039269495755434036,
0.025636758655309677,
-0.017526637762784958,
0.019692743197083473,
0.005609861575067043,
0.04983643814921379,
0.006209580693393946,
0.02679234743118286,
-0.0052040740847587585,
-0.03647691383957863,
0.0375758521258831,
0.0291800107806921,
-0.010958830825984478,
0.04296557977795601,
-0.02126956172287464,
0.005512535106390715,
-0.025830166414380074,
-0.06331226229667664,
0.030123066157102585,
0.01147347129881382,
0.0027997391298413277,
-0.04007772356271744,
0.008395380340516567,
0.005286669358611107,
0.025704920291900635,
-0.04777385666966438,
0.0012906751362606883,
-0.12679621577262878,
-0.003695620456710458,
0.026156214997172356,
-0.054551031440496445,
-0.1119033694267273,
0.015413432382047176,
-0.016060074791312218,
-0.000050198068493045866,
0.01601465605199337,
0.017390303313732147,
0.06125062331557274,
-0.12490358203649521,
0.007890991866588593,
-0.032537348568439484,
-0.057157695293426514,
0.01136939600110054,
0.01651356928050518,
0.008347537368535995,
-0.00732974149286747,
-0.002590471412986517,
-0.02136952057480812,
0.028525425121188164,
-0.08711432665586472,
-0.05771264806389809,
-0.012360197491943836,
0.029282497242093086,
-0.03698590397834778,
0.018674157559871674,
0.026953497901558876,
-0.056163422763347626,
-0.018229849636554718,
0.03294965252280235,
0.07243454456329346,
0.0013574560871347785,
-0.0028617032803595066,
0.036947980523109436,
0.022711731493473053,
0.042125821113586426,
0.03958429768681526,
0.023401685059070587,
-0.050193846225738525,
-0.02736743353307247,
-0.08292187005281448,
0.02996780350804329,
0.00431926129385829,
-0.04364979639649391,
0.00010424340143799782,
0.02192601002752781,
0.0071403332985937595,
0.02667037583887577,
0.024599935859441757,
0.021910052746534348,
-0.01662970334291458,
0.021553359925746918,
-0.040330227464437485,
-0.02670527994632721,
0.021707408130168915,
-0.01181042194366455,
-0.11944913864135742,
-0.012646316550672054,
-0.019007112830877304,
0.002518076915293932,
-0.0056755985133349895,
-0.043604105710983276,
-0.013219731859862804,
-0.015429290942847729,
0.008802280761301517,
-0.018125886097550392,
-0.04889731854200363,
0.02172357589006424,
0.009933631867170334,
0.022272370755672455,
-0.02803885005414486,
0.007148669101297855,
0.05257478356361389,
0.03303062543272972,
0.03528372943401337,
0.07441680133342743,
0.003735385835170746,
0.011211837641894817,
0.012556511908769608,
0.02164270170032978,
-0.04179095849394798,
-0.02945404127240181,
-0.025015974417328835,
0.05026178061962128,
0.031747572124004364,
0.028896303847432137,
0.003797627752646804,
-0.014107512310147285,
-0.004030747339129448,
0.01690405234694481,
0.021600021049380302,
-0.016830747947096825,
0.0037921282928436995,
0.02020648494362831,
0.07097090035676956,
-0.03073592483997345,
0.08733333647251129,
0.003580694552510977,
-0.05541572347283363,
-0.02695300430059433,
-0.037066902965307236,
0.0029227612540125847,
0.021321604028344154,
-0.0157942995429039,
-0.021138697862625122,
-0.06266271322965622,
0.04032463952898979,
0.06590171903371811,
-0.010283769108355045,
0.0005615944392047822,
0.023160068318247795,
0.013971220701932907,
0.015492004342377186,
-0.005910195410251617,
-0.10008543729782104,
0.041947100311517715,
-0.009715489111840725,
-0.0800100564956665,
0.0205516554415226,
-0.007180961314588785,
-0.04617791250348091,
-0.01091221533715725,
-0.010921205393970013,
-0.027097409591078758,
0.08165005594491959,
-0.013190893456339836,
-0.04762859269976616,
-0.016350146383047104,
0.07516475021839142,
0.021734561771154404,
0.047549061477184296,
0.030330054461956024,
-0.08087825775146484,
0.023422501981258392,
0.04837406054139137,
-0.002372253919020295,
0.021824238821864128,
-0.017639003694057465,
0.07029397040605545,
-0.031025396659970284,
-0.012130502611398697,
0.023489778861403465,
-0.07438226044178009,
-0.01700938493013382,
0.007138364482671022,
-0.0056009492836892605,
0.05524543300271034,
-0.004038904327899218,
0.0042621358297765255,
0.05460403114557266,
0.0005270183901302516,
0.037579186260700226,
0.038938071578741074,
-0.016410227864980698,
0.030348019674420357,
0.009040789678692818,
-0.04024982079863548,
-0.00309078604914248,
0.025659456849098206,
-0.0407513789832592,
-0.062162455171346664,
0.007076659705489874,
-0.007737135514616966,
0.013251196593046188,
0.026680080220103264,
-0.011416050605475903,
-0.004345667082816362,
-0.009488147683441639,
0.0012112620752304792,
0.009693841449916363,
0.035966720432043076,
-0.04101747274398804,
0.03252740576863289,
0.015266704373061657,
-0.03060343861579895,
0.01524539664387703,
-0.04219702631235123,
0.09083062410354614,
0.049894120544195175,
-0.010926841758191586,
-0.0017040595412254333,
0.004144278820604086,
0.02384917438030243,
-0.024857457727193832,
0.0046321926638484,
-0.04561389237642288,
0.016170235350728035,
-0.0046280561946332455,
0.008243576623499393,
-0.054851021617650986,
0.029290059581398964,
-0.04266638308763504,
0.010357828810811043,
0.0808676928281784,
-0.019480794668197632,
0.0335017666220665,
-0.01415618322789669,
0.030815083533525467,
0.03138549625873566,
-0.01631474308669567,
-0.011672948487102985,
-0.027976728975772858,
0.00044133892515674233,
-0.004974905867129564,
-0.012231438420712948,
-0.02700933814048767,
-0.004528947174549103,
-0.016923263669013977,
-0.025543231517076492,
-0.004445815458893776,
0.048330772668123245,
0.05574794486165047,
0.013550171628594398,
0.01633487455546856,
-0.011251862160861492,
-0.018677737563848495,
0.002077144803479314,
-0.10034187138080597,
-0.01588042825460434,
-0.03784152492880821,
0.03504675626754761,
0.01146943774074316,
0.026181252673268318,
0.016997018828988075,
0.02161514386534691,
-0.030202925205230713,
0.0029449283611029387,
0.005098691675812006,
0.023270588368177414,
-0.008723501116037369,
-0.04975013807415962,
-0.02429705299437046,
-0.008914119563996792,
0.03843780979514122,
-0.03399544954299927,
-0.01807556301355362,
-0.036901213228702545,
-0.043538883328437805,
-0.0047095478512346745,
-0.040207915008068085,
-0.013624859973788261,
0.01107706781476736,
0.05813072994351387,
0.02926451526582241,
-0.013559314422309399,
0.014320028945803642,
0.035321194678545,
0.04945303872227669,
0.06453405320644379,
0.0053707328625023365,
-0.01366820465773344,
0.04105140268802643,
-0.03634103387594223,
-0.008314116857945919,
0.010449886322021484,
0.027190780267119408,
-0.017057884484529495,
-0.009290454909205437,
0.0355621762573719,
0.00392021844163537,
-0.25800055265426636,
-0.02294265292584896,
-0.00010716471297200769,
-0.01449640467762947,
0.033047717064619064,
-0.02557726390659809,
0.03589988127350807,
-0.040903571993112564,
0.0023326617665588856,
0.006423676386475563,
0.00667856028303504,
0.03417764604091644,
-0.0021758023649454117,
0.013028183951973915,
0.06127747893333435,
0.028192725032567978,
-0.008526946417987347,
-0.0008436053758487105,
0.021049145609140396,
0.027535922825336456,
0.006376500707119703,
-0.0720491036772728,
-0.03456901013851166,
0.06723679602146149,
-0.026973066851496696,
0.06353141367435455,
-0.08239970356225967,
-0.023110143840312958,
-0.011578723788261414,
0.009883228689432144,
0.011764485388994217,
-0.027209796011447906,
0.008274451829493046,
0.024704383686184883,
-0.034774720668792725,
0.021416006609797478,
0.06529030948877335,
0.010931377299129963,
0.032244935631752014,
0.01642383448779583,
0.02775355987250805,
-0.03181597217917442,
-0.017449557781219482,
-0.020761553198099136,
0.0653131827712059,
-0.02327873930335045,
-0.04958950728178024,
-0.020052893087267876,
-0.010322350077331066,
0.029463184997439384,
0.0021086586639285088,
-0.03879788890480995,
-0.005874692462384701,
0.03130551427602768,
0.017222212627530098,
-0.006802302785217762,
-0.01975098066031933,
-0.019040511921048164,
-0.03317251428961754,
0.0046008252538740635,
0.015874449163675308,
-0.04860615357756615,
-0.033131323754787445,
-0.06294192373752594,
-0.03742276504635811,
-0.014893824234604836,
-0.05751240625977516,
-0.06860658526420593,
0.03832412511110306,
0.05802435427904129,
-0.03771395608782768,
0.029869329184293747,
0.0017871762393042445,
-0.08686413615942001,
0.004142384510487318,
0.02221432514488697,
-0.025212857872247696,
-0.017073024064302444,
0.018251925706863403,
0.03621004894375801,
-0.05570223927497864,
-0.06727281212806702,
0.026069287210702896,
-0.021057184785604477,
0.02393459714949131,
-0.024190807715058327,
0.00394690316170454,
-0.049717679619789124,
0.001988499192520976,
-0.039297446608543396,
0.011132080107927322,
0.002555282087996602,
-0.01026829145848751,
0.03370415419340134,
0.03515036776661873,
0.020824173465371132,
0.02576213702559471,
0.0590120293200016,
0.03554880619049072,
0.017459716647863388,
0.00010686953464755788,
-0.06413523107767105,
-0.028472457081079483,
-0.04358729347586632,
-0.028384869918227196,
0.028315484523773193,
-0.07121077179908752,
-0.02476716786623001,
0.03090531937777996,
-0.009900123812258244,
-0.03854703530669212,
-0.05082012340426445,
0.0075687384232878685,
-0.02149638906121254,
-0.031631696969270706,
0.0071021574549376965,
-0.005573767237365246,
0.0341387577354908,
0.030108001083135605,
-0.025767996907234192,
0.005352598614990711,
0.034712038934230804,
0.003995125647634268,
0.02575347200036049,
-0.002206839621067047,
-0.004824385046958923,
0.030183393508195877,
-0.023337719962000847,
-0.003061175812035799,
-0.00487942760810256,
0.0376274511218071,
0.014485383406281471,
-0.008709428831934929,
0.006345952395349741,
0.07038038223981857,
0.0073870085179805756,
0.028358958661556244,
0.005817176308482885,
0.024375423789024353,
-0.015898991376161575,
0.014558697119355202,
-0.015644965693354607,
0.024462424218654633,
0.03366149961948395,
0.009841215796768665,
0.016306186094880104,
0.004449060186743736,
0.01432133186608553,
-0.028082452714443207,
0.013135903514921665,
0.024772271513938904,
-0.04704880341887474,
-0.007682485971599817,
-0.011655604466795921,
0.022430386394262314,
-0.003493628464639187,
0.030208520591259003,
0.0010004481300711632,
0.03293411806225777,
-0.0710502341389656,
0.05043035373091698,
0.004816064145416021,
-0.024274440482258797,
0.025447167456150055,
0.010729352943599224,
0.03702802211046219,
-0.014532020315527916,
-0.008848722092807293,
0.04127828776836395,
0.01916440762579441,
0.007872027345001698,
-0.0063919490203261375,
-0.02482856810092926,
0.005376921035349369,
-0.017429286614060402,
0.021483292803168297,
-0.000055522392358398065,
0.016221169382333755,
-0.014173818752169609,
0.05974821746349335,
0.024624258279800415,
-0.03438994288444519,
-0.0015751913888379931,
0.012126580812036991,
0.0802564024925232,
0.014096670784056187,
-0.001969896489754319,
0.028626490384340286,
-0.03827548772096634,
0.013933907262980938,
-0.010002313181757927,
0.008962835185229778,
-0.027698563411831856,
-0.05805439129471779,
-0.03657061234116554,
-0.03769521415233612,
0.013486175797879696,
0.00813347939401865,
-0.01799817383289337,
-0.01151951402425766,
-0.04109961912035942,
-0.00859658233821392,
-0.07218729704618454,
-0.018383555114269257,
0.028464633971452713,
-0.08331605046987534,
-0.008477392606437206,
0.01905754767358303,
-0.02637755312025547,
0.004347505047917366,
-0.01518317498266697,
-0.026678282767534256,
-0.07196751236915588,
-0.01119753997772932,
0.011997693218290806,
-0.017574304714798927,
0.005253236275166273,
-0.015357214026153088,
0.031338587403297424,
-0.02004249207675457,
-0.008011989295482635,
0.0038607455790042877,
-0.013677460141479969,
-0.02096455730497837,
0.009582704864442348,
0.029401341453194618,
-0.04269697889685631,
-0.015478541143238544,
-0.007727016694843769,
-0.03866015374660492,
0.052343882620334625,
-0.05245063826441765,
0.05376359447836876,
0.0714583769440651,
-0.023488828912377357,
0.009846705012023449,
-0.03566763922572136,
0.037544310092926025,
0.010411522351205349,
-0.02443406917154789,
0.03547687083482742,
-0.002445784630253911,
-0.026400908827781677,
0.033353209495544434,
0.009237389080226421,
0.06407976895570755,
0.00951294880360365,
0.015667624771595,
-0.01852329447865486,
0.008344128727912903,
0.04715019091963768,
0.012148849666118622,
-0.04668382182717323,
-0.018629003316164017,
0.055706415325403214,
-0.009572506882250309,
-0.045895300805568695,
-0.04926468804478645,
-0.030138347297906876,
-0.0009320521494373679,
-0.004579039290547371,
0.03650810196995735,
-0.0318579263985157,
0.0727781280875206,
0.029373008757829666,
0.044604647904634476,
0.020827675238251686,
0.001440187101252377,
0.043242618441581726,
-0.03501569852232933,
-0.036220483481884,
-0.05335870757699013,
-0.0344725176692009,
0.0723772868514061,
-0.030963854864239693,
0.015480805188417435,
-0.018036872148513794,
-0.042131390422582626,
0.030388884246349335,
-0.017093190923333168,
-0.04921655356884003,
0.007033751346170902,
-0.02461114712059498,
0.013207686133682728,
0.03147232159972191,
-0.03012832999229431,
0.008591614663600922,
0.0025359480641782284,
-0.0480579249560833,
-0.012896056286990643,
-0.013463856652379036,
0.04420042783021927,
-0.05543367192149162,
0.016234783455729485,
-0.034169938415288925,
0.01174238696694374,
0.02117825485765934,
0.04255741834640503,
0.043932050466537476,
0.014005386270582676,
-0.015224508941173553,
0.02633976750075817,
0.011864333413541317,
-0.016406990587711334,
0.011570745147764683,
0.013145246542990208,
-0.018553534522652626,
-0.07172811031341553,
0.04503687843680382,
0.010154323652386665,
0.00923880934715271,
-0.03139288350939751,
0.08020742982625961,
0.05884825065732002,
-0.025873973965644836,
-0.006993244867771864,
0.008382266387343407,
-0.06732650846242905,
-0.0002659511228557676,
-0.021001258864998817,
0.004485899582505226,
-0.02711232751607895,
0.08726923912763596,
0.03145119920372963,
0.041152603924274445,
0.06477253884077072,
-0.002821756759658456,
-0.03707669675350189,
-0.013457617722451687,
0.06772048771381378,
0.0413714237511158,
0.05857197940349579,
-0.017603814601898193,
0.06137017533183098,
-0.051245320588350296,
-0.04629119485616684,
0.015331012196838856,
0.05115222558379173,
0.008588122203946114,
-0.06254278123378754,
0.012834125198423862,
0.08491639047861099,
-0.00840006209909916,
0.05594877898693085,
-0.03942311555147171,
-0.021876350045204163,
0.04744165018200874,
-0.005377124063670635,
-0.0074744075536727905,
0.04821646213531494,
0.033026136457920074,
0.0011975577799603343,
-0.04085230454802513,
0.001011027256026864,
0.005522474180907011,
-0.016283921897411346,
0.028330866247415543,
0.018495352938771248,
-0.0008912926423363388,
0.019014131277799606,
-0.029965750873088837,
0.07199683040380478,
0.10971058905124664,
-0.027929292991757393,
-0.04768434166908264,
0.0002759045746643096,
0.013220631517469883,
0.014094248414039612,
0.038855746388435364,
-0.004166733007878065,
-0.059867583215236664,
-0.002288784133270383,
-0.037566132843494415,
-0.0042393566109240055,
0.013379506766796112,
-0.0007566025014966726,
-0.00045978513662703335,
-0.02881995029747486,
-0.05570611730217934,
0.005910129752010107,
0.048700787127017975,
-0.06855478137731552,
-0.013958681374788284,
-0.032302502542734146,
-0.045518144965171814,
-0.05119182914495468,
-0.07837338745594025,
0.007902744226157665,
0.025929341092705727,
-0.022344885393977165,
-0.01141228899359703,
-0.06118641793727875,
0.0059821815229952335,
0.02283177711069584,
-0.05736081674695015,
0.043346747756004333,
0.013646949082612991,
0.021239614114165306,
-0.013764562085270882,
0.03999309614300728,
0.024711016565561295,
-0.003204242791980505,
-0.023167744278907776,
0.042977429926395416,
0.03243773430585861,
0.01442146860063076,
-0.0093490956351161,
-0.01773112639784813,
-0.09720730781555176,
0.009187315590679646,
0.0068503557704389095,
-0.03324925899505615,
-0.08503400534391403,
0.017051292583346367,
-0.025097841396927834,
0.061644479632377625,
0.05693867802619934,
-0.0005330983549356461,
0.05186811462044716,
-0.026007013395428658,
-0.02080923318862915,
0.0034218241926282644,
0.012386386282742023,
0.0398084856569767,
0.01876349188387394,
0.06623177230358124,
0.03981371968984604,
-0.009877510368824005,
-0.027121901512145996,
-0.012653566896915436,
0.004713468719273806,
-0.019085010513663292,
-0.024856548756361008,
-0.022914977744221687,
-0.02055470272898674,
-0.06547431647777557,
-0.030259117484092712,
0.021096933633089066,
-0.0021285705734044313,
-0.0144113227725029,
0.01040350366383791,
-0.018036004155874252,
-0.03570583835244179,
-0.016280842944979668,
-0.021589428186416626,
-0.011231867596507072,
-0.006155364215373993,
-0.011682972311973572,
-0.0751197412610054,
0.04666423425078392,
-0.010111930780112743,
-0.007966237142682076,
-0.04841135814785957,
-0.04134593531489372,
0.01605750434100628,
0.025087950751185417,
0.049513086676597595,
-0.006683938670903444,
0.006687922868877649,
0.02317628636956215
] |
3,441
|
InverseBench: Benchmarking Plug-and-Play Diffusion Priors for Inverse Problems in Physical Sciences
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=U3PBITXNG6
|
[
"Hongkai Zheng",
"Wenda Chu",
"Bingliang Zhang",
"Zihui Wu",
"Austin Wang",
"Berthy Feng",
"Caifeng Zou",
"Yu Sun",
"Nikola Borislavov Kovachki",
"Zachary E Ross",
"Katherine Bouman",
"Yisong Yue"
] |
Spotlight
|
Plug-and-play diffusion priors (PnPDP) have emerged as a promising research direction for solving inverse problems.
However, current studies primarily focus on natural image restoration, leaving the performance of these algorithms in scientific inverse problems largely unexplored. To address this gap, we introduce \textsc{InverseBench}, a framework that evaluates diffusion models across five distinct scientific inverse problems. These problems present unique structural challenges that differ from existing benchmarks, arising from critical scientific applications such as optical tomography, medical imaging, black hole imaging, seismology, and fluid dynamics. With \textsc{InverseBench}, we benchmark 14 inverse problem algorithms that use plug-and-play diffusion priors against strong, domain-specific baselines, offering valuable new insights into the strengths and weaknesses of existing algorithms. To facilitate further research and development, we open-source the codebase, along with datasets and pre-trained models, at [https://devzhk.github.io/InverseBench/](https://devzhk.github.io/InverseBench/).
|
inverse problem, benchmark, diffusion model
| null | 9,220
|
2503.11043
|
[
-0.03420044109225273,
-0.012932466343045235,
-0.010946777649223804,
0.04723452776670456,
0.04592995345592499,
0.015867779031395912,
0.023788562044501305,
-0.017153330147266388,
-0.027068281546235085,
-0.08162803947925568,
0.026235463097691536,
-0.00880379881709814,
-0.018469365313649178,
-0.007808477617800236,
0.009782482869923115,
0.06408107280731201,
0.02703079953789711,
-0.04551626741886139,
0.016906404867768288,
0.04274832457304001,
0.01634169928729534,
-0.02824375405907631,
-0.002116754651069641,
0.039010558277368546,
0.004737670999020338,
-0.005600509233772755,
0.02487332932651043,
-0.0049486286006867886,
-0.04279720038175583,
-0.007983009330928326,
0.007955629378557205,
-0.0024429045151919127,
-0.010689770802855492,
-0.047721508890390396,
0.017804855480790138,
0.009094628505408764,
-0.03603950887918472,
0.03391148895025253,
-0.024845842272043228,
0.021949736401438713,
-0.041779905557632446,
0.009896050207316875,
-0.00985401589423418,
0.006182773504406214,
-0.032393597066402435,
0.020919086411595345,
-0.07599728554487228,
0.03161882236599922,
-0.014077815227210522,
-0.0015809774631634355,
-0.08744309097528458,
0.008613593876361847,
0.01948592998087406,
0.007211544085294008,
-0.033645857125520706,
0.03388990834355354,
0.04757479950785637,
-0.05168962478637695,
-0.02697334997355938,
-0.042059410363435745,
0.005147262010723352,
0.018537530675530434,
-0.014225446619093418,
-0.0023297988809645176,
0.0048270984552800655,
-0.020050516352057457,
0.002433986170217395,
0.032847579568624496,
-0.036277420818805695,
-0.03598077967762947,
-0.014141513034701347,
-0.02011382207274437,
0.0068358429707586765,
-0.02681373991072178,
-0.0011680086608976126,
-0.027263212949037552,
0.0009403480216860771,
0.031684692949056625,
0.066008061170578,
0.020161809399724007,
0.0524170808494091,
0.0075657907873392105,
-0.013165224343538284,
0.03482702374458313,
-0.003993290010839701,
-0.013237728737294674,
-0.018176594749093056,
-0.009536086581647396,
-0.056955788284540176,
0.06295625120401382,
-0.022918712347745895,
-0.058249153196811676,
0.023175301030278206,
0.030930642038583755,
0.04226378723978996,
-0.023643847554922104,
0.042848944664001465,
0.008395546115934849,
0.006330931093543768,
0.004583944566547871,
-0.024328410625457764,
-0.05639922246336937,
0.02385258674621582,
0.026965370401740074,
-0.07107420265674591,
-0.028457509353756905,
-0.05424152687191963,
-0.012191594578325748,
-0.0549757219851017,
0.004395780153572559,
-0.027719566598534584,
0.0017924932762980461,
0.0014621857553720474,
-0.021543392911553383,
-0.10906944423913956,
0.04996979981660843,
0.021679021418094635,
0.004579555708914995,
0.03668249398469925,
-0.01159182284027338,
0.040308188647031784,
0.07261329889297485,
0.02372702583670616,
0.06318851560354233,
0.027441363781690598,
0.047259047627449036,
0.07071532309055328,
0.0193826612085104,
-0.04808388277888298,
-0.02303365059196949,
0.011030097492039204,
0.052664242684841156,
0.04315389320254326,
-0.02003178931772709,
0.021008199080824852,
-0.04159741848707199,
0.001309946645051241,
-0.0001653244544286281,
0.019908482208848,
-0.0017070613102987409,
0.016823414713144302,
-0.03090030327439308,
0.02877839095890522,
-0.026369258761405945,
0.05541607737541199,
-0.038462940603494644,
0.017844118177890778,
-0.05330879986286163,
-0.031048037111759186,
0.04361933097243309,
-0.004058237187564373,
0.04812125116586685,
0.04282265901565552,
-0.04569150507450104,
-0.007013098802417517,
0.019314102828502655,
-0.006676721852272749,
0.007532637566328049,
-0.03175395727157593,
-0.004521163180470467,
0.012742253951728344,
-0.0322854109108448,
-0.007205170579254627,
-0.010904358699917793,
-0.0056950985454022884,
-0.03024013713002205,
0.06614245474338531,
0.01968289725482464,
-0.023517746478319168,
-0.008069654926657677,
-0.04783858731389046,
-0.037819407880306244,
0.05611304193735123,
0.01712471805512905,
-0.019011395052075386,
-0.005718674510717392,
0.06363218277692795,
0.014070683158934116,
0.017798520624637604,
0.005110455211251974,
-0.09238363802433014,
0.039958201348781586,
-0.02144736424088478,
-0.006956184282898903,
0.0008232343243435025,
-0.020172858610749245,
0.08364515006542206,
-0.02887887880206108,
0.0266218613833189,
0.05082490295171738,
-0.09296966344118118,
-0.02391868643462658,
0.02744152769446373,
-0.00039086220203898847,
0.054742030799388885,
0.006269311998039484,
0.007074994035065174,
0.04100925475358963,
0.04488601163029671,
0.029284365475177765,
0.018779437988996506,
-0.028184035792946815,
0.02097160927951336,
-0.0070060440339148045,
-0.020421132445335388,
-0.027320798486471176,
0.08264787495136261,
-0.05927923694252968,
-0.02614436112344265,
-0.0040696593932807446,
-0.0003269048756919801,
-0.02550448477268219,
-0.010625597089529037,
0.01697380654513836,
0.012546214275062084,
0.001515807118266821,
-0.016661038622260094,
0.015504677779972553,
-0.005257788114249706,
-0.04729035496711731,
0.0266063641756773,
0.05984026566147804,
-0.0017354275332763791,
0.02457159198820591,
-0.008217106573283672,
0.08978968113660812,
0.07508835941553116,
-0.04069702699780464,
0.01514489483088255,
0.02322741411626339,
0.009262992069125175,
0.030387375503778458,
0.022194933146238327,
-0.03240207955241203,
0.035699207335710526,
-0.014251993969082832,
0.01587163843214512,
-0.0015701454831287265,
0.08271467685699463,
-0.03719576075673103,
-0.03522211313247681,
0.035654399544000626,
-0.008786754682660103,
0.08577834069728851,
0.01088682934641838,
0.015486913733184338,
0.05501708760857582,
-0.032695941627025604,
-0.0537065751850605,
-0.009019101038575172,
-0.022590843960642815,
0.028910763561725616,
0.008190427906811237,
-0.023606857284903526,
0.04578877612948418,
-0.06539162993431091,
-0.006858139298856258,
0.00950273871421814,
0.060873422771692276,
0.0400119349360466,
0.0027306820265948772,
0.01401165034621954,
0.01574775017797947,
-0.05882969871163368,
0.008950188755989075,
-0.13679362833499908,
-0.022378062829375267,
-0.013196495361626148,
0.028304826468229294,
-0.013904322870075703,
0.05587628856301308,
-0.024815818294882774,
-0.010735069401562214,
-0.008599963039159775,
-0.009749163873493671,
-0.030003661289811134,
0.027294952422380447,
-0.0239862147718668,
-0.0553138442337513,
-0.043062929064035416,
0.05195211246609688,
0.07162953913211823,
-0.020347168669104576,
-0.014139765873551369,
-0.023651348426938057,
-0.03920088708400726,
0.007981821894645691,
0.009765474125742912,
-0.0003225899999961257,
0.06075385585427284,
0.025007786229252815,
0.014082592912018299,
-0.035956691950559616,
0.02717844396829605,
0.035839494317770004,
0.05660606920719147,
0.01869693212211132,
0.00851929746568203,
-0.04058331996202469,
0.009578836150467396,
0.013413051143288612,
0.008026202209293842,
-0.023426784202456474,
0.013278471305966377,
-0.03307809308171272,
0.0007991903694346547,
0.021520214155316353,
-0.008597727864980698,
-0.28010109066963196,
0.002708852756768465,
0.004839619621634483,
-0.015235098078846931,
0.040252577513456345,
-0.0008012176840566099,
0.018077174201607704,
-0.02352910302579403,
-0.05046997591853142,
0.012415519915521145,
-0.0012377763632684946,
0.03185258060693741,
0.010595382191240788,
0.049768783152103424,
0.04139509052038193,
0.00725218141451478,
0.03345772251486778,
0.0016140614170581102,
-0.004950929898768663,
0.03691032901406288,
-0.008569556288421154,
-0.08195271342992783,
0.00046806095633655787,
-0.011188018135726452,
0.0027854773215949535,
0.004557427484542131,
-0.06499515473842621,
0.026093391701579094,
-0.05699250102043152,
-0.00167517748195678,
0.001816840609535575,
-0.027543509379029274,
0.003063574666157365,
0.05639113858342171,
-0.014476294629275799,
-0.0027147335931658745,
0.0174422524869442,
0.008285672403872013,
0.02969277650117874,
-0.0035488137509673834,
-0.025298677384853363,
0.005955728702247143,
-0.057476017624139786,
0.014232112094759941,
0.045155640691518784,
-0.012050459161400795,
0.015424994751811028,
-0.017967097461223602,
-0.011232778429985046,
0.025562988594174385,
-0.0028769003693014383,
-0.02427707612514496,
-0.017755942419171333,
-0.012441732920706272,
-0.04391561821103096,
-0.024811290204524994,
-0.00675441836938262,
0.013214761391282082,
-0.029889626428484917,
0.040072157979011536,
-0.005843236111104488,
-0.012497171759605408,
-0.01258791983127594,
-0.007782993838191032,
-0.010024473071098328,
-0.07269484549760818,
-0.0834287777543068,
-0.061900630593299866,
0.045275717973709106,
0.042704302817583084,
0.0021293789613991976,
-0.006951202638447285,
-0.03149738535284996,
-0.10796309262514114,
0.0011129279155284166,
0.01004321314394474,
-0.004161708056926727,
-0.032930269837379456,
-0.03594458848237991,
0.01538033690303564,
-0.030490856617689133,
-0.02112223394215107,
0.010341585613787174,
0.05059085041284561,
-0.032530251890420914,
-0.00018905906472355127,
-0.01037475373595953,
-0.036000482738018036,
-0.009152417071163654,
-0.03585006669163704,
0.039288364350795746,
0.0014049095334485173,
0.029017560184001923,
-0.0018629035912454128,
0.011269262991845608,
0.04975739121437073,
0.02845531515777111,
0.04413994774222374,
0.04507480561733246,
-0.012481563724577427,
0.01676156371831894,
-0.06385884433984756,
-0.013518095016479492,
-0.04297630861401558,
-0.03518809378147125,
0.02033417485654354,
-0.036902282387018204,
0.0029433693271130323,
0.017497114837169647,
0.014357776381075382,
-0.0341605544090271,
-0.0007830910035409033,
0.029781712219119072,
-0.011827674694359303,
0.005352437496185303,
-0.017089491710066795,
-0.0062699876725673676,
0.050014428794384,
0.049936555325984955,
-0.017616543918848038,
-0.0066871317103505135,
0.03186650946736336,
-0.032630108296871185,
-0.00657805148512125,
0.009975251741707325,
0.03182394430041313,
-0.01055250782519579,
-0.004895086865872145,
0.01144870463758707,
-0.00385258044116199,
0.05267578363418579,
0.045028913766145706,
0.011167727410793304,
0.04078742116689682,
0.0581962913274765,
-0.0012091078097000718,
-0.023517629131674767,
-0.009587201289832592,
0.04916845262050629,
-0.03063194639980793,
0.050173383206129074,
-0.005706633906811476,
0.030107973143458366,
0.013968676328659058,
0.046935878694057465,
0.044912684708833694,
-0.013515010476112366,
0.027129940688610077,
-0.025280652567744255,
-0.03338314965367317,
0.02124794013798237,
-0.04713518172502518,
-0.053548574447631836,
-0.049674730747938156,
0.011176332831382751,
-0.014132317155599594,
0.01192854717373848,
-0.015468594618141651,
0.029717333614826202,
-0.09785781055688858,
0.05490853637456894,
0.006928686518222094,
-0.03289923071861267,
-0.007660659495741129,
0.002931511728093028,
0.05964153632521629,
-0.014660585671663284,
0.001603306969627738,
-0.000730828964151442,
-0.026344208046793938,
0.024233488366007805,
-0.031699102371931076,
-0.04345715045928955,
-0.03280097246170044,
-0.0036187770310789347,
0.040431708097457886,
0.001156994723714888,
-0.0032509993761777878,
-0.02776559628546238,
0.02499391883611679,
0.037041209638118744,
-0.02801552228629589,
-0.0016413804842159152,
0.007417281158268452,
0.08160655945539474,
-0.00976694654673338,
0.0019059652695432305,
-0.0101472781971097,
-0.02562437206506729,
0.027448447421193123,
-0.015025142580270767,
0.012259019538760185,
-0.0450911670923233,
-0.032764460891485214,
-0.02057633362710476,
-0.05338483676314354,
0.029277415946125984,
0.024241283535957336,
-0.04751425236463547,
-0.03510870411992073,
-0.045441579073667526,
-0.017620189115405083,
-0.022249208763241768,
0.02949678897857666,
0.024956002831459045,
-0.06601477414369583,
0.001593512948602438,
0.019802343100309372,
-0.015695149078965187,
0.019061222672462463,
0.004355221521109343,
-0.019359221681952477,
-0.09046823531389236,
0.009807668626308441,
-0.016441967338323593,
0.02417598105967045,
0.01242369320243597,
0.0016518852207809687,
-0.007359837647527456,
0.015079439617693424,
0.00400770315900445,
0.01670442894101143,
-0.005772851873189211,
-0.027253329753875732,
0.01436081063002348,
0.047861382365226746,
-0.04163820669054985,
-0.02984733134508133,
0.006202239077538252,
-0.01903371885418892,
0.03087569586932659,
-0.04270174726843834,
0.014384827576577663,
0.04046791419386864,
0.004320384934544563,
0.02636178396642208,
-0.05456164851784706,
0.02080702781677246,
-0.02346523478627205,
0.0035127815790474415,
-0.0013485050294548273,
0.008007039315998554,
-0.01840570941567421,
0.009194770827889442,
0.00040979846380650997,
0.03234006464481354,
0.02638673596084118,
-0.020438112318515778,
0.011247438378632069,
0.03697516769170761,
0.019294504076242447,
-0.0024578592274338007,
-0.036672111600637436,
-0.010295984335243702,
0.07328876852989197,
-0.009208939969539642,
-0.0354606956243515,
-0.0989627093076706,
-0.04402730241417885,
0.012988901697099209,
-0.008047852665185928,
0.006724866107106209,
-0.01590012200176716,
0.02945862151682377,
0.03733289986848831,
-0.002129649044945836,
0.013503655791282654,
-0.030443234369158745,
0.04864644259214401,
-0.037443313747644424,
-0.01918853260576725,
-0.0662633627653122,
0.010319744236767292,
0.055471960455179214,
-0.02905798889696598,
0.03611158952116966,
0.02933414839208126,
-0.0033144643530249596,
0.01637939177453518,
-0.051772985607385635,
-0.06040160730481148,
0.013735538348555565,
-0.01709352247416973,
-0.038938768208026886,
0.0169100109487772,
-0.038967907428741455,
-0.025718605145812035,
-0.008383972570300102,
-0.042710866779088974,
-0.011463719420135021,
0.02307821996510029,
0.02376629039645195,
-0.004854839760810137,
0.005941668059676886,
-0.009597443044185638,
-0.008093493990600109,
-0.003791414201259613,
0.0681464672088623,
0.00426082406193018,
0.01958906650543213,
-0.030501779168844223,
0.05926318094134331,
0.027720920741558075,
0.03873796761035919,
0.04001930356025696,
0.006925225257873535,
-0.014524247497320175,
-0.06299842894077301,
0.016538530588150024,
0.021161770448088646,
-0.016013534739613533,
-0.09748122096061707,
0.038222286850214005,
0.03084278106689453,
-0.030491143465042114,
-0.04002898931503296,
0.056071504950523376,
-0.017348745837807655,
0.010976988822221756,
0.006134367082268,
0.013556116260588169,
-0.013063192367553711,
0.06716848909854889,
0.001124564791098237,
0.026958510279655457,
0.048278748989105225,
0.0024719047360122204,
0.005404237657785416,
0.011535672470927238,
0.07551391422748566,
0.06620347499847412,
0.031990986317396164,
0.01376789715141058,
0.07086380571126938,
-0.023499229922890663,
-0.03132069855928421,
-0.0003006925981026143,
0.02707664668560028,
-0.018412476405501366,
-0.04211517795920372,
-0.01486689131706953,
0.12778596580028534,
0.004215790890157223,
0.05655864253640175,
-0.03507154807448387,
-0.005623857956379652,
0.015458756126463413,
0.023913882672786713,
0.015718206763267517,
0.0348777212202549,
0.0038332303520292044,
0.01829848811030388,
-0.014042382128536701,
-0.021035388112068176,
-0.025180727243423462,
-0.01706854999065399,
0.05088486149907112,
0.024928927421569824,
-0.020822927355766296,
0.0122113898396492,
0.010827326215803623,
0.007516359444707632,
0.06568047404289246,
-0.016198962926864624,
-0.04991436377167702,
-0.01651468127965927,
-0.01940934546291828,
0.050100814551115036,
0.02591218613088131,
0.019605331122875214,
0.004080070182681084,
0.012115877121686935,
-0.01878245547413826,
0.0023952641058713198,
0.013799957931041718,
-0.054450441151857376,
0.015760065987706184,
-0.02435745857656002,
0.021675843745470047,
0.030356837436556816,
0.031076578423380852,
-0.037307046353816986,
-0.06483874469995499,
-0.05154374614357948,
-0.03641562908887863,
-0.06964239478111267,
-0.016312260180711746,
0.044223085045814514,
-0.02226470783352852,
-0.04512358084321022,
0.0062441094778478146,
-0.02050212398171425,
-0.013435089960694313,
0.043412163853645325,
-0.053148142993450165,
-0.04465038329362869,
0.056651704013347626,
-0.033046044409275055,
-0.01062441524118185,
0.02590593695640564,
0.03923012688755989,
-0.04373088851571083,
-0.003936458379030228,
0.04703015834093094,
-0.006586666684597731,
0.04587982967495918,
-0.0503859706223011,
0.014807318337261677,
-0.09810927510261536,
-0.0021648455876857042,
0.04757460579276085,
-0.01659424975514412,
-0.07826216518878937,
0.026577267795801163,
-0.03399797901511192,
-0.010199717245995998,
0.0423426553606987,
-0.0142055694013834,
0.03262721002101898,
-0.0205767173320055,
-0.020050913095474243,
-0.03299237787723541,
-0.024632005020976067,
0.04062872752547264,
-0.0308702290058136,
0.06837094575166702,
0.06471365690231323,
-0.043514203280210495,
-0.02169479988515377,
0.0247458815574646,
-0.02111038751900196,
0.008174240589141846,
-0.048949938267469406,
0.010510190390050411,
-0.05705830082297325,
-0.11854465305805206,
-0.020857572555541992,
0.01096484623849392,
-0.04066966846585274,
-0.048196323215961456,
-0.003483660751953721,
-0.01760421134531498,
0.014137361198663712,
0.008522288873791695,
-0.014302837662398815,
-0.006501661613583565,
-0.017542574554681778,
-0.027103424072265625,
-0.06054799258708954,
0.012515394948422909,
0.02680177427828312,
0.020474756136536598,
0.013070452027022839,
-0.050079312175512314,
0.00887261051684618,
-0.013694176450371742,
0.03942178934812546,
0.00781428162008524,
0.048826850950717926,
-0.014681363478302956
] |
3,442
|
What Does It Mean to Be a Transformer? Insights from a Theoretical Hessian Analysis
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=3ddi7Uss2A
|
[
"Weronika Ormaniec",
"Felix Dangel",
"Sidak Pal Singh"
] |
Spotlight
|
The Transformer architecture has inarguably revolutionized deep learning, overtaking classical architectures like multi-layer perceptions (MLPs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). At its core, the attention block differs in form and functionality from most other architectural components in deep learning—to the extent that, in comparison to MLPs/CNNs, Transformers are more often accompanied by adaptive optimizers, layer normalization, learning rate warmup, etc. The root causes behind these outward manifestations and the precise mechanisms that govern them remain poorly understood. In this work, we bridge this gap by providing a fundamental understanding of what distinguishes the Transformer from the other architectures—grounded in a theoretical comparison of the (loss) Hessian. Concretely, for a single self-attention layer, (a) we first entirely derive the Transformer’s Hessian and express it in matrix derivatives; (b) we then characterize it in terms of data, weight, and attention moment dependencies; and (c) while doing so further highlight the important structural differences to the Hessian of classical networks. Our results suggest that various common architectural and optimization choices in Transformers can be traced back to their highly non-linear dependencies on the data and weight matrices, which vary heterogeneously across parameters. Ultimately, our findings provide a deeper understanding of the Transformer’s unique optimization landscape and the challenges it poses.
|
Hessian, Transformers
| null | 9,197
|
2410.10986
|
[
-0.037765540182590485,
-0.05262533202767372,
0.004878684412688017,
0.03094668500125408,
0.016969485208392143,
0.0289227943867445,
0.01208178699016571,
0.01937885209918022,
-0.02626819722354412,
-0.04341987892985344,
-0.020843422040343285,
0.008930384181439877,
-0.0438198447227478,
0.013170985504984856,
-0.01899963989853859,
0.06844766438007355,
0.050959039479494095,
0.013770028948783875,
-0.019591640681028366,
0.023375414311885834,
0.0036770543083548546,
-0.05938604474067688,
0.03320356085896492,
0.005823073908686638,
0.03651164844632149,
-0.04893552139401436,
-0.012070181779563427,
0.016082920134067535,
-0.035669468343257904,
0.010721413418650627,
0.005891549400985241,
0.010026438161730766,
-0.013193493708968163,
-0.016993463039398193,
0.014920052140951157,
0.011874777264893055,
-0.05036083236336708,
-0.016735078766942024,
0.015328509733080864,
0.028371665626764297,
-0.02297372929751873,
-0.013875667937099934,
-0.028913239017128944,
-0.018405064940452576,
-0.049068089574575424,
0.015554663725197315,
-0.09224829077720642,
0.013190909288823605,
-0.029610436409711838,
-0.03867996111512184,
-0.0781284049153328,
0.046201132237911224,
-0.014784295111894608,
-0.007414929568767548,
0.029468465596437454,
0.03098026104271412,
0.01048301625996828,
-0.05413367599248886,
-0.01139283087104559,
-0.05866669863462448,
0.01610746793448925,
-0.007906710729002953,
0.017704563215374947,
0.0025203702971339226,
-0.006491015665233135,
-0.0025514063891023397,
-0.01562577858567238,
0.019946688786149025,
-0.06079384684562683,
-0.018475497141480446,
-0.041769832372665405,
0.014420172199606895,
0.002976162126287818,
0.006519189570099115,
-0.01857740432024002,
-0.04332447797060013,
-0.008473847061395645,
0.022888800129294395,
0.07410679012537003,
0.02397044003009796,
0.005326280370354652,
0.040437012910842896,
0.03065476566553116,
0.02590947411954403,
0.029031798243522644,
0.014328312128782272,
0.0074532972648739815,
0.0036351524759083986,
-0.048436764627695084,
0.03003351017832756,
-0.01197600457817316,
-0.056314654648303986,
0.003495095996186137,
0.03355173394083977,
0.020019888877868652,
0.020815618336200714,
0.016188427805900574,
0.012443381361663342,
0.0025383285246789455,
0.0057424698024988174,
0.021090032532811165,
-0.016534755006432533,
0.011001188308000565,
-0.00353961787186563,
-0.09430018067359924,
-0.022247757762670517,
0.014491245150566101,
-0.02203204296529293,
0.018490945920348167,
0.007121735718101263,
-0.05324217304587364,
0.0023769729305058718,
0.002809220692142844,
-0.010585435666143894,
-0.09976725280284882,
0.0030375553760677576,
0.0022627650760114193,
0.00265865633264184,
-0.027647018432617188,
0.02036801353096962,
0.05967257171869278,
0.06405618786811829,
0.003001602366566658,
0.07988285273313522,
-0.0018156480509787798,
0.003001029836013913,
0.0014534969814121723,
0.020458266139030457,
-0.007723208516836166,
-0.03933952376246452,
0.004131251946091652,
0.0141006950289011,
0.025625240057706833,
0.0202389694750309,
0.00832118559628725,
-0.03965887427330017,
0.01983034797012806,
0.03138493001461029,
0.033725570887327194,
-0.009854680858552456,
-0.008098834194242954,
-0.029069069772958755,
0.055505022406578064,
-0.0566631481051445,
0.0768275037407875,
-0.03754779323935509,
-0.022123610600829124,
-0.01478813961148262,
0.0033403534907847643,
0.005784291308373213,
0.014456430450081825,
0.0028755490202456713,
-0.0058352346532046795,
-0.08332128822803497,
0.03927462548017502,
0.03215077519416809,
0.004095764365047216,
0.029839321970939636,
0.01455487497150898,
0.004782378673553467,
-0.00983983464539051,
-0.017773183062672615,
-0.023585952818393707,
0.012519387528300285,
-0.00420935545116663,
-0.04473778232932091,
0.024698978289961815,
0.025481892749667168,
-0.021740442141890526,
0.01697509177029133,
-0.03662810102105141,
-0.06831783801317215,
0.029148509725928307,
0.012708990834653378,
-0.01900426670908928,
0.0006351756164804101,
0.0642877146601677,
0.009837337769567966,
0.0309266597032547,
0.03626425936818123,
-0.08725756406784058,
0.06562463939189911,
0.020077846944332123,
-0.01102289929986,
0.00908201839774847,
-0.02624393440783024,
0.08657398819923401,
-0.0032099969685077667,
-0.014344045892357826,
0.01458981353789568,
-0.07987871766090393,
-0.002106627682223916,
-0.022050954401493073,
-0.008882308378815651,
0.07814431190490723,
-0.01436922512948513,
-0.020113090053200722,
0.032991230487823486,
0.045341718941926956,
0.058497268706560135,
0.04726170748472214,
-0.056516870856285095,
0.04994175583124161,
-0.017213551327586174,
-0.03126024082303047,
-0.00323151214979589,
0.056300412863492966,
-0.044350121170282364,
0.010359820909798145,
-0.012668437324464321,
0.0011935242218896747,
-0.010617563501000404,
0.008365393616259098,
0.012648222036659718,
0.0041554649360477924,
-0.016974803060293198,
0.00105094606988132,
-0.016163762658834457,
0.03959311544895172,
-0.047576017677783966,
0.04784549027681351,
-0.003080078400671482,
-0.00834703166037798,
0.01726372167468071,
-0.024050002917647362,
0.10791467130184174,
0.06249763071537018,
-0.020168393850326538,
-0.022324010729789734,
0.030248263850808144,
0.010796615853905678,
0.022578556090593338,
-0.012350757606327534,
-0.020354019477963448,
0.0035593868233263493,
-0.034432604908943176,
-0.005944161210209131,
-0.012643847614526749,
0.08244073390960693,
-0.05152003467082977,
-0.018572816625237465,
0.053702615201473236,
-0.011829131282866001,
0.044475845992565155,
0.005038844421505928,
0.0471133328974247,
0.04987546429038048,
-0.02712256833910942,
-0.010885415598750114,
-0.013364882208406925,
-0.043091632425785065,
0.008193379268050194,
0.0029881342779845,
-0.027033623307943344,
0.025937126949429512,
-0.03020051121711731,
-0.02864350564777851,
-0.01855747029185295,
0.09025117009878159,
0.05172603204846382,
0.01410429086536169,
0.03144650161266327,
-0.012805193662643433,
0.0030795694328844547,
-0.015459400601685047,
-0.12955959141254425,
-0.02755741961300373,
-0.03338073566555977,
0.03995857015252113,
0.011991007253527641,
0.058416157960891724,
-0.0019780758302658796,
0.03341880813241005,
-0.03421248495578766,
-0.011662987060844898,
0.0009706530254334211,
0.05036665126681328,
0.01510866079479456,
-0.005686825606971979,
-0.028690360486507416,
0.009703592397272587,
0.07046043872833252,
-0.01387176662683487,
-0.02209511213004589,
-0.0056192269548773766,
-0.08143134415149689,
0.00017251065582968295,
-0.029729483649134636,
0.013403689488768578,
-0.030806269496679306,
0.026322830468416214,
0.024817917495965958,
-0.0038522249087691307,
0.041108179837465286,
0.018674392253160477,
0.08868739753961563,
0.049672212451696396,
-0.005687685217708349,
-0.008531070314347744,
0.04059072211384773,
-0.025894826278090477,
0.025114959105849266,
0.016936516389250755,
0.009488631039857864,
-0.015609362162649632,
0.0020827220287173986,
0.03329578414559364,
-0.01743299514055252,
-0.27925536036491394,
-0.04126649349927902,
0.02686903439462185,
-0.014253556728363037,
0.01759355515241623,
-0.0211009681224823,
0.026228351518511772,
-0.00420421501621604,
-0.004213609267026186,
-0.010301843285560608,
-0.014868248254060745,
-0.0013899058103561401,
0.005067507270723581,
0.04792351275682449,
0.009326658211648464,
-0.007111045997589827,
0.010242227464914322,
-0.0015334401978179812,
-0.013405658304691315,
0.04651724174618721,
-0.01903158612549305,
-0.06218127906322479,
-0.01403249241411686,
0.046393103897571564,
0.014417832717299461,
0.02900593914091587,
-0.08709797263145447,
-0.007928178645670414,
-0.04805557429790497,
-0.01819932460784912,
-0.01366952620446682,
-0.022947726771235466,
-0.012297333218157291,
0.06132686510682106,
0.027191150933504105,
-0.03412657231092453,
0.01816350594162941,
0.00548159284517169,
0.00652248365804553,
0.031541552394628525,
0.003978968132287264,
-0.012752121314406395,
-0.02249850146472454,
0.0066080098040401936,
0.09103105217218399,
-0.006712066009640694,
-0.05044037476181984,
-0.019960368052124977,
-0.026890141889452934,
0.03825487941503525,
-0.007185073569417,
-0.024611711502075195,
-0.012010988779366016,
0.009691616520285606,
0.010356574319303036,
-0.003937880974262953,
0.019093884155154228,
-0.0262137521058321,
-0.02659633755683899,
0.014785275794565678,
-0.009013560600578785,
-0.025792604312300682,
-0.008212159387767315,
-0.05732814222574234,
-0.04120158776640892,
-0.014060618355870247,
-0.040535397827625275,
-0.050587717443704605,
0.046609122306108475,
0.03021869622170925,
-0.03496132791042328,
0.04097987711429596,
-0.014834296889603138,
-0.08708589524030685,
0.025747407227754593,
-0.028186894953250885,
0.005863300058990717,
-0.017270013689994812,
0.01155616994947195,
0.025957364588975906,
-0.023324081674218178,
-0.06261344254016876,
0.003916572779417038,
-0.013632549904286861,
0.020953353494405746,
-0.0010370841482654214,
0.021105371415615082,
-0.020408742129802704,
0.010407408699393272,
-0.01331006083637476,
0.07335026562213898,
-0.012730433605611324,
-0.0009310278692282736,
-0.04642365872859955,
0.05343679338693619,
0.030129119753837585,
0.006574338302016258,
0.01811244711279869,
0.007530856877565384,
0.017817238345742226,
0.030225379392504692,
-0.0722433552145958,
-0.0166508536785841,
-0.01592516154050827,
-0.05115358904004097,
0.004878091160207987,
-0.034057196229696274,
-0.0417875237762928,
0.051011353731155396,
0.018865633755922318,
-0.016443736851215363,
-0.04787831753492355,
-0.0112174516543746,
-0.007673581130802631,
-0.0199749618768692,
-0.01306928601115942,
0.0018009060295298696,
0.029619412496685982,
0.03602023795247078,
-0.011186130344867706,
0.004114602692425251,
0.04038567468523979,
-0.03468220308423042,
-0.02171293832361698,
-0.038577623665332794,
0.0028841616585850716,
-0.013495311141014099,
0.00024116637359838933,
-0.022503336891531944,
0.01257091574370861,
0.019183563068509102,
0.03159588947892189,
-0.006718336138874292,
0.0113833574578166,
0.0524810366332531,
0.01137549988925457,
0.010374425910413265,
-0.007070459891110659,
-0.0005891339969821274,
0.00013224268332123756,
0.020324237644672394,
-0.002430453896522522,
0.04422043636441231,
-0.007836656644940376,
0.0056963819079101086,
0.020915184170007706,
0.014030340127646923,
0.016141030937433243,
-0.028470199555158615,
-0.01617601327598095,
0.06651756912469864,
-0.042396385222673416,
-0.034443870186805725,
-0.03566313907504082,
0.004393566865473986,
-0.016410518437623978,
0.042879000306129456,
0.0017714377027004957,
-0.03846978768706322,
-0.05333709344267845,
0.06404229998588562,
0.015115694142878056,
-0.02368868514895439,
-0.008388894610106945,
0.04127979651093483,
0.05432052165269852,
-0.02137751691043377,
-0.03014879673719406,
0.02191399782896042,
-0.016678519546985626,
-0.0005896448856219649,
-0.004879285581409931,
-0.06497513502836227,
-0.022281266748905182,
-0.016703465953469276,
0.0022249978501349688,
0.02517302893102169,
-0.032643720507621765,
0.030226003378629684,
0.007982312701642513,
0.031609468162059784,
-0.009480927139520645,
0.014530295506119728,
0.02120639942586422,
0.06475679576396942,
0.016177624464035034,
0.009109723381698132,
0.019236376509070396,
-0.025262806564569473,
0.015196518041193485,
-0.009538904763758183,
0.0013706367462873459,
-0.049785733222961426,
-0.02582242712378502,
-0.040451183915138245,
-0.040604546666145325,
0.020728932693600655,
0.0041643669828772545,
0.016324633732438087,
-0.018871165812015533,
-0.025791479274630547,
0.03951471671462059,
-0.046891842037439346,
-0.007156503386795521,
0.01189827173948288,
-0.10074736177921295,
0.01765790767967701,
0.03869232162833214,
-0.026814643293619156,
0.0372854582965374,
0.022582922130823135,
-0.01329653337597847,
-0.062093205749988556,
-0.04199616238474846,
0.02106463350355625,
-0.048258841037750244,
-0.016641180962324142,
-0.004626162815839052,
0.01358012855052948,
-0.002416531555354595,
0.011088559404015541,
-0.016346720978617668,
0.01950354129076004,
-0.022547205910086632,
0.0038059628568589687,
0.030558977276086807,
-0.007246603723615408,
0.04080292209982872,
-0.01868405193090439,
-0.045430295169353485,
0.035918306559324265,
-0.02885843999683857,
0.03613191843032837,
0.050399720668792725,
-0.01219082809984684,
-0.01000261027365923,
-0.06635082513093948,
0.001803468563593924,
-0.025112666189670563,
-0.016547221690416336,
0.017188139259815216,
0.024684665724635124,
-0.07457926124334335,
0.015121453441679478,
0.005004125647246838,
0.04250343516469002,
0.025293147191405296,
0.00655302032828331,
-0.003801382379606366,
0.02769997902214527,
0.016519557684659958,
0.01612011529505253,
-0.042999714612960815,
-0.028056487441062927,
0.07370404154062271,
-0.07271499186754227,
-0.016982732340693474,
-0.061170004308223724,
-0.055718567222356796,
0.014430869370698929,
-0.02926529012620449,
0.03676603361964226,
-0.059617508202791214,
0.045677315443754196,
0.01167748961597681,
0.03330842778086662,
-0.022939996793866158,
-0.004186485428363085,
0.03691231086850166,
-0.051025595515966415,
0.0018237378681078553,
-0.05200858786702156,
-0.01963925175368786,
0.06826712936162949,
-0.01535002700984478,
-0.0025147486012429,
0.00798066146671772,
-0.05129601061344147,
0.0634014680981636,
-0.05856161192059517,
-0.03281065449118614,
0.0488937646150589,
-0.011740545742213726,
0.012281217612326145,
0.004313269630074501,
-0.06315752863883972,
0.0017101950943470001,
-0.025969166308641434,
-0.05838447064161301,
0.006936246529221535,
-0.012388288043439388,
0.057495780289173126,
-0.009898609481751919,
-0.004093628842383623,
-0.021358300000429153,
0.02088158205151558,
0.027214961126446724,
0.055314041674137115,
0.021004419773817062,
0.0024563572369515896,
-0.04326268658041954,
0.05899408459663391,
0.03908858448266983,
0.024490170180797577,
-0.002896466525271535,
0.05237802118062973,
-0.024989156052470207,
-0.0499725341796875,
0.04917570576071739,
-0.01807846501469612,
-0.03528518229722977,
-0.04174800589680672,
0.03760572522878647,
0.017305340617895126,
-0.0523570217192173,
-0.005042383912950754,
0.02656608074903488,
-0.059904277324676514,
-0.056291647255420685,
0.0009139999165199697,
-0.02141263522207737,
0.011795688420534134,
0.048073895275592804,
0.006536708679050207,
0.03921965882182121,
0.06348714977502823,
0.032000571489334106,
-0.038107968866825104,
-0.010803957469761372,
0.10861457884311676,
0.06720878928899765,
0.04748369753360748,
-0.01758791320025921,
0.04684171825647354,
-0.023482102900743484,
-0.05862422287464142,
0.043904855847358704,
0.04536845535039902,
0.001565351733006537,
-0.024000579491257668,
0.021954035386443138,
0.08867280185222626,
0.04170835018157959,
0.07613295316696167,
-0.048315372318029404,
-0.01231306791305542,
0.02263212390244007,
0.010415676049888134,
0.0014798087067902088,
0.024603990837931633,
0.03311625123023987,
-0.01798471063375473,
0.007845690473914146,
-0.05600310117006302,
0.0076447464525699615,
-0.014069716446101665,
0.02604643628001213,
0.05324024334549904,
-0.008362441323697567,
-0.0025367841590195894,
-0.03267386183142662,
0.04812411963939667,
0.11341074854135513,
-0.02891874499619007,
-0.009322645142674446,
0.00782853178679943,
-0.012308825738728046,
-0.010936791077256203,
0.01708102598786354,
-0.008243990130722523,
-0.03986030071973801,
-0.006902802269905806,
-0.0675044059753418,
0.0088875163346529,
0.026722460985183716,
0.01718166656792164,
0.0201247688382864,
-0.040817584842443466,
-0.005171719007194042,
0.02448721043765545,
0.03071853332221508,
-0.012447230517864227,
-0.07137754559516907,
-0.03439785912632942,
-0.03745409846305847,
-0.033128634095191956,
-0.04970495402812958,
0.019587570801377296,
-0.009420880116522312,
-0.04375888779759407,
-0.044991422444581985,
-0.005954223684966564,
0.030746594071388245,
0.02456369251012802,
-0.05727824941277504,
0.0385122187435627,
0.020601559430360794,
-0.024182824417948723,
-0.01605876162648201,
0.02986951544880867,
0.055236708372831345,
0.0022347094491124153,
-0.011784282512962818,
0.04370889812707901,
0.0038108564913272858,
-0.024787940084934235,
0.017989078536629677,
0.01917894370853901,
-0.09774961322546005,
-0.017794746905565262,
0.04143832251429558,
-0.07114103436470032,
-0.09561851620674133,
0.05038411542773247,
-0.029013531282544136,
0.01113438606262207,
0.0406792052090168,
0.01922849379479885,
0.0134067228063941,
-0.021745236590504646,
-0.020239809527993202,
0.017395803704857826,
-0.009716920554637909,
0.04497963935136795,
0.010665775276720524,
0.07244265079498291,
0.028905179351568222,
0.004154722671955824,
-0.039169978350400925,
0.016018429771065712,
-0.02247317135334015,
0.03304275497794151,
-0.01758204586803913,
-0.009317108429968357,
-0.023091455921530724,
-0.09427192807197571,
-0.017184505239129066,
0.031330760568380356,
-0.03286193683743477,
-0.04803956672549248,
0.017822882160544395,
-0.04401304945349693,
0.01416759192943573,
-0.004263316281139851,
-0.013710127212107182,
-0.039114467799663544,
-0.015655210241675377,
-0.018258607015013695,
-0.01648755744099617,
0.04256230592727661,
-0.008002782240509987,
0.04596451297402382,
0.014858503825962543,
-0.05729022994637489,
-0.021501826122403145,
-0.0299565140157938,
0.02228541299700737,
0.02814997360110283,
0.014477294869720936,
-0.019990628585219383
] |
3,443
|
Beyond Squared Error: Exploring Loss Design for Enhanced Training of Generative Flow Networks
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=4NTrco82W0
|
[
"Rui Hu",
"Yifan Zhang",
"Zhuoran Li",
"Longbo Huang"
] |
Spotlight
|
Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) are a novel class of generative models designed to sample from unnormalized distributions and have found applications in various important tasks, attracting great research interest in their training algorithms. In general, GFlowNets are trained by fitting the forward flow to the backward flow on sampled training objects. Prior work focused on the choice of training objects, parameterizations, sampling and resampling strategies, and backward policies, aiming to enhance credit assignment, exploration, or exploitation of the training process. However, the choice of regression loss, which can highly influence the exploration and exploitation behavior of the under-training policy, has been overlooked. Due to the lack of theoretical understanding for choosing an appropriate regression loss, most existing algorithms train the flow network by minimizing the squared error of the forward and backward flows in log-space, i.e., using the quadratic regression loss. In this work, we rigorously prove that distinct regression losses correspond to specific divergence measures, enabling us to design and analyze regression losses according to the desired properties of the corresponding divergence measures. Specifically, we examine two key properties: zero-forcing and zero-avoiding, where the former promotes exploitation and higher rewards, and the latter encourages exploration and enhances diversity. Based on our theoretical framework, we propose three novel regression losses, namely, Shifted-Cosh, Linex(1/2), and Linex(1). We evaluate them across three benchmarks: hyper-grid, bit-sequence generation, and molecule generation. Our proposed losses are compatible with most existing training algorithms, and significantly improve the performances of the algorithms concerning convergence speed, sample diversity, and robustness.
|
GFlowNet, Generative Models, f-Divergence, Loss Function
| null | 9,174
|
2410.02596
|
[
0.011207596398890018,
-0.03437238186597824,
0.004153099842369556,
0.05227804183959961,
0.01753179170191288,
0.043859098106622696,
0.009483810514211655,
-0.02275969460606575,
0.005778228398412466,
-0.045804113149642944,
0.008701336570084095,
-0.026628529652953148,
-0.08571711927652359,
0.018367448821663857,
0.014001138508319855,
0.046335626393556595,
0.04032396897673607,
0.0010390955721959472,
0.03401089087128639,
0.013525552116334438,
0.006704514846205711,
-0.050441596657037735,
0.03524389490485191,
0.021746547892689705,
0.040538106113672256,
-0.008591553196310997,
0.009553312323987484,
-0.011814837343990803,
-0.0180351622402668,
0.01095543336123228,
0.04977700114250183,
0.0012332365149632096,
0.028594374656677246,
-0.04627641290426254,
0.00019640009850263596,
0.001415193430148065,
-0.040536414831876755,
-0.009516376070678234,
0.012619314715266228,
0.030442804098129272,
-0.046693284064531326,
-0.011902009136974812,
-0.03470301628112793,
0.028261320665478706,
-0.02827063947916031,
0.006161272060126066,
-0.09933813661336899,
0.023629730567336082,
-0.008229712024331093,
-0.026826750487089157,
-0.11953622102737427,
0.05289715155959129,
0.015562078915536404,
-0.02510686405003071,
0.01470148004591465,
0.028232520446181297,
0.06597381085157394,
-0.06670983135700226,
-0.014387033879756927,
-0.055350691080093384,
-0.011272503063082695,
0.032460544258356094,
0.0034335956443101168,
0.012980830855667591,
-0.012504436075687408,
-0.02245211787521839,
0.03586955741047859,
0.050452735275030136,
-0.044895097613334656,
-0.02993280254304409,
-0.01435260009020567,
0.04104463756084442,
0.01658611372113228,
0.0189985241740942,
0.0009940019808709621,
-0.027229636907577515,
-0.00836635660380125,
0.012148884125053883,
0.09031844884157181,
0.011904360726475716,
0.02532847970724106,
-0.0006641314248554409,
0.013715873472392559,
0.02206486463546753,
0.019962497055530548,
0.014271854422986507,
-0.012854338623583317,
-0.02191467024385929,
-0.05733015015721321,
0.04414818808436394,
-0.04467494785785675,
-0.050661809742450714,
0.02391480840742588,
0.04390094429254532,
0.014000678434967995,
-0.01709035411477089,
0.0371142216026783,
-0.004612176679074764,
0.03240085765719414,
-0.009380362927913666,
-0.020666493102908134,
-0.04072574898600578,
-0.02198934741318226,
0.014817050658166409,
-0.09821323305368423,
-0.04054806008934975,
-0.011287652887403965,
-0.01994136907160282,
0.02520766668021679,
-0.010397853329777718,
-0.027989592403173447,
0.009465212933719158,
0.016260158270597458,
-0.020730003714561462,
-0.06527414917945862,
0.019926007837057114,
-0.007402981165796518,
0.01141885295510292,
-0.02600361406803131,
0.0042745573446154594,
0.03393131121993065,
0.05065971985459328,
-0.03452263027429581,
0.08220598101615906,
-0.03533058986067772,
0.01567436382174492,
0.03511376678943634,
0.006909912917762995,
-0.049161843955516815,
-0.03614238649606705,
0.00708804652094841,
0.028846178203821182,
-0.0016424844507128,
0.028771087527275085,
0.0067792171612381935,
-0.03076067566871643,
0.008214712142944336,
0.010982425883412361,
0.044083863496780396,
-0.01438127364963293,
0.01823771558701992,
0.0028298471588641405,
0.06573569774627686,
-0.06877565383911133,
0.09825225174427032,
-0.008938655257225037,
-0.009896187111735344,
-0.04364551231265068,
-0.03941377252340317,
0.023262590169906616,
-0.000937578035518527,
0.012476756237447262,
-0.0001466013927711174,
-0.04834970459342003,
0.01623637229204178,
0.03372139483690262,
0.021347589790821075,
0.0531359426677227,
-0.026365531608462334,
-0.0058156647719442844,
0.002222550567239523,
0.017527258023619652,
-0.0015449892962351441,
0.016797419637441635,
-0.02653440646827221,
-0.04456368833780289,
0.047516461461782455,
0.061106834560632706,
-0.05796729400753975,
-0.04337175935506821,
-0.031087197363376617,
-0.053819283843040466,
0.0487091988325119,
-0.022922346368432045,
0.001965925330296159,
-0.024275287985801697,
0.04152412712574005,
-0.0002934425137937069,
0.049918413162231445,
0.03592890873551369,
-0.09617764502763748,
0.062012527137994766,
0.051190365105867386,
-0.003010997548699379,
0.01090182363986969,
-0.02462446317076683,
0.08856599777936935,
0.004183798097074032,
-0.002428704407066107,
0.01242760755121708,
-0.0787261426448822,
-0.01981387659907341,
-0.0042822156101465225,
-0.024049563333392143,
0.03658626228570938,
-0.0027048587799072266,
0.026563484221696854,
0.020462820306420326,
0.02214191108942032,
0.02970249392092228,
0.06923109292984009,
-0.01991005800664425,
0.024818232282996178,
-0.04198966920375824,
-0.04608169198036194,
-0.006411253474652767,
0.027284283190965652,
-0.06621236354112625,
-0.055038753896951675,
0.019752107560634613,
0.0009282623650506139,
0.011837855912744999,
0.005593507084995508,
-0.011557050049304962,
0.019660508260130882,
0.015559086576104164,
-0.030774101614952087,
-0.0002687420346774161,
0.008310722187161446,
-0.03483034297823906,
0.04310077056288719,
0.027326567098498344,
-0.016444584354758263,
0.028392640873789787,
-0.026815028861165047,
0.09076599776744843,
0.08667031675577164,
-0.020705148577690125,
-0.030496064573526382,
0.006242073606699705,
0.011360641568899155,
-0.0019110271241515875,
0.01566273719072342,
-0.0038299583829939365,
0.00003807551911449991,
0.0269626472145319,
-0.0006570840487256646,
-0.013777680695056915,
0.05827965587377548,
-0.035764407366514206,
-0.021838106215000153,
0.05909225717186928,
-0.02445700764656067,
0.04620111733675003,
0.012467282824218273,
0.026655688881874084,
0.025287842378020287,
-0.015296213328838348,
-0.026798434555530548,
-0.03808211162686348,
-0.034822750836610794,
0.016260609030723572,
0.0081400778144598,
-0.01734320819377899,
-0.016774920746684074,
-0.047202564775943756,
-0.0322754941880703,
-0.0006962540792301297,
0.060185015201568604,
0.063155397772789,
0.015113151632249355,
0.009752870537340641,
0.01955621875822544,
-0.03232772648334503,
-0.020157678052783012,
-0.12050962448120117,
-0.04180024936795235,
-0.012581848539412022,
0.052665647119283676,
-0.006583260837942362,
0.04483069106936455,
0.005196773912757635,
0.02099418453872204,
-0.029686832800507545,
-0.05116076022386551,
-0.0030532062519341707,
0.02544257789850235,
0.02600543200969696,
-0.061383359134197235,
-0.008953794836997986,
0.025685587897896767,
0.0675700381398201,
-0.043637629598379135,
-0.00013953530287835747,
-0.039466410875320435,
-0.03145219385623932,
-0.020437045022845268,
-0.02269764244556427,
0.011973774991929531,
0.0036452326457947493,
0.0045609544031322,
0.013120773248374462,
-0.042676955461502075,
0.007321594282984734,
0.047406528145074844,
0.05672576650977135,
0.043064896017313004,
0.02033812180161476,
-0.013111312873661518,
0.05244407430291176,
-0.0067277573980391026,
0.016359632834792137,
-0.017730316147208214,
0.02906988188624382,
-0.05418854579329491,
-0.008818743750452995,
0.029310304671525955,
-0.00214020605199039,
-0.2631409168243408,
-0.03824309632182121,
0.014751192182302475,
0.05450470745563507,
0.008448383770883083,
-0.023337697610259056,
0.03401482477784157,
-0.013832437805831432,
-0.03128831461071968,
-0.006374708376824856,
-0.01526319794356823,
0.010414620861411095,
-0.02211489900946617,
0.045115116983652115,
0.03132925555109978,
0.014276938512921333,
0.0012045345501974225,
-0.027981193736195564,
0.013188455253839493,
0.02317189611494541,
-0.03506889566779137,
-0.06613115966320038,
-0.03061782754957676,
0.017186060547828674,
-0.0007820733007974923,
0.012280495837330818,
-0.09925320744514465,
-0.03993609547615051,
-0.03147365525364876,
0.010167442262172699,
-0.029603971168398857,
-0.020308103412389755,
-0.020166482776403427,
0.03351926803588867,
0.01376997958868742,
0.01126350648701191,
0.035223912447690964,
-0.014433820731937885,
0.05435854569077492,
0.014240171760320663,
-0.019414959475398064,
-0.023223713040351868,
-0.021193072199821472,
0.036417581140995026,
0.04660434275865555,
-0.004694886039942503,
-0.03568720817565918,
-0.0036514427047222853,
-0.023492032662034035,
0.03241938725113869,
-0.016826210543513298,
-0.011711818166077137,
-0.010385749861598015,
0.027481218799948692,
0.0014552607899531722,
-0.034132905304431915,
0.0011527118040248752,
-0.02892943285405636,
-0.0018623805372044444,
0.012464290484786034,
0.016874369233846664,
-0.06020331755280495,
0.002311081625521183,
-0.03423377871513367,
-0.02806202508509159,
-0.012421706691384315,
-0.07985974103212357,
-0.03932182490825653,
0.027889573946595192,
0.021128246560692787,
-0.018034344539046288,
0.06860395520925522,
-0.008787143044173717,
-0.09017544984817505,
0.014818647876381874,
0.0023706790525466204,
0.0037967099342495203,
0.011172572150826454,
0.0030242351349443197,
0.023912902921438217,
-0.03769873455166817,
-0.07985955476760864,
0.01728188991546631,
0.010298032313585281,
0.02852603793144226,
-0.012272707186639309,
0.029845938086509705,
-0.0328083261847496,
-0.018138552084565163,
0.004038183484226465,
0.028348414227366447,
0.008855297230184078,
0.016389358788728714,
-0.028917014598846436,
0.03729217126965523,
0.04094119742512703,
0.056598812341690063,
0.05127628147602081,
0.029193654656410217,
0.013561861589550972,
0.03302644193172455,
-0.05752243474125862,
-0.04196230694651604,
-0.06392538547515869,
-0.018301095813512802,
0.01932545006275177,
-0.05483551695942879,
0.023967832326889038,
0.044124383479356766,
-0.006362885236740112,
0.012074840255081654,
-0.025255553424358368,
-0.005202348809689283,
0.0018080271547660232,
-0.011345312930643559,
-0.01670807972550392,
0.01597573794424534,
0.011357562616467476,
0.061237335205078125,
-0.025258252397179604,
-0.005465533118695021,
0.0693499743938446,
-0.02928386628627777,
0.006237373221665621,
0.005156152416020632,
-0.012784374877810478,
-0.010039914399385452,
0.016271324828267097,
-0.019830098375678062,
-0.007146068383008242,
0.03647054359316826,
0.045826803892850876,
-0.015140548348426819,
0.006566921714693308,
0.043339040130376816,
0.009725505486130714,
-0.0033055932726711035,
-0.005976064596325159,
0.05839972570538521,
-0.012393290176987648,
0.02199617773294449,
-0.0022643948905169964,
0.03818851336836815,
0.007589580491185188,
0.03703577443957329,
0.0247964970767498,
0.009397733956575394,
0.015828371047973633,
-0.012922296300530434,
-0.009724617935717106,
0.014611699618399143,
-0.03518909588456154,
-0.008081236854195595,
-0.037056125700473785,
0.0205632783472538,
0.01277074683457613,
0.04430050402879715,
-0.008073054254055023,
0.01667173020541668,
-0.04720744490623474,
0.08925150334835052,
-0.0003083129122387618,
-0.03117484040558338,
0.000317786616506055,
0.0119714280590415,
0.0436495803296566,
0.002227806020528078,
-0.00983411818742752,
-0.006899472791701555,
0.016641363501548767,
0.009669704362750053,
-0.033140551298856735,
-0.026304515078663826,
-0.02988377772271633,
-0.018563969060778618,
0.033075712621212006,
-0.00026972120394930243,
-0.029187427833676338,
-0.01681686006486416,
0.03191092982888222,
-0.013877199962735176,
-0.009416825138032436,
0.011978472582995892,
0.02162742242217064,
0.06608232855796814,
0.01621338166296482,
0.016994481906294823,
0.001478044199757278,
-0.04866110533475876,
0.06453285366296768,
-0.031306326389312744,
-0.008077341131865978,
-0.05918457731604576,
-0.045256368815898895,
-0.01336189080029726,
-0.05759940296411514,
0.01589750312268734,
0.05629412457346916,
-0.01824020780622959,
-0.009583215229213238,
0.010630182921886444,
0.021935664117336273,
-0.0240090973675251,
-0.0009458637214265764,
0.02003074809908867,
-0.08439861983060837,
-0.036716338247060776,
0.025568416342139244,
-0.018201777711510658,
0.02158454805612564,
-0.011525708250701427,
-0.03513786941766739,
-0.07052677124738693,
-0.02496376633644104,
0.0006827350007370114,
-0.024085452780127525,
-0.042278025299310684,
-0.0001241737190866843,
0.027554895728826523,
-0.004030757583677769,
0.04063529521226883,
-0.00894781295210123,
0.012164929881691933,
-0.047471415251493454,
-0.013966063968837261,
0.05953264981508255,
-0.029496649280190468,
0.0013617131626233459,
-0.03275184705853462,
-0.0033873855136334896,
0.014511252753436565,
-0.05611099675297737,
0.025018053129315376,
0.057436831295490265,
0.02397264912724495,
0.013096218928694725,
-0.022308707237243652,
0.034834884107112885,
0.013226300477981567,
-0.03255246579647064,
-0.017557986080646515,
0.006400049198418856,
-0.03953230008482933,
0.01210501417517662,
0.016178712248802185,
0.013355524279177189,
0.011753413826227188,
0.017644956707954407,
-0.006836410146206617,
0.021391306072473526,
0.023844650015234947,
0.04858385771512985,
-0.042464349418878555,
-0.00936434231698513,
0.07155565917491913,
-0.04428475722670555,
-0.0017816707259044051,
-0.04589133709669113,
-0.015810344368219376,
0.03431310877203941,
-0.02183198183774948,
0.026154380291700363,
-0.04089046269655228,
0.026643402874469757,
0.025497637689113617,
0.036424338817596436,
0.007698284462094307,
-0.02217925526201725,
0.01481962576508522,
-0.0735083594918251,
0.013175158761441708,
-0.06370136141777039,
-0.04167713224887848,
0.04825782775878906,
-0.005130702164024115,
0.01954999379813671,
-0.007916654460132122,
-0.038736872375011444,
0.052918441593647,
-0.02112170122563839,
-0.052888792008161545,
0.006161671597510576,
-0.029974013566970825,
0.018570642918348312,
0.06153789535164833,
-0.031379517167806625,
-0.04373449832201004,
-0.012403578497469425,
-0.026679275557398796,
-0.020452288910746574,
0.0251493901014328,
0.043956201523542404,
-0.044375140219926834,
0.02263757959008217,
-0.027407480403780937,
0.005395512096583843,
0.029960863292217255,
0.07121632993221283,
-0.01079455018043518,
0.014524298720061779,
-0.010890327394008636,
0.043345071375370026,
0.042162589728832245,
-0.00982945878058672,
0.04240018129348755,
0.02090906910598278,
-0.011184596456587315,
-0.037730611860752106,
0.047315578907728195,
-0.0025329426862299442,
-0.055424682796001434,
-0.05760425329208374,
0.0367862693965435,
-0.00034797698026522994,
-0.08186686784029007,
-0.028141943737864494,
0.016074063256382942,
-0.027284415438771248,
-0.0032257491257041693,
-0.018951624631881714,
-0.012730293907225132,
0.00061039935098961,
0.08570027351379395,
0.004674088675528765,
0.03653239458799362,
0.07509835809469223,
0.017570162191987038,
-0.028487887233495712,
-0.019927792251110077,
0.09217596054077148,
0.06325922906398773,
0.03028329461812973,
-0.013170626945793629,
0.041740499436855316,
-0.049582451581954956,
-0.03836344927549362,
0.004471961408853531,
0.014919191598892212,
-0.040777236223220825,
-0.040720384567976,
0.017483314499258995,
0.07976951450109482,
0.025172622874379158,
0.07161567360162735,
-0.05487288162112236,
0.018787803128361702,
0.009111334569752216,
0.010927724651992321,
-0.006715463008731604,
0.049143098294734955,
0.020220451056957245,
0.008698870427906513,
-0.028571980074048042,
-0.016532473266124725,
-0.010918672196567059,
-0.0050978753715753555,
0.03638811036944389,
-0.007118755020201206,
0.005126996897161007,
-0.020728740841150284,
0.007258377503603697,
0.01194784790277481,
0.0852886512875557,
-0.054232288151979446,
-0.04459308087825775,
-0.00849484745413065,
0.025721823796629906,
-0.004165806341916323,
0.034320831298828125,
-0.001980440691113472,
-0.06436318904161453,
-0.0009159790934063494,
-0.06477685272693634,
0.024158500134944916,
0.025322290137410164,
0.01534299273043871,
-0.0022986414842307568,
-0.013018329627811909,
-0.012066010385751724,
-0.0027903136797249317,
0.021727275103330612,
-0.014461562968790531,
-0.05760286748409271,
-0.02248317189514637,
-0.05509236082434654,
-0.058548249304294586,
-0.06390203535556793,
0.0014090186450630426,
0.00028101546922698617,
-0.032266974449157715,
0.008985437452793121,
-0.02755023166537285,
0.001728183589875698,
0.0610123835504055,
-0.08241662383079529,
0.021867573261260986,
0.05516282469034195,
0.013473691418766975,
-0.02627835050225258,
0.03359777107834816,
0.018128568306565285,
-0.016804814338684082,
-0.013702633790671825,
0.05644167959690094,
-0.004227039869874716,
0.034939251840114594,
-0.01800817809998989,
0.010577388107776642,
-0.09383708238601685,
0.022255243733525276,
0.04023761674761772,
-0.05542643368244171,
-0.08905120939016342,
0.03040861152112484,
-0.034408025443553925,
0.02388586476445198,
0.04784503951668739,
0.013947355560958385,
-0.009363842196762562,
-0.07365002483129501,
-0.01212831400334835,
0.023900307714939117,
-0.0009930924279615283,
0.05794885754585266,
-0.021622376516461372,
0.03102456033229828,
0.044178031384944916,
-0.016558978706598282,
0.0022922970820218325,
0.025039806962013245,
0.00003493969779810868,
-0.006956164725124836,
-0.03235495463013649,
-0.02564873918890953,
-0.031217340379953384,
-0.10533846914768219,
-0.004340831656008959,
0.019843488931655884,
0.013694687746465206,
-0.013603221625089645,
-0.011908253654837608,
-0.006809847895056009,
0.012116829864680767,
0.00569499097764492,
-0.010760151781141758,
-0.008968240581452847,
-0.009619208984076977,
-0.032585397362709045,
-0.06420493125915527,
0.031542595475912094,
-0.025682581588625908,
0.028369849547743797,
-0.029871203005313873,
-0.045104146003723145,
-0.036375001072883606,
-0.04493315517902374,
0.048326097428798676,
-0.003119508735835552,
-0.011685996316373348,
0.008120980113744736
] |
3,444
|
Adam Exploits ℓ∞-geometry of Loss Landscape via Coordinate-wise Adaptivity
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=PUnD86UEK5
|
[
"Shuo Xie",
"Mohamad Amin Mohamadi",
"Zhiyuan Li"
] |
Spotlight
|
Adam outperforms SGD when training language models. Yet this advantage is not well-understood theoretically -- previous convergence analysis for Adam and SGD mainly focuses on the number of steps $T$ and is already minimax-optimal in non-convex cases, which are both $\widetilde{O}(T^{-1/4})$. In this work, we argue that the exploitation of nice $\ell_\infty$-geometry is the key advantage of Adam over SGD. More specifically, we give a new convergence analysis for Adam under novel assumptions that loss is smooth under $\ell_\infty$-geometry rather than the more common $\ell_2$-geometry, which yields a much better empirical smoothness constant for GPT-2 and ResNet models. Our experiments confirm that Adam performs much worse when the favorable $\ell_\infty$-geometry is changed while SGD provably remains unaffected. We also extend the convergence analysis to blockwise Adam under novel blockwise smoothness assumptions.
|
Adam, coordinate-wise adaptivity, adaptive algorithms, infinity norm
| null | 9,170
| null |
[
-0.041700221598148346,
-0.02758767083287239,
0.027704987674951553,
0.030183138325810432,
0.017220865935087204,
0.04777120053768158,
0.03707418590784073,
0.030931947752833366,
0.009896405041217804,
-0.038509320467710495,
-0.009572615846991539,
-0.02420470491051674,
-0.0516880601644516,
-0.004027987830340862,
0.009493040852248669,
0.046718284487724304,
0.028068315237760544,
0.009853415191173553,
0.016614172607660294,
0.04050765931606293,
0.003038746304810047,
-0.024826744571328163,
0.041110068559646606,
-0.0036688081454485655,
0.050072748214006424,
-0.004709833767265081,
0.002800373360514641,
0.008472337387502193,
-0.007651152089238167,
-0.022894321009516716,
0.021595031023025513,
0.013047398068010807,
0.018345536664128304,
-0.04256253316998482,
0.011968127451837063,
-0.013147816993296146,
-0.07493972033262253,
0.02016289532184601,
-0.004464648198336363,
-0.0020502316765487194,
-0.0529291108250618,
-0.004124927334487438,
-0.012629488483071327,
0.03222158923745155,
-0.033987533301115036,
0.007601561490446329,
-0.1245826706290245,
0.030045602470636368,
0.019965307787060738,
-0.06142416596412659,
-0.0914858803153038,
0.03148169070482254,
0.007722027134150267,
-0.01706601120531559,
-0.001421628287062049,
0.03813754394650459,
0.044557396322488785,
-0.07540833204984665,
0.016860906034708023,
-0.01600484736263752,
-0.05722774565219879,
0.01589236594736576,
0.014208824373781681,
0.01911616139113903,
-0.027110150083899498,
0.025355961173772812,
0.004705322440713644,
0.03156973421573639,
-0.06093107536435127,
-0.045682549476623535,
-0.033780839294195175,
0.043444566428661346,
-0.00881717074662447,
0.022318419069051743,
0.014944496564567089,
-0.03351343050599098,
-0.005743865389376879,
0.010599613189697266,
0.08551501482725143,
-0.019945044070482254,
-0.016488991677761078,
0.015108917839825153,
0.022733021527528763,
0.055282361805438995,
-0.00330606522038579,
0.020138170570135117,
-0.016138575971126556,
-0.01302209123969078,
-0.06450171023607254,
0.057484354823827744,
-0.014519035816192627,
-0.06542156636714935,
0.022894756868481636,
0.029193822294473648,
0.010962700471282005,
-0.032699473202228546,
-0.00646796403452754,
0.033287033438682556,
-0.015154415741562843,
-0.008894030004739761,
-0.00398790929466486,
-0.04399130865931511,
-0.004824382718652487,
-0.03596801310777664,
-0.09790220111608505,
-0.02264971286058426,
-0.018226681277155876,
0.002845033770427108,
0.029367130249738693,
0.010843753814697266,
-0.048487938940525055,
0.0020482593681663275,
0.03781716153025627,
-0.033390019088983536,
-0.08281406760215759,
0.0012353728525340557,
0.03137233108282089,
0.00855090469121933,
-0.016934050247073174,
-0.021188335493206978,
0.04629325121641159,
0.039812490344047546,
-0.002044909866526723,
0.07395284622907639,
-0.024663474410772324,
0.018132535740733147,
0.0025348211638629436,
0.0336393378674984,
-0.03903691843152046,
-0.026905056089162827,
0.010619176551699638,
0.009845311753451824,
0.004419173114001751,
0.03352963551878929,
0.018746579065918922,
-0.015538138337433338,
-0.010103107430040836,
0.0075651356019079685,
0.03729318454861641,
-0.02220028266310692,
-0.021714717149734497,
-0.005400072783231735,
0.05973910912871361,
0.0025189968291670084,
0.06300376355648041,
-0.004126053769141436,
0.007912641391158104,
-0.04592142626643181,
-0.04698582738637924,
-0.014414225704967976,
-0.00698253745213151,
-0.01624160259962082,
-0.03749992698431015,
-0.04724955931305885,
0.003050043946132064,
0.06259960681200027,
0.0210877712816,
0.048858389258384705,
0.0024368667509406805,
0.010647167451679707,
0.007429452147334814,
0.008680722676217556,
-0.01783594861626625,
0.005551746115088463,
-0.006153528578579426,
-0.09078826010227203,
0.04928899556398392,
0.040395159274339676,
-0.0076422980055212975,
0.014776013791561127,
-0.027419164776802063,
-0.02785009890794754,
0.05524304136633873,
-0.027553630992770195,
-0.026663588359951973,
-0.03140585869550705,
0.07994989305734634,
0.02618769370019436,
0.03438091650605202,
0.027437059208750725,
-0.08439237624406815,
0.050908587872982025,
0.058935463428497314,
0.0209177415817976,
0.01472750399261713,
-0.02707286737859249,
0.08694063872098923,
-0.007285814732313156,
0.025946984067559242,
0.02535790391266346,
-0.0711805447936058,
-0.019600586965680122,
0.010265638120472431,
0.003993163350969553,
0.05945003032684326,
0.0009380693081766367,
0.0050251679494977,
0.05130554735660553,
0.040529921650886536,
0.04318486899137497,
0.04485747590661049,
-0.042612094432115555,
0.021703599020838737,
0.020129473879933357,
-0.0038876954931765795,
0.0036232746206223965,
0.02989901416003704,
-0.06883057206869125,
-0.03984895721077919,
0.02036377228796482,
-0.008183769881725311,
-0.030470149591565132,
0.016625622287392616,
0.011902080848813057,
-0.02062397450208664,
0.003412036458030343,
0.019357379525899887,
-0.040402863174676895,
0.024463865906000137,
-0.04296562075614929,
0.029838526621460915,
0.0053011574782431126,
-0.009868431836366653,
0.007946260273456573,
0.011790278367698193,
0.10091812163591385,
0.07013452798128128,
0.00028133601881563663,
-0.02461695857346058,
0.015642335638403893,
0.006494399160146713,
-0.012286164797842503,
0.015485516749322414,
-0.021194972097873688,
0.023388776928186417,
0.007927554659545422,
-0.00779323186725378,
-0.05270817130804062,
0.05791031941771507,
-0.00266145053319633,
-0.02577311359345913,
0.05129092559218407,
0.010642237029969692,
0.03906453028321266,
-0.018728945404291153,
0.02043471671640873,
0.010717595927417278,
-0.0031345621682703495,
-0.015273046679794788,
-0.031695406883955,
-0.061134181916713715,
-0.018347110599279404,
-0.02671990916132927,
-0.002475294517353177,
0.0072508263401687145,
-0.009184254333376884,
-0.009044376201927662,
-0.036419402807950974,
0.06088453531265259,
0.039429619908332825,
0.010802035219967365,
0.015282261185348034,
-0.02730691246688366,
-0.022052651271224022,
-0.007882989011704922,
-0.12617532908916473,
-0.04629140347242355,
-0.00898318737745285,
0.055328428745269775,
0.018089404329657555,
0.058982331305742264,
0.012428260408341885,
0.02957981452345848,
-0.029349423944950104,
-0.032990798354148865,
-0.009181000292301178,
0.05451805889606476,
0.04141545668244362,
-0.058721475303173065,
-0.005878263618797064,
0.018590906634926796,
0.04838864505290985,
-0.019915644079446793,
-0.016858773306012154,
-0.050200700759887695,
-0.02581750601530075,
0.004249438177794218,
-0.05617477744817734,
-0.00934455543756485,
0.016653606668114662,
0.03307946398854256,
0.030166201293468475,
-0.023723570629954338,
-0.014353647828102112,
0.03899471461772919,
0.0647607073187828,
0.049011897295713425,
-0.0076288036070764065,
-0.03956438973546028,
0.033875200897455215,
-0.008869620971381664,
0.02634524740278721,
-0.0005084603326395154,
0.01241993997246027,
-0.0027706203982234,
-0.025533178821206093,
0.028633851557970047,
0.019384032115340233,
-0.27473151683807373,
-0.02561241202056408,
0.010375529527664185,
0.009736483916640282,
0.016671182587742805,
-0.018037274479866028,
0.034881360828876495,
-0.020484840497374535,
-0.03146076947450638,
0.02644820138812065,
-0.004607691895216703,
-0.0084060775116086,
0.013765181414783001,
0.01071595773100853,
0.036158788949251175,
0.00953556876629591,
-0.03466346487402916,
-0.01350273098796606,
0.008116431534290314,
0.04871698096394539,
-0.016156895086169243,
-0.09013816714286804,
0.009716265834867954,
0.03332788124680519,
-0.024862755089998245,
0.059844307601451874,
-0.06138179823756218,
-0.04462099447846413,
-0.033084504306316376,
0.015894291922450066,
-0.005106245167553425,
0.0036301910877227783,
0.00017597168334759772,
0.04789675772190094,
-0.016390694305300713,
-0.00638897018507123,
0.0030475107487291098,
-0.018277011811733246,
0.03766867145895958,
0.024615084752440453,
0.022788221016526222,
-0.029865838587284088,
-0.0388021320104599,
0.046303752809762955,
0.05713829770684242,
-0.020780958235263824,
-0.05068456381559372,
0.011151227168738842,
0.0004914551391266286,
0.027397118508815765,
0.028806811198592186,
-0.017619425430893898,
-0.016148138791322708,
0.020866243168711662,
0.011159079149365425,
-0.01291147992014885,
0.011943155899643898,
-0.039197783917188644,
-0.01872067339718342,
0.029409395530819893,
0.02648215740919113,
-0.04635562002658844,
0.011579776182770729,
-0.08685620129108429,
-0.01305064745247364,
-0.005273085553199053,
-0.04111751541495323,
-0.03754859417676926,
0.033303920179605484,
0.014733020216226578,
-0.03393140807747841,
0.03336747735738754,
-0.006484242621809244,
-0.08459604531526566,
-0.01983407326042652,
0.013587583787739277,
-0.008138460107147694,
0.01721169799566269,
-0.003453426295891404,
0.06117058917880058,
-0.04655107483267784,
-0.04824608191847801,
0.020218541845679283,
0.0014259577728807926,
0.013961627148091793,
-0.014636813662946224,
0.022111769765615463,
-0.029787184670567513,
-0.003384361509233713,
-0.009941266849637032,
0.03574395179748535,
-0.003837958909571171,
0.020834658294916153,
0.011673427186906338,
0.033321186900138855,
0.011909285560250282,
0.03448791056871414,
0.03182392567396164,
0.03927067667245865,
0.011929129250347614,
0.02288099005818367,
-0.054297804832458496,
-0.020886830985546112,
-0.01809612475335598,
-0.03161167725920677,
0.03513007238507271,
-0.04571069777011871,
-0.00797740276902914,
0.02155533991754055,
-0.007396345492452383,
0.013510077260434628,
-0.05251643806695938,
0.012777217663824558,
0.012914691120386124,
-0.03689401224255562,
-0.02073022350668907,
-0.019869364798069,
0.019511697813868523,
0.041183292865753174,
-0.03383195772767067,
-0.018156925216317177,
0.03377002105116844,
-0.013396360911428928,
0.017035353928804398,
0.025942329317331314,
0.004080022685229778,
0.012746023014187813,
-0.008343453519046307,
-0.014636075124144554,
0.003302516182884574,
0.027214329689741135,
0.034859538078308105,
0.0014141448773443699,
-0.004880504682660103,
0.040737614035606384,
0.026685191318392754,
0.01709032990038395,
-0.018190767616033554,
0.049847256392240524,
-0.0029861154034733772,
0.022783420979976654,
0.02858545631170273,
0.023451119661331177,
0.001964724389836192,
-0.020693788304924965,
0.025252308696508408,
0.036787912249565125,
-0.03778078407049179,
0.0275811068713665,
-0.032943058758974075,
0.04259898513555527,
-0.04890833795070648,
-0.004710854031145573,
-0.01497428584843874,
0.03652430325746536,
0.01176496408879757,
0.02933593839406967,
-0.010982139967381954,
-0.012783775106072426,
-0.045202773064374924,
0.09136231243610382,
0.02927870862185955,
-0.0669073686003685,
0.003377279732376337,
0.04156116023659706,
0.03665119782090187,
-0.04689823463559151,
-0.02452647127211094,
0.00377295701764524,
0.006279363296926022,
0.025986678898334503,
-0.004657917656004429,
-0.009919436648488045,
-0.02824876643717289,
-0.023726316168904305,
0.02094189077615738,
0.024142729118466377,
-0.012926718220114708,
-0.01286136545240879,
0.0033419812098145485,
-0.011152125895023346,
-0.012745668180286884,
-0.008171931840479374,
0.0318080335855484,
0.08377006649971008,
0.004776724614202976,
-0.03867071121931076,
0.007109070662409067,
-0.04443899169564247,
0.042116571217775345,
-0.036160893738269806,
-0.008543023839592934,
-0.025114452466368675,
-0.019941603764891624,
0.01118540670722723,
-0.019769812002778053,
0.037685178220272064,
0.005693183746188879,
-0.007178543601185083,
0.02662619762122631,
-0.01854666881263256,
0.035674870014190674,
-0.0470370352268219,
-0.021338090300559998,
0.0420004203915596,
-0.058812763541936874,
0.021440187469124794,
0.034972503781318665,
-0.009683637879788876,
0.02431684173643589,
-0.012503208592534065,
-0.04960007965564728,
-0.061274204403162,
-0.027960756793618202,
0.02246798947453499,
-0.03133764490485191,
-0.024726957082748413,
-0.01633848249912262,
-0.010362513363361359,
-0.014186033047735691,
0.04979240521788597,
-0.035324547439813614,
-0.012302249670028687,
-0.02860412187874317,
0.0011301911436021328,
0.06896276026964188,
-0.014152365736663342,
0.02050572820007801,
-0.01974637620151043,
-0.02079739421606064,
0.021712200716137886,
-0.048904966562986374,
-0.0006203337106853724,
0.06001202389597893,
-0.009798301383852959,
0.009503006003797054,
-0.0503331683576107,
0.021413741633296013,
-0.03937077522277832,
-0.015726039186120033,
0.028009580448269844,
0.009791112504899502,
-0.02333936281502247,
0.024126002565026283,
0.006992409471422434,
0.0847998633980751,
0.012452167458832264,
0.0006458066054619849,
-0.0058627356775105,
0.022542310878634453,
-0.0014853653265163302,
0.031724344938993454,
-0.04680866375565529,
-0.012274300679564476,
0.07519185543060303,
-0.029988117516040802,
-0.04908641427755356,
-0.094439297914505,
-0.027514973655343056,
0.03431035205721855,
-0.0037401386070996523,
-0.008465850725769997,
-0.02718251757323742,
0.05568917095661163,
0.0009120685281231999,
0.03485172614455223,
0.02512800507247448,
-0.0052371639758348465,
0.031118983402848244,
-0.05668319761753082,
-0.04104279726743698,
-0.08271699398756027,
-0.016016200184822083,
0.05132747441530228,
-0.027809234336018562,
-0.013481058180332184,
0.009574376046657562,
-0.04728792607784271,
0.028023377060890198,
-0.0315098762512207,
-0.04131205379962921,
0.011297174729406834,
-0.010144627653062344,
0.009050977416336536,
-0.0033738710917532444,
-0.0393373928964138,
-0.03482537344098091,
-0.029809141531586647,
-0.08267593383789062,
0.021999288350343704,
-0.005802593193948269,
0.01451115868985653,
-0.01162021979689598,
0.00933870580047369,
-0.028722045943140984,
0.0015286438865587115,
0.040515247732400894,
0.06813604384660721,
0.04142308980226517,
0.0011164682218804955,
-0.04139014333486557,
0.06663427501916885,
0.03298812732100487,
0.03048882633447647,
-0.002390090608969331,
0.0027404071297496557,
-0.002888244576752186,
-0.0754680335521698,
0.0806070864200592,
-0.005962668918073177,
-0.027957797050476074,
-0.04423368349671364,
0.04554816335439682,
0.03464662283658981,
-0.06865568459033966,
-0.024773815646767616,
0.009405289776623249,
-0.05556603521108627,
-0.05542604252696037,
0.021705634891986847,
-0.003723327536135912,
0.03231091424822807,
0.08452688157558441,
-0.0006925531779415905,
0.053569525480270386,
0.07255276292562485,
0.03203161805868149,
-0.05253340303897858,
-0.0148478914052248,
0.09209071844816208,
0.057792067527770996,
0.04731166362762451,
-0.016953106969594955,
0.0482383593916893,
-0.05038633942604065,
-0.04710808023810387,
0.017779013141989708,
0.024898668751120567,
-0.00492152338847518,
-0.07575221359729767,
-0.00009138496534433216,
0.041855983436107635,
-0.02221572957932949,
0.0774511769413948,
-0.05337335541844368,
-0.024930469691753387,
0.0106456708163023,
0.0009755807113833725,
0.00022115827596280724,
0.028118213638663292,
0.042326513677835464,
0.001441054861061275,
-0.012300923466682434,
-0.03879614174365997,
0.014075732789933681,
-0.0040328423492610455,
0.007687540724873543,
-0.0030681437347084284,
-0.017309635877609253,
-0.0013536266051232815,
-0.006972734350711107,
0.04222489148378372,
0.10600032657384872,
-0.06630408763885498,
-0.047641292214393616,
0.009946981444954872,
0.015662023797631264,
-0.013103892095386982,
0.0690603032708168,
0.02813158929347992,
-0.03178219869732857,
0.01630593091249466,
-0.02984456717967987,
-0.003908831626176834,
0.01801973767578602,
0.0015902252634987235,
0.010546092875301838,
-0.02448810636997223,
0.00858066976070404,
-0.00970015861093998,
0.03307397663593292,
-0.02813519723713398,
-0.057568714022636414,
-0.035208992660045624,
-0.0657820850610733,
-0.041223589330911636,
-0.05346967279911041,
0.021210502833127975,
0.01044798456132412,
-0.03291773796081543,
-0.007129373494535685,
-0.0199522003531456,
0.06467891484498978,
0.02054164931178093,
-0.042348265647888184,
0.041262153536081314,
0.015254716388881207,
0.008111859671771526,
-0.040693722665309906,
0.050550706684589386,
0.030166108161211014,
-0.012567530386149883,
0.0025037138257175684,
0.02388552390038967,
0.02590935118496418,
0.009461636655032635,
-0.00690041808411479,
0.012509140186011791,
-0.09050627797842026,
0.002850140677765012,
0.049363743513822556,
-0.038288917392492294,
-0.08767033368349075,
0.029374215751886368,
-0.027137132361531258,
0.008022094145417213,
0.051305025815963745,
-0.01467423141002655,
0.002465879311785102,
-0.01721903495490551,
-0.000536147621460259,
0.01573549583554268,
-0.004400207195430994,
0.011785410344600677,
0.011343122459948063,
0.02364358864724636,
0.03729710355401039,
-0.01400360744446516,
-0.038541872054338455,
0.03205106034874916,
-0.02676832489669323,
0.012101289816200733,
-0.012489701621234417,
-0.02668987400829792,
-0.029103264212608337,
-0.09161365032196045,
-0.019630732014775276,
0.00589386373758316,
-0.025062894448637962,
-0.030514225363731384,
-0.002779575064778328,
-0.02220596745610237,
-0.059021104127168655,
0.010296599008142948,
-0.012721661478281021,
-0.011376340873539448,
-0.022730056196451187,
-0.03130349516868591,
-0.08002448081970215,
0.02680010162293911,
-0.020340612158179283,
0.012042551301419735,
-0.00987316481769085,
-0.043837275356054306,
-0.01096535287797451,
-0.01130757573992014,
0.04185432568192482,
-0.017064746469259262,
0.002125350758433342,
-0.00991760566830635
] |
3,445
|
CBGBench: Fill in the Blank of Protein-Molecule Complex Binding Graph
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=mOpNrrV2zH
|
[
"Haitao Lin",
"Guojiang Zhao",
"Odin Zhang",
"Yufei Huang",
"Lirong Wu",
"Cheng Tan",
"Zicheng Liu",
"Zhifeng Gao",
"Stan Z. Li"
] |
Spotlight
|
Structure-based drug design (SBDD) aims to generate potential drugs that can bind to a target protein and is greatly expedited by the aid of AI techniques in generative models. However, a lack of systematic understanding persists due to the diverse settings, complex implementation, difficult reproducibility, and task singularity. Firstly, the absence of standardization can lead to unfair comparisons and inconclusive insights. To address this dilemma, we propose CBGBench, a comprehensive benchmark for SBDD, that unifies the task as a generative graph completion, analogous to fill-in-the-blank of the 3D complex binding graph. By categorizing existing methods based on their attributes, CBGBench facilitates a modular and extensible framework that implements cutting-edge methods. Secondly, a single de novo molecule generation task can hardly reflect their capabilities. To broaden the scope, we adapt these models to a range of tasks essential in drug design, considered sub-tasks within the graph fill-in-the-blank tasks. These tasks include the generative designation of de novo molecules, linkers, fragments, scaffolds, and sidechains, all conditioned on the structures of protein pockets. Our evaluations are conducted with fairness, encompassing comprehensive perspectives on interaction, chemical properties, geometry authenticity, and substructure validity. We further provide insights with analysis from empirical studies. Our results indicate that there is potential for further improvements on many tasks, with optimization in network architectures, and effective incorporation of chemical prior knowledge. Finally, to lower the barrier to entry and facilitate further developments in the field, we also provide a single [codebase](https://github.com/EDAPINENUT/CBGBench) that unifies the discussed models, data pre-processing, training, sampling, and evaluation.
|
Molecule Generation Benchmark, Target-Aware Drug Design, Generative Model
| null | 9,115
|
2406.10840
|
[
0.003206955036148429,
-0.022153202444314957,
-0.01546463556587696,
0.023803172633051872,
0.03232394531369209,
-0.02792888879776001,
0.020819880068302155,
-0.008400741964578629,
0.00375915109179914,
-0.04301493614912033,
0.0014899795642122626,
0.01742210052907467,
-0.09080923348665237,
0.021196536719799042,
0.02593638002872467,
0.07628580927848816,
0.06100979074835777,
0.03907179459929466,
0.003606098936870694,
0.0082270298153162,
-0.0007359221344813704,
0.004522946197539568,
0.008683139458298683,
0.020052555948495865,
0.0650411993265152,
0.01420788373798132,
0.010109308175742626,
-0.006381130311638117,
-0.016675718128681183,
0.005263585597276688,
0.038268253207206726,
-0.003565659048035741,
0.016936849802732468,
-0.059916358441114426,
0.02844127267599106,
0.016820436343550682,
-0.07795518636703491,
0.0098958108574152,
-0.0007005213410593569,
-0.04827951267361641,
-0.081496462225914,
0.013347783125936985,
0.0006582555361092091,
0.028592288494110107,
-0.01885943114757538,
0.03496846929192543,
-0.07638895511627197,
0.055060990154743195,
0.021187826991081238,
-0.03467676788568497,
-0.08037184923887253,
0.04414158686995506,
0.02108645811676979,
0.002830607583746314,
0.004554395098239183,
0.04654592275619507,
0.05774805322289467,
-0.02812247909605503,
0.013018160127103329,
-0.051674023270606995,
-0.029964014887809753,
0.02757703699171543,
0.022542135789990425,
0.029859906062483788,
0.002672947710379958,
-0.01530122198164463,
-0.004300247877836227,
0.043886587023735046,
-0.05549837276339531,
0.012993333861231804,
-0.029971536248922348,
-0.031739648431539536,
-0.008248701691627502,
-0.026794476434588432,
0.014284778386354446,
-0.04362041875720024,
-0.006261951290071011,
0.023494135588407516,
0.05906299501657486,
0.014482119120657444,
0.005610113497823477,
0.04276690632104874,
-0.0026462224777787924,
0.00840832944959402,
0.002749774605035782,
0.021125856786966324,
-0.05467832460999489,
-0.0053025223314762115,
-0.11434093117713928,
0.04395442083477974,
-0.016231348738074303,
-0.042331449687480927,
0.0427849106490612,
0.041457850486040115,
0.034401703625917435,
-0.035046350210905075,
0.012805028818547726,
-0.002355062635615468,
0.0009132524719461799,
-0.014887823723256588,
-0.010602223686873913,
-0.03052813932299614,
-0.01575060375034809,
-0.0167434960603714,
-0.08939408510923386,
-0.011566401459276676,
-0.029692301526665688,
-0.06116865947842598,
-0.023337921127676964,
0.014437488280236721,
-0.026719223707914352,
-0.017232593148946762,
-0.004165650345385075,
0.015064138919115067,
-0.07710718363523483,
0.05732771009206772,
-0.0111171780154109,
0.021011829376220703,
-0.030801821500062943,
0.012244239449501038,
0.020430805161595345,
0.06621766090393066,
-0.001158710103482008,
0.08633359521627426,
0.0284038744866848,
-0.0022173654288053513,
-0.03624744713306427,
0.009733745828270912,
-0.05675547942519188,
-0.02225567027926445,
0.021512093022465706,
0.03750862181186676,
-0.03149787709116936,
-0.02546495571732521,
-0.011192320846021175,
-0.013169742189347744,
0.024896573275327682,
-0.000721719756256789,
0.029494134709239006,
-0.009648144245147705,
0.007895923219621181,
-0.02133377641439438,
0.027975011616945267,
-0.016779635101556778,
0.05648718401789665,
-0.0003424792375881225,
-0.016779247671365738,
-0.034412793815135956,
-0.01892911083996296,
0.028087902814149857,
0.017063116654753685,
-0.00869524572044611,
-0.008204434998333454,
-0.026026077568531036,
0.039922915399074554,
0.07364986836910248,
0.004163972567766905,
-0.006469590123742819,
-0.0026680631563067436,
-0.02336709201335907,
0.004410324152559042,
-0.010760020464658737,
-0.024169623851776123,
0.0045967260375618935,
-0.009163837879896164,
-0.041063472628593445,
0.03316711634397507,
0.05853065475821495,
-0.03973747417330742,
-0.03072493150830269,
-0.01696644350886345,
-0.058844566345214844,
0.032611191272735596,
-0.0442609041929245,
0.014810479246079922,
-0.0078119211830198765,
0.039302024990320206,
-0.016498545184731483,
0.01622874103486538,
0.028291329741477966,
-0.08923333138227463,
0.04034974426031113,
0.028650013729929924,
-0.008506882935762405,
-0.003922675736248493,
-0.02222030609846115,
0.08944081515073776,
0.018727054819464684,
-0.006007966119796038,
0.045584786683321,
-0.06872749328613281,
-0.027875881642103195,
0.05230418220162392,
0.008402782492339611,
0.07123011350631714,
-0.021315939724445343,
0.0001930509170051664,
0.053960349410772324,
-0.013079800643026829,
0.026854857802391052,
-0.006139404606074095,
-0.008108921349048615,
0.03876166418194771,
-0.046584226191043854,
-0.05069134384393692,
-0.021713346242904663,
0.03259177505970001,
-0.05640128627419472,
-0.05964042991399765,
0.013338746502995491,
0.020643949508666992,
-0.009294241666793823,
-0.0015184070216491818,
-0.02281544730067253,
0.03174559399485588,
0.01071817148476839,
0.015973690897226334,
-0.0037459377199411392,
-0.014856567606329918,
-0.023722214624285698,
0.006584218703210354,
0.015599059872329235,
-0.028503824025392532,
0.024273883551359177,
0.0035031249281018972,
0.11367347091436386,
0.060050591826438904,
-0.04881586134433746,
-0.0018602185882627964,
0.04724500700831413,
0.016110621392726898,
-0.020814113318920135,
0.027806632220745087,
-0.015107736922800541,
-0.01056500431150198,
-0.0508439801633358,
-0.0021342276595532894,
0.025113089010119438,
0.04645050689578056,
-0.07070311158895493,
0.021301446482539177,
0.023454638198018074,
-0.01987200602889061,
0.016064923256635666,
0.013341500423848629,
-0.0037865671329200268,
0.018149642273783684,
-0.041273001581430435,
-0.08106929063796997,
-0.00985733699053526,
-0.026536380872130394,
0.022888967767357826,
-0.010077078826725483,
-0.008798337541520596,
0.03385865315794945,
-0.061425160616636276,
-0.0043184757232666016,
-0.020784730091691017,
0.06157310679554939,
0.05958764627575874,
-0.018150191754102707,
-0.008174112997949123,
-0.00846181157976389,
0.010079100728034973,
-0.015279513783752918,
-0.10172425955533981,
-0.05083635076880455,
0.0027108120266348124,
0.03353550657629967,
0.03457453474402428,
0.03734174743294716,
-0.012751772999763489,
-0.03345471993088722,
-0.042606838047504425,
-0.020146429538726807,
0.0002695145667530596,
0.007207948248833418,
-0.0012039011344313622,
-0.06752616912126541,
-0.003758153412491083,
0.02822347730398178,
0.03133831173181534,
-0.022652553394436836,
-0.023451892659068108,
-0.03152832016348839,
-0.026004239916801453,
-0.02654503658413887,
-0.025050966069102287,
-0.011502868495881557,
0.02728269435465336,
0.020489664748311043,
0.03187838941812515,
-0.0465143546462059,
0.010808326303958893,
0.04728575050830841,
0.01281813159584999,
0.015065060928463936,
0.042813222855329514,
-0.015925860032439232,
0.004712529014796019,
0.03784727305173874,
0.03691733628511429,
-0.012589315883815289,
-0.004619840066879988,
0.020996229723095894,
0.024449165910482407,
0.025728702545166016,
-0.009361089207231998,
-0.27427902817726135,
-0.009931647218763828,
-0.013327589258551598,
0.0031039619352668524,
0.05023179203271866,
-0.040284786373376846,
0.02237916924059391,
-0.018409857526421547,
-0.023943938314914703,
0.00782813224941492,
-0.0018914832035079598,
0.028829600661993027,
0.003199242986738682,
0.026076534762978554,
0.03830358758568764,
0.0532182939350605,
0.02389712817966938,
-0.0355302169919014,
0.035860903561115265,
0.03649246692657471,
0.011419295333325863,
-0.05811922997236252,
-0.004076709505170584,
0.02894929051399231,
-0.030118148773908615,
0.02334579825401306,
-0.08009174466133118,
-0.014758925884962082,
-0.013470496982336044,
-0.0020190696232020855,
-0.008644522167742252,
-0.015745211392641068,
-0.01058936771005392,
0.004259213805198669,
0.02498428337275982,
0.013024313375353813,
0.03015866130590439,
-0.000671000627335161,
0.012162288650870323,
-0.005715780425816774,
-0.006940443068742752,
-0.014775056391954422,
-0.03246496617794037,
-0.007865481078624725,
0.050060760229825974,
0.020595040172338486,
-0.015149851329624653,
-0.020761771127581596,
-0.054778408259153366,
0.058166008442640305,
-0.010190608911216259,
-0.020764654502272606,
-0.03600415587425232,
0.025846481323242188,
0.04189450666308403,
-0.02496335282921791,
-0.004496204201132059,
0.008612198755145073,
-0.03249446302652359,
-0.007613473106175661,
-0.01102618407458067,
-0.021535588428378105,
-0.03239300474524498,
-0.03748811036348343,
-0.01736471615731716,
-0.035307832062244415,
-0.05550765246152878,
-0.06560301780700684,
0.00787485484033823,
0.09024301916360855,
-0.0010822665644809604,
0.048772044479846954,
-0.03066377155482769,
-0.08261652290821075,
0.015920130535960197,
-0.020755041390657425,
0.006678061094135046,
-0.03693481534719467,
0.006608011666685343,
-0.017102230340242386,
-0.016997436061501503,
-0.01595444791018963,
0.006815987639129162,
0.040048401802778244,
0.02049196884036064,
-0.028019655495882034,
0.015547257848083973,
0.001573889865539968,
-0.025960350409150124,
-0.007243573199957609,
0.039041243493556976,
-0.00012227472325321287,
0.043149061501026154,
-0.030266813933849335,
0.020212749019265175,
0.020316557958722115,
0.02871185727417469,
0.04579264670610428,
0.002561351051554084,
0.011954789981245995,
0.09776974469423294,
-0.06011161953210831,
-0.024284688755869865,
-0.04781820997595787,
-0.04320088028907776,
-0.016253605484962463,
-0.048752520233392715,
-0.026592113077640533,
0.04373898357152939,
0.0005795093602500856,
-0.034708939492702484,
-0.02835150994360447,
0.00981390941888094,
-0.02146691456437111,
0.01678728684782982,
-0.048301830887794495,
0.02162066288292408,
0.03979979455471039,
0.030932586640119553,
-0.02202017605304718,
-0.020021162927150726,
0.04678414762020111,
-0.0009180773049592972,
-0.013149023987352848,
0.008841278962790966,
0.010852735489606857,
-0.013356032781302929,
0.009238557890057564,
0.04190231114625931,
0.015029513277113438,
0.03164469823241234,
0.07201674580574036,
-0.03782479092478752,
0.000812151120044291,
0.047290004789829254,
0.020990220829844475,
-0.036340415477752686,
-0.010358277708292007,
0.016357799991965294,
-0.040866121649742126,
0.03237338364124298,
-0.03164161369204521,
0.01560373604297638,
0.001430791337043047,
0.08177835494279861,
0.005250428803265095,
0.03892485424876213,
0.06620272994041443,
0.01424236036837101,
0.029349833726882935,
0.00677452003583312,
-0.013819395564496517,
0.016911597922444344,
-0.03156490996479988,
0.009578783065080643,
-0.0491674430668354,
0.04503193497657776,
0.024455931037664413,
0.0651877149939537,
-0.0834982767701149,
0.034120772033929825,
-0.01862923987209797,
0.010946609079837799,
0.002613273449242115,
0.015804152935743332,
0.05726679787039757,
-0.01006661169230938,
0.004986263345927,
-0.01221597008407116,
-0.0037831447552889585,
0.009450123645365238,
-0.02037093974649906,
-0.02432570792734623,
0.025612132623791695,
-0.062430333346128464,
0.038637179881334305,
-0.01967811770737171,
-0.024579811841249466,
-0.012364823371171951,
0.023217715322971344,
0.0008668930386193097,
-0.04929819703102112,
0.011691110208630562,
0.011481067165732384,
0.07787813991308212,
-0.010231596417725086,
-0.030585110187530518,
-0.017648182809352875,
-0.03139476105570793,
0.022628620266914368,
-0.0012394244549795985,
-0.01666071265935898,
-0.007966178469359875,
-0.0256347618997097,
-0.006180159281939268,
-0.06266274303197861,
0.01130259782075882,
0.017118871212005615,
-0.010856593027710915,
-0.018849657848477364,
0.0038000226486474276,
0.023784540593624115,
-0.0463857501745224,
0.02745220437645912,
0.051380857825279236,
-0.06829918175935745,
-0.013384785503149033,
0.019480759277939796,
0.003409014316275716,
0.020661238580942154,
-0.013381295837461948,
-0.02768050506711006,
-0.05119753256440163,
-0.03919963538646698,
0.012961341068148613,
0.017691079527139664,
-0.0011006379500031471,
-0.005353793501853943,
-0.013843929395079613,
0.02196856215596199,
0.0021168801467865705,
0.004475536290556192,
0.0007378608570434153,
-0.04395418241620064,
-0.008080090396106243,
0.03631412982940674,
-0.012333408929407597,
0.0072743091732263565,
0.018985815346240997,
-0.02612081915140152,
0.015602819621562958,
-0.029781196266412735,
0.0013653492787852883,
0.01855275221168995,
0.0031199119985103607,
-0.007428235840052366,
-0.03066481463611126,
0.047944340854883194,
0.036701325327157974,
-0.018250223249197006,
-0.019164763391017914,
-0.020247751846909523,
-0.02108735777437687,
0.02362091653048992,
0.0030967299826443195,
0.020882699638605118,
0.01819431222975254,
0.024335777387022972,
-0.014130786992609501,
0.0407414585351944,
0.021863410249352455,
0.010301866568624973,
-0.006825286895036697,
-0.05653604865074158,
0.036665309220552444,
-0.028721680864691734,
-0.05457287281751633,
-0.07053576409816742,
-0.018969550728797913,
0.0198779609054327,
-0.006620374042540789,
0.05370474234223366,
-0.05137106776237488,
0.06550665944814682,
0.016327043995261192,
0.0023123298306018114,
-0.010528014972805977,
-0.06018011271953583,
0.049849383533000946,
-0.031108001247048378,
-0.0016246866434812546,
-0.03971775248646736,
-0.02224704809486866,
0.09145122021436691,
-0.019639234989881516,
0.009103900752961636,
-0.013318787328898907,
-0.026471862569451332,
0.0031268938910216093,
-0.04152301698923111,
-0.06601059436798096,
0.04881972447037697,
0.011699832044541836,
0.0038796495646238327,
0.0408780574798584,
-0.046675682067871094,
-0.02069694548845291,
-0.027455119416117668,
-0.03269427269697189,
-0.030466165393590927,
0.0001754908007569611,
0.07149634510278702,
-0.06256032735109329,
0.00767732597887516,
-0.01989218220114708,
0.03229699283838272,
0.016872934997081757,
0.04762453958392143,
0.033032599836587906,
0.03909173980355263,
-0.012554911896586418,
0.08156148344278336,
0.059020496904850006,
0.01985694281756878,
-0.008233644999563694,
0.031312379986047745,
-0.0034292719792574644,
-0.0345781072974205,
0.01403445191681385,
0.029316749423742294,
-0.03017803281545639,
-0.06944026052951813,
0.07128729671239853,
-0.00473844725638628,
-0.09243567287921906,
0.0066632600501179695,
0.020295623689889908,
-0.015811193734407425,
0.032571595162153244,
-0.006681380327790976,
0.0057759820483624935,
0.01930861920118332,
0.0659322515130043,
0.00030802341643720865,
0.018109720200300217,
0.08048094063997269,
0.017593979835510254,
0.0019209511810913682,
-0.041022226214408875,
0.0891098603606224,
0.06336960196495056,
0.010239277966320515,
0.04432690143585205,
0.0570022389292717,
-0.02470366656780243,
-0.050362758338451385,
-0.0017293832497671247,
0.033810973167419434,
-0.014078698121011257,
-0.023174889385700226,
-0.003117268905043602,
0.06380157917737961,
-0.02024742215871811,
0.04720454290509224,
-0.020977536216378212,
0.008712660521268845,
0.013878040947020054,
-0.004159991629421711,
-0.00810267124325037,
0.048288047313690186,
0.023170117288827896,
0.03568731248378754,
-0.04019801691174507,
0.02691587619483471,
-0.03809203580021858,
0.006120499223470688,
0.030116006731987,
0.020676078274846077,
-0.03844792768359184,
-0.0021736493799835443,
-0.02672952599823475,
-0.0024303297977894545,
0.09356067329645157,
0.012869071215391159,
-0.01818469725549221,
0.01826741360127926,
0.0011067050509154797,
-0.01449755858629942,
0.025394335389137268,
0.01587771438062191,
0.001013424713164568,
-0.00906175933778286,
-0.03620441257953644,
0.005880563519895077,
0.00912797823548317,
-0.0036143420729786158,
0.027166470885276794,
-0.016342194750905037,
-0.028098013252019882,
-0.009625755250453949,
0.010663647204637527,
-0.06750646978616714,
-0.06173427030444145,
-0.003951075952500105,
-0.04182243347167969,
-0.06286603212356567,
-0.05192423611879349,
0.03200870007276535,
-0.026085926219820976,
-0.038722336292266846,
0.014448591507971287,
0.01168071385473013,
0.025948546826839447,
0.039333999156951904,
-0.05271618440747261,
-0.02818664163351059,
0.07933219522237778,
-0.0011250260286033154,
0.00019909173715859652,
0.017207929864525795,
-0.02360936999320984,
-0.02739967219531536,
-0.033020518720149994,
0.03552235662937164,
0.01733243092894554,
0.004189895000308752,
-0.00991380400955677,
0.034660473465919495,
-0.09937870502471924,
0.03066554293036461,
0.002871181583032012,
-0.047169651836156845,
-0.08786249905824661,
0.032529499381780624,
0.024995172396302223,
0.031683728098869324,
0.0441962331533432,
0.030355162918567657,
-0.005551203154027462,
-0.05012127012014389,
0.049928441643714905,
0.03968362510204315,
0.008882139809429646,
0.037506744265556335,
-0.040184129029512405,
0.052717771381139755,
0.012176398187875748,
-0.006635582540184259,
-0.015935271978378296,
-0.0021472217049449682,
0.03894144296646118,
-0.026500504463911057,
-0.0147971510887146,
-0.009329319931566715,
-0.05686088278889656,
-0.10424022376537323,
-0.01632511243224144,
0.038246605545282364,
-0.04151713475584984,
-0.050737250596284866,
-0.012243199162185192,
0.056445565074682236,
0.02781687304377556,
0.0010646990267559886,
-0.012695192359387875,
-0.020483940839767456,
-0.022891025990247726,
-0.04946289211511612,
-0.07120859622955322,
-0.03768469765782356,
-0.03756551072001457,
0.004278398584574461,
-0.04761970043182373,
-0.04576166346669197,
0.009278615936636925,
-0.021327748894691467,
0.023986687883734703,
-0.004609560593962669,
0.009261613711714745,
0.017626525834202766
] |
3,446
|
Fair Clustering in the Sliding Window Model
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=VGQugiuCQs
|
[
"Vincent Cohen-Addad",
"Shaofeng H.-C. Jiang",
"Qiaoyuan Yang",
"Yubo Zhang",
"Samson Zhou"
] |
Spotlight
|
We study streaming algorithms for proportionally fair clustering, a notion originally suggested by Chierichetti et al. (2017), in the sliding window model. We show that although there exist efficient streaming algorithms in the insertion-only model, surprisingly no algorithm can achieve finite ratio without violating the fairness constraint in sliding window. Hence, the problem of fair clustering is a rare separation between the insertion-only streaming model and the sliding window model. On the other hand, we show that if the fairness constraint is relaxed by a multiplicative $(1+\varepsilon)$ factor, there exists a $(1 + \varepsilon)$-approximate sliding window algorithm that uses $\text{poly}(k\varepsilon^{-1}\log n)$ space. This achieves essentially the best parameters (up to degree in the polynomial) provided the aforementioned lower bound. We also implement a number of empirical evaluations on real datasets to complement our theoretical results.
|
fair clustering, sliding window model
| null | 9,108
|
2503.05173
|
[
-0.025075696408748627,
-0.03185426443815231,
0.011916639283299446,
0.04671602323651314,
0.030204985290765762,
0.030166948214173317,
0.012157646007835865,
0.024120192974805832,
-0.048444461077451706,
-0.02659512683749199,
-0.026383457705378532,
-0.01458678301423788,
-0.08328340202569962,
-0.008160576224327087,
0.012896910309791565,
0.048272427171468735,
0.014695513993501663,
-0.025974711403250694,
0.018136806786060333,
0.014645281247794628,
0.007011173292994499,
0.016164228320121765,
0.013597328215837479,
0.013249628245830536,
0.026133161038160324,
0.005110385362058878,
0.015457617118954659,
0.033508382737636566,
-0.029397353529930115,
0.006656084209680557,
0.037680890411138535,
0.028988288715481758,
0.002329448936507106,
-0.004708851221948862,
0.020246369764208794,
-0.005142101552337408,
-0.008825852535665035,
0.03551889955997467,
0.0007272364455275238,
0.014958254992961884,
-0.043399401009082794,
0.027661165222525597,
-0.013700961135327816,
0.032112959772348404,
-0.054472967982292175,
0.00024758974905125797,
-0.08842597901821136,
0.024412976577878,
-0.015534118749201298,
-0.00898244883865118,
-0.09149688482284546,
0.03372214362025261,
0.015199309214949608,
0.036331769078969955,
-0.008730316534638405,
0.03511719033122063,
0.021936023607850075,
-0.05625937879085541,
0.004462364129722118,
-0.04703763499855995,
-0.019804665818810463,
-0.009510336443781853,
0.027551135048270226,
-0.002400136087089777,
-0.02898489683866501,
-0.034471675753593445,
0.022015394642949104,
0.04858104884624481,
-0.004477449227124453,
-0.024957286193966866,
-0.01612897217273712,
0.003185889683663845,
0.0031827925704419613,
0.013818102888762951,
0.023970237001776695,
-0.05750291794538498,
0.003708082716912031,
0.01694597490131855,
0.053783878684043884,
0.001926659606397152,
-0.009024737402796745,
0.008956807665526867,
0.007985251955688,
0.06642993539571762,
0.01796344481408596,
-0.0322452075779438,
-0.047613248229026794,
-0.02745703049004078,
-0.09967032819986343,
0.05198605731129646,
-0.041209299117326736,
-0.04869364947080612,
0.013216366060078144,
0.003531196154654026,
-0.0013870837865397334,
-0.025814054533839226,
0.029964899644255638,
0.035447489470243454,
0.027784263715147972,
-0.01978316530585289,
-0.030810659751296043,
-0.02465052343904972,
0.007216666359454393,
0.038363371044397354,
-0.09632410854101181,
-0.02728273905813694,
0.003949469421058893,
-0.012841579504311085,
0.02386668138206005,
0.018066860735416412,
-0.0185951329767704,
0.01406651921570301,
0.0246669240295887,
0.0014433945761993527,
-0.06422098726034164,
0.04727884754538536,
-0.011372284032404423,
-0.015676012262701988,
0.006747907027602196,
0.006697031203657389,
0.041011881083250046,
0.049487534910440445,
-0.0008192621753551066,
0.06377339363098145,
-0.010963546112179756,
0.0037438857834786177,
0.038462717086076736,
0.03344748169183731,
-0.040648750960826874,
-0.052096299827098846,
0.04210034757852554,
0.036942750215530396,
0.005212794058024883,
0.0035153168719261885,
0.015601403079926968,
-0.02131853811442852,
-0.022972771897912025,
0.018240414559841156,
0.025753578171133995,
-0.010149729438126087,
0.02573203109204769,
-0.03095952980220318,
0.048351723700761795,
0.03018849715590477,
0.0222755279392004,
-0.047744520008563995,
-0.03621148318052292,
-0.04658324643969536,
-0.026144882664084435,
-0.03299601003527641,
-0.01135786809027195,
0.012046068906784058,
0.01251972932368517,
-0.08429978042840958,
-0.01149993296712637,
0.059878263622522354,
0.017380263656377792,
0.028155822306871414,
-0.022914085537195206,
0.01608440838754177,
0.011300076730549335,
0.0060265399515628815,
-0.02881809137761593,
-0.009297393262386322,
-0.010691074654459953,
-0.03728143870830536,
0.05973825603723526,
0.036768458783626556,
-0.02987169474363327,
0.03912462666630745,
-0.03743503615260124,
-0.006031033117324114,
0.07014574855566025,
-0.0010167746804654598,
-0.011831390671432018,
0.0014861050294712186,
0.06604336202144623,
0.019391626119613647,
0.049805913120508194,
0.03417135402560234,
-0.08210127800703049,
-0.018732232972979546,
-0.009963667020201683,
0.018966631963849068,
-0.005490254610776901,
-0.02977507747709751,
0.054922159761190414,
-0.021001050248742104,
-0.005287133622914553,
0.010553523898124695,
-0.07606550306081772,
-0.022591404616832733,
0.018551645800471306,
0.010597413405776024,
0.03470763936638832,
0.004021784756332636,
-0.002184811048209667,
0.008426647633314133,
0.009971206076443195,
0.02559271641075611,
0.06317176669836044,
-0.008065142668783665,
0.046030882745981216,
-0.03932373598217964,
-0.06830432265996933,
0.017385514453053474,
0.028139645233750343,
-0.04740092530846596,
-0.0728311538696289,
0.02607433870434761,
-0.01877138763666153,
0.009118927642703056,
0.0026774259749799967,
-0.03158474341034889,
0.01205383986234665,
-0.009590872563421726,
-0.013021481223404408,
0.02115677297115326,
0.033396895974874496,
-0.05128571391105652,
0.03135354071855545,
0.004162878263741732,
-0.006467909086495638,
0.03356865420937538,
0.0016500940546393394,
0.09709407389163971,
0.08171723783016205,
-0.01851445809006691,
0.043773993849754333,
0.010627003386616707,
0.015189158730208874,
0.035033758729696274,
-0.00009455482359044254,
-0.0325654111802578,
0.0024363098200410604,
0.01330532319843769,
-0.031586308032274246,
-0.05776281654834747,
0.07085626572370529,
-0.041545569896698,
0.007909850217401981,
0.05478416383266449,
0.012502123601734638,
0.06659935414791107,
0.01274806261062622,
-0.0031838789582252502,
0.016307907178997993,
-0.014766154810786247,
0.0027239476330578327,
-0.00786685012280941,
-0.03824872523546219,
0.0016724948072806,
0.012393216602504253,
-0.05610524117946625,
0.0174214169383049,
-0.0182960107922554,
0.05585051700472832,
-0.006070379633456469,
0.05902154743671417,
0.055804066359996796,
0.038380250334739685,
0.006603228393942118,
0.011993822641670704,
-0.04052935540676117,
-0.00019865535432472825,
-0.10929007083177567,
-0.08543768525123596,
-0.006782627198845148,
0.05466816574335098,
0.009559813886880875,
0.01749090850353241,
-0.03446871042251587,
0.029167642816901207,
0.004809945356100798,
-0.04362916946411133,
-0.0023352017160505056,
0.03239118307828903,
-0.020472703501582146,
-0.047537434846162796,
-0.03500707447528839,
-0.005511815194040537,
0.062296051532030106,
-0.0042432751506567,
-0.023204274475574493,
-0.0349152535200119,
-0.03833427652716637,
-0.018123462796211243,
-0.04402109980583191,
-0.0031584235839545727,
0.03342929854989052,
-0.013284768909215927,
0.04044978693127632,
-0.011976886540651321,
-0.008328362368047237,
0.057727307081222534,
0.07291435450315475,
0.018100712448358536,
-0.03318871185183525,
-0.017867056652903557,
-0.01564731076359749,
-0.022846920415759087,
0.033548299223184586,
0.018817100673913956,
-0.00398285174742341,
-0.025369875133037567,
-0.00624836515635252,
0.017607666552066803,
-0.008854072540998459,
-0.3057294487953186,
0.0027893821243196726,
0.02189730666577816,
-0.021489005535840988,
0.013279970735311508,
-0.006431774236261845,
0.05584363266825676,
0.009523618966341019,
-0.02289017289876938,
0.004452266730368137,
-0.03991659730672836,
0.03157908841967583,
-0.009550774469971657,
0.058357931673526764,
0.04576374217867851,
0.04612111300230026,
-0.0191928930580616,
-0.013015925884246826,
0.009676653891801834,
0.0008636918500997126,
-0.03477468714118004,
-0.06971078366041183,
-0.028195776045322418,
0.020902292802929878,
0.020542431622743607,
0.029692962765693665,
-0.05904301628470421,
0.011049799621105194,
-0.055081915110349655,
-0.018527206033468246,
0.002286145929247141,
-0.023434439674019814,
-0.0298930574208498,
0.0057821134105324745,
0.005807426758110523,
-0.011483289301395416,
0.02517123334109783,
0.0026067832950502634,
0.009395350702106953,
0.04197949916124344,
0.029882388189435005,
-0.008994183503091335,
-0.015509995631873608,
0.0068739126436412334,
0.06646156311035156,
0.03955867514014244,
-0.010769111104309559,
0.016457363963127136,
-0.004463973920792341,
0.02801336534321308,
0.02815648540854454,
-0.03610356152057648,
-0.025338703766465187,
0.016032537445425987,
-0.019104955717921257,
-0.05464354529976845,
-0.02069765329360962,
-0.0028930434491485357,
0.007760431617498398,
0.005054240580648184,
0.021943334490060806,
-0.06354627013206482,
0.017398176714777946,
-0.030176006257534027,
-0.00041556466021575034,
-0.043246492743492126,
-0.08815453946590424,
-0.04529702290892601,
0.06794710457324982,
0.042481429874897,
0.0025857253931462765,
0.007208491675555706,
0.010486745275557041,
-0.08404752612113953,
-0.00256180833093822,
0.040631260722875595,
-0.0001615620421944186,
0.02376253344118595,
-0.003913627937436104,
0.06318745017051697,
-0.011438880115747452,
-0.03857674449682236,
0.017292380332946777,
-0.0007498827180825174,
0.017051218077540398,
-0.04019209370017052,
0.013121713884174824,
0.015545115806162357,
-0.020457852631807327,
-0.02880759723484516,
-0.004968804772943258,
-0.011788313277065754,
0.028243785724043846,
-0.0009706695564091206,
0.050617679953575134,
0.03428153321146965,
-0.014953666366636753,
0.022083478048443794,
0.05450666323304176,
0.014064223505556583,
0.02461245469748974,
-0.08977095037698746,
0.004878221545368433,
-0.037449754774570465,
-0.008858483284711838,
0.04751329496502876,
-0.055136580020189285,
-0.02478819154202938,
0.035444989800453186,
-0.001848468091338873,
-0.020639611408114433,
-0.021853214129805565,
0.0008233217522501945,
-0.028913015499711037,
0.014385960064828396,
-0.041240472346544266,
0.00019272380450274795,
0.031311213970184326,
0.0249172393232584,
0.0058761099353432655,
-0.017613742500543594,
0.028349140658974648,
-0.024910133332014084,
0.000976643292233348,
-0.0561041422188282,
0.03191804513335228,
0.014872645027935505,
-0.05226082727313042,
0.025270303711295128,
0.002466681646183133,
0.025554638355970383,
0.03642572462558746,
0.00853839609771967,
-0.03248133510351181,
0.055859364569187164,
-0.0013627872103825212,
-0.015562443993985653,
-0.016505472362041473,
0.03274288401007652,
0.0002849600277841091,
0.04504725709557533,
0.001504842541180551,
0.03312855213880539,
0.03218166530132294,
0.06498213112354279,
0.04610142484307289,
0.020271683111786842,
0.017343444749712944,
0.0010218726238235831,
-0.02042900025844574,
-0.0002686874067876488,
-0.05901863053441048,
0.019069425761699677,
-0.024964764714241028,
-0.016383225098252296,
0.012079042382538319,
0.032370757311582565,
0.026244552806019783,
0.005447280127555132,
-0.06857362389564514,
0.0350993387401104,
-0.002301616594195366,
-0.018672510981559753,
0.0008782626246102154,
0.03091922588646412,
0.07758671045303345,
-0.05811381712555885,
0.023311931639909744,
0.001228089677169919,
0.016576120629906654,
-0.00026905955746769905,
-0.005229668691754341,
-0.029249416664242744,
0.008983386680483818,
0.009685256518423557,
-0.02292432077229023,
0.017172466963529587,
-0.011711196973919868,
-0.0632462427020073,
0.014441368170082569,
-0.029165633022785187,
-0.004470628220587969,
-0.031395137310028076,
-0.00880691222846508,
0.09359826892614365,
0.03061898797750473,
0.0008456026553176343,
0.0164339616894722,
-0.022516177967190742,
0.06496043503284454,
0.01590667851269245,
0.025863749906420708,
-0.0033798585645854473,
-0.035439129918813705,
0.004608971998095512,
-0.06058703362941742,
0.020150650292634964,
0.010178983211517334,
-0.0557992160320282,
-0.05817504972219467,
-0.03232641518115997,
0.015689104795455933,
-0.012345874682068825,
0.027199631556868553,
0.03400270640850067,
-0.05050899088382721,
0.03601297736167908,
-0.0046839420683681965,
-0.03615127503871918,
0.023884203284978867,
-0.028131909668445587,
-0.02607038989663124,
-0.040814436972141266,
0.0035566971637308598,
0.033228617161512375,
-0.03107895702123642,
-0.012480903416872025,
-0.023298168554902077,
0.007736474275588989,
-0.005583137273788452,
-0.006267830729484558,
-0.008019162341952324,
0.015586388297379017,
-0.020223980769515038,
-0.006727497559040785,
0.05489537864923477,
-0.054472751915454865,
-0.043235983699560165,
-0.006944409105926752,
-0.008614172227680683,
0.016187869012355804,
-0.061413321644067764,
0.01618192158639431,
0.050695568323135376,
-0.0319533608853817,
0.0025510755367577076,
-0.04790138080716133,
0.03840410336852074,
-0.024119138717651367,
-0.0033499530982226133,
0.020803896710276604,
-0.021056052297353745,
-0.010517479851841927,
-0.030180027708411217,
0.0024643077049404383,
0.00424933759495616,
0.009924545884132385,
0.03140566870570183,
0.003975934814661741,
0.02857615239918232,
-0.016812488436698914,
0.024813594296574593,
-0.04740693420171738,
-0.0023430685978382826,
0.03075319342315197,
-0.04334802180528641,
-0.014187146909534931,
-0.06501847505569458,
-0.008340694941580296,
0.01048591360449791,
-0.05317297205328941,
0.00018166107474826276,
-0.014613793231546879,
0.00813852995634079,
0.017380138859152794,
0.04266798496246338,
0.03261598199605942,
0.0002362585801165551,
0.032499175518751144,
-0.06083659455180168,
0.024183277040719986,
-0.07484754920005798,
-0.0036039710976183414,
0.03074667416512966,
0.004648773930966854,
0.03635333105921745,
0.032681360840797424,
-0.02618749998509884,
0.0201629176735878,
-0.04639485478401184,
-0.06812122464179993,
-0.01925799250602722,
-0.040209561586380005,
0.004475064110010862,
0.032568711787462234,
-0.041679758578538895,
0.015640251338481903,
0.018654005602002144,
-0.04084526747465134,
-0.012158598750829697,
0.03283209726214409,
0.05121628940105438,
0.006419366225600243,
0.02971719391644001,
-0.017538776621222496,
-0.011002358980476856,
0.06473759561777115,
0.04496283829212189,
-0.01732681132853031,
0.030168062075972557,
-0.033747367560863495,
0.05086616799235344,
0.056146007031202316,
0.0005962121649645269,
0.04405452683568001,
0.009171814657747746,
0.013924733735620975,
-0.03755927085876465,
0.057471875101327896,
0.0018173252465203404,
-0.01711924746632576,
-0.049124643206596375,
0.0608208104968071,
0.006448874715715647,
-0.07452434301376343,
-0.04012785106897354,
0.010270267724990845,
-0.03432175889611244,
0.028122495859861374,
-0.008771360851824284,
0.020475829020142555,
0.009983035735785961,
0.06752230226993561,
-0.012353811413049698,
0.032033927738666534,
0.07020407170057297,
0.0154315996915102,
0.03127899393439293,
-0.018023177981376648,
0.06519276648759842,
0.07655739784240723,
0.04034672677516937,
-0.0229583028703928,
0.0673152282834053,
-0.06618378311395645,
-0.03009224496781826,
0.009895537048578262,
-0.014571561478078365,
-0.03431450203061104,
-0.02266777865588665,
0.010788457468152046,
0.0634157806634903,
-0.012897254899144173,
0.09680662304162979,
-0.060521431267261505,
0.0063706859946250916,
0.03257502615451813,
-0.006033715792000294,
0.022107508033514023,
0.01829858124256134,
0.020466020330786705,
0.030684269964694977,
-0.03676415607333183,
-0.02445380762219429,
0.010013274848461151,
0.008317729458212852,
-0.0020235467236489058,
-0.0019855587743222713,
-0.0032867302652448416,
-0.007533422205597162,
0.01084200944751501,
-0.00605550454929471,
0.0779077485203743,
-0.03543112799525261,
-0.046701181679964066,
-0.012035361491143703,
0.0000429936517321039,
0.008838418871164322,
0.04920616000890732,
0.042166970670223236,
-0.019081315025687218,
-0.010277976281940937,
-0.03376557677984238,
0.040042515844106674,
0.0003023770987056196,
-0.003149891970679164,
-0.006573257502168417,
-0.024935761466622353,
0.0052727083675563335,
0.002413700334727764,
0.025467488914728165,
-0.07158534228801727,
-0.050545502454042435,
-0.01480959728360176,
-0.06259478628635406,
-0.03071174956858158,
-0.036924123764038086,
0.01352800615131855,
-0.013699475675821304,
-0.038100019097328186,
-0.005686949472874403,
-0.01394218485802412,
0.007105009630322456,
-0.013788930140435696,
-0.08005478233098984,
-0.010030415840446949,
0.033699337393045425,
0.014215818606317043,
0.04096663370728493,
0.0300163384526968,
0.04830021783709526,
-0.052043329924345016,
-0.03550531342625618,
0.0075517212972044945,
0.041137367486953735,
0.030973277986049652,
-0.016416184604167938,
-0.027464084327220917,
-0.08440084755420685,
0.02421223558485508,
0.018084660172462463,
-0.04159120097756386,
-0.09761053323745728,
0.03391353413462639,
0.0231590885668993,
0.015565115958452225,
0.06008335202932358,
0.017622988671064377,
-0.022892413660883904,
-0.04245290905237198,
0.004156673792749643,
-0.026639070361852646,
0.006913449615240097,
0.04558107629418373,
-0.009835983626544476,
0.050094299018383026,
0.01738925836980343,
-0.027494050562381744,
-0.06278113275766373,
0.0619184784591198,
-0.03876090794801712,
0.001446484588086605,
-0.03565562516450882,
-0.026270190253853798,
-0.015313965268433094,
-0.088044174015522,
-0.032505594193935394,
0.02281663753092289,
0.01125174481421709,
-0.04924323037266731,
0.004419571720063686,
-0.00599282793700695,
-0.01464598998427391,
-0.025137459859251976,
-0.022745387628674507,
0.007933896034955978,
-0.051405806094408035,
-0.021818092092871666,
-0.08740430325269699,
-0.015316803008317947,
-0.05706912651658058,
-0.008344330824911594,
-0.049176689237356186,
-0.046504855155944824,
-0.01601613312959671,
-0.00376171269454062,
0.006995644420385361,
0.03161877021193504,
0.0356835201382637,
-0.001583492266945541
] |
3,447
|
NV-Embed: Improved Techniques for Training LLMs as Generalist Embedding Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=lgsyLSsDRe
|
[
"Chankyu Lee",
"Rajarshi Roy",
"Mengyao Xu",
"Jonathan Raiman",
"Mohammad Shoeybi",
"Bryan Catanzaro",
"Wei Ping"
] |
Spotlight
|
Decoder-only large language model (LLM)-based embedding models are beginning to outperform BERT or T5-based embedding models in general-purpose text embedding tasks, including dense vector-based retrieval. In this work, we introduce the NV-Embed model, incorporating architectural designs, training procedures, and curated datasets to significantly enhance the performance of LLM as a versatile embedding model, while maintaining its simplicity and reproducibility.For model architecture, we propose a latent attention layer to obtain pooled embeddings, which consistently improves retrieval and downstream task accuracy compared to mean pooling or using the last <EOS> token embedding from LLMs. To enhance representation learning, we remove the causal attention mask of LLMs during contrastive training. For training algorithm, we introduce a two-stage contrastive instruction-tuning method. It first applies contrastive training with instructions on retrieval datasets, utilizing in-batch negatives and curated hard negative examples. At stage-2, it blends various non-retrieval into instruction tuning, which not only enhances non-retrieval task accuracy but also improves retrieval performance. For training data, we utilize the hard-negative mining, synthetic data generation and existing public available datasets to boost the performance of embedding model. By combining these techniques, our NV-Embed- v1 model secured the No.1 position on the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB) (as of May 24, 2024), across 56 embedding tasks. NV-Embed-v2 has reclaimed and maintained the top spot on MTEB since August 30, 2024, demonstrating the sustained effectiveness of the proposed methods over time. Also, it achieved the highest scores in the Long Doc section and the second-highest scores in the QA section of the AIR Benchmark, which covers a range of out-of-domain information retrieval topics beyond those in MTEB. We further provide the analysis of model compression techniques for generalist embedding models. We open-source the model at: https://huggingface.co/nvidia/NV-Embed-v2 .
|
LLM, embedding model, retriever
| null | 9,106
| null |
[
0.007653922773897648,
-0.04268112778663635,
0.01111569069325924,
0.02423442155122757,
0.04202135279774666,
0.008177053183317184,
0.02495887130498886,
0.012780063785612583,
-0.004944890737533569,
-0.005022302735596895,
-0.02520626224577427,
0.040896765887737274,
-0.05709216743707657,
0.010959911160171032,
0.004450464155524969,
0.0452900156378746,
0.022574394941329956,
-0.009167835116386414,
0.04508975148200989,
0.046592846512794495,
0.0066455090418457985,
-0.029739780351519585,
0.033253397792577744,
-0.009162136353552341,
0.021593039855360985,
0.004622103646397591,
0.014696684665977955,
0.007294102571904659,
-0.0452134795486927,
0.0322563610970974,
0.005241073668003082,
-0.019795989617705345,
0.030057525262236595,
-0.019055886194109917,
0.03314903751015663,
-0.014321446418762207,
-0.07387012988328934,
0.021975945681333542,
0.03981567546725273,
-0.0006624013767577708,
-0.04980558529496193,
-0.02229122631251812,
-0.02381092868745327,
0.006039505358785391,
-0.040342628955841064,
0.014384702779352665,
-0.11364003270864487,
-0.009471078403294086,
0.02591988444328308,
-0.03941355645656586,
-0.09046213328838348,
0.03134582191705704,
-0.01614183560013771,
0.008596615865826607,
0.018841110169887543,
0.020333044230937958,
0.04575495421886444,
-0.09699416905641556,
-0.0030303136445581913,
-0.036528896540403366,
-0.0211171992123127,
0.0031265579164028168,
0.011032613925635815,
0.022212550044059753,
0.004020817577838898,
-0.028694869950413704,
-0.00937709491699934,
0.029385747388005257,
-0.07068049162626266,
-0.04499330744147301,
-0.005774001125246286,
0.019790155813097954,
-0.02707940712571144,
0.011477019637823105,
0.03153715655207634,
-0.040171749889850616,
0.002721738535910845,
0.029813481494784355,
0.08500692993402481,
-0.017130397260189056,
0.002393656177446246,
0.029022514820098877,
0.034090060740709305,
0.04567154124379158,
0.020589707419276237,
0.019666550680994987,
-0.05150054395198822,
-0.02292943000793457,
-0.0822472870349884,
0.02346438355743885,
-0.0004864507354795933,
-0.026745900511741638,
0.020385652780532837,
0.033301517367362976,
0.013859381899237633,
0.014051726087927818,
0.04216206446290016,
0.015475323423743248,
-0.006901304237544537,
-0.013861525803804398,
-0.021548336371779442,
-0.04394170641899109,
0.021549608558416367,
0.01602266915142536,
-0.09653058648109436,
-0.017583327367901802,
-0.022151025012135506,
-0.005802136845886707,
0.00040646674460731447,
-0.03526434674859047,
-0.028641173616051674,
-0.01960880495607853,
0.006135399919003248,
0.0045161922462284565,
-0.07714496552944183,
0.014870434999465942,
0.006019031163305044,
-0.0024956122506409883,
-0.032351989299058914,
0.02167147770524025,
0.05215013399720192,
0.038060009479522705,
0.027486125007271767,
0.0601281076669693,
0.003572991117835045,
0.027571281418204308,
0.011614654213190079,
0.027388259768486023,
-0.03031923994421959,
-0.009180311113595963,
0.013737956061959267,
0.0412224680185318,
0.0006838076515123248,
0.04423001408576965,
-0.007065488491207361,
0.012523381039500237,
-0.002429453656077385,
0.0030307616107165813,
0.05223890393972397,
-0.029556812718510628,
-0.002035386860370636,
-0.005605708342045546,
0.047826942056417465,
-0.03154880180954933,
0.10628200322389603,
0.0008273451821878552,
-0.029306743294000626,
-0.0026257045101374388,
-0.051567286252975464,
-0.0064010173082351685,
0.029695061966776848,
-0.013259322382509708,
-0.005040301010012627,
-0.0709780603647232,
0.025022728368639946,
0.06237972900271416,
0.0062420605681836605,
0.003573550609871745,
0.016751708462834358,
0.028792772442102432,
0.022114431485533714,
0.0014151252107694745,
-0.06731739640235901,
0.04400237649679184,
-0.022143827751278877,
-0.05476084351539612,
0.003730893600732088,
-0.0026512204203754663,
-0.021663259714841843,
-0.015514407306909561,
-0.029499994590878487,
-0.04926185682415962,
0.057723384350538254,
-0.0008879736997187138,
-0.04697566479444504,
-0.0030964273028075695,
0.05431200563907623,
0.02120537869632244,
0.04417930915951729,
0.0370841845870018,
-0.0768350139260292,
0.030465638265013695,
0.0476098507642746,
-0.007034918759018183,
0.01791081391274929,
-0.04321092739701271,
0.0780993402004242,
-0.02526155672967434,
-0.01554156094789505,
0.023723483085632324,
-0.08209884911775589,
-0.0013189968885853887,
0.030189717188477516,
0.006200703326612711,
0.0560649111866951,
0.02428337372839451,
0.03044077567756176,
0.04853348433971405,
0.014567525126039982,
0.04758735001087189,
0.05818499997258186,
-0.031968601047992706,
0.02515673264861107,
-0.02416328899562359,
-0.03769528493285179,
0.0004170095198787749,
0.017647098749876022,
-0.03783910721540451,
-0.06161448359489441,
0.008579730056226254,
-0.0030824332498013973,
0.003678844776004553,
-0.0012896901462227106,
0.0040986062958836555,
0.024380914866924286,
0.00792690645903349,
0.011553543619811535,
0.012485286220908165,
0.01736050471663475,
-0.03347337245941162,
0.050067123025655746,
0.016561834141612053,
-0.0027808258309960365,
-0.016658009961247444,
-0.02754420042037964,
0.10015389323234558,
0.049447283148765564,
-0.040935274213552475,
0.009104478172957897,
-0.006416120566427708,
0.04124041274189949,
-0.022426443174481392,
0.0081623001024127,
-0.05483261123299599,
0.027708055451512337,
-0.03137577325105667,
0.006270531099289656,
-0.04357706755399704,
0.04437781125307083,
-0.042600009590387344,
-0.005364719312638044,
0.07193787395954132,
-0.029558468610048294,
0.0322110578417778,
0.00019080455240327865,
0.028413694351911545,
0.029441554099321365,
-0.02950162999331951,
-0.008652012795209885,
-0.04517347738146782,
0.005953633692115545,
0.01021616067737341,
-0.0008596511906944215,
-0.017743021249771118,
0.0051400852389633656,
-0.03406325727701187,
-0.05311083048582077,
-0.01396154798567295,
0.051651760935783386,
0.042104292660951614,
-0.012476659379899502,
0.026581307873129845,
-0.005234917625784874,
-0.02264503948390484,
-0.0025215630885213614,
-0.07973823696374893,
-0.025046952068805695,
-0.03311127424240112,
0.03818909823894501,
-0.017532069236040115,
0.02184816636145115,
-0.00034071848494932055,
-0.009142777882516384,
-0.04507824406027794,
-0.027281537652015686,
0.0023542495910078287,
0.051909126341342926,
-0.0024799350649118423,
-0.03804359585046768,
-0.030392829328775406,
-0.011810468509793282,
0.03208443149924278,
-0.019566858187317848,
-0.025119800120592117,
-0.024995479732751846,
-0.04983575642108917,
-0.03679652884602547,
-0.05139186233282089,
0.002635267563164234,
-0.007416590116918087,
0.010356386192142963,
0.029419489204883575,
0.007447836920619011,
0.001414128695614636,
0.04755910485982895,
0.05750976875424385,
0.04865344613790512,
-0.004951620474457741,
-0.020667454227805138,
0.04812842607498169,
-0.03196444362401962,
0.017897404730319977,
0.02706972509622574,
0.03764186054468155,
-0.010838101617991924,
-0.00021585903596132994,
0.02715018205344677,
-0.003625208744779229,
-0.2640215754508972,
-0.013212518766522408,
0.0019316414836794138,
-0.021608011797070503,
0.05575729161500931,
-0.04213868826627731,
0.019455989822745323,
-0.037587616592645645,
-0.019161298871040344,
-0.0025908928364515305,
0.012868847697973251,
0.052927762269973755,
0.018221531063318253,
0.013994520530104637,
0.03972163051366806,
0.0433218739926815,
0.012060022912919521,
-0.036179669201374054,
0.016163300722837448,
0.044045817106962204,
0.02237081713974476,
-0.05781705677509308,
-0.02169818803668022,
0.06151788681745529,
-0.029427675530314445,
0.06799063831567764,
-0.06986724585294724,
-0.009044750593602657,
0.0011078742099925876,
-0.0019446900114417076,
0.0012478783028200269,
-0.047967471182346344,
-0.01869123987853527,
0.020386679098010063,
-0.03912210837006569,
0.0149161946028471,
0.06657777726650238,
-0.006488452199846506,
0.05008804053068161,
0.02515607699751854,
0.012735500931739807,
-0.02157473750412464,
-0.006952930241823196,
-0.005387588404119015,
0.07247647643089294,
-0.00831752922385931,
-0.07674676924943924,
-0.002164287958294153,
-0.007330991327762604,
0.026300353929400444,
-0.02222192846238613,
-0.046045415103435516,
-0.029250629246234894,
0.04012150317430496,
0.009407206438481808,
-0.03832651674747467,
-0.02269686572253704,
-0.0008763667428866029,
-0.00469592260196805,
0.0012189619010314345,
-0.013195748440921307,
-0.04431615024805069,
-0.05906369537115097,
-0.05613652989268303,
-0.029862146824598312,
-0.038828395307064056,
-0.05482835695147514,
-0.06304717063903809,
0.04620363935828209,
0.060875434428453445,
-0.02073444239795208,
0.04588586464524269,
-0.026752963662147522,
-0.09106579422950745,
0.003228124463930726,
0.011607181280851364,
0.0012029459467157722,
-0.0042312974110245705,
0.012295853346586227,
0.04202971234917641,
-0.017894672229886055,
-0.059438496828079224,
0.01720689982175827,
-0.0037718303501605988,
0.02213006652891636,
-0.025368135422468185,
-0.012827741913497448,
-0.03139973431825638,
0.012385505251586437,
-0.04261748492717743,
0.04291001334786415,
0.008299174718558788,
-0.010545843280851841,
0.02568957395851612,
0.016071012243628502,
0.0080497981980443,
0.01811865158379078,
0.05763568356633186,
0.018575303256511688,
0.025673387572169304,
0.004850628320127726,
-0.06393156945705414,
-0.01817678101360798,
-0.04172836244106293,
-0.010155768133699894,
0.032732777297496796,
-0.03902571648359299,
-0.022054750472307205,
0.03287150338292122,
-0.014213436283171177,
-0.05334286019206047,
-0.051241084933280945,
0.0026405262760818005,
0.0052314260974526405,
-0.020069150254130363,
-0.022629886865615845,
0.022046636790037155,
0.04346301779150963,
0.018681811168789864,
-0.04180287569761276,
-0.0032772445119917393,
0.029035024344921112,
-0.012373656034469604,
-0.006205898243933916,
0.021917378529906273,
-0.010444537736475468,
0.007739265449345112,
-0.02040746808052063,
-0.019149869680404663,
-0.015389054082334042,
0.028966965153813362,
0.01531079038977623,
-0.004012019373476505,
0.013111118227243423,
0.06196698918938637,
-0.03936929255723953,
0.023841194808483124,
0.0029321315232664347,
0.04856988415122032,
-0.008860967122018337,
0.013243555091321468,
-0.043841343373060226,
0.030398840084671974,
0.0683426558971405,
0.04904266446828842,
0.012877194210886955,
0.015492277219891548,
-0.010293751023709774,
-0.020751820877194405,
0.033241577446460724,
0.043784428387880325,
-0.06269059330224991,
-0.013790677301585674,
-0.02402099221944809,
0.014286213554441929,
-0.00675721000880003,
0.03129306435585022,
-0.0035309474915266037,
0.02807876467704773,
-0.06274328380823135,
0.07220273464918137,
0.006701076868921518,
-0.010939575731754303,
0.03615374118089676,
0.014260855503380299,
0.017801158130168915,
0.008847935125231743,
0.008363259956240654,
0.040466658771038055,
0.02669309824705124,
-0.0019674599170684814,
-0.03438207134604454,
-0.044385042041540146,
-0.02175050601363182,
-0.022569969296455383,
0.020410757511854172,
-0.0008721934864297509,
0.022906089201569557,
-0.029285285621881485,
0.05603887513279915,
0.015946710482239723,
-0.046219777315855026,
0.008705480955541134,
0.01708858273923397,
0.07880721241235733,
0.004954444244503975,
0.01573721319437027,
0.01690174639225006,
-0.029549913480877876,
-0.001287650316953659,
-0.006670043338090181,
-0.01749180071055889,
-0.016974739730358124,
-0.03766445070505142,
-0.031471285969018936,
-0.0646226555109024,
0.02078411728143692,
0.00463581457734108,
-0.015529614873230457,
-0.021603820845484734,
-0.02933294139802456,
0.005128415767103434,
-0.05459947511553764,
-0.015644576400518417,
0.0026159794069826603,
-0.07596267759799957,
0.0065697855316102505,
-0.010355965234339237,
-0.06480631232261658,
0.01181227620691061,
-0.017373159527778625,
-0.035936322063207626,
-0.057688210159540176,
-0.018012091517448425,
0.01951507478952408,
-0.04783385992050171,
-0.010806036181747913,
-0.02755851484835148,
0.00369146722368896,
-0.006235084030777216,
0.011920892633497715,
-0.012819466181099415,
-0.008204193785786629,
0.0006540255271829665,
-0.014369696378707886,
0.02262752875685692,
-0.019703295081853867,
-0.012540368363261223,
0.012635930441319942,
-0.04307718947529793,
0.03710058704018593,
-0.04953968897461891,
0.04498506709933281,
0.0705631747841835,
-0.035920172929763794,
0.024182062596082687,
-0.036879848688840866,
0.030660303309559822,
0.029587360098958015,
-0.008147340267896652,
0.008117531426250935,
-0.003972494043409824,
-0.03142019361257553,
0.03591535985469818,
0.012302722781896591,
0.015739433467388153,
-0.0010090538999065757,
0.019330812618136406,
-0.003005038248375058,
0.02450183965265751,
0.014129753224551678,
0.009972242638468742,
-0.025974471122026443,
-0.009916937910020351,
0.06633912026882172,
-0.058189768344163895,
-0.030487405136227608,
-0.06872239708900452,
-0.05674286186695099,
0.007574730087071657,
-0.0023889944422990084,
0.022354913875460625,
-0.045405104756355286,
0.08803636580705643,
0.021967003121972084,
0.037362780421972275,
0.012252296321094036,
-0.015647931024432182,
0.0333530455827713,
-0.05408429354429245,
-0.02684328705072403,
-0.05954946205019951,
-0.03562212735414505,
0.07185272127389908,
-0.029378311708569527,
-0.006849570665508509,
-0.013783383183181286,
-0.05601930245757103,
0.04045073315501213,
-0.01239762082695961,
-0.05769464746117592,
-0.007737960200756788,
-0.019996579736471176,
-0.0157112255692482,
0.02046545036137104,
-0.012796162627637386,
0.006332826800644398,
-0.008017275482416153,
-0.03183613717556,
-0.007020391058176756,
-0.021068941801786423,
0.043107591569423676,
-0.022512953728437424,
0.03142167627811432,
-0.030325492843985558,
0.0057986825704574585,
0.013895293697714806,
0.04975563660264015,
0.03214767202734947,
0.007298182230442762,
-0.00004777372669195756,
0.06687207520008087,
0.043032385408878326,
-0.02538899891078472,
0.05370016396045685,
0.007182589266449213,
-0.020313719287514687,
-0.056207675486803055,
0.04253419488668442,
0.02094717137515545,
-0.011642533354461193,
-0.0377078615128994,
0.07095196098089218,
0.04882090911269188,
-0.02170896902680397,
-0.03729930520057678,
0.02210257761180401,
-0.036180973052978516,
-0.009898531250655651,
-0.05644547566771507,
-0.00829116627573967,
-0.013723202981054783,
0.0860491394996643,
0.023551935330033302,
0.030503783375024796,
0.07134756445884705,
-0.0066862027160823345,
-0.04440232366323471,
0.018739895895123482,
0.06888493150472641,
0.03738972172141075,
0.05347045138478279,
0.005774196237325668,
0.07916247099637985,
-0.038138389587402344,
-0.04762505367398262,
0.002355288015678525,
0.010826031677424908,
-0.011845878325402737,
-0.02612249366939068,
0.004784117452800274,
0.08350153267383575,
0.003102437825873494,
0.06035700440406799,
-0.046432625502347946,
-0.01359798014163971,
0.04369562864303589,
-0.006378402002155781,
-0.003907365724444389,
0.031003456562757492,
0.024518275633454323,
-0.011711361818015575,
-0.02938675694167614,
-0.008165379986166954,
-0.02142547257244587,
-0.0069330898113548756,
0.014668836258351803,
0.02130788564682007,
-0.015375599265098572,
0.004714557435363531,
-0.03177690878510475,
0.06550411880016327,
0.1234913095831871,
-0.02460753731429577,
-0.043293941766023636,
0.0009335058275610209,
0.008555416017770767,
0.02797420509159565,
0.038262516260147095,
-0.02735508792102337,
-0.04677285999059677,
-0.025890765711665154,
-0.053236499428749084,
0.011936638504266739,
0.025261545553803444,
-0.009020552039146423,
0.016588682308793068,
-0.016336580738425255,
-0.04358924180269241,
0.030996685847640038,
0.04495586082339287,
-0.07316389679908752,
-0.03736848756670952,
-0.041325174272060394,
-0.02124948427081108,
-0.0680750235915184,
-0.059863537549972534,
0.02809888683259487,
0.032045815140008926,
-0.0449775755405426,
-0.0017307769740000367,
-0.02799326553940773,
-0.0068953935988247395,
0.04761973023414612,
-0.07793670147657394,
0.019214261323213577,
0.036283526569604874,
0.019299710169434547,
-0.004595435690134764,
0.04459131136536598,
0.025069355964660645,
0.00247828452847898,
-0.026529235765337944,
0.04724262282252312,
0.021540652960538864,
-0.004308601375669241,
-0.007400441449135542,
0.004065922927111387,
-0.1128028929233551,
0.0032821111381053925,
0.008542727679014206,
-0.03961193189024925,
-0.061192143708467484,
0.0007396704750135541,
-0.003212422365322709,
0.03860073909163475,
0.0669872835278511,
0.013912761583924294,
0.05301731824874878,
-0.004699731711298227,
-0.016614265739917755,
-0.024971790611743927,
0.030405661091208458,
0.05343599617481232,
0.019220368936657906,
0.05405084788799286,
0.05218621715903282,
0.010295993648469448,
0.00721881166100502,
-0.0008277318556793034,
-0.004739051219075918,
-0.03220260888338089,
-0.04539534077048302,
-0.020027190446853638,
-0.06176937744021416,
-0.07346714287996292,
-0.02102581411600113,
0.04457636922597885,
-0.01949647255241871,
-0.018947811797261238,
-0.009832508862018585,
-0.017330434173345566,
-0.0290086530148983,
-0.004097684286534786,
-0.01272085215896368,
-0.022092947736382484,
0.00005297950701788068,
-0.022160012274980545,
-0.06456901133060455,
0.022962942719459534,
-0.004595255013555288,
-0.00510010402649641,
-0.005769800860434771,
-0.029568949714303017,
0.015389829874038696,
-0.026044722646474838,
0.05675796791911125,
0.01417118776589632,
0.0412154383957386,
0.0023564680013805628
] |
3,448
|
Differentiation and Specialization of Attention Heads via the Refined Local Learning Coefficient
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=SUc1UOWndp
|
[
"George Wang",
"Jesse Hoogland",
"Stan van Wingerden",
"Zach Furman",
"Daniel Murfet"
] |
Spotlight
|
We introduce refined variants of the Local Learning Coefficient (LLC), a measure of model complexity grounded in singular learning theory, to study the development of internal structure in transformer language models during training. By applying these refined LLCs (rLLCs) to individual components of a two-layer attention-only transformer, we gain novel insights into the progressive differentiation and specialization of attention heads. Our methodology reveals how attention heads differentiate into distinct functional roles over the course of training, analyzes the types of data these heads specialize to process, and discovers a previously unidentified multigram circuit. These findings demonstrate that rLLCs provide a principled, quantitative toolkit for developmental interpretability, which aims to understand models through their evolution across the learning process. This work advances the field of developmental interpretability by providing a mathematically rigorous approach to understanding neural networks through the lens of their learning process. More broadly, this work takes a step towards establishing the correspondence between data distributional structure, geometric properties of the loss landscape, learning dynamics, and emergent computational structures in neural networks.
|
Developmental Interpretability, Mechanistic Interpretability, Singular Learning Theory, Learning Dynamics, Stagewise development, Model complexity
|
The paper studies how language model attention heads develop during training using new, refined variants of the Local Learning Coefficient (LLC)
| 9,016
|
2410.02984
|
[
-0.024751761928200722,
-0.0063242786563932896,
0.015087681822478771,
0.015081332065165043,
0.03651567921042442,
0.041093818843364716,
0.012750910595059395,
-0.006367838010191917,
-0.040795981884002686,
0.011867331340909004,
0.00527660408988595,
0.01523622777312994,
-0.038079340010881424,
0.019633915275335312,
-0.00740704033523798,
0.049400899559259415,
0.06429742276668549,
-0.00718886312097311,
-0.047585345804691315,
-0.003763214685022831,
-0.005354010965675116,
0.0009902952006086707,
0.033717457205057144,
0.008636955171823502,
0.004660310223698616,
-0.016940442845225334,
0.00998558010905981,
-0.013958824798464775,
-0.0009434754610992968,
0.0029273496475070715,
0.013949097134172916,
-0.010389275848865509,
0.018106551840901375,
-0.005133299622684717,
0.003558643627911806,
0.00014045255375094712,
-0.00896248035132885,
-0.030963469296693802,
0.013385997153818607,
0.009959490038454533,
-0.04674074798822403,
0.017087219282984734,
-0.002450900850817561,
-0.008258488960564137,
-0.07995371520519257,
-0.021983293816447258,
-0.12416967749595642,
0.013612731359899044,
0.006475322879850864,
-0.04258095845580101,
-0.11208630353212357,
0.045290376991033554,
-0.0007237882819026709,
-0.02326974645256996,
0.00240779435262084,
0.03577199950814247,
0.04171367362141609,
-0.07153462618589401,
-0.00847862008959055,
-0.039588212966918945,
-0.017578359693288803,
0.01633315347135067,
0.018553081899881363,
0.002038585254922509,
-0.0010857823072001338,
-0.0018505334155634046,
0.009700380265712738,
0.038450948894023895,
-0.07027111947536469,
-0.017589479684829712,
-0.04737301915884018,
0.0072827422991395,
-0.020946122705936432,
0.012368188239634037,
-0.010830512270331383,
-0.03358634188771248,
-0.003885662881657481,
-0.0009428199264220893,
0.06854268163442612,
-0.003520617727190256,
-0.0015381155535578728,
0.0342780202627182,
0.005379000678658485,
0.019187794998288155,
0.019688298925757408,
0.014876767061650753,
-0.008670097216963768,
-0.051312509924173355,
-0.06590472906827927,
0.05085262656211853,
-0.04602344334125519,
-0.03474060818552971,
0.0020538545213639736,
0.026011047884821892,
0.045411642640829086,
0.003368118079379201,
0.03711385652422905,
0.028621194884181023,
0.014313194900751114,
0.0017801889916881919,
-0.027773478999733925,
-0.03137163072824478,
0.013207348063588142,
0.013852310366928577,
-0.10702909529209137,
-0.019776444882154465,
0.02337126061320305,
-0.023435095325112343,
0.0046518598683178425,
0.0034494937863200903,
-0.043214209377765656,
-0.012097596190869808,
0.0009673378081060946,
-0.005651822779327631,
-0.09582065790891647,
0.01657130755484104,
-0.007722543086856604,
0.047173600643873215,
-0.003414490958675742,
0.006283101160079241,
0.013304445892572403,
0.04796777665615082,
0.007202157285064459,
0.05490496754646301,
-0.029244013130664825,
-0.0032497586216777563,
-0.020337415859103203,
0.02487201616168022,
-0.02155429497361183,
-0.047839660197496414,
0.020635217428207397,
0.022397173568606377,
0.008276807144284248,
0.026320582255721092,
-0.0007724969764240086,
-0.022743742913007736,
0.022259071469306946,
0.023999836295843124,
0.03719743341207504,
0.007203634362667799,
0.015196436084806919,
-0.014504081569612026,
0.0457376129925251,
-0.05451737344264984,
0.0795186385512352,
-0.02011215128004551,
-0.027043504640460014,
0.022014997899532318,
-0.00829069409519434,
-0.005630462430417538,
0.02295573800802231,
-0.0026094168424606323,
-0.004227509256452322,
-0.05799921974539757,
0.04693809524178505,
0.049496863037347794,
0.004311425145715475,
0.010188461281359196,
0.006444388069212437,
0.004461687058210373,
-0.014091862365603447,
0.005958752706646919,
-0.01894807070493698,
0.03262095898389816,
-0.0018293352331966162,
-0.04453996196389198,
0.006797863636165857,
0.012736564502120018,
-0.03893280029296875,
0.02074599824845791,
-0.03008704073727131,
-0.003219835925847292,
0.04301583766937256,
-0.001198447193019092,
-0.03868740051984787,
-0.011516114696860313,
0.043584275990724564,
0.010552008636295795,
0.05421066656708717,
0.015311406925320625,
-0.08352180570363998,
0.006996932905167341,
0.021285897120833397,
-0.01230621337890625,
-0.0021914392709732056,
-0.04378886893391609,
0.09222360700368881,
-0.052162449806928635,
0.02357012778520584,
-0.0017692202236503363,
-0.03653545677661896,
-0.00026361277559772134,
-0.0027570268139243126,
-0.006850056350231171,
0.08699250966310501,
0.010556362569332123,
-0.013252810575067997,
0.035383760929107666,
0.05714565888047218,
0.05682037025690079,
0.039973240345716476,
-0.03237532824277878,
0.05847097933292389,
0.004086777567863464,
-0.00865908432751894,
0.01609094813466072,
0.02290714718401432,
-0.07311020791530609,
-0.0332891084253788,
-0.020895417779684067,
-0.029290271922945976,
-0.01529692206531763,
0.009490902535617352,
0.02114129811525345,
0.006293333601206541,
-0.01532540749758482,
-0.01585398241877556,
-0.0023843601811677217,
0.0005419545923359692,
-0.06501886993646622,
0.04121248796582222,
0.009744134731590748,
-0.02233714796602726,
0.014351489953696728,
-0.007986266165971756,
0.09227198362350464,
0.06602771580219269,
-0.02454834058880806,
-0.02800203487277031,
0.029273372143507004,
0.005657757166773081,
0.007304701022803783,
0.01651388220489025,
-0.030096037313342094,
0.014311729930341244,
-0.02583029307425022,
-0.00926895160228014,
-0.006459157448261976,
0.07238598167896271,
-0.03720478340983391,
-0.019487738609313965,
0.051305461674928665,
-0.009719583205878735,
0.04323694109916687,
0.025646233931183815,
0.04830391705036163,
0.03712305426597595,
0.00008626098860986531,
0.0027695687022060156,
-0.008967765606939793,
-0.04845009744167328,
-0.010036788880825043,
-0.003564947983250022,
-0.03742607682943344,
0.034715939313173294,
-0.045537739992141724,
-0.04021676257252693,
0.007955734618008137,
0.06817126274108887,
0.056886736303567886,
0.0035966956056654453,
0.04145514592528343,
-0.005774710327386856,
-0.022531548514962196,
-0.022584348917007446,
-0.13492825627326965,
-0.02307138405740261,
-0.03945280238986015,
0.04677731543779373,
0.014193379320204258,
0.03336643427610397,
-0.014610668644309044,
0.05433209612965584,
-0.038867268711328506,
-0.03149276226758957,
-0.0034214365296065807,
0.010540320537984371,
-0.020452778786420822,
-0.040683817118406296,
-0.039505667984485626,
0.002035785000771284,
0.031242556869983673,
-0.010652446188032627,
-0.05658547207713127,
-0.05431231111288071,
-0.039544422179460526,
-0.034846123307943344,
-0.021005960181355476,
0.013052872382104397,
-0.03268769010901451,
-0.0026095928624272346,
-0.012084154412150383,
-0.0018255894538015127,
0.02776210568845272,
0.007149572484195232,
0.0696556493639946,
0.05929601565003395,
-0.007575630210340023,
-0.009584757499396801,
0.029762670397758484,
-0.019068622961640358,
0.0337517075240612,
-0.0014844003599137068,
0.03505835309624672,
-0.006262343376874924,
0.01570088043808937,
0.0175288338214159,
0.019459661096334457,
-0.27953919768333435,
-0.034542448818683624,
0.017019517719745636,
-0.015586810186505318,
0.027628887444734573,
-0.017296135425567627,
0.030495567247271538,
-0.020519081503152847,
0.00040207020356319845,
0.01192963682115078,
-0.011761471629142761,
0.026747005060315132,
0.013242773711681366,
0.07007960975170135,
0.0229811929166317,
0.019881656393408775,
-0.010891596786677837,
-0.0169557873159647,
-0.0065885139629244804,
0.045993171632289886,
-0.006382305640727282,
-0.04823056235909462,
-0.07091573625802994,
0.0357234813272953,
-0.011116650886833668,
0.040592044591903687,
-0.07966891676187515,
-0.029769623652100563,
-0.03622768446803093,
-0.007943707518279552,
-0.024815969169139862,
-0.025260236114263535,
-0.032212529331445694,
0.062432579696178436,
-0.009092777036130428,
-0.006237097550183535,
0.026619156822562218,
-0.002507320372387767,
0.031534064561128616,
0.02268896996974945,
0.007891710847616196,
-0.030421605333685875,
0.01637933775782585,
-0.014809666201472282,
0.06691163033246994,
-0.0212929118424654,
-0.053934577852487564,
-0.05399724096059799,
-0.03799697384238243,
0.028150053694844246,
-0.0018635818269103765,
-0.061929941177368164,
-0.012815091758966446,
0.008467476814985275,
0.030165141448378563,
-0.030361684039235115,
0.00881224125623703,
-0.027956523001194,
-0.002196962246671319,
-0.006355083081871271,
0.0108285928145051,
-0.0661875531077385,
0.0047601377591490746,
-0.02526048757135868,
-0.03629187121987343,
-0.005817723460495472,
-0.07827266305685043,
-0.04583650082349777,
0.05184751749038696,
0.04747077450156212,
-0.008470839820802212,
0.039298705756664276,
-0.04828496277332306,
-0.08773941546678543,
0.009416417218744755,
-0.006260795518755913,
0.007962058298289776,
-0.0159614197909832,
0.012379615567624569,
0.05228130891919136,
-0.006467430852353573,
-0.03819567710161209,
0.012777727097272873,
0.03346677124500275,
0.02741149440407753,
0.013769370503723621,
0.03200144320726395,
-0.008490459993481636,
-0.031149838119745255,
-0.052293937653303146,
0.042995281517505646,
0.012266280129551888,
0.038212258368730545,
-0.010750195942819118,
0.05524154752492905,
0.03531290963292122,
0.011019415222108364,
0.058844905346632004,
-0.011720474809408188,
-0.01184631884098053,
0.027432406321167946,
-0.04034815728664398,
-0.013698490336537361,
-0.030207637697458267,
-0.027975890785455704,
0.005528930574655533,
-0.048473987728357315,
-0.015017634257674217,
0.03903331980109215,
0.015391441062092781,
-0.008529102429747581,
-0.0263003371655941,
-0.022968430072069168,
0.026447799056768417,
-0.013630884699523449,
-0.018124163150787354,
0.010392689146101475,
0.0380106195807457,
0.030818326398730278,
-0.032363709062337875,
-0.023734834045171738,
0.03720125928521156,
-0.03522806614637375,
0.013673532754182816,
-0.017195429652929306,
-0.005992892663925886,
-0.02486051432788372,
-0.018989210948348045,
-0.003271880792453885,
0.017727339640259743,
0.016815079376101494,
0.013511323370039463,
0.02315635047852993,
0.026763617992401123,
0.06102921441197395,
0.015910768881440163,
0.0030088690109550953,
0.00760231027379632,
0.01001910399645567,
-0.022890716791152954,
0.05258771777153015,
0.021931705996394157,
0.0793931633234024,
0.026148365810513496,
0.02281191572546959,
0.01597379706799984,
-0.003617170499637723,
-0.028113389387726784,
-0.036812204867601395,
-0.03497839719057083,
0.06877157837152481,
-0.041132260113954544,
-0.04550272598862648,
-0.03459703177213669,
0.004170997068285942,
-0.04021039605140686,
0.040975600481033325,
-0.019544310867786407,
-0.005388908553868532,
-0.03677476570010185,
0.03921632096171379,
0.019031425938010216,
-0.010094800963997841,
0.004910680465400219,
0.04312494024634361,
0.036580368876457214,
-0.02038852497935295,
-0.0061758155934512615,
0.052960027009248734,
0.0068499380722641945,
-0.005139037501066923,
-0.031021350994706154,
-0.04482685402035713,
-0.01662379503250122,
-0.025638258084654808,
-0.0028742917347699404,
0.025362815707921982,
-0.04727882519364357,
-0.005110450088977814,
0.06314504891633987,
0.0009025681065395474,
-0.013705676421523094,
0.015386111102998257,
0.041371144354343414,
0.07643251121044159,
0.004261828493326902,
-0.0005561275756917894,
0.00691612996160984,
-0.04769696295261383,
0.03077339194715023,
-0.0067953988909721375,
-0.010033711791038513,
-0.041403647512197495,
-0.014033875428140163,
-0.04077047109603882,
-0.041265394538640976,
-0.0026131756603717804,
0.014804466627538204,
0.002041182480752468,
-0.01655113510787487,
-0.03264867141842842,
0.03250014781951904,
-0.014754447154700756,
-0.028125649318099022,
0.03561430796980858,
-0.0851159319281578,
0.008011717349290848,
0.03765476867556572,
-0.01947963610291481,
0.02361585944890976,
-0.019618768244981766,
-0.024676987901329994,
-0.06968870759010315,
-0.01978514902293682,
0.02420956827700138,
-0.037521373480558395,
-0.033814121037721634,
-0.03300682455301285,
0.03349161893129349,
-0.004875280894339085,
0.027903728187084198,
-0.00614858279004693,
0.0062997667118906975,
-0.037686191499233246,
0.019406452775001526,
0.03993697836995125,
0.002619256032630801,
0.016746798530220985,
0.020288219675421715,
-0.04349324479699135,
0.027729008346796036,
-0.02459777519106865,
0.02353469468653202,
0.04870888963341713,
-0.011029267683625221,
-0.028443599119782448,
-0.026841020211577415,
0.02685955911874771,
-0.011947805061936378,
-0.010437685064971447,
0.04445837438106537,
0.02533971145749092,
-0.03012941963970661,
0.03071749396622181,
0.011312263086438179,
0.04707476869225502,
0.010692980140447617,
0.015817221254110336,
-0.006199011579155922,
0.00005176664126338437,
-0.0014840635703876615,
0.03413685783743858,
-0.038537826389074326,
-0.014799008145928383,
0.06559403240680695,
-0.04132769629359245,
-0.017956674098968506,
-0.0799330398440361,
-0.038299623876810074,
0.010599636472761631,
-0.02980344370007515,
0.020132645964622498,
-0.0328061506152153,
0.03472750633955002,
0.023653827607631683,
0.06440187245607376,
-0.04450459033250809,
-0.021850092336535454,
0.04759424924850464,
-0.06278282403945923,
-0.006007576361298561,
-0.04063919186592102,
-0.01800919882953167,
0.04713067412376404,
-0.022155843675136566,
-0.002355857053771615,
-0.035732291638851166,
-0.026911897584795952,
0.03268500417470932,
-0.021544206887483597,
-0.050594594329595566,
0.013193350285291672,
-0.005527686793357134,
0.023345308378338814,
0.02757474035024643,
-0.05661115050315857,
-0.030049676075577736,
-0.05053867772221565,
-0.05291936174035072,
0.0005496926605701447,
-0.03136436641216278,
0.03677072376012802,
-0.010855603963136673,
0.013586965389549732,
0.007597932126373053,
0.04283669590950012,
0.034630727022886276,
0.08960068225860596,
0.02395743317902088,
-0.009577875956892967,
-0.05313251540064812,
0.07707179337739944,
0.01979212649166584,
0.007483355700969696,
-0.013842819258570671,
0.05272289738059044,
-0.0018434978555887938,
-0.051398154348134995,
0.03578377142548561,
-0.005414970219135284,
-0.014000077731907368,
-0.04716597497463226,
0.04511425271630287,
0.02915159799158573,
-0.015916893258690834,
-0.014077465049922466,
0.019910208880901337,
-0.04724789410829544,
-0.005261744372546673,
0.01655147410929203,
-0.005487009417265654,
0.013052751310169697,
0.07246328890323639,
0.025204958394169807,
0.02673957683146,
0.07582258433103561,
0.025421658530831337,
-0.03902502730488777,
-0.008455428294837475,
0.09023178368806839,
0.08957424014806747,
0.04141242802143097,
-0.003789631649851799,
0.06329986453056335,
-0.025205200538039207,
-0.05211613327264786,
0.016929561272263527,
0.033568572252988815,
-0.0014860833762213588,
-0.04323674365878105,
0.00935994554311037,
0.06809885054826736,
0.020542148500680923,
0.07498935610055923,
-0.05047255754470825,
-0.0062811230309307575,
0.03215790167450905,
0.014127152971923351,
0.025477200746536255,
0.03372886776924133,
0.037549495697021484,
-0.005579919088631868,
0.008794045075774193,
-0.027394132688641548,
-0.01451927237212658,
-0.0220438651740551,
0.01801140233874321,
0.012727356515824795,
-0.005544158164411783,
0.015439433977007866,
-0.02207893505692482,
0.07887501269578934,
0.11829084157943726,
-0.04675258696079254,
-0.015638966113328934,
-0.015880318358540535,
0.019125552847981453,
0.002124433172866702,
0.02212049812078476,
-0.025465328246355057,
-0.022917743772268295,
-0.034005798399448395,
-0.029512792825698853,
-0.000759785994887352,
0.01027341652661562,
0.020954657346010208,
0.025692928582429886,
-0.0370597243309021,
-0.026632895693182945,
0.018993398174643517,
0.055304933339357376,
-0.026993121951818466,
-0.04969947785139084,
-0.04186972603201866,
-0.04639195278286934,
-0.042798858135938644,
-0.0455172173678875,
0.04176594316959381,
0.013111120089888573,
-0.030930019915103912,
0.005263259168714285,
-0.03392498940229416,
0.04409365355968475,
0.014762982726097107,
-0.055724188685417175,
0.015894489362835884,
0.0007755878614261746,
-0.013122891075909138,
0.004838718567043543,
0.05805952847003937,
0.04609088599681854,
-0.04003112390637398,
-0.0021572974510490894,
0.056036945432424545,
-0.025902697816491127,
0.01964971050620079,
-0.000424383906647563,
-0.022685056552290916,
-0.09648826718330383,
-0.015045353211462498,
0.024114813655614853,
-0.0210805032402277,
-0.09716223925352097,
0.04542248323559761,
-0.03138827905058861,
0.025157788768410683,
0.04992641136050224,
0.007709795143455267,
0.012118633836507797,
-0.05195991322398186,
-0.024797914549708366,
-0.00008958530088420957,
0.03171651065349579,
0.07085443288087845,
0.022156165912747383,
0.054640427231788635,
0.027994787320494652,
-0.003955893684178591,
-0.07018040120601654,
0.0069527337327599525,
-0.036193571984767914,
-0.009650913067162037,
-0.006410585250705481,
-0.026518553495407104,
-0.011252897791564465,
-0.11196528375148773,
-0.021070018410682678,
0.020930036902427673,
0.010884151794016361,
-0.028260644525289536,
-0.006343289744108915,
-0.04465537145733833,
0.030968956649303436,
-0.002792448503896594,
-0.015714295208454132,
-0.029682954773306847,
-0.014906694181263447,
-0.033719297498464584,
-0.055598482489585876,
-0.006529828533530235,
-0.011004520580172539,
0.05709096044301987,
-0.01832275092601776,
-0.011239517480134964,
-0.024204522371292114,
-0.019859090447425842,
0.02683180756866932,
0.01577971875667572,
0.007816769182682037,
-0.013119901530444622
] |
3,449
|
VLMaterial: Procedural Material Generation with Large Vision-Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=wHebuIb6IH
|
[
"Beichen Li",
"Rundi Wu",
"Armando Solar-Lezama",
"Changxi Zheng",
"Liang Shi",
"Bernd Bickel",
"Wojciech Matusik"
] |
Spotlight
|
Procedural materials, represented as functional node graphs, are ubiquitous in computer graphics for photorealistic material appearance design. They allow users to perform intuitive and precise editing to achieve desired visual appearances. However, creating a procedural material given an input image requires professional knowledge and significant effort. In this work, we leverage the ability to convert procedural materials into standard Python programs and fine-tune a large pre-trained vision-language model (VLM) to generate such programs from input images. To enable effective fine-tuning, we also contribute an open-source procedural material dataset and propose to perform program-level augmentation by prompting another pre-trained large language model (LLM). Through extensive evaluation, we show that our method outperforms previous methods on both synthetic and real-world examples.
|
generative model, procedural material, appearance modeling
| null | 8,994
|
2501.18623
|
[
0.0370778813958168,
-0.017027778550982475,
-0.00035970774479210377,
0.03383328765630722,
0.03497932478785515,
0.007923897355794907,
0.013203109614551067,
0.02529137022793293,
-0.03330516442656517,
-0.06289952248334885,
-0.0466354638338089,
0.00596162024885416,
-0.05200548842549324,
0.025218715891242027,
0.00029826664831489325,
0.048379186540842056,
0.01713951677083969,
-0.00018856956739909947,
0.005063376389443874,
0.040467120707035065,
-0.035268381237983704,
-0.0346258208155632,
0.03264285996556282,
0.013489024713635445,
0.0031776658724993467,
-0.0015130535466596484,
0.03817661479115486,
0.027206458151340485,
-0.047420352697372437,
0.007186072412878275,
0.005097273737192154,
-0.03585056588053703,
0.018311386927962303,
-0.05237085744738579,
0.004250158090144396,
-0.03594421222805977,
-0.04390722140669823,
-0.009212843142449856,
0.0017714184941723943,
-0.00006189748819451779,
-0.02964841201901436,
0.05008469521999359,
0.030711624771356583,
-0.016245771199464798,
-0.034750886261463165,
0.011169971898198128,
-0.06521410495042801,
0.06182026118040085,
0.004687247797846794,
0.012653546407818794,
-0.09788280725479126,
0.010353870689868927,
0.021279899403452873,
0.008610769174993038,
-0.00974622368812561,
0.025640767067670822,
0.04676072672009468,
-0.06717841327190399,
-0.03131694346666336,
-0.05023990944027901,
-0.014629727229475975,
0.021746350452303886,
-0.007320049684494734,
0.004210083279758692,
0.006203332915902138,
0.015804348513484,
-0.009621776640415192,
0.04233141243457794,
-0.0638866052031517,
-0.059296995401382446,
-0.0008543051080778241,
0.007862001657485962,
0.0018860901473090053,
-0.03406526893377304,
0.014149232767522335,
-0.05144408717751503,
0.007413983345031738,
0.008854597806930542,
0.0343879833817482,
-0.02395324409008026,
0.017811359837651253,
0.02773592621088028,
0.039180487394332886,
0.06420938670635223,
-0.0027150476817041636,
0.028659969568252563,
-0.05547090247273445,
-0.022069865837693214,
-0.044107940047979355,
0.03327789902687073,
-0.04096143692731857,
-0.04189435765147209,
0.01266610436141491,
0.041450969874858856,
-0.0007599596283398569,
0.007931353524327278,
0.014685241505503654,
0.030341630801558495,
-0.0023203284945338964,
0.03913847729563713,
-0.03412439674139023,
-0.057041995227336884,
0.0016909681726247072,
-0.005737861152738333,
-0.08237796276807785,
-0.024822253733873367,
-0.033912595361471176,
-0.015051101334393024,
-0.011120529845356941,
-0.012993468903005123,
-0.007482670713216066,
-0.003142877947539091,
0.007168731652200222,
-0.024449139833450317,
-0.06105661392211914,
0.05389628931879997,
0.03679310530424118,
0.015185678377747536,
-0.039405763149261475,
0.017790615558624268,
0.06429225206375122,
0.026388641446828842,
0.005677920300513506,
0.1023295447230339,
-0.011678602546453476,
0.009070027619600296,
0.042618848383426666,
0.039919015020132065,
-0.0326048769056797,
-0.020293598994612694,
0.0038309916853904724,
0.0719810202717781,
-0.01126075442880392,
-0.0024022466968744993,
0.007330514490604401,
-0.05789849907159805,
0.006403729319572449,
0.0180769432336092,
0.04918425902724266,
-0.013231075368821621,
0.022502532228827477,
0.0034489051904529333,
0.06923442333936691,
-0.0415893979370594,
0.07288792729377747,
-0.053301844745874405,
0.0171114020049572,
-0.021328305825591087,
-0.05157588794827461,
0.014391004107892513,
0.03646402433514595,
0.012609178200364113,
0.0015817839885130525,
-0.04499330371618271,
0.0488329716026783,
0.0751725360751152,
0.056089602410793304,
0.03729131445288658,
0.004532350692898035,
-0.0022843624465167522,
0.002399398945271969,
0.014960943721234798,
-0.042758017778396606,
0.021108174696564674,
-0.018517255783081055,
-0.037166204303503036,
0.018068797886371613,
0.018717581406235695,
-0.006544617470353842,
-0.0037537477910518646,
-0.019586481153964996,
-0.021812841296195984,
0.019292982295155525,
-0.0032179979607462883,
-0.019440576434135437,
-0.00718285096809268,
0.047987211495637894,
0.007016596384346485,
0.016088197007775307,
-0.005216771271079779,
-0.08017746359109879,
0.003991144243627787,
0.001358136418275535,
-0.03442846238613129,
-0.001458360580727458,
-0.036813005805015564,
0.10028721392154694,
-0.04874423146247864,
-0.017933495342731476,
0.010313536040484905,
-0.07636358588933945,
-0.009292591363191605,
0.024878118187189102,
-0.00992629211395979,
0.0625625029206276,
0.019268210977315903,
-0.031632568687200546,
0.013593768700957298,
0.06553982198238373,
0.06349761039018631,
0.06589757651090622,
0.001513705006800592,
0.0283285453915596,
-0.02343965321779251,
-0.022721806541085243,
-0.025053951889276505,
0.07828561216592789,
-0.019647203385829926,
-0.04059383273124695,
0.006573769263923168,
0.0038981183897703886,
-0.01564023829996586,
0.024461599066853523,
-0.004549991339445114,
0.06042000651359558,
0.007809561677277088,
-0.024066219106316566,
0.009136876091361046,
-0.008144096471369267,
-0.054781943559646606,
0.02426513284444809,
0.04018557816743851,
-0.027683408930897713,
-0.0005296613671816885,
-0.05139678716659546,
0.10426949709653854,
0.06526630371809006,
-0.08048220723867416,
-0.021103015169501305,
0.004855788312852383,
-0.028910398483276367,
0.030651088804006577,
0.0057251243852078915,
-0.025988776236772537,
-0.010720188729465008,
-0.0323568619787693,
0.023321563377976418,
-0.01805460825562477,
0.06250558793544769,
-0.04709533974528313,
-0.054108064621686935,
0.017652899026870728,
0.018851157277822495,
0.053563378751277924,
0.021307995542883873,
0.016778962686657906,
0.025238167494535446,
-0.03502249717712402,
0.00021748054132331163,
-0.0030089886859059334,
-0.024733344092965126,
0.00043931056279689074,
-0.003659671638160944,
0.0147826774045825,
-0.03105533868074417,
-0.034726813435554504,
-0.0256977379322052,
-0.0515083409845829,
0.05804060399532318,
0.05899175629019737,
0.017570994794368744,
0.006591415964066982,
0.023931853473186493,
-0.011427482590079308,
-0.017008429393172264,
-0.11577460169792175,
-0.04384739324450493,
-0.03615552932024002,
0.03910878300666809,
0.035449448972940445,
0.04696524888277054,
0.011953169479966164,
-0.017512602731585503,
-0.024468600749969482,
-0.0002890712639782578,
-0.021807439625263214,
0.008614174090325832,
0.0038110697641968727,
-0.051335904747247696,
-0.05046935752034187,
-0.004362106788903475,
0.06566989421844482,
-0.01352427527308464,
0.018729934468865395,
-0.04492703825235367,
0.0065440041944384575,
-0.0077547673135995865,
-0.030764712020754814,
0.002630773698911071,
-0.0348777212202549,
0.0360182449221611,
0.024024460464715958,
-0.051858872175216675,
0.013760646805167198,
0.020896924659609795,
0.06001746281981468,
0.02347700670361519,
-0.05530871823430061,
-0.05242643505334854,
0.024633364751935005,
0.019386135041713715,
0.015672877430915833,
-0.010291478596627712,
0.01598402112722397,
-0.036616139113903046,
0.04527733102440834,
0.010887254029512405,
-0.030118519440293312,
-0.26713883876800537,
-0.013255426660180092,
0.00533393956720829,
-0.011170923709869385,
0.02541765570640564,
0.01497587375342846,
0.006099989637732506,
-0.03051472268998623,
-0.012366396375000477,
-0.005165473558008671,
-0.0037823677994310856,
0.025383612141013145,
-0.014368248172104359,
0.08709564805030823,
0.05535842850804329,
0.05161358043551445,
0.007602761499583721,
-0.02009967900812626,
-0.0017586894100531936,
0.04219585657119751,
-0.0660257562994957,
-0.0782056376338005,
-0.017969874665141106,
0.017041968181729317,
-0.024276774376630783,
0.026056991890072823,
-0.08210889250040054,
0.0017530920449644327,
-0.022000493481755257,
0.0034425596240907907,
-0.005142414476722479,
-0.033801183104515076,
-0.005684704054147005,
0.045395441353321075,
-0.008825954049825668,
0.010491072200238705,
0.04732548072934151,
-0.013614817522466183,
0.0579499825835228,
0.000648349232506007,
-0.006193156354129314,
-0.0030898849945515394,
-0.04148539528250694,
-0.001016229041852057,
0.0734756737947464,
-0.016076697036623955,
-0.056993674486875534,
-0.038003187626600266,
-0.01725410670042038,
0.03485092893242836,
-0.01698175072669983,
-0.0359620563685894,
0.028422566130757332,
0.051996905356645584,
-0.014246963895857334,
-0.011748901568353176,
0.00737796351313591,
0.015897925943136215,
-0.043614037334918976,
-0.0016573303146287799,
0.005326354410499334,
-0.03462718427181244,
-0.04341072589159012,
-0.025038881227374077,
0.002003798494115472,
-0.042322006076574326,
-0.07475262880325317,
-0.04940623417496681,
0.014079056680202484,
0.053765688091516495,
0.008058613166213036,
0.01815737783908844,
-0.003956358879804611,
-0.09542116522789001,
0.016330545768141747,
0.011216959916055202,
-0.03482596576213837,
-0.03707019239664078,
-0.00607165927067399,
0.014860459603369236,
-0.024426406249403954,
-0.07614807784557343,
0.0010281940922141075,
-0.011028940789401531,
-0.0026676852721720934,
0.015250393189489841,
0.011210769414901733,
-0.06939700245857239,
-0.019208000972867012,
-0.030710767954587936,
0.06940354406833649,
0.029936883598566055,
0.019911935552954674,
0.016418837010860443,
0.05593640357255936,
0.00807800143957138,
0.07794563472270966,
0.02840883657336235,
0.04096519574522972,
0.004166613798588514,
0.03649875894188881,
-0.08331336826086044,
-0.0318620391190052,
-0.008360148407518864,
-0.028093036264181137,
0.02326298877596855,
-0.028515417128801346,
-0.020254500210285187,
0.06452684104442596,
0.011763154529035091,
-0.04063819721341133,
-0.004858657717704773,
0.028218645602464676,
0.016862094402313232,
0.006158370524644852,
-0.023441506549715996,
0.008061029948294163,
0.013568333350121975,
0.03420114517211914,
-0.04338642954826355,
-0.03967978432774544,
0.033644262701272964,
-0.027610309422016144,
0.015290872193872929,
0.00592156732454896,
0.019471287727355957,
-0.007290110923349857,
0.01967437192797661,
0.007901031523942947,
0.017337102442979813,
-0.004243595525622368,
0.03871680423617363,
-0.0019962855149060488,
0.025619950145483017,
0.050225235521793365,
0.002032277639955282,
-0.016312845051288605,
-0.025911804288625717,
0.024560345336794853,
-0.01963151805102825,
0.05855628848075867,
-0.02084491401910782,
0.03000149503350258,
0.024401918053627014,
0.03846175968647003,
-0.005806254222989082,
0.016201140359044075,
0.012723840773105621,
-0.03324123099446297,
0.001696248771622777,
0.02524545229971409,
-0.03770674020051956,
-0.000227321419515647,
-0.047451335936784744,
-0.008932285010814667,
-0.028099142014980316,
0.0027010170742869377,
-0.026819245889782906,
0.020578300580382347,
-0.06355459243059158,
0.09699461609125137,
0.027369897812604904,
-0.016039330512285233,
0.003707108087837696,
-0.024654580280184746,
0.05421924218535423,
0.012876580469310284,
-0.026048414409160614,
-0.017657583579421043,
0.006394552532583475,
0.01286254357546568,
-0.016631843522191048,
-0.00507965125143528,
-0.015417485497891903,
-0.033361952751874924,
0.03169015794992447,
-0.005469032097607851,
-0.011998170986771584,
-0.023899752646684647,
0.05840202048420906,
0.0022598544601351023,
-0.00649123964831233,
0.024928633123636246,
-0.017274990677833557,
0.07045821845531464,
-0.0195326991379261,
-0.0014527703169733286,
-0.00590459955856204,
-0.04685558006167412,
0.04416391998529434,
0.010197801515460014,
0.011725015938282013,
-0.03565701097249985,
-0.026748133823275566,
-0.04143178090453148,
-0.03434217348694801,
0.013902190141379833,
0.011884992010891438,
-0.004084976855665445,
-0.04278977960348129,
0.030070260167121887,
0.0005187859642319381,
-0.05438663810491562,
0.005792354233562946,
0.039810825139284134,
-0.064384825527668,
0.00042643488268367946,
0.022278791293501854,
0.00048158958088606596,
-0.001346971490420401,
-0.01019354909658432,
0.013279449194669724,
-0.057272665202617645,
-0.04941413924098015,
-0.00100804609246552,
-0.00129425385966897,
-0.034415315836668015,
-0.01312866248190403,
-0.01771709695458412,
0.011146433651447296,
-0.020957238972187042,
0.016986805945634842,
0.0017715429421514273,
-0.015300055965781212,
-0.00014974897203501314,
0.020867766812443733,
-0.03020452708005905,
-0.038773391395807266,
0.01268006768077612,
-0.02178940922021866,
0.04993341490626335,
-0.05413574352860451,
0.01907101646065712,
0.029374752193689346,
0.03586709871888161,
0.02206866629421711,
-0.05702006816864014,
0.024859322234988213,
0.03435730189085007,
-0.015120073221623898,
0.0108210863545537,
0.022309783846139908,
-0.044935036450624466,
0.02099383808672428,
0.025908520445227623,
0.021801741793751717,
-0.01825856976211071,
-0.002830174285918474,
0.0006158928154036403,
0.015592277981340885,
-0.005112469661980867,
-0.010227693244814873,
-0.0112505704164505,
-0.02906244434416294,
0.04441705346107483,
-0.03606158867478371,
-0.006225281395018101,
-0.022064588963985443,
-0.03356274217367172,
-0.003542243270203471,
-0.025655977427959442,
0.003283004043623805,
-0.04611192271113396,
0.05360662564635277,
0.015076939016580582,
0.03716651350259781,
0.015908218920230865,
-0.021539365872740746,
0.03589174151420593,
-0.034413911402225494,
0.0038290193770080805,
-0.06264849007129669,
-0.010900446213781834,
0.04867205023765564,
-0.023270566016435623,
-0.028062712401151657,
-0.012516607530415058,
-0.04187696427106857,
0.020210370421409607,
-0.05527990683913231,
-0.038645219057798386,
0.029289405792951584,
-0.01434110663831234,
-0.017057135701179504,
0.024289583787322044,
-0.0450090728700161,
0.011728174053132534,
-0.015100417658686638,
-0.03350208327174187,
0.002861951244994998,
-0.014249400235712528,
0.018851274624466896,
-0.022495772689580917,
0.014691861346364021,
-0.006326528266072273,
0.012926606461405754,
0.022393403574824333,
0.059934649616479874,
0.015336010605096817,
0.015581062063574791,
0.010775027796626091,
0.09597241133451462,
0.033002469688653946,
0.03203940764069557,
0.024014992639422417,
-0.006445713806897402,
-0.029054725542664528,
-0.042690571397542953,
0.03774622082710266,
0.004904609639197588,
-0.059887293726205826,
-0.07511851191520691,
0.04593507573008537,
-0.003135500941425562,
-0.05146541818976402,
-0.006459257565438747,
0.039216477423906326,
-0.050839200615882874,
0.013065793551504612,
-0.0409025214612484,
0.046614594757556915,
-0.0039443508721888065,
0.04913778603076935,
-0.021633688360452652,
0.03203888237476349,
0.0760028213262558,
0.0064139049500226974,
0.01072788517922163,
-0.01767130009829998,
0.06224101781845093,
0.08339646458625793,
0.04716585576534271,
0.020371047779917717,
0.06683535873889923,
-0.0403701588511467,
-0.02812669798731804,
-0.0006842513103038073,
0.03769070282578468,
0.0023722369223833084,
-0.04222000017762184,
0.019439537078142166,
0.11052726209163666,
0.0037710804026573896,
0.037879861891269684,
-0.029569046571850777,
-0.012274048291146755,
0.022045250982046127,
-0.005430924706161022,
-0.01204262487590313,
0.04935305193066597,
0.04049355536699295,
-0.016475260257720947,
-0.01725839078426361,
0.01046251691877842,
0.0005105130840092897,
-0.059501681476831436,
0.021715711802244186,
0.009994533844292164,
-0.007230391260236502,
0.021945368498563766,
-0.03154401853680611,
0.012051028199493885,
0.11591070890426636,
-0.006753763183951378,
-0.05152583867311478,
0.03107593208551407,
-0.010896590538322926,
0.04339032620191574,
0.03595485910773277,
-0.009728125296533108,
0.006263394840061665,
0.025192828848958015,
-0.05379166081547737,
0.0035844086669385433,
0.008132717572152615,
0.012134963646531105,
0.03967618569731712,
-0.011020948179066181,
-0.02631508931517601,
0.008016440086066723,
0.013917691074311733,
-0.05541131645441055,
-0.029580939561128616,
-0.026281483471393585,
-0.016164278611540794,
-0.05624980106949806,
0.006510607432574034,
0.039208974689245224,
0.009080210700631142,
-0.06394039839506149,
-0.00797326024621725,
0.009515905752778053,
-0.004230879247188568,
0.044664159417152405,
-0.06874401867389679,
0.000306170666590333,
0.05162982642650604,
0.02287604846060276,
-0.013636225834488869,
0.028087733313441277,
0.010595110245049,
-0.03914308920502663,
-0.025414245203137398,
0.010835527442395687,
0.011414776556193829,
0.035054270178079605,
0.0017343467334285378,
-0.007806824054569006,
-0.11565806716680527,
0.0386342778801918,
0.0354868620634079,
-0.03316936641931534,
-0.08679908514022827,
0.0043725185096263885,
-0.0384853258728981,
0.02298777364194393,
0.05445731803774834,
-0.0028987773694097996,
0.050004929304122925,
-0.05260774493217468,
0.01081888284534216,
-0.017571713775396347,
-0.003827608423307538,
0.06504794210195541,
-0.033860962837934494,
0.059725530445575714,
0.001791217364370823,
-0.013814657926559448,
-0.012962880544364452,
0.018326135352253914,
-0.014690798707306385,
0.0133021529763937,
-0.02629813738167286,
-0.00164417817723006,
-0.008304285816848278,
-0.07363147288560867,
-0.010189838707447052,
0.028388723731040955,
-0.0023218304850161076,
-0.04630516096949577,
-0.020361660048365593,
-0.038254790008068085,
-0.044359657913446426,
0.005833807867020369,
0.0035442400258034468,
-0.0016520899953320622,
-0.015113502740859985,
-0.016012201085686684,
-0.06153823062777519,
0.0002739162009675056,
-0.009939403273165226,
0.021171584725379944,
0.005787240341305733,
-0.04481125995516777,
-0.01736309938132763,
-0.014116309583187103,
0.016315875574946404,
0.014744899235665798,
0.07208144664764404,
-0.006547176744788885
] |
3,450
|
To Trust or Not to Trust? Enhancing Large Language Models' Situated Faithfulness to External Contexts
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=K2jOacHUlO
|
[
"Yukun Huang",
"Sanxing Chen",
"Hongyi Cai",
"Bhuwan Dhingra"
] |
Spotlight
|
Large Language Models (LLMs) are often augmented with external contexts, such as those used in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). However, these contexts can be inaccurate or intentionally misleading, leading to conflicts with the model’s internal knowledge. We argue that robust LLMs should demonstrate situated faithfulness, dynamically calibrating their trust in external information based on their confidence in the internal knowledge and the external context to resolve knowledge conflicts. To benchmark this capability, we evaluate LLMs across several QA datasets, including a newly created dataset featuring in-the-wild incorrect contexts sourced from Reddit posts. We show that when provided with both correct and incorrect contexts, both open-source and proprietary models tend to overly rely on external information, regardless of its factual accuracy. To enhance situated faithfulness, we propose two approaches: Self-Guided Confidence Reasoning (SCR) and Rule-Based Confidence Reasoning (RCR). SCR enables models to self-access the confidence of external information relative to their own internal knowledge to produce the most accurate answer. RCR, in contrast, extracts explicit confidence signals from the LLM and determines the final answer using predefined rules.
Our results show that for LLMs with strong reasoning capabilities, such as GPT-4o and GPT-4o mini, SCR outperforms RCR, achieving improvements of up to 24.2\% over a direct input augmentation baseline. Conversely, for a smaller model like Llama-3-8B, RCR outperforms SCR. Fine-tuning SCR with our proposed Confidence Reasoning Direct Preference Optimization (CR-DPO) method improves performance on both seen and unseen datasets, yielding an average improvement of 8.9\% on Llama-3-8B. In addition to quantitative results, we offer insights into the relative strengths of SCR and RCR. Our findings highlight promising avenues for improving situated faithfulness in LLMs.
|
Large Language Model, Knowledge Conflict, Retrieval Augmented Generation, Confidence Estimation, Reasoning
|
We benchmark the challenge of ensuring large language models remain situationally faithful to potentially incorrect external information and propose Self-Guided Confidence Reasoning to enhance LLM's reliability.
| 8,980
|
2410.14675
|
[
-0.01191218476742506,
-0.012881508097052574,
-0.010721621103584766,
0.07798510044813156,
0.03193679079413414,
-0.004794592037796974,
0.03182640299201012,
0.024810582399368286,
-0.01225803978741169,
-0.0031210235320031643,
-0.0484817773103714,
0.06550220400094986,
-0.05673428624868393,
0.005820302292704582,
-0.006580065935850143,
0.045786917209625244,
0.027240706607699394,
0.005292672663927078,
0.025812778621912003,
0.00966046005487442,
0.001243523438461125,
-0.014581291936337948,
-0.00035627311444841325,
0.013328592292964458,
0.03758571296930313,
0.028276488184928894,
0.04371737316250801,
-0.015677854418754578,
-0.041314564645290375,
-0.008456755429506302,
0.05889297276735306,
-0.01614195480942726,
0.026990918442606926,
0.007031703367829323,
0.02490236982703209,
0.019312459975481033,
-0.04114650934934616,
0.023477425798773766,
-0.004512076266109943,
0.012209082953631878,
-0.028653502464294434,
0.016320373862981796,
0.007766183000057936,
0.009022839367389679,
-0.05240366607904434,
-0.005848713219165802,
-0.09172762930393219,
0.0597735159099102,
0.02103719487786293,
-0.02127188816666603,
-0.11465929448604584,
0.045327719300985336,
-0.015590793453156948,
-0.0013238515239208937,
-0.003924064338207245,
0.03477661684155464,
0.06950335204601288,
-0.10811623930931091,
0.0042315381579101086,
-0.016975050792098045,
-0.05680208280682564,
0.02821359783411026,
0.018879638984799385,
-0.0028268061578273773,
0.003731900593265891,
-0.008671203628182411,
0.006092720199376345,
-0.0013554512988775969,
-0.06334111094474792,
-0.04195709154009819,
-0.010339165106415749,
0.003436807543039322,
-0.031058484688401222,
-0.02004029043018818,
-0.023640336468815804,
-0.05780704692006111,
0.00703971553593874,
0.045962993055582047,
0.04207734018564224,
0.01851804554462433,
-0.013841728679835796,
0.02040507271885872,
0.006066720467060804,
0.040441956371068954,
0.03002634085714817,
0.0031750902999192476,
-0.01851963810622692,
-0.0481044240295887,
-0.06517475098371506,
0.02152985893189907,
0.013611902482807636,
-0.05116350203752518,
0.013226947747170925,
0.002657228847965598,
0.005857552867382765,
-0.008457238785922527,
0.022490914911031723,
0.03147639334201813,
-0.010115819051861763,
-0.018160397186875343,
-0.03580598905682564,
-0.02639739401638508,
0.016219614073634148,
-0.0006259786314330995,
-0.10740891844034195,
-0.00773213617503643,
-0.03811952471733093,
-0.012755137868225574,
-0.025317979976534843,
-0.012442907318472862,
-0.017945531755685806,
0.023409876972436905,
0.038022447377443314,
-0.0005577834090217948,
-0.05430832877755165,
0.0038684785831719637,
-0.0030215936712920666,
0.014347451739013195,
-0.006458591669797897,
0.01930845156311989,
0.04905908182263374,
0.03829127550125122,
0.015854375436902046,
0.07255974411964417,
-0.02847079001367092,
0.02647683396935463,
-0.0121268006041646,
0.02308276668190956,
-0.0414666123688221,
-0.029386071488261223,
0.014583559706807137,
0.02719150111079216,
-0.012649203650653362,
0.014360269531607628,
-0.03884584456682205,
0.010529489256441593,
0.005998632870614529,
0.01840921863913536,
0.06743433326482773,
0.010078090243041515,
0.01132961641997099,
-0.031348273158073425,
0.068120077252388,
0.012920971028506756,
0.061401646584272385,
-0.0059995343908667564,
-0.027228685095906258,
-0.022515133023262024,
-0.027442144230008125,
0.0049311937764286995,
0.04106217250227928,
-0.009127037599682808,
0.0012568843085318804,
-0.08979643881320953,
0.0342835858464241,
0.06349609047174454,
0.020431242883205414,
0.0010293172672390938,
0.02572650834918022,
0.014413269236683846,
0.0011744950897991657,
-0.008306966163218021,
-0.07196243852376938,
0.00016300054267048836,
-0.0072780996561050415,
-0.079715296626091,
0.012126541696488857,
-0.0019622629042714834,
-0.04448138177394867,
0.031768642365932465,
-0.040443554520606995,
-0.051848094910383224,
0.06070385128259659,
-0.05484853312373161,
-0.004588155075907707,
0.008144829422235489,
0.05142134800553322,
-0.019761910662055016,
0.06121988967061043,
0.031782615929841995,
-0.0652245432138443,
0.022531183436512947,
0.004395810887217522,
-0.018959753215312958,
0.016645805910229683,
0.006884581409394741,
0.08034161478281021,
-0.025190580636262894,
0.009552945382893085,
0.045123543590307236,
-0.10427381098270416,
0.004990468733012676,
0.020233813673257828,
-0.010335074737668037,
0.07885806262493134,
-0.010885430499911308,
0.009736454114317894,
0.08349471539258957,
0.02384829893708229,
0.03194492682814598,
0.04239973425865173,
-0.016276270151138306,
0.023137515410780907,
-0.007407058496028185,
-0.028086349368095398,
0.00753089739009738,
0.033346027135849,
-0.02912302501499653,
-0.026270855218172073,
0.032563697546720505,
-0.04984523355960846,
0.035158686339855194,
0.004290576092898846,
-0.004547091666609049,
-0.003993019927293062,
-0.008567153476178646,
-0.018233610317111015,
-0.02146267145872116,
0.033608488738536835,
-0.05803418532013893,
0.06047125160694122,
0.022654151543974876,
0.00036304022069089115,
0.015257459133863449,
-0.033852290362119675,
0.09958676248788834,
0.05403534322977066,
-0.016874773427844048,
-0.037385519593954086,
0.030833881348371506,
0.005850696004927158,
-0.015836281701922417,
0.020644964650273323,
-0.03085857443511486,
0.0227599386125803,
-0.029044922441244125,
0.012358118779957294,
-0.022050097584724426,
0.041293732821941376,
-0.020452437922358513,
-0.009524218738079071,
0.07513274252414703,
-0.025166437029838562,
0.043743714690208435,
-0.006734056863933802,
0.0033244630321860313,
0.02602933719754219,
-0.010333213023841381,
-0.004592773970216513,
-0.03641693294048309,
0.002054524142295122,
-0.00025278411339968443,
0.014808053150773048,
-0.03691897168755531,
0.047448109835386276,
-0.038201332092285156,
-0.013069509528577328,
-0.0033587347716093063,
0.0347055085003376,
0.0669475644826889,
0.014184068888425827,
0.013484388589859009,
0.0030678301118314266,
-0.058434028178453445,
0.0017288574017584324,
-0.08110103011131287,
-0.03400835394859314,
-0.02420942299067974,
0.009722746908664703,
-0.003657211782410741,
0.02075064554810524,
-0.02277393266558647,
0.028161412104964256,
-0.018984589725732803,
0.007356350310146809,
0.025212299078702927,
0.030100470408797264,
0.02793790213763714,
-0.003057665890082717,
0.0036627044901251793,
-0.0065347421914339066,
0.037548553198575974,
-0.014439483173191547,
-0.018414614722132683,
-0.03237892687320709,
-0.03659699484705925,
0.006348330527544022,
-0.0556325688958168,
0.003568637650460005,
0.0016424349742010236,
-0.004206968937069178,
-0.0009016183903440833,
0.0015800271648913622,
0.03580815717577934,
0.02362970821559429,
0.04950609803199768,
0.054884545505046844,
0.021719081327319145,
-0.01922246254980564,
0.04384274035692215,
-0.01780230738222599,
0.008890463970601559,
0.018036898225545883,
0.047106508165597916,
-0.003741060383617878,
0.00521903345361352,
-0.004986451007425785,
-0.009344801306724548,
-0.2814166247844696,
-0.0037071083206683397,
-0.004660852253437042,
-0.0295757707208395,
0.03074377216398716,
0.0003097870503552258,
0.0542687326669693,
-0.044283438473939896,
-0.0336616151034832,
0.0017458825604990125,
0.03547353297472,
0.02305038459599018,
0.010823209770023823,
0.043216098099946976,
0.041417188942432404,
0.04452458769083023,
0.015920836478471756,
-0.03163270279765129,
0.003013945883139968,
0.005104328505694866,
-0.0029757993761450052,
-0.048712749034166336,
-0.014430162496864796,
0.05860855430364609,
-0.015928203240036964,
0.06536655873060226,
-0.07979002594947815,
0.00004028542753076181,
-0.04753071814775467,
0.0005994451930746436,
-0.011901537887752056,
-0.0045812977477908134,
-0.02202409692108631,
0.026562776416540146,
-0.019412847235798836,
0.013970156200230122,
0.058245718479156494,
0.015773436054587364,
0.027556709945201874,
-0.025789467617869377,
0.014938642270863056,
-0.002993353409692645,
-0.007494164165109396,
-0.007221490144729614,
0.07196231186389923,
0.008733139373362064,
-0.07414689660072327,
-0.026600752025842667,
-0.006015921011567116,
0.045027654618024826,
-0.03717135265469551,
-0.029676487669348717,
-0.024824852123856544,
0.014116864651441574,
0.003184960223734379,
-0.01884641870856285,
0.0009571476839482784,
-0.030286919325590134,
-0.02655130997300148,
-0.003945222124457359,
-0.015027117915451527,
-0.03445728123188019,
-0.03563132509589195,
-0.03789646551012993,
-0.035655200481414795,
-0.02890544943511486,
-0.08543122559785843,
-0.049416206777095795,
0.038092684000730515,
0.06012072041630745,
-0.05623718351125717,
0.03930213302373886,
-0.008432634174823761,
-0.09883676469326019,
-0.025129366666078568,
-0.024029333144426346,
-0.02044808864593506,
-0.040600407868623734,
0.01154208742082119,
0.02862929180264473,
-0.059981271624565125,
-0.0270476583391428,
0.0007691817008890212,
0.020094875246286392,
0.019905617460608482,
0.008056859485805035,
0.03790842741727829,
-0.03568631410598755,
-0.020688937976956367,
-0.0447969064116478,
0.048403095453977585,
0.014304498210549355,
-0.016721049323678017,
0.004236140288412571,
0.061926499009132385,
0.02875278890132904,
0.012256845831871033,
0.04793252795934677,
0.06343063712120056,
0.02507617324590683,
0.01351524330675602,
-0.07387422025203705,
0.02184312604367733,
-0.04769172519445419,
-0.022181155160069466,
0.005030458327382803,
-0.06909254193305969,
-0.03193826228380203,
0.004710605833679438,
-0.0016101066721603274,
-0.051371414214372635,
0.0010837907902896404,
-0.00010716414544731379,
0.00015592051204293966,
-0.03349665179848671,
-0.017213579267263412,
-0.004707765765488148,
0.04583091288805008,
0.035528890788555145,
-0.027273334562778473,
-0.011475210078060627,
0.02570190280675888,
-0.02340463548898697,
-0.009305315092206001,
-0.011435951106250286,
-0.012592912651598454,
0.01903005689382553,
-0.024387795478105545,
-0.034211665391922,
-0.01853215880692005,
-0.0007909132982604206,
0.007293076254427433,
0.028848037123680115,
0.01548528578132391,
0.06657321751117706,
-0.00794085580855608,
0.004013207741081715,
0.01749987155199051,
0.03355742245912552,
0.0035440437495708466,
-0.0043531302362680435,
-0.02731984853744507,
0.02710523083806038,
0.04806468263268471,
0.03301623836159706,
-0.020014312118291855,
0.03572266548871994,
0.019069736823439598,
0.010623007081449032,
0.02064327336847782,
0.05114741995930672,
-0.05355940759181976,
0.028503533452749252,
-0.003972990438342094,
0.04068697243928909,
0.003365809563547373,
0.011162879876792431,
0.000551312870811671,
0.006904951762408018,
-0.08027244359254837,
0.01562608778476715,
-0.006927140522748232,
-0.005696869920939207,
0.003992156591266394,
0.03391886129975319,
0.014736011624336243,
-0.05049603432416916,
0.015863532200455666,
0.020490610972046852,
0.024214722216129303,
0.02073519304394722,
-0.014774397015571594,
-0.03119462914764881,
-0.006553536746650934,
-0.041817810386419296,
0.020578911527991295,
0.008665786124765873,
-0.005128492601215839,
-0.027248330414295197,
0.027665389701724052,
0.01428765244781971,
-0.02301115356385708,
0.00579046830534935,
0.015624536201357841,
0.06949414312839508,
0.011126543395221233,
0.004181995522230864,
-0.01940307952463627,
-0.04864402487874031,
0.0163927860558033,
-0.020734326913952827,
0.01693350449204445,
0.004897954408079386,
-0.015157661400735378,
-0.039940670132637024,
-0.07098031044006348,
0.010564520955085754,
-0.012855812907218933,
0.02050195261836052,
-0.0007646337035112083,
-0.029306083917617798,
-0.022902974858880043,
-0.07948340475559235,
-0.01386464573442936,
0.02091970108449459,
-0.07437031716108322,
0.006685789208859205,
0.016821088269352913,
-0.017324643209576607,
0.035902220755815506,
-0.050935499370098114,
-0.04496084153652191,
-0.04444725438952446,
-0.002172128763049841,
0.0266764834523201,
-0.05178482457995415,
-0.05224063619971275,
-0.026668723672628403,
-0.019869789481163025,
0.016374651342630386,
0.016793785616755486,
-0.013057109899818897,
0.023562652990221977,
-0.0008723583887331188,
0.01573793590068817,
0.04073779657483101,
-0.028477447107434273,
-0.011967798694968224,
0.012991040013730526,
-0.0786687359213829,
0.03239142894744873,
-0.047653816640377045,
0.045597538352012634,
0.020892348140478134,
-0.021076008677482605,
0.02582179754972458,
-0.05474736541509628,
0.024669816717505455,
-0.005156872794032097,
-0.030203716829419136,
0.0018233000300824642,
-0.01635306514799595,
-0.02529856376349926,
0.00816765520721674,
-0.024715624749660492,
0.026722336187958717,
0.0014207205967977643,
0.021391043439507484,
-0.0018570541869848967,
0.02130207046866417,
0.048909783363342285,
0.005700966343283653,
-0.005396956577897072,
0.019645005464553833,
0.0513499416410923,
-0.029022730886936188,
-0.03541994467377663,
-0.07700363546609879,
-0.0370485819876194,
0.007590702269226313,
0.02746802754700184,
0.032244034111499786,
-0.03168034180998802,
0.017077390104532242,
0.0126194441691041,
0.022823698818683624,
0.03130170330405235,
-0.011066136881709099,
0.033245865255594254,
-0.04327431321144104,
-0.01641225256025791,
-0.06401315331459045,
0.007958234287798405,
0.0646548718214035,
-0.030653899535536766,
-0.016239725053310394,
-0.009816858917474747,
-0.045102186501026154,
0.015268642455339432,
-0.003921905532479286,
-0.053427282720804214,
0.010982546955347061,
-0.021248193457722664,
-0.015605580061674118,
0.014974419958889484,
-0.04080749675631523,
-0.013966468162834644,
-0.005102192517369986,
-0.05215177312493324,
-0.0069307321682572365,
-0.025634044781327248,
0.05218980833888054,
-0.015394673682749271,
0.01911310851573944,
-0.02382732182741165,
0.008622503839433193,
0.013594058342278004,
0.060672685503959656,
0.04003409296274185,
0.03540419414639473,
-0.015886301174759865,
0.07196613401174545,
0.04164300858974457,
0.014330036006867886,
0.028439419344067574,
-0.014901905320584774,
-0.018872927874326706,
-0.06793064624071121,
0.07558084279298782,
-0.03235041722655296,
0.008359522558748722,
-0.044906437397003174,
0.08309481292963028,
0.043859004974365234,
-0.05437464267015457,
-0.023967944085597992,
0.0025592683814466,
-0.047543399035930634,
-0.01844708062708378,
-0.0025434542912989855,
-0.0026062563993036747,
-0.02712981402873993,
0.07912012934684753,
0.018860455602407455,
0.056101638823747635,
0.06920062750577927,
-0.01073555089533329,
-0.0032010714057832956,
0.029428601264953613,
0.0471981056034565,
0.06232177093625069,
0.06914740055799484,
0.002712529618293047,
0.06972577422857285,
-0.026058979332447052,
-0.03478744253516197,
0.011944901198148727,
0.010553410276770592,
-0.012165136635303497,
-0.022759169340133667,
0.007329292129725218,
0.04395003989338875,
-0.021172890439629555,
0.07433655858039856,
-0.04529981687664986,
-0.021435771137475967,
0.044842153787612915,
0.005675736349076033,
0.011980963870882988,
0.05364008992910385,
0.017777366563677788,
0.007227936293929815,
-0.05490913614630699,
-0.007972529157996178,
0.02430778555572033,
-0.01479810569435358,
-0.004526758566498756,
0.0027215213049203157,
-0.0033379013184458017,
0.01577623188495636,
-0.033814530819654465,
0.05981197580695152,
0.11516452580690384,
-0.019325556233525276,
-0.03015950508415699,
0.021014604717493057,
0.004852148238569498,
0.021321367472410202,
0.05618912726640701,
0.0333784744143486,
-0.01946347951889038,
-0.0005347003461793065,
-0.06032725051045418,
-0.008712880313396454,
0.026059161871671677,
-0.015170032158493996,
0.02646779641509056,
-0.016213206574320793,
-0.056584566831588745,
0.031600963324308395,
0.007595546543598175,
-0.06451354920864105,
-0.025567788630723953,
-0.022057542577385902,
-0.06419127434492111,
-0.038232654333114624,
-0.056488655507564545,
-0.0007315696566365659,
0.0037726566661149263,
-0.024608973413705826,
0.029453514143824577,
-0.03441060334444046,
0.002419259399175644,
0.017957596108317375,
-0.04905645549297333,
0.015414850786328316,
0.039604440331459045,
-0.007915631867945194,
-0.018309565261006355,
0.03729865700006485,
0.0092698335647583,
-0.015243918634951115,
-0.006060665473341942,
0.0527840256690979,
0.02233549766242504,
0.01743738166987896,
-0.01164295058697462,
-0.030041521415114403,
-0.08847592771053314,
-0.005493845324963331,
0.009038295596837997,
-0.014679200947284698,
-0.07954177260398865,
0.007267733104526997,
-0.02945019118487835,
-0.0018269856227561831,
0.06864143908023834,
0.0359109491109848,
0.048603951930999756,
-0.001550078857690096,
0.0020088786259293556,
0.013706990517675877,
0.028436601161956787,
0.052367351949214935,
-0.012988781556487083,
0.06185916066169739,
0.05035332962870598,
-0.01525234803557396,
-0.060443613678216934,
0.028264278545975685,
0.0008107831235975027,
-0.02775014564394951,
-0.017045145854353905,
-0.013527476228773594,
-0.03161908686161041,
-0.09053946286439896,
-0.028080888092517853,
0.001982396701350808,
-0.03290294110774994,
-0.018596641719341278,
-0.00686686160042882,
-0.024092186242341995,
-0.02839929237961769,
-0.00797883328050375,
-0.022602222859859467,
0.022790834307670593,
-0.04805687814950943,
-0.03826650604605675,
-0.059947386384010315,
0.02338458225131035,
-0.011911144480109215,
-0.013613029383122921,
-0.022624297067523003,
-0.074931800365448,
0.006610513664782047,
0.005902106408029795,
0.045491963624954224,
-0.0066147721372544765,
0.040387824177742004,
-0.02068803831934929
] |
3,451
|
Representative Guidance: Diffusion Model Sampling with Coherence
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=gWgaypDBs8
|
[
"Anh-Dung Dinh",
"Daochang Liu",
"Chang Xu"
] |
Spotlight
|
The diffusion sampling process faces a persistent challenge stemming from its incoherence, attributable to varying noise directions across different timesteps.
Our Representative Guidance (RepG) offers a new perspective to handle this issue by reformulating the sampling process with a coherent direction towards a representative target.
In this formulation, while the classic classifier guidance improves feature discernment by steering the model away from ambiguous features, it fails to provide a favourable representative target since the class label is overly compact and leads to sacrificed diversity and the adversarial generation problem.
In contrast, we leverage self-supervised representations as the coherent target and treat sampling as a downstream task, which refines image details and corrects errors rather than settling for simpler samples.
Our representative guidance achieves superior performance and illustrates the potential of pre-trained self-supervised models in image sampling. Our findings demonstrate that RepG not only substantially enhances vanilla diffusion sampling but also surpasses state-of-the-art benchmarks when combined with classifier-free guidance.
|
generative models, diffusion model
|
The paper investigates the inconsistency property of the diffusion model and propose a guidance method based on representative information to fix the inconsistency problem
| 8,945
| null |
[
-0.0002736212918534875,
-0.028905387967824936,
-0.009051022119820118,
0.0426894873380661,
0.03076932765543461,
0.037997834384441376,
0.01633451133966446,
-0.04398203641176224,
-0.031352441757917404,
-0.054636478424072266,
-0.0024922264274209738,
-0.031580518931150436,
-0.06000257655978203,
0.000003903117885784013,
0.011418970301747322,
0.04777172952890396,
0.04397430643439293,
0.03003591112792492,
-0.01994289644062519,
0.04830333963036537,
-0.000989785068668425,
-0.016113024204969406,
0.02911946550011635,
0.026901302859187126,
-0.0037644351832568645,
-0.027394093573093414,
0.03749239817261696,
-0.000674513285048306,
-0.016836564987897873,
-0.01604478619992733,
0.014380637556314468,
-0.016573311761021614,
0.014998635277152061,
-0.031481605023145676,
-0.007102590054273605,
-0.007499259430915117,
-0.016581108793616295,
0.025208644568920135,
0.020687999203801155,
0.013054020702838898,
-0.03850706294178963,
0.017810093238949776,
0.011702612042427063,
0.01910841092467308,
-0.04897148907184601,
-0.015269379131495953,
-0.10440926253795624,
0.01705026626586914,
0.018012963235378265,
-0.04613885283470154,
-0.09001000225543976,
0.02160702273249626,
0.015909045934677124,
-0.03054417110979557,
-0.015994146466255188,
0.019164351746439934,
0.07235529273748398,
-0.07900804281234741,
-0.02456454001367092,
-0.048991378396749496,
-0.04009329155087471,
0.023015698418021202,
-0.005942532327026129,
0.005508457310497761,
0.0033562632743269205,
0.00495457649230957,
0.04194232448935509,
0.04103333503007889,
-0.03144485130906105,
-0.03296028450131416,
-0.013311339542269707,
0.006529702339321375,
0.014984417706727982,
0.008607761934399605,
-0.027147408574819565,
-0.011836837977170944,
0.026699891313910484,
0.039290666580200195,
0.04159828647971153,
-0.020763585343956947,
0.025890110060572624,
0.006432048510760069,
-0.01261212769895792,
0.044300615787506104,
0.004139025695621967,
-0.02751292660832405,
-0.05208529904484749,
-0.020682189613580704,
-0.053589411079883575,
0.038358718156814575,
-0.04332121089100838,
-0.05891776829957962,
0.009967761114239693,
0.04041920602321625,
0.030154837295413017,
-0.022886835038661957,
0.03880714252591133,
-0.01451839692890644,
0.03716614842414856,
-0.02166997641324997,
-0.03262370824813843,
-0.02969793789088726,
0.002274853643029928,
0.02018510363996029,
-0.09746856987476349,
0.0022889510728418827,
-0.043502677232027054,
-0.04341389611363411,
-0.043824680149555206,
0.01058407872915268,
-0.02074114978313446,
-0.0087128896266222,
-0.010928589850664139,
-0.030359691008925438,
-0.0757673904299736,
0.04649322107434273,
0.00127189583145082,
0.00001364871332043549,
0.011377064511179924,
-0.002050549490377307,
0.04187573492527008,
0.08935815840959549,
-0.022608673200011253,
0.08583685755729675,
-0.010391785763204098,
0.0034972340799868107,
0.04338062182068825,
0.01614508591592312,
-0.04232418164610863,
-0.02896988019347191,
-0.013747996650636196,
0.025633670389652252,
0.007064344827085733,
0.009446589276194572,
0.029386820271611214,
-0.03428002446889877,
0.024479804560542107,
0.015914272516965866,
0.058266330510377884,
-0.030933717265725136,
0.020525814965367317,
0.0257871076464653,
0.07802772521972656,
-0.030475541949272156,
0.0559428408741951,
-0.06384101510047913,
-0.0026227778289467096,
-0.013074743561446667,
-0.06234586983919144,
0.017793703824281693,
0.015598904341459274,
0.005302429664880037,
0.015820959582924843,
-0.0401601642370224,
0.029806265607476234,
0.05682607740163803,
0.020829783752560616,
0.03799308091402054,
0.007328225765377283,
-0.03442836180329323,
0.017566833645105362,
-0.006333398167043924,
-0.01887129619717598,
-0.016465332359075546,
-0.008381936699151993,
-0.06378306448459625,
0.023142043501138687,
0.026652805507183075,
-0.04272378236055374,
-0.037166181951761246,
-0.032273583114147186,
-0.035969287157058716,
0.042642951011657715,
0.02653183974325657,
0.018688274547457695,
0.0006378671969287097,
0.021106857806444168,
0.03537822887301445,
0.02284911461174488,
0.03271171823143959,
-0.08710872381925583,
0.027425164356827736,
0.010681905783712864,
-0.04573911055922508,
0.03309577330946922,
-0.01761498488485813,
0.08284294605255127,
-0.010069694370031357,
-0.02240900881588459,
0.018430931493639946,
-0.0694195032119751,
-0.0028556431643664837,
0.025753090158104897,
-0.023656276986002922,
0.06049801781773567,
0.029327090829610825,
-0.023096011951565742,
0.008757234551012516,
0.03542991727590561,
0.035024259239435196,
0.05884385108947754,
-0.04551305994391441,
0.049321249127388,
-0.01628607138991356,
-0.02277122065424919,
0.0034177573397755623,
0.05635508522391319,
-0.012144864536821842,
-0.03725939989089966,
0.01096813939511776,
-0.025462748482823372,
-0.019103776663541794,
-0.011227295733988285,
-0.0004440734046511352,
0.03275195136666298,
-0.019088493660092354,
-0.002484195865690708,
0.003204223234206438,
0.015502700582146645,
-0.028745030984282494,
0.035253386944532394,
0.03481739014387131,
-0.032910868525505066,
0.02419346570968628,
-0.01603393442928791,
0.08366572856903076,
0.06305103003978729,
-0.04559171572327614,
-0.030179349705576897,
0.010616233572363853,
0.007794619537889957,
0.011293147690594196,
0.011172767728567123,
-0.02825147658586502,
-0.02561032585799694,
-0.0059385718777775764,
0.007713343948125839,
-0.019735125824809074,
0.060322005301713943,
-0.0743974819779396,
-0.006564519368112087,
0.05043688416481018,
0.024041207507252693,
0.048234015703201294,
-0.004745242651551962,
0.03344751521945,
0.03619318827986717,
0.009145758114755154,
-0.03743373975157738,
0.009046098217368126,
0.0022633413318544626,
0.02171914465725422,
0.009145272895693779,
-0.04758625477552414,
0.006932362448424101,
-0.056074339896440506,
-0.015112749300897121,
-0.006505508907139301,
0.06702445447444916,
0.06339290738105774,
0.03864763304591179,
0.032194092869758606,
0.004928032401949167,
-0.026445476338267326,
-0.03419223055243492,
-0.11835081875324249,
-0.03976854309439659,
0.001930883969180286,
0.0355340875685215,
-0.005904615856707096,
0.04373691976070404,
-0.008432351052761078,
0.04065460339188576,
-0.03281833603978157,
-0.005126533564180136,
-0.004923440050333738,
0.0032582266721874475,
0.01113138161599636,
-0.01423855870962143,
-0.007810753304511309,
0.022695332765579224,
0.09034181386232376,
-0.018834641203284264,
0.028334837406873703,
-0.019728265702724457,
-0.04377591982483864,
0.008107313886284828,
0.0021153998095542192,
-0.01021026261150837,
0.020585468038916588,
0.03762470558285713,
0.017291797325015068,
-0.0038547667209059,
0.02360316552221775,
0.021181778982281685,
0.06423909962177277,
0.026173584163188934,
-0.01878420263528824,
-0.019262267276644707,
-0.011797920800745487,
0.02964632213115692,
0.02809804305434227,
-0.009011548012495041,
0.010666277259588242,
-0.027135534211993217,
-0.01908765360713005,
0.04601772502064705,
-0.012153014540672302,
-0.25414586067199707,
0.009835927747189999,
0.027194282039999962,
0.015525355003774166,
0.024310728535056114,
-0.05305326730012894,
0.05815349891781807,
-0.009199829772114754,
-0.03004850633442402,
0.025530196726322174,
0.01614188589155674,
0.001845896476879716,
0.002855632919818163,
0.045761965215206146,
0.042980413883924484,
0.008794824592769146,
0.00791452918201685,
-0.038760680705308914,
0.022898992523550987,
0.04726148024201393,
-0.005102308467030525,
-0.0657922625541687,
0.015781866386532784,
0.03810219466686249,
-0.03984891623258591,
0.020153088495135307,
-0.07324762642383575,
-0.008621460758149624,
-0.024341154843568802,
0.015586630441248417,
0.0004664058214984834,
-0.007756457664072514,
-0.021420054137706757,
0.05590929090976715,
-0.009023932740092278,
-0.007869059219956398,
0.052146945148706436,
0.022257009521126747,
0.009080191142857075,
-0.028776846826076508,
0.0024259386118501425,
0.036639247089624405,
-0.049679312855005264,
0.024706251919269562,
0.05529944226145744,
-0.026575975120067596,
-0.0492008700966835,
-0.04648580774664879,
0.016256390139460564,
0.031348440796136856,
0.004002207424491644,
-0.017454251646995544,
-0.0035827597603201866,
0.03614221140742302,
-0.009419727139174938,
-0.0020137145183980465,
-0.01597139984369278,
-0.001064724987372756,
-0.011890877969563007,
0.019778799265623093,
-0.02590988203883171,
-0.08495207875967026,
-0.0005543185980059206,
-0.00469936802983284,
-0.011510499753057957,
-0.029177917167544365,
-0.07469475269317627,
-0.050922926515340805,
0.024899641051888466,
0.015251856297254562,
-0.023214038461446762,
0.005814508069306612,
-0.02466454543173313,
-0.09613191336393356,
0.047571465373039246,
-0.002131112851202488,
-0.01253360603004694,
-0.05005531758069992,
0.004951822105795145,
0.04253864288330078,
-0.059510666877031326,
-0.027634331956505775,
0.030553383752703667,
0.017288610339164734,
0.018939275294542313,
-0.005914977286010981,
0.04438280314207077,
-0.04502167925238609,
-0.007025194354355335,
-0.023955611512064934,
0.041336290538311005,
0.035023033618927,
0.032740674912929535,
-0.01883363164961338,
0.05523500218987465,
0.06446084380149841,
0.04462210461497307,
0.06729959696531296,
0.035944513976573944,
0.005892071407288313,
0.038761790841817856,
-0.0882401391863823,
-0.017936592921614647,
-0.040561553090810776,
-0.032876744866371155,
0.011006356216967106,
-0.05495547130703926,
-0.009112252853810787,
0.04437203332781792,
-0.004375573713332415,
-0.016423111781477928,
-0.026148175820708275,
0.034551508724689484,
0.016527950763702393,
0.014168186113238335,
-0.03136627376079559,
-0.024593112990260124,
0.025511572137475014,
0.02184227667748928,
-0.012865119613707066,
-0.027018947526812553,
0.05120104178786278,
-0.03674118220806122,
0.039593007415533066,
-0.005928836762905121,
-0.02257399633526802,
-0.012611809186637402,
0.029524533078074455,
-0.01621396467089653,
-0.0009193895966745913,
0.05273386836051941,
0.06318338960409164,
-0.0024812461342662573,
0.022789282724261284,
0.05304412543773651,
-0.02058950811624527,
-0.016973715275526047,
0.013340829871594906,
0.013907764106988907,
-0.019943026825785637,
0.016214968636631966,
0.014339789748191833,
0.06259294599294662,
0.058210570365190506,
0.02396882325410843,
-0.0024530193768441677,
0.019558826461434364,
0.023202737793326378,
-0.026346545666456223,
-0.03356296196579933,
0.04187740758061409,
-0.05034027621150017,
-0.03233285993337631,
-0.017499906942248344,
0.0016528737032786012,
0.0002589805517345667,
0.006238922476768494,
-0.022714855149388313,
0.008025256916880608,
-0.05890588089823723,
0.040585197508335114,
0.05597545951604843,
-0.025976406410336494,
-0.022979730740189552,
-0.005770061165094376,
0.036360155791044235,
-0.01360354945063591,
-0.03846956044435501,
-0.002672962611541152,
-0.0049451072700321674,
0.028007740154862404,
-0.034228112548589706,
-0.0437605157494545,
-0.030913284048438072,
-0.01867089606821537,
0.030653251335024834,
0.01719139702618122,
-0.00023345169029198587,
-0.04678213968873024,
0.059985268861055374,
0.0369376540184021,
-0.011375856585800648,
0.01823394186794758,
-0.019279684871435165,
0.06876575946807861,
-0.013485446572303772,
0.0003306778671685606,
0.0010728787165135145,
-0.024952728301286697,
0.03766759857535362,
-0.002385486150160432,
0.008826889097690582,
-0.0755242183804512,
-0.04717358201742172,
-0.03108075261116028,
-0.03511515259742737,
0.005070320796221495,
0.04184970632195473,
-0.01716686226427555,
-0.022464439272880554,
-0.022150732576847076,
0.01161951757967472,
-0.03058294579386711,
0.011082339100539684,
0.020010320469737053,
-0.0739191547036171,
0.025083009153604507,
0.049058206379413605,
-0.05364450439810753,
0.038870975375175476,
-0.03479337319731712,
-0.036408938467502594,
-0.06349994242191315,
-0.060025982558727264,
0.027364537119865417,
-0.05118562653660774,
-0.03846144676208496,
-0.04200340434908867,
0.0073556494899094105,
0.013096969574689865,
0.034257106482982635,
-0.024661220610141754,
0.01602417230606079,
0.008921030908823013,
0.02045229822397232,
0.028826257213950157,
-0.02869282104074955,
-0.006971586029976606,
0.002478546928614378,
-0.016932329162955284,
-0.000571509066503495,
-0.021329665556550026,
0.013281867839396,
0.04053027555346489,
-0.0017390612047165632,
0.01176333799958229,
-0.032720208168029785,
0.030072255060076714,
-0.015701843425631523,
-0.0028167604468762875,
0.034433700144290924,
0.004851613659411669,
-0.04851716011762619,
0.01960369385778904,
0.023006213828921318,
0.028935424983501434,
0.026357630267739296,
0.011482219211757183,
0.00930758472532034,
0.026486525312066078,
0.028741594403982162,
0.011163203977048397,
-0.05166244134306908,
-0.0008434518822468817,
0.07493048161268234,
-0.008076628670096397,
-0.012333401478827,
-0.044948793947696686,
-0.024533525109291077,
0.036102451384067535,
-0.001013159635476768,
0.022414496168494225,
-0.035428330302238464,
-0.020214775577187538,
0.03481336310505867,
-0.016359390690922737,
-0.027172666043043137,
-0.020771248266100883,
0.024000680074095726,
-0.04438887536525726,
0.01396965142339468,
-0.05917695164680481,
-0.005899818614125252,
0.04254898428916931,
-0.052867960184812546,
0.020633388310670853,
-0.004407183732837439,
-0.016817787662148476,
0.041193146258592606,
-0.038778889924287796,
-0.07252698391675949,
-0.0032704530749469995,
-0.030169647186994553,
-0.002291805576533079,
0.03868389502167702,
-0.023353539407253265,
0.0003574481524992734,
-0.01584329828619957,
-0.06254475563764572,
-0.03171790763735771,
0.03074922412633896,
0.04122260585427284,
-0.0329778827726841,
0.013999970629811287,
-0.023078007623553276,
0.003473574761301279,
0.019987940788269043,
0.05723557621240616,
-0.022528694942593575,
0.02748258225619793,
-0.03079802542924881,
0.056407175958156586,
0.03252546489238739,
0.020651832222938538,
0.022044692188501358,
0.008129362016916275,
-0.011430181562900543,
-0.054860953241586685,
0.05465644970536232,
-0.024029042571783066,
-0.028423963114619255,
-0.08245883882045746,
0.024706678465008736,
0.024138251319527626,
-0.069280244410038,
-0.03769509866833687,
0.04262271896004677,
-0.05835400149226189,
0.025473404675722122,
0.002698564901947975,
0.0015227883122861385,
0.006369122304022312,
0.03828264772891998,
0.013885464519262314,
0.03684232756495476,
0.049648310989141464,
-0.01520821824669838,
0.01710113137960434,
-0.013173646293580532,
0.04324487969279289,
0.05092597007751465,
0.054608993232250214,
-0.013534223660826683,
0.09514176100492477,
-0.052604563534259796,
-0.023977700620889664,
0.023197444155812263,
0.013072434812784195,
-0.004652704577893019,
-0.07735197991132736,
-0.0006303630652837455,
0.09202088415622711,
-0.019261281937360764,
0.05227431654930115,
-0.05257752165198326,
-0.02959754690527916,
0.03413589671254158,
0.02695450372993946,
0.0072509488090872765,
0.019218703731894493,
0.02707480639219284,
-0.005320122931152582,
-0.027804603800177574,
0.028945019468665123,
-0.0020527320448309183,
-0.014247269369661808,
0.02420002594590187,
0.010239367373287678,
-0.020761365070939064,
0.02846687287092209,
-0.013355919159948826,
0.017600884661078453,
0.08234020322561264,
-0.013956649228930473,
-0.07055558264255524,
0.018147697672247887,
-0.013116950169205666,
0.02877887524664402,
0.06318186968564987,
0.027074625715613365,
-0.03410753980278969,
0.009840317070484161,
-0.046414393931627274,
0.009192830882966518,
0.0331597626209259,
-0.0005557182594202459,
0.0160396546125412,
-0.035861123353242874,
-0.016284726560115814,
0.03401217609643936,
-0.019664430990815163,
-0.06634693592786789,
-0.029415179044008255,
-0.03991320729255676,
-0.029725687578320503,
-0.032086048275232315,
-0.018194669857621193,
0.03773554041981697,
-0.005284028593450785,
-0.039929334074258804,
-0.047808729112148285,
-0.046634938567876816,
-0.01512400433421135,
0.021749699488282204,
-0.05967314541339874,
-0.024014322087168694,
0.053594160825014114,
-0.005933087319135666,
-0.02461419440805912,
0.030993720516562462,
0.014620814472436905,
-0.02998509630560875,
-0.002062467625364661,
0.04370655119419098,
-0.008761613629758358,
0.025636956095695496,
-0.029378758743405342,
-0.01162577886134386,
-0.10718440264463425,
-0.0035947063006460667,
0.05578595772385597,
-0.027174275368452072,
-0.08668733388185501,
0.02515604719519615,
-0.04583657905459404,
0.035373277962207794,
0.06180794909596443,
0.0013827922521159053,
0.004908015485852957,
-0.049489278346300125,
-0.04234013706445694,
-0.02730550616979599,
0.02253091149032116,
0.05057859048247337,
-0.03004332445561886,
0.0866817981004715,
0.028447236865758896,
0.0004508564597927034,
-0.0536649227142334,
0.05477607250213623,
0.0031948648393154144,
-0.005783318541944027,
-0.00967192929238081,
-0.014320064336061478,
-0.030452996492385864,
-0.10623318701982498,
-0.035584475845098495,
-0.007267820183187723,
0.004496798850595951,
-0.020606083795428276,
0.003529363078996539,
-0.018187392503023148,
0.020227007567882538,
-0.018751703202724457,
-0.01627327874302864,
-0.01632140576839447,
-0.03138411417603493,
-0.03361114487051964,
-0.048183102160692215,
0.025835761800408363,
-0.007696912623941898,
0.006814931984990835,
-0.014096374623477459,
-0.05222997069358826,
-0.018398674204945564,
0.018307173624634743,
0.037718892097473145,
0.03986797854304314,
0.01599256508052349,
-0.015342053025960922
] |
3,452
|
AIR-BENCH 2024: A Safety Benchmark based on Regulation and Policies Specified Risk Categories
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=UVnD9Ze6mF
|
[
"Yi Zeng",
"Yu Yang",
"Andy Zhou",
"Jeffrey Ziwei Tan",
"Yuheng Tu",
"Yifan Mai",
"Kevin Klyman",
"Minzhou Pan",
"Ruoxi Jia",
"Dawn Song",
"Percy Liang",
"Bo Li"
] |
Spotlight
|
Foundation models (FMs) provide societal benefits but also amplify risks. Governments, companies, and researchers have proposed regulatory frameworks, acceptable use policies, and safety benchmarks in response. However, existing public benchmarks often define safety categories based on previous literature, intuitions, or common sense, leading to disjointed sets of categories for risks specified in recent regulations and policies, which makes it challenging to evaluate and compare FMs across these benchmarks. To bridge this gap, we introduce AIR-BENCH 2024, the first AI safety benchmark aligned with emerging government regulations and company policies, following the regulation-based safety categories grounded in the AI Risks taxonomy, AIR 2024. AIR 2024 decomposes 8 government regulations and 16 company policies into a four-tiered safety taxonomy with 314 granular risk categories in the lowest tier. AIR-BENCH 2024 contains 5,694 diverse prompts spanning these categories, with manual curation and human auditing to ensure quality. We evaluate leading language models on AIR-BENCH 2024 uncovering insights into their alignment with specified safety concerns. By bridging the gap between public benchmarks and practical AI risks, AIR-BENCH 2024 provides a foundation for assessing model safety across jurisdictions, fostering the development of safer and more responsible AI systems.
|
AI Safety, Regulation, Policy, Safety Alignment, Foundation Models
|
A LLM Safety evaluation benchmark focus on 314 Risk categories specified in 8 regulation and 16 AI companies' policies
| 8,850
| null |
[
0.013423184864223003,
0.002259536413475871,
-0.036702509969472885,
-0.0049675386399030685,
0.035630084574222565,
0.01259688101708889,
0.03066868707537651,
-0.021005524322390556,
-0.0173499695956707,
-0.024578861892223358,
-0.020158659666776657,
-0.003786954563111067,
-0.07242494076490402,
-0.004145356826484203,
-0.014349766075611115,
0.04025713726878166,
0.030492691323161125,
-0.008143054321408272,
0.05106082931160927,
0.0036272299475967884,
-0.03824504837393761,
0.0014036311767995358,
0.04049600660800934,
0.04086179658770561,
0.05707971006631851,
0.018965108320116997,
0.0522114560008049,
0.021044297143816948,
-0.044944025576114655,
0.002433869754895568,
0.049369506537914276,
-0.005812095943838358,
-0.015579408966004848,
-0.023905938491225243,
0.03890378400683403,
0.042775314301252365,
0.0042627654038369656,
0.002109840977936983,
-0.007594254799187183,
0.0011370410211384296,
-0.02602875977754593,
0.03778150677680969,
-0.0231292974203825,
-0.031554583460092545,
-0.04591990262269974,
0.038321129977703094,
-0.050268929451704025,
0.037375327199697495,
0.0017203325405716896,
-0.010878355242311954,
-0.08761914819478989,
-0.01146765612065792,
-0.03568859398365021,
-0.010038118809461594,
0.02835124544799328,
0.06175661459565163,
0.039350125938653946,
-0.07249253243207932,
-0.010630441829562187,
-0.045094139873981476,
0.019944867119193077,
0.027392873540520668,
0.04565868899226189,
-0.007753345184028149,
0.009837228804826736,
-0.026382312178611755,
-0.0390852615237236,
0.022727081552147865,
-0.021992696449160576,
0.028535248711705208,
0.00032233147067017853,
-0.0016269782790914178,
-0.00888107717037201,
-0.03394712507724762,
0.002621551975607872,
-0.07554559409618378,
-0.0006658033234998584,
0.026319336146116257,
0.04457847774028778,
0.030049649998545647,
0.031018691137433052,
0.010114515200257301,
-0.029653137549757957,
0.02788415364921093,
0.01312478817999363,
0.006179087795317173,
-0.023152517154812813,
0.005774660035967827,
-0.031182654201984406,
0.050512440502643585,
0.03308054804801941,
-0.0187503844499588,
0.006762119475752115,
0.028530457988381386,
0.005272023379802704,
0.023859895765781403,
0.000647126289550215,
0.01268989872187376,
-0.010302728042006493,
0.000311407377012074,
-0.023675238713622093,
-0.034660886973142624,
-0.0017917066579684615,
0.016682015731930733,
-0.0849621444940567,
-0.00966104306280613,
-0.02126573771238327,
-0.015281546860933304,
0.023276757448911667,
-0.0037861168384552,
0.018559563905000687,
-0.0013272472424432635,
-0.028191231191158295,
-0.016355350613594055,
-0.11116637289524078,
0.08009862154722214,
0.02297239564359188,
-0.007652232423424721,
0.04516611620783806,
0.012538350187242031,
0.05239291116595268,
0.02087556943297386,
-0.007732903119176626,
0.030615806579589844,
-0.01750633493065834,
0.0344223789870739,
-0.013668985106050968,
0.00649640616029501,
0.026597296819090843,
-0.018067702651023865,
0.024873821064829826,
0.022225087508559227,
-0.02772892266511917,
-0.02421836368739605,
-0.026797262951731682,
0.03504244610667229,
0.0427481047809124,
0.029137151315808296,
0.058210499584674835,
0.011321941390633583,
0.013619299978017807,
-0.0684935674071312,
0.05307237058877945,
-0.056118693202733994,
0.06426495313644409,
0.015445861965417862,
-0.008468350395560265,
-0.015237510204315186,
-0.05930337309837341,
0.009893312118947506,
0.0032215227838605642,
0.0047530923038721085,
-0.004175990354269743,
-0.02107665129005909,
0.049050480127334595,
0.0393359437584877,
0.05763419717550278,
-0.03720405325293541,
0.007969863712787628,
-0.0073095704428851604,
0.0028000061865895987,
-0.02944209985435009,
-0.05976281315088272,
-0.037188611924648285,
0.010475659742951393,
-0.03379233926534653,
0.022176597267389297,
0.02329002320766449,
-0.018191328272223473,
-0.012154260650277138,
-0.047389376908540726,
-0.04972224682569504,
0.04188680276274681,
-0.04266839474439621,
0.015018400736153126,
-0.0017906306311488152,
0.07257256656885147,
-0.038016822189092636,
0.023601626977324486,
0.07259298861026764,
-0.07804271578788757,
0.04180771857500076,
0.009476938284933567,
0.015262468717992306,
0.024980437010526657,
-0.030589666217565536,
0.10420311987400055,
-0.033341895788908005,
0.01035013236105442,
0.019831573590636253,
-0.0667307898402214,
-0.04582042619585991,
0.03961906209588051,
-0.010796387679874897,
0.033214472234249115,
-0.02677770145237446,
0.005059468559920788,
0.07512389123439789,
0.001783505198545754,
0.05914884805679321,
0.036625269800424576,
-0.023724829778075218,
0.0426039919257164,
-0.02802889235317707,
-0.03511809930205345,
0.01260196603834629,
0.034818269312381744,
-0.045062195509672165,
-0.06644244492053986,
-0.002274380763992667,
0.006870443932712078,
0.019373079761862755,
0.006220670882612467,
-0.03263770043849945,
0.03487864509224892,
0.0032651484943926334,
0.009064881131052971,
0.014776328578591347,
-0.002535624196752906,
-0.06310636550188065,
0.04676000401377678,
0.03426714614033699,
0.0035762537736445665,
-0.004132105503231287,
-0.04636198282241821,
0.08115888386964798,
0.06463544815778732,
-0.023850513622164726,
-0.02239954099059105,
-0.0011453055776655674,
-0.002998813521116972,
-0.003852526191622019,
0.014793502166867256,
-0.05171658843755722,
0.04572436586022377,
0.03069242648780346,
0.009561199694871902,
0.014651349745690823,
0.06397007405757904,
-0.02258075587451458,
-0.006328342016786337,
0.05943341553211212,
-0.029665980488061905,
0.047923628240823746,
0.014079438522458076,
-0.010993456467986107,
0.05100719630718231,
0.0030489391647279263,
-0.030468277633190155,
-0.030972423031926155,
-0.0035618424881249666,
0.002610673662275076,
0.009630521759390831,
-0.004551704507321119,
-0.011976873502135277,
-0.06797555088996887,
0.008520634844899178,
-0.0017088863532990217,
0.05965498462319374,
0.029524534940719604,
0.012411133386194706,
0.005989081226289272,
-0.012529966421425343,
-0.03040667623281479,
0.002491924911737442,
-0.09833041578531265,
-0.04995004087686539,
-0.024762749671936035,
0.04357396811246872,
-0.020030083134770393,
0.0447503924369812,
-0.020435059443116188,
0.0208643339574337,
0.028324760496616364,
-0.01743709109723568,
0.016027279198169708,
0.043369028717279434,
-0.008474191650748253,
-0.04344331473112106,
0.006087100598961115,
0.010848603211343288,
0.05899146944284439,
0.03571433201432228,
-0.05356089770793915,
0.02680700086057186,
0.0014746744418516755,
0.05154740810394287,
-0.05539960786700249,
-0.008493069559335709,
0.024322405457496643,
0.02147589810192585,
-0.013204719871282578,
-0.02401941455900669,
0.010013713501393795,
0.027883797883987427,
0.03342502936720848,
0.01459489855915308,
0.06266602873802185,
-0.027275003492832184,
0.022289371117949486,
0.0007977535715326667,
0.0026896160561591387,
-0.04567287117242813,
-0.020286202430725098,
-0.013388178311288357,
0.015017865225672722,
0.0015548886731266975,
-0.019624223932623863,
-0.2727898955345154,
-0.03168207034468651,
0.00625387579202652,
0.015780989080667496,
0.03339894488453865,
0.00886785238981247,
0.03247484192252159,
-0.013032207265496254,
-0.04912726581096649,
-0.01767733506858349,
0.08578485995531082,
0.002438430907204747,
0.06724447757005692,
0.06016133353114128,
0.007441866211593151,
0.02919330820441246,
-0.00433118874207139,
-0.07863481342792511,
0.004519965499639511,
0.0025347587652504444,
-0.00253605330362916,
-0.08365655690431595,
-0.02053576521575451,
0.026207899674773216,
0.017176924273371696,
0.014854916371405125,
-0.07366505265235901,
0.0308940801769495,
-0.031142957508563995,
-0.005160426255315542,
0.03028113953769207,
-0.024147508665919304,
-0.010839683935046196,
0.007607885170727968,
0.034234024584293365,
-0.00803443230688572,
0.031280290335416794,
0.019395358860492706,
0.03083783946931362,
0.0061574289575219154,
-0.02887587435543537,
-0.013406910933554173,
-0.06683921813964844,
0.006595148704946041,
0.06937849521636963,
0.004535044077783823,
-0.0022525140084326267,
-0.03583529219031334,
-0.031070459634065628,
0.017435338348150253,
0.01001165434718132,
0.010195101611316204,
-0.05370631068944931,
-0.0026433374732732773,
-0.0006378641119226813,
-0.009871996939182281,
0.006561297923326492,
0.02599133923649788,
-0.00039366466808132827,
0.024034932255744934,
-0.026968590915203094,
-0.006583578884601593,
-0.016067543998360634,
-0.025358742102980614,
-0.012046187184751034,
-0.04718352109193802,
-0.07590143382549286,
-0.05957948416471481,
0.012612531892955303,
0.00353454751893878,
-0.008942288346588612,
0.009948479011654854,
-0.010497679002583027,
-0.12768010795116425,
-0.020800430327653885,
-0.04453582316637039,
0.029516704380512238,
-0.028166720643639565,
0.025452209636569023,
0.022383859381079674,
-0.028520403429865837,
-0.029263755306601524,
0.003228824120014906,
0.0006122203194536269,
0.004215939436107874,
0.0003689549630507827,
0.024656735360622406,
0.011783726513385773,
-0.005665802862495184,
-0.027835650369524956,
0.049184657633304596,
0.00139659084379673,
-0.006132390350103378,
-0.017053645104169846,
0.021173495799303055,
-0.0005518022808246315,
-0.01975131779909134,
0.029282161965966225,
0.039891358464956284,
-0.003333880566060543,
0.009136759676039219,
-0.07133286446332932,
-0.03520781919360161,
-0.04924260452389717,
-0.012280643917620182,
0.026911236345767975,
-0.01384439505636692,
-0.013329047709703445,
0.05146967992186546,
0.003346329787746072,
-0.007973841391503811,
0.002755753230303526,
0.034839317202568054,
-0.06115981936454773,
-0.04162696376442909,
-0.04036946967244148,
0.004482816904783249,
-0.00614023394882679,
0.047531962394714355,
0.004624176304787397,
-0.018359586596488953,
0.05945020169019699,
0.001529139350168407,
0.0054901111871004105,
-0.02001469023525715,
-0.02190089412033558,
0.006942432373762131,
-0.010964295826852322,
-0.001495204633101821,
-0.0182904452085495,
0.0223623588681221,
0.059560954570770264,
0.00024103130272123963,
0.015110115520656109,
0.018929699435830116,
-0.012362731620669365,
-0.01643042452633381,
-0.007611926179379225,
0.041909798979759216,
-0.06230510026216507,
0.016591865569353104,
-0.006299285218119621,
0.05121702328324318,
0.01287971530109644,
0.060703977942466736,
0.01788046769797802,
0.0009639646159484982,
0.000428294122684747,
0.02679639868438244,
0.02337220497429371,
0.01479449775069952,
-0.03913285210728645,
-0.026186849921941757,
-0.03743255138397217,
-0.040294088423252106,
-0.004968868102878332,
0.025652196258306503,
-0.01370347011834383,
-0.010739080607891083,
-0.07780666649341583,
0.0677490085363388,
-0.02706819586455822,
-0.029826695099473,
-0.0537630096077919,
0.018610879778862,
0.04532415419816971,
0.003515843767672777,
-0.022089792415499687,
-0.02086647041141987,
0.002576919738203287,
-0.001999060856178403,
-0.06282743811607361,
-0.0077492170967161655,
-0.012733872048556805,
-0.042829424142837524,
0.030496247112751007,
-0.003257865086197853,
-0.04295332357287407,
-0.0207067783921957,
0.029035072773694992,
-0.01525537297129631,
-0.050168439745903015,
0.005564930848777294,
-0.0342007614672184,
0.05779123678803444,
0.002377733588218689,
0.023008234798908234,
-0.011578740552067757,
0.00496591255068779,
-0.026471130549907684,
-0.017695747315883636,
-0.020801033824682236,
0.001302232500165701,
-0.019919494166970253,
-0.012824133038520813,
-0.08033063262701035,
0.010954730212688446,
-0.005282069090753794,
0.014879698865115643,
-0.0066337282769382,
-0.021920673549175262,
0.006342047825455666,
-0.04083574563264847,
-0.007890468463301659,
-0.027577482163906097,
-0.0759725272655487,
-0.008469801396131516,
0.06617117673158646,
0.0003618157934397459,
0.03778066113591194,
-0.05311474949121475,
-0.05564446002244949,
-0.07128041237592697,
-0.0241764634847641,
-0.013464034534990788,
0.010961996391415596,
-0.0483701229095459,
0.011084146797657013,
-0.039023034274578094,
-0.027269231155514717,
0.018395274877548218,
-0.02602018229663372,
-0.006566595286130905,
-0.020392917096614838,
-0.00932235550135374,
0.0671941339969635,
-0.02629808895289898,
-0.015051841735839844,
-0.01910245232284069,
-0.006884957663714886,
0.009344632737338543,
-0.021600382402539253,
0.04863613471388817,
-0.019071320071816444,
-0.04330333322286606,
0.037353407591581345,
-0.039782244712114334,
0.020115386694669724,
0.001003417419269681,
-0.001961973961442709,
-0.032959576696157455,
0.0217142216861248,
-0.00033074713428504765,
-0.034008633345365524,
-0.008411112241446972,
0.01406117994338274,
0.022117899730801582,
0.016744816675782204,
0.03287218511104584,
0.023203926160931587,
-0.015215069055557251,
0.011637509800493717,
-0.029741846024990082,
0.01848757453262806,
0.07160976529121399,
-0.03187995404005051,
-0.009369073435664177,
-0.03694026544690132,
-0.031590137630701065,
0.026475142687559128,
0.003407790558412671,
0.019175928086042404,
-0.033592574298381805,
0.06277592480182648,
0.019985994324088097,
0.055720772594213486,
-0.009632098488509655,
-0.0597376823425293,
0.04984710365533829,
-0.08088230341672897,
0.018087705597281456,
-0.06997513025999069,
0.011345131322741508,
0.051885463297367096,
-0.025538111105561256,
-0.03201013058423996,
0.01554183941334486,
-0.015281696803867817,
0.02485423907637596,
-0.025392675772309303,
-0.07966016978025436,
0.01406754832714796,
-0.026798762381076813,
-0.0052877068519592285,
0.015821019187569618,
-0.03316287323832512,
-0.017007414251565933,
0.02623039484024048,
-0.04124140366911888,
-0.0034615991171449423,
0.016952935606241226,
0.012105876579880714,
-0.045034557580947876,
0.027724867686629295,
-0.044361408799886703,
-0.008101328276097775,
0.004234787076711655,
0.037734679877758026,
-0.002844887087121606,
0.06541191786527634,
-0.026824230328202248,
0.08445026725530624,
0.03667222335934639,
0.011236593127250671,
0.021698761731386185,
-0.013222171925008297,
-0.008063184097409248,
-0.05106263607740402,
0.05253974348306656,
0.03127080202102661,
-0.034520845860242844,
-0.08326678723096848,
0.05699226260185242,
0.026651576161384583,
-0.06615360826253891,
-0.004061026498675346,
0.0061256554909050465,
-0.04781177639961243,
-0.01470926683396101,
0.03676830232143402,
0.0019777477718889713,
-0.006058337166905403,
0.049745965749025345,
-0.015622317790985107,
0.07205730676651001,
0.07282934337854385,
0.012727458029985428,
-0.022328710183501244,
0.010589588433504105,
0.06718143820762634,
0.05260090529918671,
0.05087699741125107,
-0.00723661994561553,
0.06887838989496231,
-0.012491569854319096,
-0.0685345008969307,
0.005562500096857548,
-0.007746280170977116,
-0.011861433275043964,
0.00022020441247150302,
0.03284858539700508,
0.06847994029521942,
0.03587200865149498,
0.04344315081834793,
-0.013736843131482601,
0.009224388748407364,
0.024485189467668533,
0.018458329141139984,
0.036617111414670944,
0.07117902487516403,
0.02103348635137081,
0.054149992763996124,
-0.028563736006617546,
-0.00010361920431023464,
-0.018332231789827347,
0.06345845013856888,
0.009667836129665375,
-0.007107566110789776,
-0.041501905769109726,
0.0273924358189106,
0.004543454851955175,
0.06836386024951935,
0.09051749855279922,
-0.0019844076596200466,
-0.025842521339654922,
0.009896435774862766,
0.01438219379633665,
-0.004010295495390892,
0.023228604346513748,
0.03369482606649399,
-0.03809623792767525,
0.004328646697103977,
-0.038210492581129074,
0.010586372576653957,
0.032557208091020584,
0.0007071839645504951,
0.03945086523890495,
-0.028461575508117676,
-0.0011636692797765136,
0.05940588563680649,
-0.010182518512010574,
-0.02273883856832981,
-0.05681117624044418,
-0.0560525618493557,
-0.04989093542098999,
-0.03720133379101753,
-0.06260734051465988,
0.028566652908921242,
-0.0010349858785048127,
-0.04621738940477371,
-0.021608907729387283,
0.011692910455167294,
-0.010015590116381645,
0.028256064280867577,
-0.060381148010492325,
-0.023403335362672806,
0.07208875566720963,
-0.01259676180779934,
-0.010756082832813263,
0.05302048474550247,
0.03538838401436806,
0.0011178930290043354,
-0.04267045482993126,
0.02472558431327343,
-0.003322429722175002,
0.016556235030293465,
0.00044842809438705444,
0.013267014175653458,
-0.06251790374517441,
-0.015768878161907196,
0.01695939339697361,
0.0040818327106535435,
-0.08399596810340881,
0.03753797337412834,
-0.042545780539512634,
0.011735595762729645,
0.06740555167198181,
0.003093028673902154,
0.016694899648427963,
-0.00754209142178297,
-0.009596241638064384,
-0.021001627668738365,
-0.03337446227669716,
0.02111619897186756,
-0.04408915713429451,
0.04553615674376488,
0.0488557331264019,
-0.03372969850897789,
0.012427102774381638,
0.07623983174562454,
-0.03245706111192703,
-0.03094651736319065,
-0.043852053582668304,
-0.02519283816218376,
-0.06558508425951004,
-0.08746452629566193,
0.0051672630943357944,
0.013688226230442524,
-0.021385760977864265,
-0.02818860113620758,
0.010020113550126553,
-0.0030414597131311893,
-0.002813861006870866,
-0.024739254266023636,
-0.017377879470586777,
-0.010676799342036247,
-0.02909715846180916,
-0.02515277825295925,
-0.03328900411725044,
0.03838958218693733,
-0.017834646627306938,
0.010309706442058086,
-0.02697092853486538,
-0.039507150650024414,
0.04140410199761391,
-0.019682759419083595,
0.030446425080299377,
-0.006304231937974691,
0.008057793602347374,
0.003487062407657504
] |
3,453
|
DARE the Extreme: Revisiting Delta-Parameter Pruning For Fine-Tuned Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=avSocG0oFA
|
[
"Wenlong Deng",
"Yize Zhao",
"Vala Vakilian",
"Minghui Chen",
"Xiaoxiao Li",
"Christos Thrampoulidis"
] |
Spotlight
|
Storing open-source fine-tuned models separately introduces redundancy and increases response times in applications utilizing multiple models. Delta-parameter pruning (DPP), particularly the random drop and rescale (DARE) method proposed by Yu et al., addresses this by pruning the majority of delta parameters—the differences between fine-tuned and pre-trained model weights—while typically maintaining minimal performance loss. However, DARE fails when either the pruning rate or the magnitude of the delta parameters is large. We highlight two key reasons for this failure: (1) an excessively large rescaling factor as pruning rates increase, and (2) high mean and variance in the delta parameters. To push DARE’s limits, we introduce DAREx (DARE the eXtreme), which features two algorithmic improvements: (1) DAREx-q, a rescaling factor modification that significantly boosts performance at high pruning rates (e.g., > 30% on COLA and SST2 for encoder models, with even greater gains in decoder models), and (2) DAREx-L2, which combines DARE with AdamR, an in-training method that applies appropriate delta regularization before DPP. We also demonstrate that DAREx-q can be seamlessly combined with vanilla parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques like LoRA and can facilitate structural DPP. Additionally, we revisit the application of importance-based pruning techniques within DPP, demonstrating that they outperform random-based methods when delta parameters are large. Through this comprehensive study, we develop a pipeline for selecting the most appropriate DPP method under various practical scenarios.
|
Delta parameter pruning, Efficiency, Large Language Models
| null | 8,801
|
2410.09344
|
[
-0.011227023787796497,
-0.04051162302494049,
-0.02606482245028019,
0.03794914111495018,
0.0488700233399868,
0.06470518559217453,
0.032460279762744904,
-0.0350683256983757,
-0.008095424622297287,
-0.04701824486255646,
-0.007512116339057684,
-0.0012242014054208994,
-0.04101040959358215,
0.002980528399348259,
0.0023864000104367733,
0.0801997184753418,
0.025205500423908234,
0.005122806876897812,
-0.004619459621608257,
0.032849784940481186,
-0.000760960450861603,
-0.04989556223154068,
0.0224931463599205,
0.023930687457323074,
0.008831166662275791,
-0.010515395551919937,
0.003947968129068613,
0.00011912109039258212,
-0.026531318202614784,
-0.004153467249125242,
0.037446554750204086,
-0.010429227724671364,
0.008624540641903877,
-0.023008352145552635,
0.023832768201828003,
0.01584392413496971,
-0.05851298198103905,
0.005172621924430132,
-0.006936791818588972,
0.024929920211434364,
-0.04327898100018501,
-0.009740590117871761,
-0.03248843178153038,
0.004780471324920654,
-0.05859921872615814,
-0.01738681085407734,
-0.07553452998399734,
0.04519467428326607,
-0.0020760304760187864,
-0.0420725978910923,
-0.10744520276784897,
0.039876848459243774,
0.0009825880406424403,
-0.006139108911156654,
0.0023606230970472097,
0.036723118275403976,
0.042851272970438004,
-0.08533019572496414,
0.015948724001646042,
-0.04726148396730423,
-0.03853299841284752,
0.0042131696827709675,
0.03672312945127487,
0.007813727483153343,
-0.00579232769086957,
-0.03064391389489174,
-0.028367076069116592,
0.0541752427816391,
-0.04688223823904991,
-0.018340887501835823,
-0.00575614720582962,
-0.007234894670546055,
-0.014346722513437271,
0.010444028303027153,
-0.013703611679375172,
-0.034858569502830505,
0.014028486795723438,
0.027028115466237068,
0.08105232566595078,
0.016018202528357506,
0.029846511781215668,
-0.005603617988526821,
0.0028422793839126825,
0.031100809574127197,
0.009261512197554111,
0.010943283326923847,
-0.029450297355651855,
-0.02916213497519493,
-0.07537440210580826,
0.029031164944171906,
-0.020850954577326775,
-0.049865446984767914,
0.050885915756225586,
0.005053676199167967,
0.022994093596935272,
0.03726031631231308,
-0.016599759459495544,
0.009263597428798676,
0.021629707887768745,
0.04044118896126747,
-0.01952504739165306,
-0.04812482371926308,
0.07767245173454285,
0.01763426512479782,
-0.1076519712805748,
-0.016134142875671387,
-0.0284893698990345,
-0.019654888659715652,
0.01184420008212328,
0.03013172186911106,
-0.03685295954346657,
0.00416558375582099,
-0.006840590387582779,
-0.021380338817834854,
-0.11666323244571686,
0.03940395265817642,
-0.005539405159652233,
0.021348977461457253,
-0.03162863105535507,
-0.009767934679985046,
0.061368074268102646,
0.04475221037864685,
0.012528296560049057,
0.07873516529798508,
-0.022596260532736778,
0.008715220727026463,
0.021290676668286324,
0.02749100886285305,
-0.018779167905449867,
-0.030671987682580948,
-0.008806643076241016,
0.05269140377640724,
-0.008705506101250648,
-0.030901949852705002,
-0.03713148832321167,
-0.01580941677093506,
-0.020605895668268204,
0.0280095674097538,
0.03974893316626549,
-0.03376724198460579,
-0.021974530071020126,
-0.010155495256185532,
0.009993847459554672,
-0.04561881348490715,
0.05732116475701332,
0.017032470554113388,
0.013233065605163574,
-0.010662633925676346,
-0.022763390094041824,
-0.003656185232102871,
0.0363125316798687,
0.02300134301185608,
0.021467944607138634,
-0.09045334905385971,
0.02343648113310337,
0.08238047361373901,
0.012895072810351849,
0.01166659127920866,
-0.010751433670520782,
0.0020923882257193327,
0.011135101318359375,
-0.012682170607149601,
-0.03427343815565109,
0.02835189551115036,
-0.035681601613759995,
-0.04810452461242676,
0.03787694498896599,
-0.0007506628171540797,
-0.04108356684446335,
0.01047633495181799,
-0.05675189197063446,
-0.02056051976978779,
0.056261006742715836,
-0.0020753054413944483,
-0.02850204147398472,
-0.022133946418762207,
0.04787006601691246,
0.037734199315309525,
0.010381792671978474,
0.05490938574075699,
-0.08632189780473709,
0.028106069192290306,
-0.000277885003015399,
-0.01898287422955036,
-0.013724539428949356,
-0.014640160836279392,
0.11200016736984253,
-0.001741325599141419,
0.03551016002893448,
0.035557277500629425,
-0.0790700688958168,
-0.0065598697401583195,
0.0064338622614741325,
-0.0041850171983242035,
0.06439266353845596,
0.023487458005547523,
-0.021997258067131042,
0.04675909876823425,
0.038423582911491394,
0.0667462944984436,
0.0572323352098465,
-0.043573033064603806,
0.039679333567619324,
-0.022055894136428833,
-0.06194756180047989,
-0.004346608184278011,
0.027458522468805313,
-0.04761097952723503,
-0.0052847848273813725,
0.02231987938284874,
-0.031414877623319626,
-0.04289206117391586,
0.010259095579385757,
0.021387025713920593,
0.00011118347174488008,
0.01873026229441166,
-0.014875809662044048,
-0.02546059526503086,
0.012068097479641438,
-0.0643099993467331,
0.031934671103954315,
0.01470202673226595,
-0.03332071006298065,
-0.008104551583528519,
-0.03348790854215622,
0.09155426174402237,
0.06061270087957382,
-0.02596675604581833,
0.003224499523639679,
0.014441892504692078,
-0.022773275151848793,
0.01056059543043375,
0.029440056532621384,
-0.03838788717985153,
0.007023559883236885,
-0.05052696913480759,
0.010276461951434612,
-0.03169728070497513,
0.0698382630944252,
-0.04879642650485039,
0.007417440880089998,
0.07553857564926147,
0.02117784321308136,
0.047549936920404434,
0.011596038937568665,
-0.002444877987727523,
0.04204445332288742,
-0.0049757701344788074,
-0.003009977051988244,
-0.022791223600506783,
-0.03468792140483856,
0.007871202193200588,
-0.010485763661563396,
-0.01913914456963539,
-0.006304427981376648,
-0.04719279706478119,
-0.012459670193493366,
-0.02103131078183651,
0.05891461297869682,
0.047685232013463974,
0.0018001551507040858,
0.013249894604086876,
-0.006694615352898836,
-0.033960387110710144,
0.0010442954953759909,
-0.10568016022443771,
-0.04191732406616211,
-0.012761592864990234,
0.059540651738643646,
0.010903692804276943,
0.01998814381659031,
0.011215734295547009,
0.010539484210312366,
-0.039527807384729385,
-0.005273550748825073,
-0.017669081687927246,
0.034591805189847946,
0.02020874433219433,
-0.07114695757627487,
-0.023458801209926605,
0.015880782157182693,
0.0634647086262703,
-0.027551846578717232,
-0.037879571318626404,
-0.042946211993694305,
-0.022904926910996437,
-0.009255493991076946,
-0.03513330966234207,
-0.015899909660220146,
0.03258449584245682,
0.05639363080263138,
0.035610511898994446,
-0.05282410606741905,
0.013537216931581497,
0.054486315697431564,
0.02282639592885971,
0.045847270637750626,
0.040016405284404755,
-0.022729888558387756,
0.03015969507396221,
0.009009121917188168,
0.030315935611724854,
-0.007414618507027626,
0.017667189240455627,
0.0007163326372392476,
0.010166655294597149,
0.025363808497786522,
0.011205287650227547,
-0.2961566746234894,
-0.014493255876004696,
0.029151173308491707,
-0.01352624036371708,
0.030578263103961945,
-0.01433287188410759,
0.0017638793215155602,
-0.012680158019065857,
-0.025792382657527924,
0.0018126327777281404,
-0.0009249245631508529,
0.024312138557434082,
-0.004465325735509396,
0.04623179882764816,
0.04427185654640198,
0.024465804919600487,
0.042411934584379196,
-0.013918858021497726,
0.0417330227792263,
0.021783094853162766,
-0.010445735417306423,
-0.05506128445267677,
-0.004476538393646479,
0.033531028777360916,
-0.01577991619706154,
0.020793750882148743,
-0.07194185256958008,
0.0001330848754150793,
-0.02501808851957321,
-0.04590974748134613,
0.007333768531680107,
-0.019336923956871033,
-0.01706221140921116,
0.032639894634485245,
0.014824828132987022,
0.012919798493385315,
0.05046376213431358,
0.0037637357600033283,
0.034305814653635025,
0.019290044903755188,
0.015628598630428314,
-0.027560681104660034,
0.01088995486497879,
0.01489330269396305,
0.047211531549692154,
0.023526731878519058,
-0.04745063930749893,
-0.026463111862540245,
0.020605118945240974,
0.024126684293150902,
0.01803451031446457,
-0.019551225006580353,
-0.011630071327090263,
-0.013682996854186058,
0.023575222119688988,
0.00581702496856451,
0.012653611600399017,
0.003154287114739418,
-0.011784779839217663,
0.023143811151385307,
0.033131733536720276,
-0.053914640098810196,
-0.0029305361676961184,
-0.057583656162023544,
-0.029747135937213898,
-0.02380918525159359,
-0.04467746242880821,
-0.07531076669692993,
0.02463686093688011,
0.030838845297694206,
-0.00904126837849617,
0.023510057479143143,
-0.007324026897549629,
-0.10019753128290176,
0.010311657562851906,
-0.013288241811096668,
-0.009600356221199036,
0.01311082486063242,
-0.03210265561938286,
0.043466027826070786,
-0.03629010170698166,
-0.015317149460315704,
0.036395490169525146,
0.012074089609086514,
0.02137916535139084,
-0.02072368748486042,
0.017495468258857727,
-0.045208223164081573,
-0.0006242715171538293,
-0.047611385583877563,
0.015881743282079697,
0.0016034747241064906,
0.01995554380118847,
0.005546865053474903,
0.04951010271906853,
0.034598734229803085,
0.04673607274889946,
0.06801886856555939,
0.009738629683852196,
0.004422264639288187,
-0.006507409270852804,
-0.06173305958509445,
0.004279176238924265,
-0.06680053472518921,
-0.040333233773708344,
0.02188103087246418,
-0.04166931286454201,
-0.013120923191308975,
0.031066644936800003,
-0.00751853222027421,
-0.009343338198959827,
-0.023112021386623383,
0.0024617898743599653,
-0.01598602905869484,
0.003639927599579096,
0.020545708015561104,
0.017037492245435715,
0.03873608261346817,
0.018790263682603836,
-0.029879704117774963,
-0.04354088008403778,
0.031423311680555344,
-0.038326311856508255,
-0.0027401375118643045,
-0.0014522445853799582,
0.0029127434827387333,
0.011300355195999146,
-0.0006234849570319057,
-0.0074982051737606525,
-0.004108212422579527,
0.015439191833138466,
0.048756226897239685,
0.0011560173006728292,
0.02023075707256794,
0.03741535171866417,
0.011627846397459507,
-0.008089728653430939,
0.01630971021950245,
0.07536874711513519,
0.0019263190915808082,
-0.017762240022420883,
0.03410598263144493,
0.0477149561047554,
0.007063334807753563,
0.03542373329401016,
0.013942827470600605,
0.012041344307363033,
-0.012092281132936478,
0.0118282251060009,
-0.029779810458421707,
0.024615999311208725,
-0.0478164367377758,
0.0059547279961407185,
-0.0523889996111393,
-0.0036288201808929443,
-0.009016372263431549,
0.05055595561861992,
-0.013934949412941933,
0.015985362231731415,
-0.07864781469106674,
0.03688979521393776,
0.026443224400281906,
-0.046781137585639954,
0.0033056270331144333,
0.03452203795313835,
0.03853597864508629,
-0.0182547215372324,
0.0029465467669069767,
0.005574145819991827,
-0.030049432069063187,
0.009798156097531319,
0.0032133518252521753,
-0.02835898846387863,
-0.007224472239613533,
0.0022737039253115654,
0.00023912648612167686,
0.011751572601497173,
0.028733517974615097,
-0.03423057496547699,
0.036406513303518295,
0.004858009517192841,
-0.000585201196372509,
-0.029883213341236115,
0.005335832014679909,
0.05577749013900757,
0.00532350642606616,
-0.023094112053513527,
-0.011351003311574459,
-0.013624791987240314,
0.03467091545462608,
-0.0415157675743103,
0.0033246390521526337,
0.0024248298723250628,
-0.011221258901059628,
-0.027144387364387512,
-0.05189165845513344,
0.0202883742749691,
0.05478188022971153,
-0.018998218700289726,
0.003128563519567251,
-0.007917903363704681,
0.02681230753660202,
-0.018414579331874847,
-0.027772750705480576,
-0.0004518653149716556,
-0.07362460345029831,
0.011737081222236156,
0.04274258762598038,
-0.0211492870002985,
0.0009469253127463162,
-0.016960566863417625,
-0.06240469217300415,
-0.03978930413722992,
0.006398326717317104,
0.00825903657823801,
-0.01004689373075962,
-0.003308944869786501,
0.003112941514700651,
0.024065056815743446,
-0.011099345050752163,
0.054129112511873245,
-0.0015498169232159853,
0.004547605756670237,
0.005687075201421976,
-0.0019160454394295812,
0.06252946704626083,
-0.0267728790640831,
-0.0052345492877066135,
0.006467923521995544,
-0.0017482548719272017,
0.020852206274867058,
-0.03141533210873604,
-0.02152399718761444,
0.060803234577178955,
-0.00993848405778408,
-0.015348420478403568,
-0.07308553159236908,
0.05268993601202965,
-0.03608306497335434,
-0.009380125440657139,
0.025735370814800262,
0.015550481155514717,
-0.024998676031827927,
0.006475761067122221,
-0.001564383041113615,
0.021998079493641853,
-0.0046675726771354675,
0.006605532951653004,
0.006481337361037731,
0.030587386339902878,
0.003557765856385231,
0.030784811824560165,
-0.0748821422457695,
0.017574921250343323,
0.05370712652802467,
-0.019053753465414047,
-0.024389613419771194,
-0.07398176193237305,
-0.04826127365231514,
0.03682750090956688,
0.0034196004271507263,
0.03489571064710617,
-0.020443355664610863,
0.05151635408401489,
0.05089358985424042,
0.026036802679300308,
-0.012438835576176643,
-0.04187001660466194,
0.020061630755662918,
-0.01815926469862461,
0.0023318585008382797,
-0.056921593844890594,
0.005259938072413206,
0.0786786898970604,
-0.016763705760240555,
0.040014587342739105,
0.0034761468414217234,
-0.039213236421346664,
0.03033236414194107,
-0.028521200641989708,
-0.04413542523980141,
0.039366405457258224,
-0.0018640521448105574,
0.009839970618486404,
0.004770788364112377,
-0.031077146530151367,
-0.0438988171517849,
-0.01235061977058649,
-0.04680744558572769,
-0.010532047599554062,
0.013714599423110485,
0.03856361284852028,
-0.017419561743736267,
0.004144791979342699,
-0.039572782814502716,
0.0010755507973954082,
0.018854603171348572,
0.07803449779748917,
0.015031161718070507,
-0.026675665751099586,
-0.03154754638671875,
0.06693758815526962,
0.013333996757864952,
0.020537862554192543,
-0.0375923290848732,
0.019604569301009178,
0.021071037277579308,
-0.05728014558553696,
0.03984660655260086,
0.009446708485484123,
-0.007369628641754389,
-0.059659890830516815,
0.05389295145869255,
0.050693362951278687,
-0.052204158157110214,
0.007040555588901043,
0.031345851719379425,
-0.04328838735818863,
0.006576748099178076,
-0.013073545880615711,
0.007787496317178011,
0.016491089016199112,
0.04781701788306236,
-0.0036302143707871437,
0.017947986721992493,
0.06426148116588593,
0.014142156578600407,
-0.008281758055090904,
0.02504250593483448,
0.0785498172044754,
0.08874735236167908,
0.039944496005773544,
-0.01075510960072279,
0.056937411427497864,
-0.007507727947086096,
-0.05865640938282013,
0.03271307423710823,
0.009678518399596214,
-0.009168482385575771,
-0.0674673542380333,
0.02525320090353489,
0.06402330845594406,
0.012130128219723701,
0.07229969650506973,
-0.019386662170290947,
-0.01696847565472126,
0.0037710582837462425,
-0.03266029804944992,
0.001258298521861434,
0.012367140501737595,
0.016787948086857796,
-0.010333790443837643,
-0.004112520255148411,
-0.00859326496720314,
0.03323055058717728,
0.010962591506540775,
-0.034335002303123474,
-0.0018144844798371196,
-0.036702368408441544,
0.008022134192287922,
0.0032056672498583794,
0.05451194941997528,
0.09730252623558044,
-0.0520700067281723,
-0.05160791054368019,
-0.006563671864569187,
0.022520992904901505,
0.010125256143510342,
0.016086647287011147,
-0.0075551955960690975,
-0.025248706340789795,
-0.0043218135833740234,
-0.044152457267045975,
-0.009023069404065609,
0.002152827335521579,
-0.02194094844162464,
0.001660955953411758,
-0.03380748629570007,
-0.03092871978878975,
-0.0015575860161334276,
-0.03438928723335266,
-0.04833085462450981,
-0.0476086400449276,
-0.030920185148715973,
-0.029939493164420128,
-0.05785685405135155,
-0.05594068393111229,
-0.002709647174924612,
0.0072885677218437195,
-0.030902987346053123,
-0.008562374860048294,
-0.048473235219717026,
0.0047453902661800385,
0.0463300384581089,
-0.05343571677803993,
-0.01564200222492218,
0.027279309928417206,
-0.02492334507405758,
-0.018165092915296555,
0.03467751666903496,
0.02870415709912777,
-0.03506163880228996,
-0.0234075877815485,
0.03824049234390259,
0.04144222289323807,
0.018147487193346024,
0.00865882821381092,
-0.023916030302643776,
-0.08858681470155716,
0.0014084667200222611,
0.0441410169005394,
-0.029027804732322693,
-0.08804498612880707,
0.05070318281650543,
-0.03840729221701622,
0.033732861280441284,
0.052914176136255264,
0.0020669482182711363,
0.03313528001308441,
-0.03709327057003975,
-0.0062601459212601185,
-0.010448887944221497,
-0.012667996808886528,
0.04777483642101288,
-0.011471536941826344,
0.07019972056150436,
0.02954673022031784,
-0.01641077920794487,
-0.06480470299720764,
0.02425071783363819,
-0.02262694574892521,
0.0374002680182457,
-0.016423001885414124,
-0.021899588406085968,
-0.06092992052435875,
-0.09690629690885544,
-0.0226596686989069,
0.042575038969516754,
-0.01883690431714058,
-0.04310722276568413,
0.006681718397885561,
-0.033549997955560684,
-0.0029207197949290276,
-0.010099268518388271,
-0.027692511677742004,
-0.0036582453176379204,
-0.061917711049318314,
-0.028237758204340935,
-0.0716627836227417,
0.021151885390281677,
-0.022816969081759453,
0.007457619998604059,
-0.01614532805979252,
-0.02112165465950966,
-0.005098595749586821,
0.019421685487031937,
0.038121290504932404,
0.0032172377686947584,
0.027516016736626625,
-0.025924155488610268
] |
3,454
|
CREIMBO: Cross-Regional Ensemble Interactions in Multi-view Brain Observations
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=28abpUEICJ
|
[
"Noga Mudrik",
"Ryan Ly",
"Oliver Ruebel",
"Adam Shabti Charles"
] |
Spotlight
|
Modern recordings of neural activity provide diverse observations of neurons across brain areas, behavioral conditions, and subjects; presenting an exciting opportunity to reveal the fundamentals of brain-wide dynamics. Current analysis methods, however, often fail to fully harness the richness of such data, as they provide either uninterpretable representations (e.g., via deep networks) or oversimplify models (e.g., by assuming stationary dynamics or analyzing each session independently). Here, instead of regarding asynchronous neural recordings that lack alignment in neural identity or brain areas as a limitation, we leverage these diverse views into the brain to learn a unified model of neural dynamics. Specifically, we assume that brain activity is driven by multiple hidden global sub-circuits. These sub-circuits represent global basis interactions between neural ensembles—functional groups of neurons—such that the time-varying decomposition of these sub-circuits defines how the ensembles' interactions evolve over time non-stationarily and non-linearly.
We discover the neural ensembles underlying non-simultaneous observations, along with their non-stationary evolving interactions, with our new model, **CREIMBO** (**C**ross-**R**egional **E**nsemble **I**nteractions in **M**ulti-view **B**rain **O**bservations). CREIMBO identifies the hidden composition of per-session neural ensembles through novel graph-driven dictionary learning and models the ensemble dynamics on a low-dimensional manifold spanned by a sparse time-varying composition of the global sub-circuits. Thus, CREIMBO disentangles overlapping temporal neural processes while preserving interpretability due to the use of a shared underlying sub-circuit basis. Moreover, CREIMBO distinguishes session-specific computations from global (session-invariant) ones by identifying session covariates and variations in sub-circuit activations. We demonstrate CREIMBO's ability to recover true components in synthetic data, and uncover meaningful brain dynamics in human high-density electrode recordings, including cross-subject neural mechanisms as well as inter- vs. intra-region dynamical motifs. Furthermore, using mouse whole-brain recordings, we show CREIMBO's ability to discover dynamical interactions that capture task and behavioral variables and meaningfully align with the biological importance of the brain areas they represent.
|
computational neuroscience, multi-regional brain interactions, sparsity, cross-session variability, dynamical systems modeling, neural dynamics, non-simultaneous neural recordings
|
We propose a framework for uncovering latent multi-regional neural sub-circuits by leveraging the richness and variability of multi-session neural data.
| 8,800
|
2405.17395
|
[
-0.03347575291991234,
0.012179284356534481,
0.021595975384116173,
0.007052441127598286,
0.03180895373225212,
-0.0147860087454319,
0.023312553763389587,
0.011621883139014244,
-0.04457450658082962,
-0.05123855918645859,
-0.012300184927880764,
-0.0031360017601400614,
-0.06924332678318024,
-0.02173065021634102,
-0.022118255496025085,
0.04679632931947708,
0.040854550898075104,
-0.03935867175459862,
0.00011934828944504261,
0.0011423859978094697,
0.01944904960691929,
-0.016338245943188667,
0.021614214405417442,
0.0181278083473444,
0.028257111087441444,
-0.027649104595184326,
0.030544577166438103,
-0.02690260298550129,
-0.009206395596265793,
0.016874786466360092,
0.004362208303064108,
0.039707250893116,
-0.02354719489812851,
-0.0320962592959404,
0.03446054086089134,
0.03271876275539398,
-0.03615082427859306,
-0.00917619839310646,
-0.02333787828683853,
0.03278547525405884,
-0.05353743955492973,
0.020020021125674248,
-0.012099025771021843,
0.0015653936425223947,
-0.03614552691578865,
0.03721240907907486,
-0.12025497108697891,
0.06982573866844177,
0.008156162686645985,
-0.04718540981411934,
-0.06515941023826599,
0.04252489656209946,
0.047304827719926834,
-0.01917939819395542,
0.00296183954924345,
0.02874728851020336,
0.045643217861652374,
-0.08191216737031937,
-0.005934573244303465,
-0.07071582227945328,
-0.022859349846839905,
0.033164963126182556,
0.003869852749630809,
0.004349253606051207,
0.005728219635784626,
0.0009430435602553189,
0.033246543258428574,
0.040220048278570175,
-0.033480726182460785,
-0.019138410687446594,
-0.006789943668991327,
-0.005815144162625074,
-0.02301652729511261,
0.007024909369647503,
0.014576930552721024,
-0.06233426183462143,
0.039371781051158905,
0.001629246980883181,
0.06310185045003891,
0.0050816768780350685,
0.045976947993040085,
-0.01658979058265686,
0.008578906767070293,
0.03186333179473877,
0.022914068773388863,
-0.0022734433878213167,
-0.07286469638347626,
-0.01788301393389702,
-0.09273257851600647,
0.02134806104004383,
-0.046009983867406845,
-0.04030280560255051,
-0.007529119029641151,
0.04857128858566284,
-0.00618344871327281,
-0.008958082646131516,
0.017215872183442116,
-0.010191936045885086,
-0.01609506644308567,
0.007273730356246233,
0.017834248021245003,
-0.010606390424072742,
0.028167789801955223,
-0.008144660852849483,
-0.1081843301653862,
-0.034766215831041336,
-0.006181185133755207,
-0.04402648285031319,
-0.027983317151665688,
0.020564697682857513,
-0.05047668516635895,
-0.0006660291110165417,
0.04758143052458763,
-0.010276787914335728,
-0.07391559332609177,
0.031628746539354324,
0.02122212015092373,
0.004223366267979145,
-0.0056208656169474125,
0.013456989079713821,
0.0660788044333458,
0.052371833473443985,
-0.00743694044649601,
0.05150044336915016,
-0.01680854707956314,
0.005317178089171648,
-0.024400847032666206,
0.01348147913813591,
-0.011513914912939072,
-0.03922117128968239,
-0.01730773039162159,
0.021740464493632317,
0.004631776828318834,
-0.006979058962315321,
0.020107049494981766,
-0.009988045319914818,
0.02221178077161312,
-0.0016547702252864838,
0.05033843219280243,
0.06390855461359024,
0.03342260792851448,
-0.025535060092806816,
0.03130456805229187,
-0.052134208381175995,
0.05090170353651047,
-0.01640547439455986,
-0.027179265394806862,
-0.01255943812429905,
-0.03026624768972397,
-0.003839573124423623,
-0.006047978065907955,
-0.014399389736354351,
-0.004693515133112669,
-0.08513312041759491,
0.011138377711176872,
0.05556156858801842,
0.01690896414220333,
0.010761878453195095,
0.019517164677381516,
-0.01358846016228199,
0.02597963623702526,
-0.024819355458021164,
-0.04860096424818039,
0.019167866557836533,
-0.028391877189278603,
-0.0415627621114254,
0.04391701519489288,
0.012832541018724442,
-0.08370239287614822,
0.027636395767331123,
-0.06340925395488739,
-0.04803100600838661,
0.05187473073601723,
-0.006914691999554634,
-0.04131235554814339,
-0.011253153905272484,
0.05547650158405304,
-0.007270545233041048,
0.00991048477590084,
0.010731533169746399,
-0.08223186433315277,
0.0024402770213782787,
0.011101344600319862,
0.013104582205414772,
0.03284711763262749,
0.005809455178678036,
0.08222294598817825,
-0.02969909831881523,
-0.023439275100827217,
0.04554526507854462,
-0.0361868180334568,
-0.030468085780739784,
0.020550433546304703,
0.01106896623969078,
0.08220509439706802,
0.006978371646255255,
-0.012146778404712677,
0.026624586433172226,
0.056817926466464996,
0.04596778377890587,
0.05301227048039436,
-0.06033077836036682,
0.03433375060558319,
0.016097160056233406,
-0.050234101712703705,
-0.013736246153712273,
0.027133945375680923,
-0.04197987914085388,
-0.004864538088440895,
-0.02057206816971302,
-0.0399981290102005,
-0.01392356026917696,
-0.005680197849869728,
-0.01358829066157341,
0.024850789457559586,
-0.002654129872098565,
-0.01668635383248329,
0.04145714268088341,
-0.018817231059074402,
-0.05003039538860321,
0.013668029569089413,
0.008756708353757858,
-0.0064419847913086414,
0.005474404897540808,
-0.014450861141085625,
0.11826308071613312,
0.0557086206972599,
-0.04813593626022339,
0.017014404758810997,
0.017184840515255928,
0.04969262704253197,
0.008051111362874508,
0.009321239776909351,
0.0037060414906591177,
-0.0019553457386791706,
-0.003304440062493086,
0.0011936926748603582,
-0.02176792547106743,
0.047482460737228394,
-0.03971455618739128,
-0.01461139414459467,
0.08815360814332962,
-0.014669840224087238,
0.04929900914430618,
-0.0037913171108812094,
0.0015434704255312681,
0.051481377333402634,
0.0017230554949492216,
-0.02347686141729355,
-0.021430259570479393,
-0.01641710288822651,
0.0013918470358476043,
-0.014954800717532635,
-0.02896592952311039,
0.011707748286426067,
-0.06779118627309799,
-0.001122904708608985,
-0.016947826370596886,
0.092151939868927,
0.035629093647003174,
0.02642146684229374,
0.05191508308053017,
0.011083902791142464,
-0.02359333075582981,
-0.034313809126615524,
-0.14241263270378113,
-0.03650054335594177,
-0.022176671773195267,
0.04422829672694206,
-0.0028422933537513018,
0.03366396948695183,
-0.012748491019010544,
0.011794283986091614,
0.0004726620973087847,
-0.012891322374343872,
0.02324441820383072,
0.01714586466550827,
-0.0010791935492306948,
0.00006830001075286418,
-0.03265928477048874,
0.011307070031762123,
0.040815044194459915,
0.014179449528455734,
-0.013759075663983822,
-0.0216462854295969,
-0.053063780069351196,
-0.03301260992884636,
-0.006430508103221655,
-0.020292062312364578,
0.004034079611301422,
0.0524902306497097,
0.002252577105537057,
0.03288985416293144,
0.04373784363269806,
0.0026855873875319958,
0.07664370536804199,
0.045927371829748154,
-0.005267289932817221,
-0.008862548507750034,
0.01749506965279579,
-0.01887894980609417,
0.008566245436668396,
-0.011553101241588593,
-0.022777870297431946,
0.016470665112137794,
0.010205352678894997,
0.009750688448548317,
-0.03355808183550835,
-0.2729710042476654,
-0.016774261370301247,
0.04731791093945503,
-0.01601971872150898,
0.040459539741277695,
0.01193251833319664,
0.04241553321480751,
-0.04451474919915199,
-0.028567109256982803,
0.014440874569118023,
0.008488478139042854,
0.04776157811284065,
-0.009738833643496037,
0.0731319934129715,
0.04755183681845665,
-0.005662461277097464,
-0.0042182146571576595,
-0.015123540535569191,
0.02329432964324951,
0.0442717969417572,
0.005229835864156485,
-0.08364424854516983,
-0.028633704409003258,
0.04751762002706528,
-0.01904606632888317,
0.04367343336343765,
-0.060111839324235916,
0.007441167254000902,
-0.03358291834592819,
-0.01013606321066618,
-0.012811906635761261,
-0.041950322687625885,
0.016118431463837624,
0.0454314686357975,
0.01887114718556404,
0.013657854869961739,
0.013806553557515144,
0.015962479636073112,
0.010991066694259644,
0.004468894563615322,
-0.004484883975237608,
-0.03755930811166763,
-0.009450627490878105,
-0.01634734869003296,
0.06799028813838959,
0.027731861919164658,
-0.017728637903928757,
0.022991392761468887,
-0.03139273077249527,
0.014648374170064926,
-0.0030942976009100676,
-0.04106055200099945,
-0.019222067669034004,
0.009346779435873032,
-0.02352813631296158,
-0.01648438163101673,
0.022202735766768456,
0.012898833490908146,
0.005460205487906933,
-0.013568921945989132,
0.0008781036012805998,
-0.0496550127863884,
-0.01887030526995659,
-0.03737946227192879,
-0.009165171533823013,
-0.029489008709788322,
-0.06542797386646271,
-0.04429888352751732,
0.04263163357973099,
0.048927564173936844,
0.0244166050106287,
-0.01174937840551138,
-0.038569770753383636,
-0.10817316174507141,
0.020385460928082466,
0.015398806892335415,
-0.010607242584228516,
-0.03309640288352966,
0.014374645426869392,
0.021449152380228043,
-0.026213068515062332,
-0.02753058634698391,
0.013703468255698681,
0.024802125990390778,
0.01117249671369791,
-0.017558585852384567,
-0.004535737447440624,
0.0008830616716295481,
-0.0325261615216732,
-0.0047311196103692055,
0.023527005687355995,
0.00763586675748229,
0.04926163703203201,
-0.020187756046652794,
0.030434230342507362,
0.062104012817144394,
0.03183915093541145,
0.06239459663629532,
0.044056374579668045,
-0.007498093880712986,
0.014762160368263721,
-0.07096933573484421,
-0.014486828818917274,
-0.025749102234840393,
-0.0278831347823143,
0.013060816563665867,
-0.07407071441411972,
-0.0035350110847502947,
0.04755392670631409,
0.03264418616890907,
-0.012232375331223011,
-0.019165944308042526,
0.008717312477529049,
-0.046282120048999786,
0.0307511817663908,
-0.0009629572159610689,
0.0018950988305732608,
0.037434980273246765,
0.04296817258000374,
-0.0147963622584939,
-0.031990885734558105,
0.01823149435222149,
0.00036219434696249664,
0.013276682235300541,
0.02155783213675022,
-0.011685237288475037,
-0.011739503592252731,
-0.02437583915889263,
0.009155192412436008,
0.015124598518013954,
0.01621301658451557,
0.017942897975444794,
0.0020927656441926956,
0.05683981627225876,
0.03577407822012901,
-0.018757715821266174,
-0.016747508198022842,
-0.009823319502174854,
0.02549012005329132,
-0.020052889361977577,
0.05110470578074455,
-0.027949919924139977,
0.02242925576865673,
0.01078838761895895,
-0.004028300754725933,
0.019651958718895912,
0.013963712379336357,
-0.023891430348157883,
-0.035065483301877975,
0.000023178714400273748,
0.06016562134027481,
-0.032567232847213745,
-0.06159044802188873,
-0.01782219298183918,
-0.02998182363808155,
0.0015325951389968395,
0.03510614112019539,
0.003316641552373767,
0.04824104905128479,
-0.0757826566696167,
0.050378501415252686,
-0.01644301414489746,
0.010352947749197483,
-0.0052594528533518314,
0.002210422186180949,
0.07478830218315125,
-0.0216873399913311,
-0.01944841630756855,
0.017694899812340736,
-0.012298672460019588,
0.004349138587713242,
-0.01621565967798233,
-0.029340354725718498,
-0.016056455671787262,
-0.01754603162407875,
-0.010419576428830624,
-0.008312675170600414,
-0.03124351240694523,
-0.030888264998793602,
0.05598731338977814,
0.01871088147163391,
-0.02664920501410961,
0.001680709538049996,
-0.0014692971017211676,
0.0818508118391037,
0.01530298963189125,
0.0034317472018301487,
-0.014367418363690376,
0.011679201386868954,
0.03676069527864456,
0.005913929548114538,
0.03108518198132515,
-0.028406135737895966,
-0.05198827385902405,
-0.04062546044588089,
-0.034515414386987686,
0.002514882246032357,
0.02383381687104702,
-0.026956336572766304,
-0.044435955584049225,
-0.010860598646104336,
0.02704937569797039,
-0.030170604586601257,
0.0023902759421616793,
0.05289947986602783,
-0.07189027965068817,
-0.024269811809062958,
0.037629611790180206,
-0.049073558300733566,
0.022101452574133873,
-0.031046291813254356,
-0.00544689642265439,
-0.03360734507441521,
-0.0074166543781757355,
0.004804556258022785,
0.014017184264957905,
-0.011976556852459908,
-0.0433967225253582,
-0.005673804320394993,
0.01678534597158432,
-0.02555019035935402,
-0.0033916719257831573,
-0.019021332263946533,
-0.03720758482813835,
0.007680410053580999,
0.0212477408349514,
-0.012629372999072075,
0.019065799191594124,
0.0027848631143569946,
-0.008819397538900375,
0.027961913496255875,
-0.03891991823911667,
-0.03218594938516617,
0.04255363717675209,
-0.02067779004573822,
-0.029763957485556602,
-0.03194524347782135,
0.022118883207440376,
0.007375773973762989,
0.01153545267879963,
0.015568478032946587,
0.008046482689678669,
-0.019422845914959908,
-0.0005722378846257925,
0.015604314394295216,
0.03851180896162987,
0.020672401413321495,
0.025422455742955208,
0.035029396414756775,
-0.011328617110848427,
0.03033614531159401,
0.02302056923508644,
-0.03128659352660179,
0.018655728548765182,
0.04497415944933891,
0.015033557079732418,
-0.028309505432844162,
-0.08450012654066086,
-0.011641298420727253,
-0.023244565352797508,
-0.014202011749148369,
0.013226603157818317,
-0.018682703375816345,
0.049808621406555176,
-0.000014264018318499438,
0.029819749295711517,
0.0014456373173743486,
-0.0073565831407904625,
0.03566848859190941,
-0.06394629925489426,
0.039488717913627625,
-0.025140905752778053,
0.005585686769336462,
0.03145819157361984,
-0.06694703549146652,
0.02773035690188408,
0.012864342890679836,
-0.02235601283609867,
0.0718749389052391,
-0.048637960106134415,
-0.03324111923575401,
0.042868781834840775,
-0.030961157754063606,
-0.027999451383948326,
0.014352202415466309,
-0.04361647367477417,
-0.028167972341179848,
-0.047670070081949234,
-0.011832782998681068,
0.003821495920419693,
0.016979902982711792,
0.05030766874551773,
-0.0014681279426440597,
0.04040035605430603,
-0.013835038989782333,
0.03420288488268852,
0.007603130303323269,
0.053598836064338684,
0.006920075975358486,
-0.00336499628610909,
-0.05467258393764496,
0.05586034059524536,
0.025713903829455376,
-0.00031718320678919554,
-0.012789986096322536,
-0.007196606602519751,
0.010640781372785568,
-0.05734909698367119,
0.0038146169390529394,
0.007525529712438583,
0.0170699842274189,
-0.09168980270624161,
0.050771620124578476,
0.035199716687202454,
-0.045824091881513596,
-0.0014129512710496783,
0.024466801434755325,
-0.049323368817567825,
0.013004316948354244,
0.0015895827673375607,
-0.019087856635451317,
-0.01010192558169365,
0.07071493566036224,
0.031297724694013596,
0.039951615035533905,
0.07724814862012863,
0.025092819705605507,
-0.008130851201713085,
0.010968254879117012,
0.06582971662282944,
0.07726834714412689,
0.04355764389038086,
0.021766943857073784,
0.06931306421756744,
-0.033602237701416016,
-0.041247110813856125,
0.048420630395412445,
0.017327386885881424,
-0.04535190388560295,
-0.025127539411187172,
-0.002653268398717046,
0.08749552071094513,
0.026998063549399376,
0.07370156049728394,
-0.02983563207089901,
-0.011349384672939777,
0.030831987038254738,
0.011957370676100254,
-0.01597219705581665,
0.024527432397007942,
0.02914332039654255,
0.0221096184104681,
-0.019928036257624626,
-0.037183843553066254,
-0.008091370575129986,
-0.03331134840846062,
0.035728391259908676,
0.033916715532541275,
-0.02102973498404026,
0.008713812567293644,
-0.017740100622177124,
0.041550036519765854,
0.08759590238332748,
-0.0033570320811122656,
-0.018811674788594246,
-0.0064240312203764915,
0.008372949436306953,
0.012549134902656078,
0.030506474897265434,
0.016877051442861557,
0.012379107065498829,
0.0026827093679457903,
-0.020770668983459473,
0.033332981169223785,
0.024425124749541283,
-0.013764524832367897,
0.01557105965912342,
-0.0484783835709095,
-0.006346539128571749,
0.0028969196137040854,
0.034687869250774384,
-0.02728704735636711,
-0.050549402832984924,
-0.004729096312075853,
-0.06475044786930084,
-0.0747506245970726,
-0.04643424227833748,
0.03859368711709976,
-0.019858215004205704,
-0.02360396273434162,
0.016206126660108566,
0.007673145271837711,
0.02159600518643856,
0.029317505657672882,
-0.01642943173646927,
-0.04282583296298981,
0.02422708086669445,
-0.01574360765516758,
0.028141431510448456,
0.02603565901517868,
0.041430458426475525,
-0.026620741933584213,
-0.029657602310180664,
0.057792942970991135,
-0.02070820890367031,
0.024906430393457413,
-0.01901320368051529,
-0.04189909249544144,
-0.10760804265737534,
0.020058969035744667,
0.0013360370649024844,
-0.0471721850335598,
-0.10209129005670547,
0.0360645055770874,
-0.02191554754972458,
0.027237627655267715,
0.050098635256290436,
-0.015967916697263718,
0.002338960999622941,
-0.04000234231352806,
-0.022969834506511688,
-0.021349461749196053,
0.02971639297902584,
0.04841380566358566,
-0.025337085127830505,
0.06475723534822464,
0.038900040090084076,
-0.0026097269728779793,
-0.018620893359184265,
0.01394788920879364,
-0.016205590218305588,
-0.009398397989571095,
-0.013052811846137047,
-0.04309677332639694,
-0.0315859392285347,
-0.11425468325614929,
-0.026390844956040382,
0.04438164085149765,
0.001246239640749991,
-0.044973041862249374,
-0.0038932168390601873,
0.005267501808702946,
0.000957735872361809,
-0.030580345541238785,
-0.013226601295173168,
-0.02430027723312378,
-0.026084380224347115,
-0.04284661263227463,
-0.0902523323893547,
0.003561333054676652,
-0.03177274018526077,
0.02449318952858448,
-0.060472939163446426,
-0.033950965851545334,
-0.0174376480281353,
-0.0032587323803454638,
-0.001642545685172081,
0.015158000402152538,
-0.004650554619729519,
0.006090638693422079
] |
3,455
|
Learning vector fields of differential equations on manifolds with geometrically constrained operator-valued kernels
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=OwpLQrpdwE
|
[
"Daning Huang",
"Hanyang He",
"John Harlim",
"Yan Li"
] |
Spotlight
|
We address the problem of learning ordinary differential equations (ODEs) on manifolds. Existing machine learning methods, particularly those using neural networks, often struggle with high computational demands. To overcome this issue, we introduce a geometrically constrained operator-valued kernel that allows us to represent vector fields on tangent bundles of smooth manifolds. The construction of the kernel imposes the geometric constraints that are estimated from the data and ensures the computational feasibility for learning high dimensional systems of ODEs. Once the vector fields are estimated, e.g., by the kernel ridge regression, we need an ODE solver that guarantees the solution to stay on (or close to) the manifold. To overcome this issue, we propose a geometry-preserving ODE solver that approximates the exponential maps corresponding to the ODE solutions. We deduce a theoretical error bound for the proposed solver that guarantees the approximate solutions to lie on the manifold in the limit of large data. We verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach on high-dimensional dynamical systems, including the cavity flow problem, the beating and travelling waves in Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equations, and the reaction-diffusion dynamics.
|
Dynamics on manifolds, Operator-valued kernel, Geometry-preserving time integration, Ordinary differential equations
|
We present a geometrically constrained kernel and a geometry-preserving ODE solver for learning ODEs on manifolds, improving computational efficiency and long-term prediction accuracy in high-dimensional systems.
| 8,739
| null |
[
-0.06486060470342636,
-0.027417203411459923,
0.024877846240997314,
0.05187119543552399,
0.006903538946062326,
0.03368360921740532,
0.019769584760069847,
-0.004274953622370958,
-0.015703149139881134,
-0.05151348188519478,
0.0012566272635012865,
0.0036135315895080566,
-0.07171982526779175,
0.030563870444893837,
0.005776199046522379,
0.05918990448117256,
0.0362795852124691,
-0.022742941975593567,
-0.019826892763376236,
0.054488230496644974,
-0.0111154206097126,
-0.03525437042117119,
0.04758715629577637,
0.019536782056093216,
0.0257286224514246,
-0.012888197787106037,
0.01692633330821991,
0.012523236684501171,
-0.006725223269313574,
0.016409484669566154,
0.007409096695482731,
0.0559079647064209,
-0.020552044734358788,
-0.023455573245882988,
-0.0011746069649234414,
0.022446487098932266,
-0.005147806368768215,
0.0026146129239350557,
-0.0039021456614136696,
0.01375835295766592,
-0.020634964108467102,
0.004248377401381731,
-0.0020308224484324455,
0.01084058452397585,
-0.020670846104621887,
-0.010163603350520134,
-0.09886272996664047,
0.028164325281977654,
0.018400900065898895,
-0.05351441726088524,
-0.08277103304862976,
0.03520534187555313,
0.0028209476731717587,
0.01677439920604229,
-0.022327996790409088,
0.026547817513346672,
0.03360585868358612,
-0.04911681264638901,
-0.018292734399437904,
-0.06552693992853165,
-0.00925147533416748,
0.03228358179330826,
-0.007127866614609957,
-0.00032535436912439764,
-0.00863204337656498,
0.0567229688167572,
-0.008372150361537933,
0.035365987569093704,
-0.0811765119433403,
-0.06448089331388474,
0.0016705247107893229,
0.006409612018615007,
0.011886206455528736,
0.02400556020438671,
0.027939602732658386,
-0.06953368335962296,
0.02399846352636814,
0.018711496144533157,
0.05917731299996376,
0.013302456587553024,
0.017836429178714752,
0.020908480510115623,
-0.009814570657908916,
0.029828310012817383,
-0.0008750376291573048,
-0.006169348489493132,
-0.03927989304065704,
0.0018517066491767764,
-0.04836650192737579,
0.06223373860120773,
-0.012044121511280537,
-0.040249694138765335,
-0.003707124385982752,
0.028444265946745872,
0.029380228370428085,
0.010621542111039162,
0.03261560946702957,
0.0053963069804012775,
0.002259895671159029,
0.0012463799212127924,
-0.024367380887269974,
-0.023345019668340683,
0.007834834977984428,
-0.0047803642228245735,
-0.09361694753170013,
-0.0816878080368042,
-0.023294469341635704,
-0.004615971818566322,
-0.015561476349830627,
-0.007926249876618385,
-0.06528103351593018,
0.0017876368947327137,
-0.0011674078414216638,
-0.02068004012107849,
-0.08740632236003876,
0.024721521884202957,
0.01478691678494215,
0.021246615797281265,
0.02153077907860279,
0.004225569311529398,
0.0395357646048069,
0.03698952868580818,
-0.02657569944858551,
0.047521770000457764,
0.026059962809085846,
0.05062653869390488,
0.0197635218501091,
0.012061291374266148,
-0.030220843851566315,
-0.061264391988515854,
0.030070392414927483,
0.03562266007065773,
0.038337428122758865,
0.00354065652936697,
0.02488003298640251,
-0.012192470952868462,
0.030273281037807465,
0.03128843009471893,
-0.0029384621884673834,
0.00682725477963686,
0.01490981038659811,
-0.020109184086322784,
0.014840737916529179,
-0.039258018136024475,
0.05871576443314552,
-0.04620032757520676,
0.01874842680990696,
-0.04268742352724075,
-0.021757232025265694,
-0.02466912940144539,
-0.006230154540389776,
0.013231437653303146,
-0.00912579894065857,
-0.05939684063196182,
-0.00014505459694191813,
-0.002121936995536089,
-0.0012679736828431487,
0.03247502073645592,
0.005486539099365473,
0.0037049176171422005,
0.03364056348800659,
0.0171344093978405,
-0.005706737749278545,
0.007959878072142601,
-0.007887134328484535,
-0.06876566261053085,
0.0815609022974968,
0.048308227211236954,
-0.02110469713807106,
-0.03138929232954979,
-0.02388317696750164,
-0.05044377222657204,
0.05838288739323616,
-0.010235735215246677,
0.02724224328994751,
-0.03624853491783142,
0.05715516582131386,
-0.022315114736557007,
0.04544762149453163,
-0.0021144463680684566,
-0.08574268966913223,
0.025587406009435654,
-0.013682270422577858,
-0.027199963107705116,
0.008778799325227737,
-0.031206220388412476,
0.08696289360523224,
-0.018374629318714142,
0.009716847911477089,
0.03478553146123886,
-0.07864465564489365,
-0.004310429096221924,
0.028369953855872154,
-0.012868097051978111,
0.059909671545028687,
0.028283175081014633,
-0.0253902580589056,
0.027971096336841583,
-0.012120803818106651,
0.07441015541553497,
0.02726675383746624,
-0.018750257790088654,
0.04413701221346855,
-0.0015856315148994327,
-0.014601144939661026,
-0.04795466735959053,
0.054954007267951965,
-0.07488752156496048,
-0.008164085447788239,
0.01810508221387863,
-0.03279591351747513,
-0.02981056086719036,
-0.005975331645458937,
-0.02541157230734825,
0.03296160697937012,
0.0009684613323770463,
-0.04099870100617409,
0.011012556031346321,
0.039271723479032516,
-0.05103470757603645,
0.009024865925312042,
0.028451213613152504,
-0.03034265898168087,
0.021236073225736618,
0.019265832379460335,
0.11468303948640823,
0.10694815963506699,
-0.007145775947719812,
-0.013530700467526913,
-0.01174085307866335,
0.04025628790259361,
-0.022386295720934868,
0.02361798845231533,
-0.010604253038764,
0.002394265029579401,
0.020051807165145874,
-0.00512102572247386,
-0.02703779935836792,
0.0737207755446434,
-0.03596974536776543,
-0.010456114076077938,
0.07316813617944717,
-0.022304266691207886,
0.06518285721540451,
0.009283896535634995,
0.015725480392575264,
0.06768355518579483,
-0.0035425592213869095,
-0.04116719588637352,
-0.025312654674053192,
-0.03253061696887016,
0.017897943034768105,
-0.01426769234240055,
-0.040603961795568466,
0.047045838087797165,
-0.05324361100792885,
-0.023540668189525604,
0.005423109978437424,
0.06523159146308899,
0.05684490501880646,
0.017621828243136406,
-0.017199572175741196,
0.005073235370218754,
-0.04036440700292587,
-0.02816501259803772,
-0.12061403691768646,
-0.025684811174869537,
0.006661389023065567,
0.037874046713113785,
0.010253658518195152,
0.03954891487956047,
-0.01377849280834198,
0.03595159202814102,
-0.029607519507408142,
-0.04530861973762512,
0.015740977600216866,
0.022834545001387596,
-0.011031091213226318,
-0.06986893713474274,
-0.036865077912807465,
0.055944785475730896,
0.06994172185659409,
-0.015994666144251823,
-0.04584544152021408,
-0.010876978747546673,
-0.03725965693593025,
-0.019292261451482773,
-0.017174353823065758,
-0.007189365569502115,
-0.006472430657595396,
-0.012730388902127743,
-0.013041208498179913,
-0.04059164598584175,
0.0278276689350605,
0.02216947451233864,
0.056741680949926376,
0.025488577783107758,
0.0120634064078331,
-0.019061170518398285,
-0.005607244558632374,
-0.0129415737465024,
0.043779294937849045,
-0.009370304644107819,
0.02676423452794552,
-0.027810201048851013,
0.017539070919156075,
0.006128139328211546,
0.010642904788255692,
-0.2619563639163971,
-0.035395074635744095,
0.0036755285691469908,
-0.012148171663284302,
0.05465194210410118,
0.03532692790031433,
0.046124037355184555,
-0.032090190798044205,
-0.0474107563495636,
-0.008051848970353603,
-0.03136838600039482,
0.016023706644773483,
-0.0155081357806921,
0.07577750086784363,
0.024507706984877586,
0.0024369964376091957,
0.0013298916164785624,
-0.014186812564730644,
-0.007467303890734911,
0.011650455184280872,
-0.04304325580596924,
-0.07896678149700165,
-0.048845887184143066,
0.039692219346761703,
-0.024889109656214714,
0.008735495619475842,
-0.020866217091679573,
-0.00034826857154257596,
-0.05701339244842529,
0.014009823091328144,
-0.04040978476405144,
-0.012308639474213123,
0.005986386444419622,
0.052338533103466034,
0.005157951265573502,
-0.005137736443430185,
-0.010268494486808777,
-0.016171999275684357,
0.033248405903577805,
0.024376457557082176,
-0.01547134667634964,
0.01648479327559471,
-0.03370848670601845,
0.0022142832167446613,
0.04319501668214798,
-0.0050099859945476055,
-0.000005962003797321813,
0.006832294166088104,
-0.026733938604593277,
0.055335111916065216,
-0.010155685245990753,
-0.05861087515950203,
0.03366810083389282,
-0.013562609441578388,
-0.00871359184384346,
-0.020617570728063583,
-0.010078703053295612,
-0.005911918822675943,
0.0014138736296445131,
0.03035622090101242,
-0.00828478205949068,
-0.03934274613857269,
-0.027283888310194016,
-0.04166099801659584,
-0.02095886506140232,
-0.04138810560107231,
-0.07264842092990875,
-0.06292874366044998,
0.02582712657749653,
0.051886241883039474,
0.006982904393225908,
0.036258723586797714,
-0.0678194984793663,
-0.09954089671373367,
0.023112235590815544,
0.016517048701643944,
0.019135747104883194,
-0.046605728566646576,
0.04215265437960625,
0.03584883362054825,
-0.05507289245724678,
-0.05914740264415741,
0.016813913360238075,
0.04060877487063408,
-0.007093160878866911,
-0.01731683500111103,
0.016822446137666702,
-0.04292863979935646,
-0.0006715741474181414,
-0.03664049506187439,
0.00450189458206296,
-0.013361096382141113,
0.051238320767879486,
-0.013412521220743656,
0.04248009994626045,
0.03249306231737137,
-0.012451746501028538,
0.02807968482375145,
0.016266973689198494,
-0.02551034465432167,
0.0444832481443882,
-0.09452900290489197,
-0.02129090577363968,
-0.03191930428147316,
-0.0018761123064905405,
0.012907905504107475,
-0.05907636135816574,
0.0036943869199603796,
0.02854943461716175,
0.010958869010210037,
-0.0003022412129212171,
-0.048892706632614136,
0.005155984777957201,
-0.010553420521318913,
-0.021220769733190536,
-0.02761400118470192,
0.011854343116283417,
0.05880039185285568,
0.03853132203221321,
-0.00010404775821371004,
-0.024807283654808998,
0.04185992479324341,
-0.01575264148414135,
0.011869199573993683,
-0.012094547040760517,
0.023225948214530945,
0.023825036361813545,
-0.009640436619520187,
-0.008774383924901485,
-0.0012803029967471957,
0.03303723409771919,
0.05818276107311249,
0.009100756607949734,
0.007954510860145092,
0.044719524681568146,
0.018626278266310692,
-0.020048534497618675,
-0.020463868975639343,
0.008724980987608433,
0.012406130321323872,
0.04256802424788475,
0.012053963728249073,
0.03798665106296539,
-0.018604910001158714,
0.03583330661058426,
0.03096337802708149,
-0.01475702878087759,
-0.004532319493591785,
-0.0029429872520267963,
-0.020846908912062645,
0.02254490554332733,
-0.02071452885866165,
-0.0333101749420166,
-0.04270317777991295,
0.019044721499085426,
-0.0005240376922301948,
0.05868158116936684,
-0.003292932640761137,
0.008921152912080288,
-0.04057950899004936,
0.044719088822603226,
0.03512120246887207,
-0.04759626090526581,
0.005883096717298031,
-0.0011201477609574795,
0.07596130669116974,
-0.03337244316935539,
-0.0060850647278130054,
0.023609532043337822,
-0.0009284592233598232,
0.01839282363653183,
-0.014033244922757149,
-0.030633414164185524,
-0.043532323092222214,
-0.031766410917043686,
0.0004658107354771346,
-0.00591962318867445,
-0.027469880878925323,
-0.028620364144444466,
-0.007728108670562506,
0.037695325911045074,
-0.014474229887127876,
-0.020276067778468132,
0.050080008804798126,
0.07052930444478989,
0.013645931147038937,
-0.00614124583080411,
-0.03037043660879135,
-0.053777121007442474,
0.04124106094241142,
-0.0040923310443758965,
0.014831170439720154,
-0.06235639750957489,
-0.033368900418281555,
-0.010428066365420818,
-0.04988037794828415,
0.024692941457033157,
0.02733900584280491,
-0.02596358209848404,
0.002407032996416092,
-0.0003187508846167475,
0.02368783950805664,
-0.030075373128056526,
0.04479816183447838,
0.038764793425798416,
-0.056454721838235855,
0.007170890457928181,
0.04233822226524353,
-0.0214812234044075,
0.016105109825730324,
-0.032245270907878876,
-0.044497523456811905,
-0.04293517768383026,
-0.014800623059272766,
0.002909877337515354,
-0.003318940522149205,
0.0023039989173412323,
-0.026142723858356476,
0.02067836932837963,
0.01219861302524805,
0.01538765151053667,
0.030803222209215164,
-0.017320096492767334,
-0.034045178443193436,
-0.017343005165457726,
0.044155389070510864,
-0.013735965825617313,
-0.013423420488834381,
-0.014754952862858772,
-0.03780478239059448,
0.0031902857590466738,
-0.04023061692714691,
-0.018052704632282257,
0.042021989822387695,
0.014291748404502869,
-0.0012856678804382682,
-0.05409962311387062,
0.03176288679242134,
-0.011693423613905907,
-0.01865971088409424,
0.0010421653278172016,
0.006768515333533287,
-0.013704828917980194,
0.012349418364465237,
-0.006197810173034668,
0.05694011226296425,
0.03937216103076935,
-0.01625535637140274,
-0.0021243570372462273,
0.02133443020284176,
0.01815183088183403,
0.010154484771192074,
-0.047584086656570435,
-0.009212760254740715,
0.055880144238471985,
-0.007208768744021654,
-0.029075877740979195,
-0.07675686478614807,
0.01586097851395607,
0.020870836451649666,
-0.03799530863761902,
0.023271728307008743,
-0.03150933235883713,
0.04470544308423996,
0.031001096591353416,
0.049358438700437546,
0.009977908805012703,
-0.015550580807030201,
0.08750049769878387,
-0.06113603338599205,
-0.015987329185009003,
-0.03940515220165253,
-0.00253616226837039,
0.03498651832342148,
0.0071087004616856575,
0.02097216807305813,
0.020054424181580544,
-0.016267016530036926,
0.052374254912137985,
-0.019116200506687164,
-0.08434227854013443,
-0.0024561372119933367,
-0.020134707912802696,
-0.026343107223510742,
0.033786091953516006,
-0.040155377238988876,
-0.004548116121441126,
0.01266618724912405,
-0.052381545305252075,
-0.005155168939381838,
0.027401484549045563,
0.03147944062948227,
-0.039104871451854706,
0.00768649997189641,
-0.03949040547013283,
0.000885218963958323,
0.021716106683015823,
0.05604766681790352,
-0.01505375374108553,
-0.008328829891979694,
-0.04322972521185875,
0.08365549892187119,
0.04353880509734154,
0.001678274478763342,
0.04983599856495857,
0.03602098673582077,
0.013412559404969215,
-0.04911533743143082,
0.00476642232388258,
0.02801489643752575,
0.01428052969276905,
-0.0501580573618412,
0.014513585716485977,
0.03874027729034424,
-0.046292711049318314,
-0.021018432453274727,
0.006670593749731779,
-0.032684195786714554,
-0.03359207510948181,
0.020038651302456856,
0.0010647376766428351,
0.025773584842681885,
0.07023529708385468,
0.00914220605045557,
-0.010170896537601948,
0.04813339561223984,
0.0012526304926723242,
-0.01399900484830141,
-0.022858040407299995,
0.08374222368001938,
0.044155944138765335,
0.01484203152358532,
-0.0035249763168394566,
0.0696430653333664,
-0.05371525138616562,
-0.05609896779060364,
0.022050993517041206,
-0.01276079099625349,
-0.011980323120951653,
-0.008872993290424347,
-0.009493155404925346,
0.08037248253822327,
0.05084959790110588,
0.07554949074983597,
-0.04881666600704193,
0.0030247466638684273,
0.033258870244026184,
0.0018815899966284633,
-0.00208323635160923,
0.0016083975788205862,
0.015600254759192467,
0.016454417258501053,
0.003674533683806658,
-0.04979976266622543,
-0.035065341740846634,
-0.024722687900066376,
0.029006637632846832,
0.007264225743710995,
-0.007720666006207466,
-0.014782179147005081,
0.009446512907743454,
0.024405445903539658,
0.09734860062599182,
-0.04070346802473068,
-0.05073939263820648,
-0.013050186447799206,
0.012751508504152298,
-0.004414764698594809,
0.05219853296875954,
0.022899148985743523,
-0.022538380697369576,
-0.005710612051188946,
-0.04946788400411606,
0.022549688816070557,
0.024341564625501633,
-0.04673103615641594,
0.02021176926791668,
-0.03164597600698471,
-0.01656055822968483,
0.023765522986650467,
0.017463376745581627,
0.018942706286907196,
-0.054532166570425034,
-0.026121962815523148,
-0.03581027686595917,
-0.06315114349126816,
-0.061151448637247086,
0.049135513603687286,
0.019801724702119827,
-0.04275042563676834,
0.010695088654756546,
0.006316691637039185,
0.01202589925378561,
0.021507032215595245,
-0.0599532276391983,
-0.003149774856865406,
0.03656761348247528,
0.0077277617529034615,
0.021644797176122665,
0.04094308987259865,
0.046306345611810684,
-0.00017744879005476832,
-0.019212473183870316,
0.04789147153496742,
-0.021189866587519646,
0.04284794628620148,
-0.019670281559228897,
0.024520261213183403,
-0.09965134412050247,
0.013220908120274544,
0.033700328320264816,
-0.027167152613401413,
-0.06621558219194412,
0.048841845244169235,
-0.04478112980723381,
0.01450869720429182,
0.0268720593303442,
-0.019634315744042397,
0.016094999387860298,
-0.0455847904086113,
-0.031692635267972946,
-0.015508663840591908,
-0.003240548074245453,
0.05018613114953041,
-0.003023447934538126,
0.0584692507982254,
0.05102672055363655,
-0.024203697219491005,
-0.014366955496370792,
0.017430642619729042,
-0.013781330548226833,
0.023537689819931984,
-0.03911872208118439,
-0.004734847694635391,
-0.04049074277281761,
-0.09952332824468613,
-0.0383356548845768,
0.04219420999288559,
0.019360458478331566,
-0.023861834779381752,
0.007470425218343735,
0.026409396901726723,
0.007553309202194214,
0.01773567870259285,
-0.008746964856982231,
-0.02683706395328045,
-0.024369213730096817,
0.002090721856802702,
-0.062251560389995575,
0.027559179812669754,
0.012405750341713428,
-0.004273129627108574,
-0.029649382457137108,
-0.025936344638466835,
-0.023841310292482376,
-0.05992388352751732,
-0.00009585865336703137,
-0.006471571978181601,
0.009391635656356812,
0.03466189280152321
] |
3,456
|
Budgeted Online Continual Learning by Adaptive Layer Freezing and Frequency-based Sampling
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=dOAkHmsjRX
|
[
"Minhyuk Seo",
"Hyunseo Koh",
"Jonghyun Choi"
] |
Spotlight
|
The majority of online continual learning (CL) advocates single-epoch training and imposes restrictions on the size of replay memory. However, single-epoch training would incur a different amount of computations per CL algorithm, and the additional storage cost to store logit or model in addition to replay memory is largely ignored in calculating the storage budget. Arguing different computational and storage budgets hinder fair comparison among CL algorithms in practice, we propose to use floating point operations (FLOPs) and total memory size in Byte as a metric for computational and memory budgets, respectively, to compare and develop CL algorithms in the same ‘total resource budget.’ To improve a CL method in a limited total budget, we propose adaptive layer freezing that does not update the layers for less informative batches to reduce computational costs with a negligible loss of accuracy. In addition, we propose a memory retrieval method that allows the model to learn the same amount of knowledge as using random retrieval in fewer iterations. Empirical validations on the CIFAR-10/100, CLEAR-10/100, and ImageNet-1K datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods within the same total budget. Furthermore, we validate its effectiveness in the Multi-modal Concept incremental Learning setup with multimodal large language models, such as LLaVA-1.5-7B. Code is available at https://github.com/snumprlab/budgeted-cl.
|
Continual Learning, Lifelong Learning, Efficient Training, Layer Freezing
| null | 8,656
|
2410.15143
|
[
-0.0034936033189296722,
-0.023716485127806664,
-0.018501421436667442,
0.02614467218518257,
0.050708938390016556,
0.017497578635811806,
0.01367067452520132,
0.036514900624752045,
-0.04661894589662552,
-0.03609490767121315,
-0.007360890507698059,
0.002293884987011552,
-0.06228445842862129,
-0.010898860171437263,
0.00990937277674675,
0.04945692420005798,
0.0507783442735672,
0.023806244134902954,
0.02482760325074196,
0.004369570408016443,
-0.009866860695183277,
-0.00403242651373148,
0.017755765467882156,
0.02816236950457096,
-0.017876630648970604,
0.00747702969238162,
0.022940492257475853,
0.021711548790335655,
-0.024370292201638222,
0.002738706301897764,
0.017820676788687706,
0.007742438931018114,
0.01921955496072769,
0.020572997629642487,
0.031843557953834534,
-0.011868398636579514,
-0.029912590980529785,
-0.018109584227204323,
0.011048671789467335,
-0.0031768749468028545,
-0.022053424268960953,
0.004833016078919172,
0.023813802748918533,
-0.009294120594859123,
-0.06501851975917816,
0.01016720850020647,
-0.0677223801612854,
0.013271343894302845,
0.02067342959344387,
-0.050062406808137894,
-0.12578541040420532,
0.025184882804751396,
0.025049490854144096,
-0.04389920085668564,
-0.016978375613689423,
0.03975486010313034,
0.015552835538983345,
-0.08418288081884384,
-0.02763933688402176,
-0.034198321402072906,
-0.017378930002450943,
-0.012077811174094677,
0.04236993566155434,
0.02585894986987114,
-0.0400739461183548,
-0.028838839381933212,
0.043099477887153625,
0.04259133338928223,
-0.048941608518362045,
-0.018965259194374084,
-0.04562981426715851,
0.0029820010531693697,
-0.005226545967161655,
0.03806883841753006,
0.004705500323325396,
-0.03340543434023857,
0.01979304663836956,
0.031321942806243896,
0.09870435297489166,
0.01178237795829773,
-0.0019266597228124738,
0.011094478890299797,
0.0317845456302166,
0.03243609890341759,
0.04957318305969238,
0.010031997226178646,
-0.05377747118473053,
-0.04497074708342552,
-0.11035637557506561,
0.03896166384220123,
-0.03417688608169556,
-0.039130229502916336,
0.037907373160123825,
0.03916498273611069,
-0.005297674331814051,
-0.0074108256958425045,
0.014441733248531818,
0.0018728537252172828,
0.026936400681734085,
0.011538911610841751,
-0.017781320959329605,
-0.01744993031024933,
0.026683686301112175,
0.00438518775627017,
-0.10835494101047516,
0.005341473501175642,
-0.023201346397399902,
-0.031062863767147064,
-0.012381807900965214,
0.008339138701558113,
-0.049210142344236374,
-0.01010691188275814,
0.00823189876973629,
-0.01813639886677265,
-0.07446780800819397,
0.004961114376783371,
-0.02105543203651905,
0.028027912601828575,
-0.05401057004928589,
0.00515672005712986,
0.0380319245159626,
0.05426233261823654,
-0.007829681038856506,
0.055586230009794235,
-0.0017538146348670125,
0.00026961183175444603,
0.02122967690229416,
0.026607193052768707,
-0.047854918986558914,
-0.04453735426068306,
0.012201713398098946,
0.0040233866311609745,
-0.009027872234582901,
0.009974363259971142,
0.010241253301501274,
-0.0010543132666498423,
-0.012459814548492432,
-0.00020570875494740903,
0.07004312425851822,
0.024097157642245293,
0.006637456826865673,
-0.015362399630248547,
0.06988368928432465,
-0.01355798915028572,
0.08069922029972076,
0.005680837668478489,
-0.0013547887792810798,
-0.04403901472687721,
-0.014610976912081242,
-0.02311651222407818,
0.020771974697709084,
0.0024151636753231287,
-0.0021485458128154278,
-0.08589836210012436,
0.028296712785959244,
0.04616203159093857,
0.0041806576773524284,
0.0034090611152350903,
0.014042798429727554,
0.015587901696562767,
0.024957899004220963,
-0.007963520474731922,
-0.05508626997470856,
0.013920068740844727,
-0.011411757208406925,
-0.07812703400850296,
0.026536166667938232,
0.03816159442067146,
-0.050171930342912674,
0.01387627050280571,
-0.03390441834926605,
-0.01348240114748478,
0.05674320086836815,
-0.013340816833078861,
-0.04405340924859047,
0.01711798645555973,
0.04478483647108078,
0.025917930528521538,
0.04937698692083359,
-0.009670195169746876,
-0.08006998151540756,
0.013892429880797863,
0.029093952849507332,
0.013040749356150627,
-0.0389309786260128,
-0.02434537373483181,
0.07344511151313782,
-0.03211482986807823,
0.027326680719852448,
0.008613264188170433,
-0.06482220441102982,
0.00033774456824176013,
0.018940947949886322,
0.005602948367595673,
0.06466466188430786,
0.019296079874038696,
-0.0016595900524407625,
0.012581049464643002,
0.05637994781136513,
0.050548844039440155,
0.07323839515447617,
-0.005881800781935453,
0.04747017100453377,
-0.010824715718626976,
-0.02290162444114685,
0.02403397299349308,
0.0075954897329211235,
-0.06954053044319153,
-0.033315565437078476,
0.027898939326405525,
-0.002869319636374712,
0.029302775859832764,
0.029019778594374657,
0.03124900348484516,
-0.005234227981418371,
-0.006322201807051897,
-0.01843991130590439,
0.012147882953286171,
0.04072172939777374,
-0.06410720199346542,
0.012018997222185135,
0.009105779230594635,
-0.009145134128630161,
0.014959925785660744,
-0.04800121486186981,
0.081189826130867,
0.0420265793800354,
-0.05493367090821266,
-0.005223967134952545,
-0.0028515635058283806,
0.0024871728383004665,
-0.0013984163524582982,
-0.02591104619204998,
-0.04178305342793465,
0.017456715926527977,
-0.0067076669074594975,
0.000031811217922950163,
-0.02458883263170719,
0.04677261412143707,
-0.02567109279334545,
-0.056027818471193314,
0.07248549163341522,
0.009289938025176525,
0.04385988414287567,
0.012393655255436897,
0.010142252780497074,
0.01733320951461792,
0.023108137771487236,
-0.014288632199168205,
-0.012605248019099236,
-0.03569728881120682,
-0.009150873869657516,
-0.03169236332178116,
-0.03704720735549927,
-0.02454928308725357,
-0.07694539427757263,
-0.01659075729548931,
-0.020830929279327393,
0.04913029819726944,
0.05742799490690231,
0.02750513330101967,
0.06097745895385742,
0.01881161890923977,
-0.014917733147740364,
-0.016238126903772354,
-0.11730975657701492,
-0.051326971501111984,
-0.02518269419670105,
0.04535646736621857,
-0.015146947465837002,
0.03727639839053154,
0.014745285734534264,
0.045319098979234695,
0.014662538655102253,
-0.039200786501169205,
-0.01673419587314129,
0.01817859522998333,
0.012103451415896416,
-0.04683522507548332,
-0.024495398625731468,
0.010528916493058205,
0.057781051844358444,
-0.01537653710693121,
-0.009533349424600601,
-0.04302598163485527,
-0.04384177178144455,
-0.012564525008201599,
-0.04309023544192314,
-0.011981913819909096,
0.019431062042713165,
0.030735520645976067,
0.039617955684661865,
-0.04104894772171974,
0.006664596032351255,
0.06262807548046112,
0.05165945366024971,
0.040640342980623245,
0.01334228552877903,
-0.04831089824438095,
0.01750347949564457,
-0.03018513321876526,
-0.012893706560134888,
0.004182149656116962,
0.027944354340434074,
-0.019018538296222687,
-0.03716554865241051,
0.020803535357117653,
-0.030386347323656082,
-0.2674153447151184,
-0.02099611982703209,
0.01101420633494854,
-0.004559097811579704,
0.036689382046461105,
-0.018053261563181877,
0.02435709722340107,
-0.03632635250687599,
-0.0012699378421530128,
0.020222313702106476,
0.01424920093268156,
0.05224136635661125,
0.011946373619139194,
0.07223131507635117,
0.03525467962026596,
0.02337384782731533,
0.033553626388311386,
-0.007706520613282919,
-0.008794140070676804,
0.019108902662992477,
-0.004023505374789238,
-0.09507815539836884,
0.008372996933758259,
0.061347346752882004,
-0.02223140187561512,
0.07333487272262573,
-0.07953545451164246,
-0.0006632009171880782,
-0.03972720354795456,
-0.010357983410358429,
-0.04898853227496147,
-0.042714186012744904,
0.0007879362092353404,
0.03481283783912659,
0.014665409922599792,
0.019292103126645088,
0.03165390342473984,
-0.002892937744036317,
0.008613383397459984,
-0.014940544962882996,
-0.006554028019309044,
-0.027201825752854347,
-0.019807307049632072,
0.03645879402756691,
0.06224196404218674,
0.04079220071434975,
-0.08147913962602615,
-0.009403975680470467,
-0.003982343710958958,
0.03456459194421768,
-0.011238430626690388,
-0.04944225028157234,
-0.013001085259020329,
-0.009332063607871532,
0.008218863978981972,
-0.04870174080133438,
0.010770869441330433,
-0.0260760635137558,
0.0024952786043286324,
0.005335402674973011,
0.011944265104830265,
-0.021949248388409615,
-0.02191917598247528,
-0.034052252769470215,
-0.016773149371147156,
-0.04572218284010887,
-0.04261398687958717,
-0.02078796550631523,
0.03915765881538391,
0.05972358584403992,
-0.006504430901259184,
-0.00903935544192791,
0.003358389250934124,
-0.10125333070755005,
0.01304448302835226,
-0.0212518610060215,
-0.02920510806143284,
0.026744863018393517,
0.012927221134305,
0.040099985897541046,
-0.03327678143978119,
-0.03377382084727287,
0.014348327182233334,
0.01006059255450964,
0.0396464578807354,
-0.020040834322571754,
0.038367804139852524,
-0.011590068228542805,
-0.01148537639528513,
-0.020314134657382965,
0.046718958765268326,
0.032343074679374695,
0.026005621999502182,
-0.008015895262360573,
0.06293803453445435,
0.02379242144525051,
0.013032712042331696,
0.05254035070538521,
0.03320770338177681,
-0.004646201618015766,
0.04676439240574837,
-0.052012402564287186,
-0.004650071728974581,
-0.056736018508672714,
-0.05334040895104408,
0.007214929908514023,
-0.06388267129659653,
-0.027602219954133034,
0.04481774568557739,
0.009743385016918182,
-0.058503128588199615,
-0.014647183008491993,
0.009137236513197422,
0.003701895708218217,
-0.02709968201816082,
-0.001870561740361154,
0.010500818490982056,
0.036329541355371475,
0.014274448156356812,
-0.026218583807349205,
-0.05743763595819473,
0.022189125418663025,
0.005753044970333576,
0.021524345502257347,
0.012142060324549675,
-0.00980150606483221,
-0.00892424676567316,
-0.015094857662916183,
-0.03472395986318588,
0.01423646043986082,
0.022049402818083763,
0.01350363902747631,
-0.015286027453839779,
0.01523849368095398,
0.05200883746147156,
0.0004170010215602815,
0.012688427232205868,
0.004577281419187784,
0.02949605882167816,
-0.019406871870160103,
0.01736592687666416,
0.014514228329062462,
0.06266745179891586,
0.030027424916625023,
-0.002024061279371381,
0.05477239936590195,
-0.008052282966673374,
-0.001385144772939384,
0.018952814862132072,
0.01581258699297905,
0.04371482506394386,
-0.07908257842063904,
-0.017191322520375252,
-0.029333999380469322,
0.009252622723579407,
0.006426918786019087,
0.0005708456155844033,
-0.04435168206691742,
0.008369138464331627,
-0.058221422135829926,
0.031356118619441986,
0.01074732281267643,
-0.03731502220034599,
0.013907133601605892,
-0.0049291434697806835,
0.036255888640880585,
-0.008798358961939812,
-0.00398464547470212,
0.024256780743598938,
0.01046214159578085,
0.004607514012604952,
-0.020411541685461998,
-0.019045138731598854,
-0.01840474084019661,
0.0051915631629526615,
-0.028024127706885338,
0.028014367446303368,
-0.004626885522156954,
-0.02434721030294895,
0.049823082983493805,
0.030385414138436317,
0.015885841101408005,
-0.001690058852545917,
0.005162982735782862,
0.08414382487535477,
-0.013878698460757732,
0.023865655064582825,
0.021502185612916946,
-0.03516291081905365,
0.03123050555586815,
0.007135374471545219,
0.011374307796359062,
0.0006403889274224639,
-0.037075530737638474,
-0.02628985047340393,
-0.0273987278342247,
0.027485491707921028,
0.05553516373038292,
-0.035038113594055176,
-0.015682123601436615,
0.0012434084201231599,
-0.010606462135910988,
-0.026778124272823334,
-0.025321749970316887,
0.025157373398542404,
-0.050078582018613815,
-0.01650175452232361,
0.04729030281305313,
0.0036229374818503857,
0.022777920588850975,
-0.0646863579750061,
-0.028828492388129234,
-0.03878604620695114,
-0.04298443719744682,
0.03386809304356575,
-0.029541127383708954,
-0.0046676830388605595,
-0.011471805162727833,
-0.008152447640895844,
-0.017627380788326263,
0.006073771510273218,
0.005179081577807665,
-0.0005488706519827247,
-0.011280409060418606,
-0.01800178922712803,
0.02475927211344242,
-0.01906299963593483,
-0.01007075235247612,
0.0050172023475170135,
-0.038850508630275726,
0.012164865620434284,
-0.061742499470710754,
0.028033645823597908,
0.06154757738113403,
-0.010830744169652462,
-0.015576316975057125,
-0.02506857179105282,
0.09809432178735733,
-0.009187291376292706,
-0.01406398881226778,
-0.002008132403716445,
-0.012585435062646866,
-0.05002281814813614,
-0.012256668880581856,
-0.015683511272072792,
0.04593874514102936,
0.004247854929417372,
0.010910289362072945,
0.02176876738667488,
0.03346366062760353,
0.01838396117091179,
-0.005788728594779968,
-0.04258698597550392,
-0.023127567023038864,
0.04387287795543671,
-0.058651361614465714,
-0.013681640848517418,
-0.07748693972826004,
-0.03426479548215866,
0.04300153627991676,
-0.02071322500705719,
-0.0022112135775387287,
-0.04120417684316635,
0.03189900517463684,
0.030789386481046677,
0.04854597523808479,
0.02863266132771969,
-0.024070749059319496,
0.04387926310300827,
-0.04709159955382347,
0.007332874462008476,
-0.07314798980951309,
-0.02730485424399376,
0.05538724735379219,
-0.011457002721726894,
0.04822593554854393,
-0.00139159569516778,
-0.04071492329239845,
0.06653070449829102,
-0.013618240132927895,
-0.05879156291484833,
-0.0032339247409254313,
-0.042960673570632935,
-0.004222434479743242,
0.0423966720700264,
-0.030614051967859268,
-0.007575213443487883,
-0.005231623072177172,
-0.05324602872133255,
-0.0001109970107791014,
-0.008609333075582981,
0.045931216329336166,
-0.009147906675934792,
0.008127301931381226,
-0.041061513125896454,
0.01822921819984913,
0.008267926052212715,
0.04840722307562828,
0.009642546996474266,
0.04425424337387085,
-0.025261204689741135,
0.07358407974243164,
0.014752493239939213,
0.028878888115286827,
0.04561728239059448,
0.01476492639631033,
-0.020895374938845634,
-0.05657826364040375,
0.04313106834888458,
-0.019593557342886925,
-0.04187336564064026,
-0.04959965869784355,
0.04063950106501579,
0.024749351665377617,
-0.04585939645767212,
-0.025504974648356438,
0.01899738609790802,
-0.07114864140748978,
0.002230866579338908,
-0.007799586281180382,
0.005217051133513451,
-0.03608199954032898,
0.07113144546747208,
0.04893755912780762,
0.034915611147880554,
0.07150653749704361,
-0.0009055500268004835,
-0.03587896749377251,
-0.013220627792179585,
0.059966787695884705,
0.07115370780229568,
0.04162616655230522,
-0.039436038583517075,
0.062619149684906,
-0.024991663172841072,
-0.04103608429431915,
0.016454758122563362,
-0.02591758407652378,
-0.05194832757115364,
-0.045966725796461105,
0.0406528078019619,
0.04153846576809883,
0.011610172688961029,
0.07259951531887054,
-0.07902815192937851,
-0.0022629385348409414,
0.03542264178395271,
-0.0172165185213089,
0.021003451198339462,
0.025913117453455925,
0.052915818989276886,
0.010923879221081734,
-0.041186392307281494,
-0.07019229233264923,
0.004967988934367895,
-0.011858855374157429,
0.011560571379959583,
-0.007943141274154186,
0.005845659412443638,
0.02636936493217945,
-0.009230023249983788,
0.027935875579714775,
0.08312171697616577,
-0.020132286474108696,
-0.04172954335808754,
-0.011340106837451458,
-0.010790932923555374,
0.006585023365914822,
0.04607950150966644,
0.0032664653845131397,
-0.02175251767039299,
0.016072701662778854,
-0.030771682038903236,
0.012717930600047112,
0.019067836925387383,
-0.015453172847628593,
-0.02184721641242504,
-0.037788745015859604,
-0.008598306216299534,
0.015189316123723984,
0.027861464768648148,
-0.06703738868236542,
-0.03277677297592163,
-0.03291022405028343,
-0.02785143442451954,
-0.03504453971982002,
-0.021986298263072968,
0.05248090997338295,
-0.0023009274154901505,
-0.017635483294725418,
0.002618127502501011,
-0.018300242722034454,
-0.0037709262687712908,
0.035646431148052216,
-0.05696791037917137,
-0.026617377996444702,
0.0040572574362158775,
0.00726532656699419,
0.014867397025227547,
0.03769726678729057,
0.040199555456638336,
-0.010643421672284603,
-0.024697624146938324,
0.058902107179164886,
0.007914265617728233,
0.0308530293405056,
-0.007332739420235157,
-0.01555375475436449,
-0.08912429213523865,
0.013119005598127842,
0.040690869092941284,
-0.014550446532666683,
-0.060318540781736374,
0.024106433615088463,
-0.04020790010690689,
0.040451664477586746,
0.07035709917545319,
0.03595881909132004,
0.014232068322598934,
-0.04481257498264313,
-0.010027692653238773,
0.008303900249302387,
0.007532347459346056,
0.06357304751873016,
-0.019438648596405983,
0.05407346785068512,
0.03860395774245262,
-0.02361302450299263,
-0.030952157452702522,
0.011109045706689358,
-0.007644380908459425,
-0.024245232343673706,
-0.021186724305152893,
-0.030904438346624374,
-0.03559558093547821,
-0.06949436664581299,
-0.024546001106500626,
0.03504396975040436,
-0.007673516869544983,
-0.04927394911646843,
0.004039513412863016,
0.019311215728521347,
-0.029839888215065002,
-0.02603796310722828,
-0.0014341163914650679,
-0.01979752629995346,
-0.030471501871943474,
-0.037144213914871216,
-0.057564154267311096,
0.044221457093954086,
-0.014767907559871674,
0.012723165564239025,
-0.025985462591052055,
-0.037042878568172455,
0.01111437939107418,
0.022666828706860542,
0.03374386951327324,
0.02238595485687256,
0.010276369750499725,
-0.01609734259545803
] |
3,457
|
Control-oriented Clustering of Visual Latent Representation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=pPQPQ7Yd58
|
[
"Han Qi",
"Haocheng Yin",
"Heng Yang"
] |
Spotlight
|
We initiate a study of the geometry of the visual representation space ---the information channel from the vision encoder to the action decoder--- in an image-based control pipeline learned from behavior cloning. Inspired by the phenomenon of *neural collapse* (NC) in image classification, we empirically demonstrate the prevalent emergence of a similar *law of clustering* in the visual representation space. Specifically,
- In discrete image-based control (e.g., Lunar Lander), the visual representations cluster according to the natural discrete action labels;
- In continuous image-based control (e.g., Planar Pushing and Block Stacking), the clustering emerges according to ``control-oriented'' classes that are based on (a) the relative pose between the object and the target in the input or (b) the relative pose of the object induced by expert actions in the output. Each of the classes corresponds to one relative pose orthant (REPO).
Beyond empirical observation, we show such a law of clustering can be leveraged as an algorithmic tool to improve test-time performance when training a policy with limited expert demonstrations. Particularly, we pretrain the vision encoder using NC as a regularization to encourage control-oriented clustering of the visual features. Surprisingly, such an NC-pretrained vision encoder, when finetuned end-to-end with the action decoder, boosts the test-time performance by 10% to 35%. Real-world vision-based planar pushing experiments confirmed the surprising advantage of control-oriented visual representation pretraining.
|
neural collapse, learning from demonstration, vision-based learning control
|
We discover a control-oriented law of clustering (similar to neural collapse) in the visual representation space of an end-to-end image-based control pipeline trained from behavior cloning.
| 8,620
|
2410.05063
|
[
-0.0021187399979680777,
-0.013039050623774529,
-0.024110235273838043,
0.03379138186573982,
0.036737922579050064,
0.025286683812737465,
0.013514101505279541,
0.006508705206215382,
-0.047437358647584915,
-0.04548522084951401,
-0.02837691828608513,
-0.037365447729825974,
-0.060833778232336044,
-0.0086382906883955,
-0.01127649936825037,
0.054044920951128006,
0.010900752618908882,
-0.008785036392509937,
0.005611367058008909,
0.051195260137319565,
-0.02307896688580513,
-0.03070150502026081,
0.02809853106737137,
-0.0012659814674407244,
0.04104738309979439,
-0.014946430921554565,
0.008165663108229637,
0.03622851520776749,
-0.02960510179400444,
-0.009878557175397873,
-0.002001049229875207,
-0.004372598137706518,
0.009731265716254711,
-0.031185567378997803,
0.037074677646160126,
-0.035531774163246155,
-0.04429418593645096,
0.011461231857538223,
0.0212782621383667,
-0.002012185752391815,
-0.05116966366767883,
0.014905313029885292,
-0.01772078312933445,
-0.013332764618098736,
-0.028761476278305054,
-0.011479477398097515,
-0.12642356753349304,
0.019971350207924843,
0.017116334289312363,
-0.03814373537898064,
-0.056200746446847916,
0.03836545720696449,
0.011115802451968193,
-0.005656282417476177,
0.012088718824088573,
0.04136174917221069,
0.02699894830584526,
-0.045661769807338715,
-0.022490929812192917,
-0.07884529232978821,
-0.01605655625462532,
0.038724225014448166,
0.03232915326952934,
0.005321184638887644,
0.0006733009940944612,
0.016156435012817383,
0.0001646443852223456,
0.06149834766983986,
-0.016069605946540833,
-0.017576392740011215,
-0.023254692554473877,
-0.006113916169852018,
0.003686645533889532,
0.013178365305066109,
0.049904998391866684,
-0.05242640897631645,
0.022935286164283752,
0.008408990688621998,
0.0586734414100647,
-0.04865240678191185,
0.03498745709657669,
0.053172022104263306,
-0.006011041812598705,
0.04855991527438164,
0.024522943422198296,
0.010667162947356701,
-0.02957940474152565,
-0.030675066635012627,
-0.0656074732542038,
0.038364797830581665,
-0.031979866325855255,
-0.03052855283021927,
0.001063848496414721,
0.05162253975868225,
0.022021276876330376,
-0.0045244451612234116,
0.019843490794301033,
0.02910536155104637,
0.037013884633779526,
-0.008658594451844692,
-0.013941474258899689,
-0.00956724677234888,
-0.019016724079847336,
0.021245256066322327,
-0.08249314874410629,
-0.038183268159627914,
0.0035331265535205603,
-0.016177773475646973,
-0.022400587797164917,
0.029940830543637276,
-0.08219799399375916,
-0.026378026232123375,
0.019001640379428864,
-0.02887255698442459,
-0.0640847235918045,
0.03338643163442612,
0.022817248478531837,
0.02411620132625103,
-0.0018890082137659192,
0.04011858254671097,
0.01958121359348297,
0.05359465256333351,
0.007991287857294083,
0.062066346406936646,
-0.019562628120183945,
-0.006966377608478069,
-0.013668414205312729,
0.04458888620138168,
-0.05173581466078758,
-0.023502549156546593,
0.05032036826014519,
0.008686388842761517,
-0.0038606130983680487,
0.0017042335821315646,
0.01588609628379345,
-0.027985697612166405,
0.03120354935526848,
-0.002144921338185668,
-0.020928246900439262,
-0.01174340769648552,
0.0026297857984900475,
-0.03735022619366646,
0.050724972039461136,
-0.007943346165120602,
0.0655992403626442,
-0.01964222826063633,
0.008370209485292435,
-0.019452324137091637,
-0.046519313007593155,
0.0017915322678163648,
0.0029642987065017223,
-0.05055733770132065,
-0.026083944365382195,
-0.0804418995976448,
0.00813181884586811,
0.04578574001789093,
0.030647117644548416,
0.05001546069979668,
0.0158698670566082,
-0.007764394860714674,
0.015192472375929356,
-0.03517364710569382,
-0.018585536628961563,
0.0012719429796561599,
0.010082182474434376,
-0.08699604123830795,
0.02924766018986702,
0.003530630376189947,
-0.012328486889600754,
0.003531001741066575,
-0.026008304208517075,
-0.012199361808598042,
0.017443064600229263,
-0.011138812638819218,
-0.039567552506923676,
-0.00763540668413043,
0.059419889003038406,
-0.0010583690600469708,
0.026201335713267326,
0.028772223740816116,
-0.06634742021560669,
0.006809508893638849,
0.003725899150595069,
-0.012221758253872395,
0.01777186430990696,
-0.07789585739374161,
0.06487876176834106,
-0.03535333275794983,
-0.006235336884856224,
0.012345140799880028,
-0.03921249136328697,
-0.013471783138811588,
0.02102089114487171,
-0.017818909138441086,
0.06006208062171936,
0.026996707543730736,
-0.03006458282470703,
0.007421179674565792,
0.03583194315433502,
0.051024965941905975,
0.018751341849565506,
-0.06952306628227234,
0.06994066387414932,
0.0064171734265983105,
0.0017368103144690394,
-0.024645959958434105,
0.050811294466257095,
-0.048227712512016296,
-0.06748797744512558,
0.00019191500905435532,
0.0026282898616045713,
0.005501643288880587,
0.022656871005892754,
-0.006408496294170618,
0.05333447456359863,
0.03231634199619293,
-0.006640871521085501,
0.03887789323925972,
0.03914560005068779,
-0.058478694409132004,
0.014287466183304787,
0.019261928275227547,
-0.04239664226770401,
0.0028947435785084963,
-0.01637038215994835,
0.098728708922863,
0.0757344588637352,
-0.05211746320128441,
-0.02196834422647953,
0.0025186261627823114,
-0.015154503285884857,
0.02746519260108471,
-0.0061639281921088696,
0.003541788784787059,
-0.008274348452687263,
-0.024933287873864174,
0.015242784284055233,
-0.03437415137887001,
0.07168436795473099,
-0.054631780833005905,
-0.034089937806129456,
0.07770971953868866,
-0.013048846274614334,
0.027601635083556175,
-0.009218440391123295,
0.028269337490200996,
0.05829758569598198,
0.003241379512473941,
-0.00765977893024683,
0.019032692536711693,
-0.023449860513210297,
-0.0009647360420785844,
0.007974638603627682,
-0.03303571045398712,
0.023121299222111702,
-0.03256236016750336,
0.008303389884531498,
-0.07271800190210342,
0.07998646050691605,
0.052806053310632706,
0.03951197862625122,
0.03435518965125084,
-0.009293382987380028,
0.02157699689269066,
-0.0282125286757946,
-0.08626298606395721,
-0.050146229565143585,
0.00904940627515316,
0.022844413295388222,
0.03175956383347511,
0.005001175217330456,
-0.013720069080591202,
0.035698942840099335,
-0.030704345554113388,
-0.020370421931147575,
0.019575640559196472,
-0.006784879136830568,
0.024173464626073837,
-0.008833929896354675,
-0.0001226375316036865,
0.0003148777177557349,
0.06931447237730026,
0.01980741322040558,
0.024961717426776886,
-0.0005602688179351389,
-0.04444023221731186,
-0.006806881632655859,
-0.023698490113019943,
-0.018667232245206833,
0.005519733764231205,
0.05346241220831871,
0.0028571533039212227,
0.0023662790190428495,
0.02318618632853031,
0.028419675305485725,
0.09386203438043594,
0.05624222382903099,
-0.009890270419418812,
-0.03032928705215454,
0.005443183239549398,
-0.0017312399577349424,
0.05011746287345886,
-0.00345748127438128,
-0.015849636867642403,
-0.029925141483545303,
0.028053145855665207,
0.01987401768565178,
0.0029465097468346357,
-0.26681506633758545,
-0.011243011802434921,
0.013551906682550907,
0.015033612959086895,
0.01823120005428791,
-0.006400217767804861,
0.05246727913618088,
-0.0457170195877552,
-0.008805868215858936,
0.0002324043889530003,
-0.012378297746181488,
-0.003128370735794306,
0.0062025017105042934,
0.0738784521818161,
0.032391663640737534,
0.010135297663509846,
0.017964880913496017,
-0.003407389624044299,
-0.006007838528603315,
0.031638167798519135,
-0.05380163714289665,
-0.059363268315792084,
-0.055644139647483826,
0.033923763781785965,
-0.025998430326581,
0.05393056944012642,
-0.08552198112010956,
-0.0013674803776666522,
-0.026799743995070457,
-0.011386719532310963,
-0.0323108546435833,
0.0012309097219258547,
-0.03445642814040184,
0.044257745146751404,
-0.007302331738173962,
-0.008210591040551662,
0.03657909110188484,
-0.020720837637782097,
-0.003742700209841132,
0.015849193558096886,
0.02107497863471508,
-0.021050218492746353,
-0.03143228590488434,
0.04247753322124481,
0.06756981462240219,
-0.0036981760058552027,
-0.04040051996707916,
-0.009099474176764488,
-0.013156766071915627,
0.013523999601602554,
0.050209976732730865,
-0.033347245305776596,
-0.015482718124985695,
0.014189664274454117,
0.0009532943367958069,
-0.009114136919379234,
0.004378263372927904,
0.012514915317296982,
0.011770364828407764,
0.009500321932137012,
-0.024410957470536232,
-0.06988221406936646,
-0.02249355986714363,
-0.05138316750526428,
0.0031860864255577326,
-0.03266109898686409,
-0.04450321942567825,
-0.05194547772407532,
0.03864407539367676,
0.012381686829030514,
-0.019942086189985275,
0.009331156499683857,
-0.07483340054750443,
-0.11273030936717987,
0.033798832446336746,
0.04218906909227371,
-0.001215635915286839,
-0.03899714723229408,
0.009033669717609882,
0.03497304022312164,
-0.019396323710680008,
-0.02929653413593769,
0.0362270213663578,
0.0182769987732172,
-0.007879641838371754,
-0.030585283413529396,
0.014591213315725327,
-0.0264945849776268,
0.006661214400082827,
-0.031947508454322815,
0.05173928290605545,
0.012403079308569431,
0.007502599619328976,
0.0038582368288189173,
0.035856254398822784,
0.03352142125368118,
0.04932161793112755,
0.019948961213231087,
0.01445839274674654,
-0.011904649436473846,
0.04297371208667755,
-0.08320236951112747,
-0.017769193276762962,
-0.03341953083872795,
-0.04189275950193405,
0.04017266631126404,
-0.04576032608747482,
-0.008256089873611927,
0.06305978447198868,
0.02748456783592701,
-0.01341705210506916,
-0.030878834426403046,
0.02054353430867195,
0.016534632071852684,
0.016185421496629715,
-0.021815571933984756,
-0.03305399790406227,
0.006687188986688852,
0.03169185668230057,
-0.01868196204304695,
-0.05137358233332634,
0.023280423134565353,
-0.024189958348870277,
0.03548204153776169,
0.01144474558532238,
-0.002856119768694043,
-0.004681125283241272,
-0.03073318861424923,
-0.003887762315571308,
0.013883599080145359,
0.05834198370575905,
0.04940284043550491,
0.007554065436124802,
0.026094406843185425,
0.0780615359544754,
-0.002710959641262889,
0.011571134440600872,
-0.008617619052529335,
0.03189421817660332,
-0.04177384078502655,
-0.005923074670135975,
0.004999718628823757,
0.043628793209791183,
0.019621726125478745,
0.0328509695827961,
0.017600728198885918,
0.010421030223369598,
0.0017624275060370564,
0.009518790058791637,
0.0039726682007312775,
0.058858174830675125,
-0.049620192497968674,
-0.03261856734752655,
-0.03310701996088028,
0.006179033312946558,
-0.05479447543621063,
-0.00706280954182148,
-0.028943417593836784,
0.05446777120232582,
-0.03386814519762993,
0.05300499498844147,
0.026893291622400284,
-0.019032087177038193,
-0.03566175326704979,
0.034387171268463135,
0.03043566644191742,
-0.020111344754695892,
-0.010773634538054466,
0.02239936590194702,
0.01755354180932045,
-0.0017793842125684023,
-0.03994360938668251,
-0.023888535797595978,
-0.04073547571897507,
0.0025216140784323215,
-0.005999760236591101,
-0.013192293234169483,
-0.029556255787611008,
-0.046735309064388275,
0.0341963991522789,
-0.009593714028596878,
-0.02134569175541401,
0.008549537509679794,
-0.02173411287367344,
0.046919893473386765,
0.014298979192972183,
-0.0019234952051192522,
-0.024639012292027473,
-0.03726528584957123,
0.0341167077422142,
0.01605762355029583,
0.0068612187169492245,
-0.04228968545794487,
-0.01663658209145069,
-0.024908386170864105,
-0.03885074704885483,
0.0142367547377944,
0.037910766899585724,
-0.020414279773831367,
0.00005813161260448396,
-0.014019186608493328,
0.0405624583363533,
-0.038902949541807175,
-0.011816620826721191,
0.05638175457715988,
-0.029125357046723366,
0.03239017724990845,
0.04408431798219681,
-0.02658633142709732,
0.016724441200494766,
-0.04312977194786072,
-0.0363609716296196,
-0.06802357733249664,
-0.05420286953449249,
-0.0025177716743201017,
-0.01843136176466942,
-0.018168404698371887,
-0.06764883548021317,
-0.01305810920894146,
-0.009494741447269917,
0.004126768559217453,
0.008852611295878887,
-0.047290120273828506,
-0.005283163394778967,
0.0104484548792243,
0.032837022095918655,
-0.05593913048505783,
0.005808672867715359,
0.012976243160665035,
-0.025341788306832314,
-0.009214547462761402,
-0.012749447487294674,
0.014898322522640228,
0.05973067879676819,
-0.0361977256834507,
-0.03053281456232071,
-0.03345988318324089,
0.0551334023475647,
0.017701150849461555,
-0.004136587958782911,
0.028760943561792374,
0.007374322507530451,
-0.017509961500763893,
0.008525031618773937,
0.046554431319236755,
0.046546194702386856,
0.012342032045125961,
0.01121826097369194,
0.020550934597849846,
0.0014907440636307001,
0.023621371015906334,
-0.01924014464020729,
-0.05015711486339569,
-0.006471404805779457,
0.06266659498214722,
-0.027073461562395096,
-0.00620982376858592,
-0.06347060948610306,
-0.011184082366526127,
0.027445759624242783,
0.006218175403773785,
0.017927352339029312,
-0.03350749984383583,
0.030772550031542778,
-0.00752203818410635,
0.05731672793626785,
0.0025101269129663706,
-0.01896117813885212,
0.022895030677318573,
-0.05941196531057358,
0.026087116450071335,
-0.04496597498655319,
-0.0352744534611702,
0.07265795022249222,
-0.03161430358886719,
-0.008614709600806236,
0.006310600321739912,
-0.030149241909384727,
0.021426308900117874,
-0.03142094239592552,
-0.06041727960109711,
0.02027375064790249,
-0.0091244513168931,
-0.021353652700781822,
0.03184221312403679,
-0.06061024218797684,
0.020729899406433105,
-0.027909785509109497,
-0.05657653510570526,
0.012657832354307175,
-0.02849705144762993,
0.0338800773024559,
-0.016008170321583748,
-0.00900878757238388,
-0.015358437784016132,
0.0036291007418185472,
0.04987623915076256,
0.051037054508924484,
0.018875906243920326,
0.03164750710129738,
-0.04721260815858841,
0.06368382275104523,
0.025223232805728912,
-0.005933061707764864,
-0.011278061196208,
0.011811417527496815,
-0.010593147948384285,
-0.044811706990003586,
0.028252115473151207,
0.0033529475331306458,
-0.03818603232502937,
-0.0678475946187973,
0.02820575423538685,
0.016542484983801842,
-0.04675186425447464,
0.008581658825278282,
0.03185688704252243,
-0.07172492891550064,
0.0027066380716860294,
-0.008452150970697403,
0.03793887421488762,
0.011114472523331642,
0.06544841825962067,
0.005324953701347113,
0.05568573996424675,
0.0518878698348999,
0.020937740802764893,
-0.014499262906610966,
-0.010669919662177563,
0.06917640566825867,
0.05300663784146309,
0.04371987283229828,
0.014681403525173664,
0.09489209204912186,
-0.0359744168817997,
-0.03423774987459183,
0.04764143377542496,
0.008533000014722347,
0.0027668208349496126,
-0.0533488392829895,
0.003182067768648267,
0.09488022327423096,
0.00154972227755934,
0.05856078863143921,
-0.04602322354912758,
-0.035034529864788055,
0.04300858825445175,
0.004898307844996452,
-0.03732987493276596,
-0.014127123169600964,
0.06259602308273315,
-0.0031351642683148384,
-0.005669418256729841,
0.002074799034744501,
0.016287436708807945,
-0.026235977187752724,
0.0291904266923666,
0.005281487479805946,
-0.0005029692547395825,
0.004149314947426319,
-0.0009300970123149455,
0.05894695967435837,
0.1000162810087204,
-0.016699913889169693,
-0.03437471762299538,
0.025798374786973,
0.008169135078787804,
0.0018713767640292645,
0.049709875136613846,
0.0014102113200351596,
-0.013722890056669712,
0.014257678762078285,
-0.03472260758280754,
0.04826662689447403,
0.03380788117647171,
0.014414508827030659,
0.021826226264238358,
-0.01660759560763836,
-0.038973744958639145,
0.006091540213674307,
0.045973360538482666,
-0.019124796614050865,
-0.01416972279548645,
-0.04187333211302757,
-0.039891552180051804,
-0.06622624397277832,
-0.051701925694942474,
0.05911656841635704,
-0.0116014638915658,
-0.046518370509147644,
-0.03672624006867409,
-0.026477249339222908,
0.052812617272138596,
-0.0034741903655231,
-0.058332107961177826,
0.025239473208785057,
0.037201352417469025,
0.01861710101366043,
0.03070555254817009,
0.02662600763142109,
0.03634655103087425,
-0.011205583810806274,
-0.029200661927461624,
0.017568064853549004,
0.025506295263767242,
0.00006514689448522404,
-0.04928366467356682,
-0.009762849658727646,
-0.10077130049467087,
0.012133569456636906,
0.0015040345024317503,
-0.030057251453399658,
-0.0758206695318222,
0.027333324775099754,
-0.025729048997163773,
0.04506848379969597,
0.06840930879116058,
-0.05205291882157326,
0.027337973937392235,
-0.035838063806295395,
0.005443924572318792,
-0.0038000671193003654,
-0.016034208238124847,
0.05303889513015747,
-0.04092061147093773,
0.0427376851439476,
0.05532027781009674,
-0.006553678307682276,
-0.018121514469385147,
0.03214666247367859,
-0.013388754799962044,
0.008896885439753532,
-0.02040323242545128,
-0.033571913838386536,
-0.017929265275597572,
-0.10976742953062057,
-0.025147218257188797,
0.052182137966156006,
0.01955142430961132,
-0.04449651017785072,
-0.03276410698890686,
-0.023843985050916672,
-0.019412629306316376,
-0.04033826291561127,
0.0020588464103639126,
-0.010834813117980957,
-0.03901996836066246,
-0.0318700447678566,
-0.021709203720092773,
-0.012224137783050537,
-0.05562048405408859,
0.013811061158776283,
-0.023958569392561913,
-0.0403468981385231,
-0.038419563323259354,
0.0030477805994451046,
0.011734366416931152,
-0.017689988017082214,
0.034554220736026764,
-0.006200701463967562
] |
3,458
|
When do GFlowNets learn the right distribution?
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=9GsgCUJtic
|
[
"Tiago Silva",
"Rodrigo Barreto Alves",
"Eliezer de Souza da Silva",
"Amauri H Souza",
"Vikas Garg",
"Samuel Kaski",
"Diego Mesquita"
] |
Spotlight
|
Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) are an emerging class of sampling methods for distributions over discrete and compositional objects, e.g., graphs. In spite of their remarkable success in problems such as drug discovery and phylogenetic inference, the question of when and whether GFlowNets learn to sample from the target distribution remains underexplored. To tackle this issue, we first assess the extent to which a violation of the detailed balance of the underlying flow network might hamper the correctness of GFlowNet's sampling distribution. In particular, we demonstrate that the impact of an imbalanced edge on the model's accuracy is influenced by the total amount of flow passing through it and, as a consequence, is unevenly distributed across the network. We also argue that, depending on the parameterization, imbalance may be inevitable. In this regard, we consider the problem of sampling from distributions over graphs with GFlowNets parameterized by graph neural networks (GNNs) and show that the representation limits of GNNs delineate which distributions these GFlowNets can approximate. Lastly, we address these limitations by proposing a theoretically sound and computationally tractable metric for assessing GFlowNets, experimentally showing it is a better proxy for correctness than popular evaluation protocols.
|
GFlowNets
|
We examine the limitations and the stability of GFlowNets in face of balance violations, introducing a novel metric for assessing their accuracy.
| 8,538
| null |
[
0.014458446763455868,
-0.029543999582529068,
-0.007241661660373211,
0.05599329248070717,
0.030773596838116646,
0.02012665756046772,
0.024697059765458107,
0.01611548289656639,
0.013610330410301685,
-0.033021148294210434,
0.04582306742668152,
-0.052960287779569626,
-0.09103235602378845,
0.0014977209502831101,
-0.008311379700899124,
0.04843585193157196,
0.041338417679071426,
0.002358664758503437,
0.013992898166179657,
0.031479768455028534,
-0.0029161751735955477,
-0.03870319575071335,
0.018059980124235153,
0.0260460302233696,
0.03916935995221138,
-0.035471782088279724,
0.02397914230823517,
-0.005215918179601431,
0.0021962421014904976,
-0.00655331090092659,
0.034729454666376114,
0.015094289556145668,
0.022709961980581284,
-0.049636248499155045,
0.004007882904261351,
-0.012291007675230503,
-0.06065600365400314,
0.014482825994491577,
0.005134523380547762,
0.022251315414905548,
-0.05272027105093002,
0.00016200084064621478,
-0.03153691068291664,
0.02128123678267002,
-0.052721068263053894,
0.03113613836467266,
-0.08600413054227829,
0.05709175392985344,
-0.005595896393060684,
0.0148539450019598,
-0.10282813012599945,
0.04034503921866417,
0.01861143857240677,
-0.024696530774235725,
0.00464386073872447,
-0.0020105531439185143,
0.0535103976726532,
-0.058143697679042816,
0.0022650794126093388,
-0.05502435937523842,
-0.0019759272690862417,
0.006373902317136526,
0.008409623056650162,
0.016122493892908096,
-0.03720542788505554,
-0.029948193579912186,
0.030205512419342995,
0.07118003815412521,
-0.04209410399198532,
-0.03174177184700966,
-0.03597700223326683,
0.024317573755979538,
0.011332218535244465,
-0.008350853808224201,
-0.00021145131904631853,
-0.037835270166397095,
-0.01277016568928957,
0.03693297505378723,
0.09056182950735092,
0.013834494166076183,
-0.0062717352993786335,
0.016839368268847466,
0.008491638116538525,
0.05354639142751694,
0.020498212426900864,
-0.005528538953512907,
-0.017441701143980026,
-0.03231857344508171,
-0.060919810086488724,
0.03447305038571358,
-0.05689748004078865,
-0.0698118582367897,
0.022121494635939598,
0.021676667034626007,
0.010899355635046959,
-0.028329815715551376,
0.031944748014211655,
-0.005557536613196135,
0.036513861268758774,
-0.011671093292534351,
-0.0311348307877779,
-0.04021618515253067,
-0.032232075929641724,
0.0015551485121250153,
-0.10102419555187225,
-0.03793199360370636,
-0.02062065713107586,
-0.038810960948467255,
0.006332573015242815,
0.004113918170332909,
-0.014263796620070934,
0.009600146673619747,
0.010698013938963413,
-0.006724898237735033,
-0.062089137732982635,
0.04160752892494202,
0.0013905104715377092,
-0.0186346136033535,
-0.02440490946173668,
-0.02163900062441826,
0.04448208957910538,
0.06706461310386658,
-0.018708903342485428,
0.09897104650735855,
-0.02188122645020485,
0.019970262423157692,
0.01635189726948738,
-0.00013181388203520328,
-0.0167967788875103,
-0.03051570989191532,
0.0016099322820082307,
0.025148028507828712,
0.005166399758309126,
0.02335265837609768,
0.01877405308187008,
-0.04037099331617355,
0.000848874740768224,
0.02745874784886837,
0.04105503484606743,
-0.03176169842481613,
-0.00033449733746238053,
-0.011363781057298183,
0.03559647873044014,
-0.02753571979701519,
0.09276853501796722,
-0.007395842578262091,
0.0031087296083569527,
-0.06208236515522003,
-0.03128817304968834,
0.005990025121718645,
0.012657679617404938,
0.024994321167469025,
-0.014831654727458954,
-0.044948842376470566,
0.020592382177710533,
0.05562335625290871,
0.0222285445779562,
0.071183942258358,
-0.04906575381755829,
-0.0031158418860286474,
0.02094854600727558,
0.03350864723324776,
0.015674537047743797,
0.010377375409007072,
-0.02419048175215721,
-0.048421334475278854,
0.039425961673259735,
0.07526048272848129,
-0.05184389650821686,
-0.015517855063080788,
-0.02259259670972824,
-0.051830220967531204,
0.04882543161511421,
0.004848612938076258,
-0.013171185739338398,
0.004227890633046627,
0.05204319581389427,
0.015641827136278152,
0.031088752672076225,
0.022653868421912193,
-0.08594401925802231,
0.035093627870082855,
0.03657837584614754,
0.004566327203065157,
-0.02468126080930233,
-0.008297237567603588,
0.06602711975574493,
-0.0006493653636425734,
-0.00921027921140194,
0.028360819444060326,
-0.07178088277578354,
-0.031594548374414444,
-0.006225272081792355,
-0.021882865577936172,
0.057301126420497894,
0.00828511267900467,
0.0067243860103189945,
0.020667478442192078,
0.027077196165919304,
0.01402580738067627,
0.05702987685799599,
-0.025059890002012253,
0.008225547149777412,
-0.05570416897535324,
-0.06978964060544968,
0.014997279271483421,
0.029435306787490845,
-0.07429982721805573,
-0.054290562868118286,
0.04483628645539284,
-0.004002681467682123,
0.0006502955220639706,
-0.010424237698316574,
-0.008917081169784069,
0.009053710848093033,
0.011098889634013176,
-0.017249472439289093,
0.010095879435539246,
0.014055605977773666,
-0.037591174244880676,
0.046723347157239914,
0.004496084991842508,
-0.018474383279681206,
0.023518214002251625,
-0.01826714165508747,
0.10492438077926636,
0.08727242052555084,
-0.020442580804228783,
-0.024817300960421562,
0.03688223287463188,
0.01706351526081562,
0.007526208180934191,
0.01605256460607052,
0.01786215417087078,
-0.018154975026845932,
0.007489124312996864,
-0.01345761027187109,
-0.04424101859331131,
0.041732147336006165,
-0.04827103018760681,
-0.00039277030737139285,
0.055893510580062866,
-0.022522728890180588,
0.06625262647867203,
-0.009593978524208069,
0.02569333091378212,
0.03173692151904106,
-0.022428181022405624,
-0.02502349205315113,
-0.010950758121907711,
-0.018836097791790962,
0.013180156238377094,
0.014450139366090298,
-0.02533479779958725,
0.0022254905197769403,
-0.03902701660990715,
-0.001213651499710977,
0.04254112392663956,
0.05970783531665802,
0.06227750703692436,
0.040585026144981384,
0.0037693073973059654,
-0.007548754569143057,
-0.016279414296150208,
-0.03245364874601364,
-0.1445261389017105,
-0.04118257015943527,
0.0063908034935593605,
0.059183768928050995,
0.0023599499836564064,
0.06102545186877251,
-0.0022998000495135784,
0.032821398228406906,
-0.018071550875902176,
-0.007914123125374317,
-0.0014091010671108961,
0.00895280297845602,
0.01141386665403843,
-0.02524479851126671,
-0.005039935931563377,
-0.006601196248084307,
0.07769636064767838,
-0.031739868223667145,
-0.0034873986151069403,
-0.023013096302747726,
-0.0448019839823246,
0.01189861074090004,
-0.0237358920276165,
-0.010859358124434948,
0.01946255750954151,
0.036449041217565536,
0.006888227537274361,
-0.0014153439551591873,
-0.016635749489068985,
0.05076616629958153,
0.06722310185432434,
0.05532330274581909,
0.00011582172010093927,
-0.028515374287962914,
0.04218044877052307,
-0.00036134920082986355,
0.028183305636048317,
-0.022488774731755257,
0.021044863387942314,
-0.05014476552605629,
-0.015074826776981354,
0.0613974928855896,
0.0038665097672492266,
-0.2706078588962555,
0.003298158524557948,
0.018444521352648735,
0.03792847320437431,
-0.01844554767012596,
-0.013416262343525887,
0.05703124776482582,
0.001298274495638907,
-0.04501676559448242,
0.022172629833221436,
-0.026064425706863403,
0.0032124605495482683,
0.0027847266755998135,
0.03860972821712494,
0.03938135877251625,
0.010146079584956169,
-0.002688831416890025,
-0.02821202389895916,
0.02544013224542141,
0.019628047943115234,
-0.027927957475185394,
-0.05366555228829384,
-0.04712609946727753,
0.02998150885105133,
-0.020657693967223167,
0.024150030687451363,
-0.08038908243179321,
-0.0082036592066288,
-0.032660216093063354,
0.01797131821513176,
-0.035052590072155,
-0.017070412635803223,
-0.017838673666119576,
0.03752278909087181,
-0.010232420638203621,
0.00019408774096518755,
0.017552344128489494,
-0.017821263521909714,
0.024546977132558823,
0.019087934866547585,
-0.016189515590667725,
-0.024310456588864326,
-0.02878006547689438,
0.0254055242985487,
0.06281223148107529,
-0.003705116920173168,
-0.05901345983147621,
-0.010467630811035633,
-0.032934192568063736,
0.018111657351255417,
-0.022548096254467964,
-0.017495082691311836,
-0.0178140327334404,
0.0028175851330161095,
-0.008664763532578945,
-0.006096557714045048,
-0.012644444592297077,
-0.019527753815054893,
0.015178894624114037,
0.02350427582859993,
0.0218073520809412,
-0.058394405990839005,
0.01595364883542061,
-0.007972067221999168,
-0.0027923232410103083,
-0.017580298706889153,
-0.07040071487426758,
-0.046154871582984924,
0.02854033000767231,
0.010612227022647858,
-0.008956479839980602,
0.02305002510547638,
-0.008667608723044395,
-0.09924456477165222,
0.019305435940623283,
-0.020944176241755486,
-0.010061055421829224,
0.013825967907905579,
0.006396636366844177,
0.029554611071944237,
-0.04666333273053169,
-0.03657517954707146,
-0.012717236764729023,
-0.0010518055642023683,
0.025271672755479813,
-0.013521676883101463,
0.02102832868695259,
-0.022422082722187042,
-0.025493964552879333,
-0.011373113840818405,
0.02131577581167221,
0.0031933861318975687,
0.060277387499809265,
-0.018178123980760574,
0.04879746213555336,
0.04714176058769226,
0.03951939195394516,
0.050066132098436356,
0.045371055603027344,
0.04282005876302719,
0.0683278739452362,
-0.07797962427139282,
-0.030067775398492813,
-0.0409277006983757,
-0.034605104476213455,
0.04592002183198929,
-0.0755809023976326,
0.019674230366945267,
0.021578975021839142,
-0.015734925866127014,
-0.0243510864675045,
-0.06006159260869026,
0.008493120782077312,
-0.008909630589187145,
-0.015249076299369335,
-0.021247174590826035,
0.001730425050482154,
0.010690029710531235,
0.04800042882561684,
-0.01782134547829628,
-0.025764068588614464,
0.058431074023246765,
-0.014026514254510403,
0.025723496451973915,
0.00761763658374548,
-0.023380544036626816,
0.002315846271812916,
-0.0037780171260237694,
0.0056974259205162525,
-0.0012679309584200382,
0.02953249029815197,
0.05297565087676048,
-0.012243863195180893,
-0.006564063020050526,
0.027025403454899788,
0.014811072498559952,
-0.007912632077932358,
-0.0009181923232972622,
0.035171136260032654,
-0.020836327224969864,
0.005222635343670845,
-0.006086395122110844,
0.0446663461625576,
0.01787080243229866,
0.04732425883412361,
0.01783870905637741,
0.017228050157427788,
0.01823057234287262,
-0.009900182485580444,
-0.012101325206458569,
0.03827904537320137,
-0.03640536963939667,
-0.0012819819385185838,
-0.031594615429639816,
0.019798630848526955,
0.014690731652081013,
0.03429606929421425,
-0.005933795589953661,
-0.010300301015377045,
-0.061589475721120834,
0.05842474848031998,
-0.02239392325282097,
-0.036574624478816986,
0.004690902773290873,
-0.0025988714769482613,
0.05658446252346039,
-0.004703487269580364,
-0.015705227851867676,
-0.02969988062977791,
0.00444034393876791,
0.010398556478321552,
-0.0016851222608238459,
-0.016230128705501556,
0.00086536246817559,
-0.01355957705527544,
0.01741737499833107,
0.0043188598938286304,
0.00624367268756032,
0.005121074616909027,
0.05523466318845749,
0.004161055665463209,
-0.023323234170675278,
-0.0025793365202844143,
-0.009033099748194218,
0.0822388306260109,
0.01862187124788761,
-0.004460299387574196,
-0.007951579056680202,
-0.060549668967723846,
0.07148931175470352,
-0.029019711539149284,
0.020647145807743073,
-0.02629566192626953,
-0.045783597975969315,
-0.01725020818412304,
-0.02713053487241268,
0.034382596611976624,
0.04117777571082115,
-0.01252397894859314,
-0.018849318847060204,
0.010463409125804901,
0.03730733320116997,
-0.030379416421055794,
0.0015015241224318743,
0.03149084001779556,
-0.08350419998168945,
-0.013248834758996964,
0.03366832435131073,
-0.02416335977613926,
0.026969652622938156,
-0.01913263276219368,
-0.01630501262843609,
-0.08872329443693161,
-0.004621461499482393,
0.014681767672300339,
-0.0250241756439209,
-0.05952838435769081,
-0.020606905221939087,
-0.006950227543711662,
-0.004611209034919739,
-0.006458908785134554,
-0.005538102705031633,
0.01774301752448082,
-0.03871593251824379,
0.011126001365482807,
0.04778629541397095,
-0.03899633139371872,
0.001608252408914268,
-0.0024857353419065475,
-0.0073507241904735565,
0.009034189395606518,
-0.054913606494665146,
0.01213876809924841,
0.04229290410876274,
-0.026382459327578545,
-0.004812656901776791,
-0.02386065013706684,
0.03722507506608963,
-0.007796325720846653,
-0.023206161335110664,
-0.002337006852030754,
-0.000013346491869015153,
-0.052335094660520554,
-0.004091655369848013,
0.019912132993340492,
0.009158995002508163,
0.011445276439189911,
0.0023582910653203726,
0.008140423335134983,
0.01977318897843361,
0.03826873376965523,
0.02526250295341015,
-0.03948372229933739,
0.012765778228640556,
0.0678776204586029,
-0.03856075927615166,
-0.010990624316036701,
-0.06974530965089798,
-0.025459162890911102,
0.013623734936118126,
-0.012353288941085339,
0.01622052676975727,
-0.02316996455192566,
0.021234717220067978,
0.028257668018341064,
0.017773263156414032,
0.01088822539895773,
-0.0454256646335125,
-0.010706508532166481,
-0.04208550602197647,
0.029708649963140488,
-0.0634121522307396,
-0.04699551314115524,
0.036375559866428375,
-0.009664777666330338,
0.030914904549717903,
0.011292614042758942,
-0.03683549538254738,
0.05300349369645119,
-0.027598155662417412,
-0.05554433912038803,
0.016341229900717735,
-0.004967867862433195,
0.005484343506395817,
0.03478887304663658,
-0.04867728427052498,
-0.02291124314069748,
0.01838390715420246,
-0.04576519876718521,
-0.034130342304706573,
0.00483282096683979,
0.03823309764266014,
-0.02241629548370838,
-0.0008348138071596622,
0.011262276209890842,
0.008601827546954155,
0.06900916248559952,
0.05507182702422142,
-0.0009412672370672226,
0.01169667486101389,
-0.025712622329592705,
0.04789743945002556,
0.03963065519928932,
0.0006528813391923904,
0.04168159142136574,
0.02582722157239914,
-0.005655636079609394,
-0.050192076712846756,
0.04838484153151512,
-0.016709288582205772,
-0.026316814124584198,
-0.07461182028055191,
0.06644382327795029,
0.016233272850513458,
-0.08489906042814255,
-0.03862291947007179,
0.019203541800379753,
-0.027150871232151985,
-0.0011683243792504072,
-0.005080891773104668,
0.003872869536280632,
0.0018455522367730737,
0.05772220343351364,
-0.0021098649594932795,
0.042339202016592026,
0.06388676166534424,
0.022448549047112465,
-0.0005861134268343449,
0.004424755461513996,
0.086965411901474,
0.0588720478117466,
0.03266128525137901,
-0.01668921858072281,
0.06434166431427002,
-0.036113180220127106,
-0.033237047493457794,
-0.008636114187538624,
0.013173197396099567,
-0.026304837316274643,
-0.028682202100753784,
0.0323675274848938,
0.07224389910697937,
0.010399097576737404,
0.0842689573764801,
-0.057884953916072845,
-0.01083514466881752,
0.027680929750204086,
0.005998534616082907,
-0.0032918339129537344,
0.04035070165991783,
0.025432610884308815,
-0.011422044597566128,
-0.028641875833272934,
-0.0010393093107268214,
-0.01510175596922636,
-0.039764244109392166,
0.019380692392587662,
0.02522706240415573,
-0.012080349959433079,
-0.015281660482287407,
-0.01663849502801895,
0.002977228257805109,
0.08803059905767441,
-0.040135305374860764,
-0.029073549434542656,
0.004381260368973017,
0.03357115760445595,
0.017012501135468483,
0.0282374769449234,
0.0030772530008107424,
-0.06727972626686096,
-0.012665594927966595,
-0.04219358414411545,
0.006979902740567923,
0.019150974228978157,
-0.015502789057791233,
-0.004377892706543207,
-0.022216860204935074,
-0.01274824608117342,
0.00036553421523422003,
0.003565269522368908,
-0.00975840725004673,
-0.055386751890182495,
-0.0012993327109143138,
-0.03968862444162369,
-0.05366179719567299,
-0.03609725460410118,
0.025971267372369766,
-0.02650790475308895,
-0.017253562808036804,
0.0017853648168966174,
-0.017615627497434616,
-0.0022941785864531994,
0.05029189959168434,
-0.0782168060541153,
-0.009579497389495373,
0.04321690648794174,
0.01725691556930542,
-0.02398725226521492,
0.028903773054480553,
0.019099906086921692,
-0.039702147245407104,
-0.022213421761989594,
0.030176108703017235,
0.012068236246705055,
0.027061423286795616,
-0.004795079585164785,
0.0075832209549844265,
-0.10580869764089584,
0.02051282487809658,
0.03167952224612236,
-0.04967213794589043,
-0.09261922538280487,
0.025437014177441597,
-0.027591392397880554,
0.020316526293754578,
0.06323849409818649,
0.02329060435295105,
-0.0200200155377388,
-0.06168718636035919,
-0.012490184046328068,
0.00008692214760230854,
-0.012186535634100437,
0.04516727104783058,
-0.029718806967139244,
0.06835627555847168,
0.06156010925769806,
-0.03351788595318794,
-0.029688989743590355,
0.022192003205418587,
0.005121652036905289,
0.020661095157265663,
-0.017031826078891754,
-0.024313516914844513,
0.0011229475494474173,
-0.10163627564907074,
-0.0031079279724508524,
-0.013372435234487057,
-0.02122603915631771,
-0.01626317761838436,
-0.01458126213401556,
-0.05117747560143471,
-0.0052353558130562305,
-0.026459211483597755,
-0.030789116397500038,
-0.0031319595873355865,
0.0161223616451025,
-0.02244187518954277,
-0.07273674756288528,
0.009656020440161228,
-0.032601553946733475,
0.0293411985039711,
-0.03034195303916931,
-0.05972021818161011,
-0.03495355322957039,
0.0017458652146160603,
0.04654894769191742,
0.0077870567329227924,
0.01037103682756424,
0.014186179265379906
] |
3,459
|
R2-Guard: Robust Reasoning Enabled LLM Guardrail via Knowledge-Enhanced Logical Reasoning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=CkgKSqZbuC
|
[
"Mintong Kang",
"Bo Li"
] |
Spotlight
|
As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly prevalent across various applications, it is critical to establish safety guardrails to moderate input/output content of LLMs and ensure compliance with safety policies. Existing guardrail models, such as OpenAI Mod and LlamaGuard, treat various safety categories (e.g., self-harm, self-harm/instructions) independently and fail to explicitly capture the intercorrelations among them. This has led to limitations such as ineffectiveness due to inadequate training on long-tail data from correlated safety categories, susceptibility to jailbreaking attacks, and inflexibility regarding new safety categories.
To address these limitations, we propose $R^2$-Guard, a robust reasoning enabled LLM guardrail via knowledge-enhanced logical reasoning. Specifically, $R^2$-Guard comprises two parts: data-driven guardrail models and reasoning components. The data-driven guardrail models provide unsafety probabilities of moderated content on different safety categories.
We then encode safety knowledge among different categories as first-order logical rules and embed them into a probabilistic graphic model (PGM) based reasoning component. The unsafety probabilities of different categories from data-driven guardrail models are sent to the reasoning component for final inference. We employ two types of PGMs: Markov logic networks (MLNs) and probabilistic circuits (PCs), and optimize PCs to achieve precision-efficiency balance via improved graph structure. We also propose different methods to optimize the weights of knowledge. To further perform stress tests for guardrail models, we employ a pairwise construction method to construct a new safety benchmark TwinSafety, which features principled categories and presents new challenges for moderation. We show that $R^2$-Guard is effective even given unrepresentative categories or challenging jailbreaking prompts. We demonstrate the effectiveness of $R^2$-Guard by comparisons with eight strong guardrail models on six standard moderation datasets, and demonstrate the robustness of $R^2$-Guard against four SOTA jailbreaking attacks. $R^2$-Guard significantly surpasses SOTA method LlamaGuard by 12.6% on standard moderation datasets and by 59.9% against jailbreaking attacks.
We further reveal that $R^2$-Guard can effectively adapt to safety category updates by simply editing the PGM reasoning graph.
|
LLM guardrail model, content moderation
|
We propose an effective, robust, and flexible LLM guardrail model via knowledge-enhanced logical reasoning.
| 8,497
| null |
[
-0.008121437393128872,
-0.015160138718783855,
0.0007543086539953947,
0.04651104658842087,
0.061729975044727325,
-0.000386102736229077,
0.05302836745977402,
-0.03940436616539955,
-0.013567978516221046,
-0.0011854148469865322,
-0.026551447808742523,
0.023145241662859917,
-0.06009048968553543,
-0.005800409242510796,
0.00891990028321743,
0.05845527723431587,
0.013361187651753426,
-0.0013095572357997298,
0.049284979701042175,
0.0033931417856365442,
0.01466553844511509,
0.01598048396408558,
0.03346832096576691,
0.004801989067345858,
0.06386726349592209,
0.02940390631556511,
0.022103505209088326,
0.022142967209219933,
-0.029746931046247482,
0.01577473245561123,
0.06081056594848633,
0.00834276806563139,
-0.0036124938633292913,
-0.017948772758245468,
0.022598177194595337,
0.03687942028045654,
-0.045011524111032486,
0.017735907807946205,
-0.009160452522337437,
0.016858117654919624,
-0.04403148591518402,
0.05954603850841522,
-0.02362004853785038,
-0.011738013476133347,
-0.07435312867164612,
-0.0020451617892831564,
-0.07814633846282959,
0.03615346923470497,
0.06597115844488144,
-0.012622259557247162,
-0.1293366700410843,
0.03883666172623634,
-0.046210628002882004,
-0.009904242120683193,
0.02367425337433815,
0.013705157674849033,
0.04416005685925484,
-0.08578690886497498,
0.0284766536206007,
-0.048096779733896255,
-0.041350580751895905,
0.033539120107889175,
0.010076814331114292,
-0.016910158097743988,
-0.03908040001988411,
-0.028780996799468994,
-0.0008905545109882951,
0.01665879786014557,
-0.050661973655223846,
-0.03376399725675583,
0.0017900289967656136,
-0.007989993318915367,
-0.005261050537228584,
-0.002124113729223609,
0.007560289464890957,
-0.04788457974791527,
-0.002102696103975177,
0.01954491436481476,
0.038969289511442184,
-0.00837578997015953,
0.03381582722067833,
-0.007550463080406189,
0.010518467985093594,
0.042328763753175735,
0.03434628248214722,
0.009384490549564362,
-0.03457271680235863,
-0.04216332733631134,
-0.06378518044948578,
0.02822314016520977,
-0.006866328418254852,
-0.006165213417261839,
0.013082455843687057,
0.034309498965740204,
0.0015031036455184221,
0.03389674052596092,
-0.005534743424504995,
0.016831761226058006,
0.013386537320911884,
0.018068190664052963,
-0.012222293764352798,
-0.04201987013220787,
0.005629165563732386,
-0.02095763012766838,
-0.10545708239078522,
-0.014099732041358948,
-0.04047020897269249,
-0.02145162969827652,
-0.014765417203307152,
-0.00777167035266757,
-0.010412975214421749,
0.016055621206760406,
0.019664205610752106,
-0.01073333341628313,
-0.06649027019739151,
0.058473292738199234,
-0.0030989120714366436,
0.028410134837031364,
0.01208999939262867,
0.0310163963586092,
0.015249253250658512,
0.023205701261758804,
-0.0052979509346187115,
0.06251053512096405,
0.009706986136734486,
0.02556602470576763,
-0.03628568723797798,
0.026418156921863556,
0.006751613225787878,
-0.02042398601770401,
0.0322570763528347,
0.04701166972517967,
-0.01758447289466858,
0.012794501148164272,
-0.009601587429642677,
0.038283951580524445,
-0.02410421520471573,
0.04539903998374939,
0.02843555621802807,
-0.010006836615502834,
0.005633154883980751,
-0.040785402059555054,
0.08855494111776352,
-0.05085664242506027,
0.06283217668533325,
-0.004171416629105806,
-0.015748528763651848,
-0.015683623030781746,
-0.014423220418393612,
-0.007108377292752266,
0.021370403468608856,
-0.02435876615345478,
-0.016749652102589607,
-0.04787163436412811,
0.009215525351464748,
0.04352220147848129,
0.06943521648645401,
-0.0017776936292648315,
-0.005188962910324335,
-0.028325872495770454,
-0.008056697435677052,
-0.015200954861938953,
-0.04621529579162598,
0.020096415653824806,
0.008096616715192795,
-0.053708288818597794,
0.017163600772619247,
-0.003388135228306055,
-0.027116214856505394,
-0.0002838938089553267,
-0.04804133623838425,
-0.02659427560865879,
0.062389835715293884,
-0.03353022411465645,
-0.00785796158015728,
-0.015406395308673382,
0.06894136220216751,
-0.024985868483781815,
0.052160102874040604,
0.028610531240701675,
-0.055263180285692215,
0.00954723171889782,
0.0038817457389086485,
0.03499399870634079,
-0.006026195827871561,
-0.01591303199529648,
0.09244514256715775,
-0.06454213708639145,
0.016103286296129227,
-0.0008776052272878587,
-0.08573006838560104,
-0.008564560674130917,
0.0476190522313118,
-0.019297992810606956,
0.07036657631397247,
0.001804288593120873,
0.0032676062546670437,
0.027312496677041054,
-0.0004152469336986542,
0.0643249899148941,
0.05931544303894043,
-0.0001568928564665839,
0.0467095673084259,
-0.017927201464772224,
-0.04139989987015724,
0.01940806396305561,
0.011236020363867283,
-0.021318161860108376,
-0.04123387858271599,
0.01415395550429821,
-0.012149748392403126,
0.02326653152704239,
-0.0028081033378839493,
-0.028385838493704796,
0.023108160123229027,
-0.01603827252984047,
-0.027759555727243423,
-0.011629951186478138,
0.03662336245179176,
-0.055641669780015945,
0.022737137973308563,
-0.01416270062327385,
-0.01229833159595728,
0.02002543956041336,
-0.06407247483730316,
0.0948304533958435,
0.05244653671979904,
-0.031672403216362,
-0.0014140623388811946,
0.01954660564661026,
-0.019031750038266182,
-0.028239145874977112,
-0.0045051584020257,
-0.02380942553281784,
0.033813413232564926,
0.007637182250618935,
0.01617707870900631,
-0.029095813632011414,
0.04450586810708046,
-0.041310954838991165,
0.005000442732125521,
0.08559595793485641,
-0.019542111083865166,
0.040577810257673264,
0.002588766161352396,
0.0018230366986244917,
0.06613048166036606,
0.00046268446021713316,
0.0007494461024180055,
-0.028674818575382233,
-0.014026832766830921,
-0.007655922323465347,
0.05847034975886345,
-0.0033702838700264692,
0.027586214244365692,
-0.0537838339805603,
-0.01034578587859869,
-0.027802541851997375,
0.048742856830358505,
0.04716271534562111,
-0.01605796068906784,
0.01268097199499607,
-0.018157025799155235,
-0.018546339124441147,
-0.010580348782241344,
-0.09278539568185806,
-0.032284703105688095,
-0.004097796976566315,
0.03147459030151367,
0.0442093089222908,
-0.004604201763868332,
-0.01069455873221159,
0.04602734372019768,
0.009412068873643875,
0.0007173148915171623,
0.020278507843613625,
-0.0037479992024600506,
0.05348977819085121,
-0.036745309829711914,
-0.022713400423526764,
-0.011846833862364292,
0.04352792724967003,
0.01842133328318596,
-0.010809596627950668,
-0.025592895224690437,
-0.021030228585004807,
0.03135305270552635,
-0.08382777869701385,
-0.04944605380296707,
0.052326660603284836,
0.0005135105457156897,
-0.016168471425771713,
-0.02949618548154831,
0.03151433542370796,
0.027683932334184647,
0.03615569323301315,
0.01892027258872986,
0.025517545640468597,
-0.0024325663689523935,
0.05708163604140282,
-0.003536054864525795,
0.025859376415610313,
-0.019990254193544388,
0.02776503935456276,
-0.0017459482187405229,
0.015084370039403439,
0.012154923751950264,
0.01111264806240797,
-0.275221586227417,
-0.021288257092237473,
0.011486746370792389,
-0.03614198789000511,
-0.0031134416349232197,
-0.0011759584303945303,
0.07687415182590485,
-0.03682992607355118,
-0.02063966728746891,
-0.02102370373904705,
0.05130454897880554,
-0.015720810741186142,
0.03898617625236511,
0.013661418110132217,
0.03422071412205696,
0.035481393337249756,
-0.015994539484381676,
-0.048361241817474365,
-0.0011079780524596572,
0.007152515463531017,
0.005421087611466646,
-0.05149056017398834,
-0.008896926417946815,
0.02907169610261917,
-0.01175482664257288,
0.043590616434812546,
-0.07342579960823059,
0.008683191612362862,
-0.023940034210681915,
-0.005226949229836464,
-0.0002799157809931785,
-0.01672123558819294,
0.0011438627261668444,
-0.010975941084325314,
-0.010492443107068539,
0.013350528664886951,
0.05161359906196594,
0.010208790190517902,
0.04995522275567055,
0.024391252547502518,
0.03259192034602165,
-0.04313430190086365,
0.02599433809518814,
0.008685464039444923,
0.05374327674508095,
-0.004561076406389475,
-0.06063465029001236,
0.00274445628747344,
-0.01872110553085804,
0.03604111820459366,
-0.007037508301436901,
-0.036790985614061356,
0.0014943720307201147,
-0.018772481009364128,
-0.011972798965871334,
-0.027685433626174927,
-0.01511428877711296,
-0.031938064843416214,
-0.02474660985171795,
0.024150917306542397,
0.02443554252386093,
-0.02466803789138794,
-0.030185041949152946,
-0.015855882316827774,
-0.022820452228188515,
-0.026440458372235298,
-0.047254905104637146,
-0.07520007342100143,
0.03781963512301445,
0.04201587289571762,
-0.03469724580645561,
0.02229403518140316,
0.005997713655233383,
-0.10933118313550949,
-0.027632886543869972,
0.021690133959054947,
-0.025096293538808823,
-0.03309088200330734,
0.03794056549668312,
0.04444657638669014,
-0.05452168360352516,
-0.03208060562610626,
-0.012065083719789982,
0.00022145749244373292,
0.012164101004600525,
0.023297905921936035,
0.038526710122823715,
-0.02489820495247841,
0.01837785355746746,
-0.02349289506673813,
0.044661108404397964,
0.028242487460374832,
0.00492593739181757,
-0.007354476023465395,
0.0672188326716423,
0.028850533068180084,
0.04205264151096344,
0.04217969626188278,
0.0382247231900692,
0.0021381110418587923,
0.010030452162027359,
-0.04345483332872391,
0.0326964370906353,
-0.05560506135225296,
-0.040731970220804214,
0.013562380336225033,
-0.02967825159430504,
-0.009434463456273079,
0.014950335025787354,
-0.02852162905037403,
-0.04389672726392746,
-0.0201122984290123,
0.02139715850353241,
-0.03174477443099022,
0.002879967913031578,
-0.00984668917953968,
-0.012449044734239578,
0.01149747334420681,
0.026924612000584602,
-0.05044344440102577,
-0.053767990320920944,
0.031187700107693672,
-0.009284046478569508,
0.016574932262301445,
-0.021722694858908653,
-0.03353876993060112,
0.01144757866859436,
-0.014414399862289429,
0.007208614144474268,
-0.0037138699553906918,
0.007883896119892597,
0.04317900165915489,
-0.011649110354483128,
-0.010860168375074863,
0.04915293678641319,
-0.02578832022845745,
-0.006005020812153816,
-0.0023237511049956083,
0.04386422410607338,
-0.0021508047357201576,
-0.002902459120377898,
-0.00046366642345674336,
0.04800701513886452,
0.019369645044207573,
0.019511844962835312,
-0.005738398060202599,
0.03065260499715805,
0.00886964425444603,
0.010645540431141853,
0.005642877425998449,
0.01480910275131464,
-0.06494677811861038,
0.022527748718857765,
-0.045787204056978226,
0.03857654705643654,
0.0013513732701539993,
0.04283786565065384,
-0.011463996022939682,
-0.00709337554872036,
-0.06598978489637375,
0.07192225009202957,
0.018230337649583817,
-0.012143801897764206,
-0.019290361553430557,
0.03588433563709259,
0.06173248961567879,
-0.05458546802401543,
-0.030043665319681168,
-0.0030646820086985826,
-0.01263214461505413,
-0.03386465087532997,
-0.043347544968128204,
-0.020610250532627106,
-0.005283672362565994,
-0.03363153338432312,
0.027496077120304108,
-0.02612513303756714,
-0.04297271743416786,
-0.056164927780628204,
0.021224025636911392,
-0.019660383462905884,
-0.021059051156044006,
0.008131773211061954,
0.001489403541199863,
0.06087217479944229,
0.0028369450010359287,
0.0025405066553503275,
-0.02506251633167267,
-0.02064412459731102,
0.017807837575674057,
-0.006764445453882217,
0.020452255383133888,
-0.03150806203484535,
-0.013485060073435307,
-0.04000580310821533,
-0.07489634305238724,
-0.00019764488388318568,
0.004915644880384207,
-0.003820197656750679,
-0.02370833046734333,
0.0039963084273040295,
-0.019904743880033493,
-0.03690456971526146,
0.026116270571947098,
0.02600274793803692,
-0.05557618290185928,
0.02005867101252079,
0.05815163627266884,
0.0251599233597517,
0.031169377267360687,
-0.05952389910817146,
-0.04937048628926277,
-0.023755066096782684,
-0.060091353952884674,
0.033257342875003815,
-0.03419579192996025,
-0.04745101556181908,
0.0018489836947992444,
-0.04112118110060692,
-0.017200184985995293,
0.020311739295721054,
-0.02910386398434639,
0.017516303807497025,
-0.009545092470943928,
0.0030633683782070875,
0.053622499108314514,
-0.03446272015571594,
-0.035308171063661575,
0.035869814455509186,
-0.020366642624139786,
0.026670044288039207,
-0.03182614594697952,
0.050551675260066986,
0.011347244493663311,
-0.006883860100060701,
0.02807394601404667,
-0.0438966229557991,
0.04895080626010895,
-0.008202576078474522,
-0.03408490866422653,
0.028360843658447266,
-0.0005232026451267302,
-0.013161000795662403,
-0.010585907846689224,
-0.006174200680106878,
0.04415880888700485,
0.012454880401492119,
0.03530922532081604,
0.010142677463591099,
0.0006811312050558627,
-0.01062828954309225,
0.006974839139729738,
-0.023819470778107643,
0.006117593497037888,
0.07276712357997894,
-0.048944320529699326,
-0.008971858769655228,
-0.04089987650513649,
-0.03116389736533165,
0.023094091564416885,
-0.0132903466001153,
0.028743058443069458,
-0.017949573695659637,
0.02796068601310253,
0.009098827838897705,
0.029346348717808723,
-0.002488700905814767,
-0.06006598472595215,
0.05117768049240112,
-0.07693670690059662,
0.020513387396931648,
-0.058161068707704544,
0.06420525163412094,
0.06019657850265503,
-0.05165332928299904,
-0.012577463872730732,
-0.012107939459383488,
-0.056406714022159576,
0.003844802500680089,
-0.011344192549586296,
-0.05545827001333237,
0.011565892025828362,
-0.022562909871339798,
-0.04182852804660797,
0.014961933717131615,
-0.026845155283808708,
0.0003494928532745689,
0.006337059661746025,
-0.05039263144135475,
0.014287109486758709,
-0.001315478002652526,
0.0266146007925272,
-0.015911579132080078,
0.03088865615427494,
-0.028331995010375977,
0.003933717031031847,
-0.009808466769754887,
0.05210696533322334,
0.010623480193316936,
0.043592050671577454,
-0.020167727023363113,
0.04409798979759216,
0.04851424694061279,
0.03897350654006004,
-0.010087312199175358,
0.0011247762013226748,
0.0009203437948599458,
-0.06303512305021286,
0.07677407562732697,
-0.004613633267581463,
-0.023862987756729126,
-0.02657836116850376,
0.1015305295586586,
0.007924679666757584,
-0.06655637919902802,
-0.004058019258081913,
0.002805820433422923,
-0.055815309286117554,
-0.019929058849811554,
-0.005411808844655752,
-0.009446842595934868,
0.02332131564617157,
0.06387434154748917,
-0.020970206707715988,
0.050584934651851654,
0.07843784242868423,
0.02301013097167015,
-0.01903630420565605,
-0.024207159876823425,
0.04363355413079262,
0.04016954451799393,
0.06219938397407532,
-0.009219599887728691,
0.08447697758674622,
-0.05770157277584076,
-0.05773957073688507,
0.04936806485056877,
0.0183738861232996,
0.0017596555408090353,
-0.027959786355495453,
0.028243299573659897,
0.0534147210419178,
-0.014391538687050343,
0.06112353131175041,
-0.04809746518731117,
0.018057938665151596,
0.06513774394989014,
0.0238686241209507,
0.008501797914505005,
0.0501239113509655,
0.033151134848594666,
-0.011492108926177025,
-0.015491290017962456,
-0.010693511925637722,
-0.00010299732093699276,
-0.03163990005850792,
-0.008387921378016472,
-0.02422419749200344,
-0.030090918764472008,
-0.009366780519485474,
-0.017375491559505463,
0.04707746580243111,
0.1148197203874588,
-0.041789714246988297,
-0.027174649760127068,
0.019711239263415337,
0.03330913186073303,
0.008832288905978203,
0.030463431030511856,
0.023533793166279793,
-0.02393738366663456,
-0.0059584323316812515,
-0.037169404327869415,
0.03002747893333435,
-0.031342003494501114,
-0.008013231679797173,
0.030857287347316742,
-0.018642934039235115,
-0.0499960221350193,
0.029074957594275475,
-0.015171087346971035,
-0.02725970558822155,
-0.043288908898830414,
-0.03908008337020874,
-0.057998694479465485,
-0.03744496405124664,
-0.05373052880167961,
-0.009143475443124771,
-0.0019224281422793865,
-0.039256755262613297,
0.02544221095740795,
-0.02429348975419998,
0.0019987779669463634,
0.010477453470230103,
-0.041147440671920776,
0.03780880570411682,
0.06622582674026489,
0.004712128080427647,
-0.008064888417720795,
0.06189838796854019,
0.0197175070643425,
0.003545809304341674,
-0.01954643242061138,
0.019708853214979172,
0.019938061013817787,
0.019359664991497993,
0.017996691167354584,
-0.026237336918711662,
-0.08069300651550293,
-0.006937120109796524,
0.006373456679284573,
-0.03145996481180191,
-0.0674929991364479,
0.022374654188752174,
-0.054416630417108536,
0.021002503111958504,
0.07027994841337204,
-0.01835160329937935,
0.017461344599723816,
-0.0274200402200222,
-0.011751805432140827,
0.002680382691323757,
0.023461738601326942,
0.04445897042751312,
-0.013962428085505962,
0.05305861681699753,
0.027980150654911995,
-0.014493572525680065,
-0.051748305559158325,
0.03334928676486015,
-0.0012183919316157699,
-0.05814556032419205,
-0.040173839777708054,
-0.016916563734412193,
0.0009493767283856869,
-0.10297005623579025,
0.0034194726031273603,
0.029435789212584496,
-0.0017786611570045352,
-0.028422055765986443,
0.01935029774904251,
-0.01269009243696928,
-0.030122635886073112,
0.0025151288136839867,
-0.04587104544043541,
0.018018146976828575,
-0.060170527547597885,
-0.03362070024013519,
-0.051430102437734604,
0.034130629152059555,
-0.026703445240855217,
0.016465332359075546,
-0.03521938621997833,
-0.052057746797800064,
0.007627403829246759,
0.007156038656830788,
0.04128372296690941,
0.00585787883028388,
-0.011756760999560356,
-0.020581349730491638
] |
3,460
|
NetFormer: An interpretable model for recovering dynamical connectivity in neuronal population dynamics
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=bcTjW5kS4W
|
[
"Ziyu Lu",
"Wuwei Zhang",
"Trung Le",
"Hao Wang",
"Uygar Sümbül",
"Eric Todd SheaBrown",
"Lu Mi"
] |
Spotlight
|
Neuronal dynamics are highly nonlinear and nonstationary. Traditional methods for extracting the underlying network structure from neuronal activity recordings mainly concentrate on modeling static connectivity, without accounting for key nonstationary aspects of biological neural systems, such as ongoing synaptic plasticity and neuronal modulation. To bridge this gap, we introduce the NetFormer model, an interpretable approach applicable to such systems. In NetFormer, the activity of each neuron across a series of historical time steps is defined as a token. These tokens are then linearly mapped through a query and key mechanism to generate a state- (and hence time-) dependent attention matrix that directly encodes nonstationary connectivity structures. We analyze our formulation from the perspective of nonstationary and nonlinear networked dynamical systems, and show both via an analytical expansion and targeted simulations how it can approximate the underlying ground truth. Next, we demonstrate NetFormer's ability to model a key feature of biological networks, spike-timing-dependent plasticity, whereby connection strengths continually change in response to local activity patterns. We further demonstrate that NetFormer can capture task-induced connectivity patterns on activity generated by task-trained recurrent neural networks. Thus informed, we apply NetFormer to a multi-modal dataset of real neural recordings, which contains neural activity, cell type, and behavioral state information. We show that the NetFormer effectively predicts neural dynamics and identifies cell-type specific, state-dependent dynamic connectivity that matches patterns measured in separate ground-truth physiology experiments, demonstrating its ability to help decode complex neural interactions based on population activity observations alone.
|
neuronal dynamics, dynamical connectivity, interpretability, attention mechanism, transformer
|
We proposed NetFormer, an interpretable transformer-inspired model to capture neuronal population dynamics and uncover dynamical inter-neuron connectivity.
| 8,471
| null |
[
-0.030003299936652184,
-0.02272876352071762,
0.00849765446037054,
0.00969935953617096,
0.03167019411921501,
0.027247551828622818,
0.03277646377682686,
0.006365744862705469,
-0.06912261992692947,
-0.041443776339292526,
0.014161277562379837,
-0.012430181726813316,
-0.05884978920221329,
0.01640596054494381,
0.004367256537079811,
0.06560485064983368,
0.06158645823597908,
-0.04333285242319107,
0.03202084079384804,
0.007064123637974262,
-0.013803204521536827,
-0.02404164709150791,
0.02422124333679676,
0.03292865678668022,
0.04513499140739441,
-0.04421200603246689,
-0.012634945102036,
-0.030054697766900063,
-0.0051258886232972145,
0.017837267369031906,
0.01520116999745369,
0.010604813694953918,
-0.0298138577491045,
-0.03424609452486038,
-0.011709672398865223,
0.004155517090111971,
-0.044758960604667664,
-0.01638510636985302,
-0.02127455174922943,
0.0006574993603862822,
-0.06507796794176102,
-0.0037395479157567024,
-0.010725644417107105,
0.002158321440219879,
-0.028475333005189896,
0.0335952453315258,
-0.1144978478550911,
0.035490646958351135,
0.019603628665208817,
-0.007295751012861729,
-0.08535588532686234,
0.03317119553685188,
0.027084168046712875,
-0.011488731019198895,
-0.01079325471073389,
0.040194764733314514,
0.04869898408651352,
-0.03549732640385628,
-0.008298859931528568,
-0.07193397730588913,
-0.013554361648857594,
0.0032666141632944345,
0.005882631987333298,
0.007943930104374886,
-0.029037434607744217,
0.02237781509757042,
0.05550878867506981,
0.04794802516698837,
-0.021875442937016487,
-0.017509397119283676,
-0.0473247691988945,
0.016383875161409378,
-0.0068413750268518925,
0.00457501458004117,
0.006015888415277004,
-0.07300619781017303,
0.012302076444029808,
0.01797351986169815,
0.060563500970602036,
0.04283768683671951,
0.034464482218027115,
0.028331322595477104,
0.020716337487101555,
0.037905916571617126,
0.009488945826888084,
-0.011171052232384682,
-0.04252507910132408,
-0.020779971033334732,
-0.0719577893614769,
0.04470941424369812,
-0.0651748776435852,
-0.024998806416988373,
0.012298066169023514,
0.03958498686552048,
0.007976205088198185,
-0.008439146913588047,
0.04084312170743942,
0.0006731761968694627,
-0.005590238608419895,
-0.00324269849807024,
0.011246997863054276,
-0.01974974200129509,
0.006275048945099115,
-0.0032184324227273464,
-0.10117483884096146,
-0.02650618739426136,
-0.020447149872779846,
-0.056098517030477524,
-0.014258123002946377,
0.022228311747312546,
-0.042613957077264786,
-0.02085878513753414,
0.035480670630931854,
-0.0017880548257380724,
-0.08446763455867767,
0.045969877392053604,
0.022194109857082367,
0.030178993940353394,
-0.009856784716248512,
0.005529358051717281,
0.04550696536898613,
0.03775593638420105,
-0.030401568859815598,
0.06119577959179878,
-0.024532657116651535,
0.011446517892181873,
0.007814696058630943,
-0.0031989121343940496,
-0.017148423939943314,
-0.031516361981630325,
0.009639906696975231,
0.011943105608224869,
0.0018647414399310946,
0.007553627248853445,
0.02906722202897072,
0.0005685383803211153,
0.01352167408913374,
0.017076818272471428,
0.01697736606001854,
0.0449904166162014,
0.0030574181582778692,
-0.01069104764610529,
0.02573251724243164,
-0.02703234553337097,
0.057021353393793106,
-0.018257873132824898,
-0.032927896827459335,
-0.02983497455716133,
-0.00812454428523779,
0.002572012832388282,
0.00639972323551774,
0.01536426693201065,
-0.0013966417172923684,
-0.08582348376512527,
0.005684768781065941,
0.05048554018139839,
0.005292481277137995,
0.00851390976458788,
0.008164473809301853,
-0.009469011798501015,
0.024802858009934425,
-0.005010249558836222,
0.016196828335523605,
0.02466382458806038,
-0.03783666342496872,
-0.059321582317352295,
0.02936263382434845,
0.01398677658289671,
-0.035127509385347366,
-0.004145228769630194,
-0.04112205281853676,
-0.02168651856482029,
0.02898038923740387,
0.030799875035881996,
-0.021956972777843475,
-0.017658965662121773,
0.045756760984659195,
-0.004976551979780197,
-0.009161537513136864,
0.001662579132243991,
-0.08883510529994965,
0.0437057800590992,
0.012734572403132915,
-0.010770733468234539,
0.02025124803185463,
-0.025177527219057083,
0.09234549850225449,
-0.04113921895623207,
0.003605583216995001,
0.002236088737845421,
-0.023880433291196823,
-0.00718294270336628,
0.025961149483919144,
-0.0003270914312452078,
0.08655562251806259,
-0.011769969016313553,
0.016640741378068924,
0.027432020753622055,
0.05089534446597099,
0.04892939701676369,
0.060904763638973236,
-0.05860058218240738,
0.031146399676799774,
-0.002766852267086506,
-0.05212033540010452,
-0.03162291273474693,
0.043655261397361755,
-0.07018794864416122,
-0.003995033446699381,
0.004475858528167009,
-0.02664671279489994,
-0.015868518501520157,
0.003064180025830865,
-0.010703906416893005,
0.032760199159383774,
-0.0014682251494377851,
-0.024200282990932465,
0.031327974051237106,
-0.018463820219039917,
-0.04381226748228073,
0.02941344678401947,
-0.002035195706412196,
-0.010902435518801212,
0.0219710860401392,
-0.018631134182214737,
0.12685659527778625,
0.07222381234169006,
-0.02818012423813343,
-0.008292514830827713,
0.05441809445619583,
0.017034338787198067,
0.016211364418268204,
-0.018030967563390732,
0.013658125884830952,
0.0047929356805980206,
0.005417459178715944,
-0.028558149933815002,
-0.026235558092594147,
0.039029162377119064,
-0.058830928057432175,
0.007610734086483717,
0.06779825687408447,
-0.016004441305994987,
0.0554143525660038,
-0.013981664553284645,
0.015098129399120808,
0.057354897260665894,
-0.030956760048866272,
-0.026690000668168068,
-0.026932861655950546,
-0.009498970583081245,
-0.002088767010718584,
-0.00041582193807698786,
-0.010814547538757324,
0.009757855907082558,
-0.04810456186532974,
-0.06123410910367966,
-0.010536381974816322,
0.08942624926567078,
0.038346558809280396,
0.03914275020360947,
0.02362707257270813,
-0.005696017295122147,
-0.018672294914722443,
-0.009972881525754929,
-0.12752613425254822,
-0.020882660523056984,
-0.0024292413145303726,
0.04816899076104164,
-0.013310578651726246,
0.03298157826066017,
0.0007971642189659178,
0.05614263191819191,
0.002050642389804125,
-0.02487456239759922,
0.005562830716371536,
0.024365419521927834,
-0.012877062894403934,
-0.015433626249432564,
-0.017179666087031364,
0.012261958792805672,
0.062131863087415695,
0.015476131811738014,
-0.01731126941740513,
0.010284480638802052,
-0.08247299492359161,
-0.022182222455739975,
0.01899230293929577,
0.020302075892686844,
-0.007791588082909584,
0.0037066529039293528,
-0.017330477014183998,
-0.005813318770378828,
0.0360216461122036,
0.0075044818222522736,
0.08021975308656693,
0.05123963579535484,
0.007696312852203846,
-0.005041486117988825,
0.006112954579293728,
0.005248649511486292,
0.003857067786157131,
-0.002132702386006713,
-0.00744360126554966,
-0.00003108797682216391,
0.022707920521497726,
0.03567004203796387,
-0.03348620980978012,
-0.26966601610183716,
-0.009580920450389385,
0.012280544266104698,
-0.029490871354937553,
0.04274698719382286,
0.006052384618669748,
0.03953077644109726,
-0.021635916084051132,
-0.01651504635810852,
0.029256736859679222,
-0.02103925496339798,
0.03762158378958702,
-0.009356285445392132,
0.029844684526324272,
0.030666548758745193,
-0.019021278247237206,
0.010014268569648266,
-0.025425897911190987,
0.02918538823723793,
0.044332630932331085,
-0.026650549843907356,
-0.056999534368515015,
-0.022351380437612534,
0.07107023894786835,
-0.016147485002875328,
0.037527959793806076,
-0.06692533195018768,
-0.0046372804790735245,
-0.035539474338293076,
-0.004163454752415419,
-0.03174099326133728,
-0.0338163860142231,
0.006651668809354305,
0.042948756366968155,
0.02185932546854019,
0.025817813351750374,
-0.0024519634898751974,
0.032004501670598984,
0.005635780747979879,
-0.0007660594419576228,
-0.003595435991883278,
-0.02035379596054554,
-0.03733460605144501,
0.006350623443722725,
0.05739638954401016,
0.03471621125936508,
-0.023783612996339798,
0.010562565177679062,
0.0036065122112631798,
0.03734656795859337,
-0.03639771789312363,
-0.04476165771484375,
0.008226600475609303,
0.0010539502836763859,
-0.029315656051039696,
-0.03175221011042595,
0.0052008540369570255,
-0.015014090575277805,
-0.004805444739758968,
0.01644274778664112,
0.005416170693933964,
-0.04835532233119011,
-0.01956534944474697,
-0.04339125007390976,
-0.004076422657817602,
-0.013526178896427155,
-0.06539568305015564,
-0.06087435781955719,
0.05377083271741867,
0.028667325153946877,
-0.004752957262098789,
0.005453664809465408,
-0.04667523875832558,
-0.10441531240940094,
0.04211623594164848,
0.001344342832453549,
-0.02721611224114895,
-0.023581797257065773,
0.013388685882091522,
0.027375295758247375,
-0.03943701460957527,
-0.0163060761988163,
-0.016330379992723465,
0.03958621621131897,
0.009754693135619164,
0.008721185848116875,
-0.0077573093585669994,
-0.02067558281123638,
-0.03979712724685669,
-0.02524598315358162,
0.03663264214992523,
-0.00787797849625349,
0.05540480837225914,
-0.03211430087685585,
0.03674007207155228,
0.033916931599378586,
0.03086807392537594,
0.055680256336927414,
0.033523038029670715,
-0.0013691833009943366,
0.04923304542899132,
-0.06650546193122864,
-0.014482801780104637,
-0.037737052887678146,
-0.025587424635887146,
0.027911143377423286,
-0.07464383542537689,
-0.03247278556227684,
0.04495721682906151,
0.0029096994549036026,
-0.004913953598588705,
-0.04814283922314644,
0.013266374357044697,
-0.042671333998441696,
0.01650736667215824,
-0.02549370937049389,
-0.005713925696909428,
0.03544878959655762,
0.02383262664079666,
-0.03957156836986542,
-0.037689272314310074,
0.003790234914049506,
0.0028039109893143177,
0.02271830290555954,
0.008302316069602966,
-0.0018658088520169258,
-0.020820848643779755,
-0.018082793802022934,
-0.00901974830776453,
-0.0025447949301451445,
0.07198575884103775,
0.026119446381926537,
0.013065146282315254,
0.03502517193555832,
0.04456412047147751,
0.02693347819149494,
-0.008720934391021729,
0.0075693377293646336,
0.001634244341403246,
-0.00961449183523655,
0.012379241175949574,
-0.007110622711479664,
0.027921954169869423,
-0.0077649555169045925,
-0.030766434967517853,
0.026479078456759453,
-0.007817069999873638,
-0.011231759563088417,
-0.012488044798374176,
-0.015463757328689098,
0.04609956592321396,
-0.0609985813498497,
-0.06919097155332565,
-0.029342610388994217,
-0.018180465325713158,
-0.003346033161506057,
0.05672623589634895,
-0.008746137842535973,
0.002092763315886259,
-0.04372888803482056,
0.033811576664447784,
-0.019086012616753578,
-0.034689370542764664,
-0.012151665985584259,
0.0031032408587634563,
0.06569086760282516,
-0.02183729223906994,
-0.008723455481231213,
0.03617458418011665,
-0.011519194580614567,
0.005965741351246834,
-0.020656496286392212,
-0.02192613109946251,
-0.0010195918148383498,
-0.0058878520503640175,
-0.0019642231054604053,
0.01006884966045618,
-0.03387976065278053,
-0.013772782869637012,
0.043333444744348526,
0.03546861186623573,
-0.016963504254817963,
0.00638750521466136,
0.02249808795750141,
0.05656411126255989,
0.005486018490046263,
0.016432033851742744,
0.003173219272866845,
-0.03684376925230026,
0.021056456491351128,
0.009433506056666374,
0.01913764327764511,
-0.06676355749368668,
-0.054524995386600494,
-0.042680516839027405,
-0.024266744032502174,
0.008371823467314243,
0.05257924273610115,
-0.017096778377890587,
-0.027854278683662415,
0.026872040703892708,
0.01911211758852005,
-0.014451119117438793,
0.009274636395275593,
0.04026535898447037,
-0.06596560776233673,
-0.002296765800565481,
0.036637794226408005,
-0.022745883092284203,
0.007289267145097256,
-0.01407045591622591,
-0.014616780914366245,
-0.055715370923280716,
-0.024588827043771744,
0.03515166416764259,
-0.003919441252946854,
-0.01840033568441868,
-0.02985302358865738,
-0.011766633950173855,
0.009239112958312035,
0.00006585789378732443,
0.0016204051207751036,
-0.020629145205020905,
-0.0580056793987751,
-0.005086327902972698,
0.03301002085208893,
-0.006087695714086294,
0.009179402142763138,
-0.011875180527567863,
-0.027248339727520943,
-0.012018689885735512,
-0.05471215769648552,
-0.000022308810002868995,
0.05209895595908165,
-0.027389811351895332,
-0.03613718971610069,
-0.04253291338682175,
0.040694981813430786,
0.007469359785318375,
0.028084928169846535,
-0.002310373354703188,
0.017881598323583603,
-0.07420454174280167,
0.008337865583598614,
0.01079187449067831,
0.05679253116250038,
0.02095995843410492,
-0.008428895846009254,
0.04515925049781799,
0.00217783497646451,
0.04381316155195236,
-0.011794970370829105,
-0.042044296860694885,
-0.005577577278017998,
0.06613917648792267,
-0.02311618998646736,
-0.052196722477674484,
-0.07254615426063538,
-0.016293134540319443,
-0.01634150929749012,
-0.014748122543096542,
-0.0019621546380221844,
-0.05517297238111496,
0.05390670523047447,
0.009945088066160679,
0.014443488791584969,
-0.008927274495363235,
-0.015001875348389149,
0.047632038593292236,
-0.058212604373693466,
0.03615783154964447,
-0.04043915122747421,
-0.02037893980741501,
0.06075574830174446,
-0.03631049394607544,
0.007774237543344498,
0.02804885432124138,
-0.01219251286238432,
0.041178107261657715,
-0.03824940323829651,
-0.04352254047989845,
0.027889689430594444,
-0.02865334041416645,
-0.01886817067861557,
0.04581519961357117,
-0.06096632033586502,
-0.005332185886800289,
-0.041465505957603455,
-0.031300242990255356,
-0.002168497070670128,
0.010874985717236996,
0.03358141705393791,
0.007902104407548904,
-0.013856525532901287,
-0.010145766660571098,
0.04676838964223862,
0.017038892954587936,
0.06442572176456451,
0.024923643097281456,
-0.0062544578686356544,
-0.04294401779770851,
0.07167370617389679,
0.032609906047582626,
0.014650450088083744,
-0.028908483684062958,
0.027470923960208893,
0.0021074467804282904,
-0.0634009838104248,
0.006102746818214655,
0.00035725635825656354,
0.007248732727020979,
-0.07074553519487381,
0.0430242195725441,
0.03218339383602142,
-0.021132878959178925,
0.004153456538915634,
0.024366000667214394,
-0.040613994002342224,
-0.005445348564535379,
0.005916900932788849,
0.015144985169172287,
-0.002385999308899045,
0.055289141833782196,
0.02252478338778019,
0.03709139674901962,
0.0532517284154892,
0.034695036709308624,
-0.0035702793393284082,
0.0008823174866847694,
0.08836598694324493,
0.1129436269402504,
-0.008080287836492062,
0.03253336623311043,
0.10616275668144226,
-0.011676025576889515,
-0.053955912590026855,
0.029102304950356483,
0.035896509885787964,
-0.0020777075551450253,
-0.038118876516819,
0.028493259102106094,
0.08178488910198212,
0.031787775456905365,
0.09204014390707016,
-0.04425768181681633,
-0.016045670956373215,
0.05043504387140274,
0.016217738389968872,
-0.0056562465615570545,
0.02018340677022934,
0.039196040481328964,
0.00568282138556242,
0.014487977139651775,
-0.004247425124049187,
-0.03241867944598198,
-0.05571666359901428,
0.03703867644071579,
0.03690748289227486,
0.002673195907846093,
0.017694318667054176,
-0.036623504012823105,
0.035356756299734116,
0.07745290547609329,
-0.012987584806978703,
-0.021863887086510658,
-0.015665177255868912,
0.03593140095472336,
0.0016115334583446383,
0.011418960057199001,
-0.013811043463647366,
0.0010806156788021326,
0.00392062496393919,
-0.014876614324748516,
0.01621917076408863,
0.008674874901771545,
0.015422833152115345,
0.0012113451957702637,
-0.04348379373550415,
-0.0003050384111702442,
-0.019590651616454124,
0.04233446344733238,
-0.017681408673524857,
-0.05155390873551369,
-0.03798508644104004,
-0.04714427888393402,
-0.06604979932308197,
-0.03477844223380089,
0.03907477855682373,
-0.00420885207131505,
-0.04578905925154686,
0.003446518909186125,
-0.017183784395456314,
0.009487336501479149,
0.03114490583539009,
-0.05322246626019478,
0.016852999106049538,
0.03506777808070183,
-0.004035240970551968,
0.012520547956228256,
0.044445399194955826,
0.03800976648926735,
0.009744616225361824,
-0.03747992962598801,
0.043651193380355835,
-0.01638052985072136,
0.020567337051033974,
-0.02070540562272072,
-0.02424905076622963,
-0.093476802110672,
0.002879526000469923,
0.018917707726359367,
-0.039851367473602295,
-0.09912028908729553,
0.04114242643117905,
-0.013749390840530396,
0.050855234265327454,
0.05716754123568535,
-0.045635100454092026,
-0.02076350338757038,
-0.05382312089204788,
-0.004365507047623396,
0.016209721565246582,
-0.0058040982112288475,
0.04901174455881119,
-0.019435426220297813,
0.08028987050056458,
0.055981945246458054,
-0.004938621539622545,
-0.0007934014429338276,
0.021971119567751884,
-0.01832048036158085,
-0.0018928241916000843,
-0.02977708913385868,
-0.03999065235257149,
-0.028285827487707138,
-0.11071457713842392,
-0.024928804486989975,
0.026409732177853584,
-0.0012573829153552651,
-0.03316089138388634,
-0.008894677273929119,
-0.010511665605008602,
0.022997822612524033,
-0.044421467930078506,
-0.012686612084507942,
-0.03809567913413048,
-0.02300895005464554,
-0.06636268645524979,
-0.06788322329521179,
-0.018501780927181244,
-0.010391020216047764,
0.025201469659805298,
-0.048606738448143005,
-0.03398447483778,
-0.009095354937016964,
0.011226319707930088,
0.015567770227789879,
0.004024496767669916,
0.02006291039288044,
-0.0026596158277243376
] |
3,461
|
Revisiting Random Walks for Learning on Graphs
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=SG1R2H3fa1
|
[
"Jinwoo Kim",
"Olga Zaghen",
"Ayhan Suleymanzade",
"Youngmin Ryou",
"Seunghoon Hong"
] |
Spotlight
|
We revisit a simple model class for machine learning on graphs, where a random walk on a graph produces a machine-readable record, and this record is processed by a deep neural network to directly make vertex-level or graph-level predictions. We call these stochastic machines random walk neural networks (RWNNs), and through principled analysis, show that we can design them to be isomorphism invariant while capable of universal approximation of graph functions in probability. A useful finding is that almost any kind of record of random walks guarantees probabilistic invariance as long as the vertices are anonymized. This enables us, for example, to record random walks in plain text and adopt a language model to read these text records to solve graph tasks. We further establish a parallelism to message passing neural networks using tools from Markov chain theory, and show that over-smoothing in message passing is alleviated by construction in RWNNs, while over-squashing manifests as probabilistic under-reaching. We empirically demonstrate RWNNs on a range of problems, verifying our theoretical analysis and demonstrating the use of language models for separating strongly regular graphs where 3-WL test fails, and transductive classification on arXiv citation network. Code is available at https://github.com/jw9730/random-walk.
|
Graph machine learning, random walk, invariance, universal approximation, markov chain
|
From the perspectives of invariance and universality, we revisit a simple idea where a random walk on a graph produces a machine-readable record which is processed by a deep neural network to directly make vertex-level or graph-level predictions.
| 8,462
|
2407.01214
|
[
0.003354677464812994,
-0.030410433188080788,
-0.005708639044314623,
0.05199076607823372,
0.030628357082605362,
0.025250423699617386,
0.04414207115769386,
0.016825687140226364,
-0.014993439428508282,
-0.04137425124645233,
0.013103068806231022,
-0.014096816070377827,
-0.05973563343286514,
-0.009071764536201954,
0.02397988736629486,
0.04307026416063309,
0.041388530284166336,
0.01043776050209999,
0.005263360682874918,
0.00156882731243968,
-0.02790265530347824,
-0.005169160198420286,
0.03777896985411644,
0.016309920698404312,
0.020335787907242775,
0.010605987161397934,
0.02703232504427433,
-0.013903471641242504,
-0.008883915841579437,
0.015526720322668552,
0.06581936776638031,
0.0020673510152846575,
0.02691958285868168,
-0.009890468791127205,
0.04605620726943016,
0.016743313521146774,
-0.029364069923758507,
-0.005788195412606001,
-0.0050320010632276535,
0.021633801981806755,
-0.04923569783568382,
0.03116021864116192,
-0.01087605208158493,
0.040672384202480316,
-0.06875050067901611,
0.024228764697909355,
-0.12523110210895538,
0.04725727438926697,
0.017788706347346306,
-0.012490926310420036,
-0.1148669421672821,
0.04529360309243202,
0.026431482285261154,
0.00038648475310765207,
0.006768635008484125,
0.0077745006419718266,
0.04261675104498863,
-0.05761537700891495,
0.0028140635695308447,
-0.04161858931183815,
-0.007080862298607826,
0.0113806938752532,
-0.0007119816727936268,
0.013469956815242767,
-0.03583933413028717,
-0.02189297042787075,
0.020960628986358643,
0.072008416056633,
-0.04938981309533119,
-0.029032237827777863,
-0.013815955258905888,
0.02277713641524315,
-0.030918510630726814,
0.029384538531303406,
0.012407137081027031,
-0.04457467421889305,
0.03012525849044323,
0.027378452941775322,
0.05653761327266693,
-0.013980686664581299,
-0.004708700347691774,
0.03564467653632164,
0.0010906122624874115,
0.049756526947021484,
-0.002815510146319866,
0.02095819264650345,
-0.05481830984354019,
-0.04960131645202637,
-0.09947745501995087,
0.03834326192736626,
-0.05665348097681999,
-0.06156311556696892,
-0.004198248963803053,
0.03293837606906891,
-0.006931970361620188,
-0.01173795759677887,
0.02146117575466633,
0.020387429744005203,
0.03344982489943504,
-0.011983349919319153,
-0.04723263904452324,
-0.039453160017728806,
0.001544229919090867,
-0.0047817472368478775,
-0.10305751115083694,
-0.04055441543459892,
-0.0007277509430423379,
0.003640291979536414,
0.028263788670301437,
-0.007163606584072113,
-0.018605049699544907,
0.007947606965899467,
0.004221173003315926,
-0.002495603635907173,
-0.07438339293003082,
0.02154484950006008,
-0.005871078465133905,
-0.018906116485595703,
-0.005438035819679499,
-0.005498197395354509,
0.0388534814119339,
0.03979325294494629,
0.01053252536803484,
0.06608905643224716,
-0.01931551657617092,
0.006088115740567446,
0.019146788865327835,
0.019388757646083832,
-0.021594472229480743,
-0.015376309864223003,
-0.0006271800957620144,
0.06661364436149597,
0.014424958266317844,
0.012261499650776386,
0.015425900928676128,
-0.016757313162088394,
-0.0027111698873341084,
0.04311754181981087,
0.01513158529996872,
-0.0062238676473498344,
0.022397741675376892,
-0.0003468553186394274,
0.05965910479426384,
-0.001008446211926639,
0.06502082943916321,
-0.029310578480362892,
-0.021834993734955788,
-0.03719455376267433,
-0.03490531072020531,
-0.00012145304935984313,
-0.00338167161680758,
-0.005080356262624264,
0.008081892505288124,
-0.05897033214569092,
0.019138053059577942,
0.052503228187561035,
0.004747595172375441,
0.047739047557115555,
-0.01861189678311348,
-0.0018896706169471145,
0.03827396407723427,
0.03301326185464859,
-0.05346669629216194,
0.007024915888905525,
-0.007203720975667238,
-0.07229737192392349,
0.031962741166353226,
0.04054807126522064,
-0.022422773763537407,
-0.018363580107688904,
-0.0005307808751240373,
-0.045811545103788376,
0.050092797726392746,
-0.008268429897725582,
-0.01687106117606163,
-0.00239740451797843,
0.048644572496414185,
0.0002893978962674737,
0.031426023691892624,
0.008360760286450386,
-0.08273474127054214,
0.044475894421339035,
0.02445181831717491,
-0.00006643378583248705,
-0.009924915619194508,
-0.02028822898864746,
0.08090993762016296,
-0.009274515323340893,
-0.002534514060243964,
-0.005313546396791935,
-0.07745299488306046,
-0.029593966901302338,
0.03023719973862171,
-0.03768628463149071,
0.07701750844717026,
0.0026313739363104105,
0.016575800254940987,
0.010381286032497883,
0.002274972153827548,
0.04214344173669815,
0.04722438380122185,
-0.038597919046878815,
0.04546140879392624,
-0.024224333465099335,
-0.044585805386304855,
0.012870472855865955,
0.042740046977996826,
-0.07321839779615402,
-0.05549081787467003,
0.022490235045552254,
-0.0017222134629264474,
-0.014472112990915775,
0.014272980391979218,
-0.025599265471100807,
0.025910543277859688,
0.016928890720009804,
0.002155823865905404,
0.00929699745029211,
0.015637321397662163,
-0.0345645509660244,
0.02502819523215294,
0.015093703754246235,
-0.03071046993136406,
0.013022269122302532,
-0.010927367024123669,
0.09570714086294174,
0.08740301430225372,
-0.0006175229209475219,
0.013125071302056313,
0.009920105338096619,
0.0371960774064064,
0.01802739128470421,
0.037757717072963715,
0.005151256453245878,
0.02195248007774353,
-0.030830496922135353,
0.01374567486345768,
-0.050367217510938644,
0.021420862525701523,
-0.05823291838169098,
0.0021328472066670656,
0.07478905469179153,
-0.021873638033866882,
0.05428669601678848,
0.0002520527923479676,
0.006374678108841181,
0.028741126880049706,
-0.048134125769138336,
0.00707379961386323,
-0.009769439697265625,
-0.009466594085097313,
-0.004336124286055565,
0.03583188354969025,
-0.013209430500864983,
-0.016496658325195312,
-0.03730272501707077,
0.007804289925843477,
-0.00909622572362423,
0.10974855720996857,
0.06515585631132126,
0.01596306636929512,
0.001115206046961248,
-0.024782905355095863,
-0.03183939680457115,
-0.02461855113506317,
-0.11752553284168243,
-0.044886086136102676,
-0.022714750841259956,
0.06354333460330963,
0.019089573994278908,
0.04137369617819786,
-0.009395858272910118,
0.017374956980347633,
-0.016267986968159676,
-0.013398132286965847,
0.003265035105869174,
0.03616797924041748,
0.00843825563788414,
-0.0600539892911911,
-0.019132882356643677,
-0.012369449250400066,
0.05663639307022095,
0.002562380162999034,
-0.03746887668967247,
-0.015236117877066135,
-0.04949435219168663,
0.008495592512190342,
-0.004459210205823183,
-0.012770169414579868,
0.04854816570878029,
0.010506249032914639,
0.04720074310898781,
-0.004643628839403391,
-0.006251076702028513,
0.051032476127147675,
0.0628570169210434,
0.04673774167895317,
-0.013726548291742802,
-0.012424671091139317,
0.02203788235783577,
-0.013325188308954239,
0.012044625356793404,
-0.012717736884951591,
0.028879741206765175,
-0.02947065234184265,
-0.003898415481671691,
0.01068414282053709,
0.013794996775686741,
-0.27515098452568054,
0.010955301113426685,
0.01217251643538475,
-0.042994026094675064,
0.010394083335995674,
-0.0015400274423882365,
0.07674727588891983,
-0.00995256844907999,
-0.030489422380924225,
-0.0009426572942174971,
-0.0001068523051799275,
0.02453337423503399,
-0.01762809418141842,
0.035903412848711014,
0.04770195856690407,
0.01142943650484085,
-0.012332374230027199,
-0.04280293732881546,
0.01362848374992609,
0.058847665786743164,
-0.01638517528772354,
-0.06157633289694786,
-0.0434427373111248,
0.023896677419543266,
-0.02518143318593502,
0.04262610152363777,
-0.09141293913125992,
-0.018756292760372162,
-0.03127184510231018,
0.010744906030595303,
-0.011753012426197529,
-0.022465666756033897,
-0.018631063401699066,
0.018282972276210785,
-0.015110506676137447,
0.025966156274080276,
0.035992398858070374,
-0.0071521662175655365,
-0.009696222841739655,
0.03925148397684097,
0.01743917539715767,
0.013711554929614067,
-0.021887648850679398,
0.008858886547386646,
0.07008979469537735,
0.029901498928666115,
-0.0388694629073143,
0.0006836059619672596,
-0.003968506585806608,
0.030958620831370354,
-0.04027577117085457,
-0.03468901664018631,
0.003506288630887866,
-0.020069636404514313,
0.024486664682626724,
-0.04768102988600731,
-0.01949550397694111,
0.00020372292783576995,
-0.027419647201895714,
-0.008154247887432575,
0.02718489058315754,
-0.041537754237651825,
0.03359789773821831,
-0.058366648852825165,
-0.04109152406454086,
-0.02232048287987709,
-0.07252591848373413,
-0.052455250173807144,
0.030489949509501457,
0.008056587539613247,
-0.02354276180267334,
0.03049997054040432,
-0.032326385378837585,
-0.08853964507579803,
0.0073003582656383514,
0.011491093784570694,
-0.026284946128726006,
-0.013505435548722744,
0.03273918479681015,
0.033465757966041565,
-0.02002394013106823,
-0.03497949242591858,
-0.03943851590156555,
0.034994833171367645,
0.026262754574418068,
0.00387835456058383,
0.03682198002934456,
-0.035121478140354156,
-0.038374390453100204,
-0.05105770006775856,
0.016156814992427826,
0.013074472546577454,
0.05524906516075134,
-0.0006688193534500897,
0.05167575180530548,
0.03242310509085655,
0.040071047842502594,
0.04039040207862854,
0.04510663449764252,
0.02357073873281479,
0.04742741584777832,
-0.07428234070539474,
-0.010063518770039082,
-0.04657577723264694,
-0.029147906228899956,
0.057402949780225754,
-0.07264801114797592,
-0.012094817124307156,
0.04315589368343353,
-0.006307441741228104,
-0.03667396679520607,
-0.041961196810007095,
-0.002195221371948719,
-0.012640904635190964,
-0.02048170380294323,
-0.02680325321853161,
-0.0033751779701560736,
0.018796082586050034,
0.02138451673090458,
-0.022481083869934082,
-0.060695573687553406,
0.05422549694776535,
-0.03867769613862038,
-0.0010501344222575426,
-0.015692107379436493,
-0.017999090254306793,
0.005102858878672123,
-0.023631783202290535,
0.009902558289468288,
0.006593257188796997,
-0.0002933000214397907,
0.04351964220404625,
0.016306480392813683,
0.011702820658683777,
0.049105286598205566,
0.035998642444610596,
-0.03773944824934006,
-0.010912616737186909,
0.0252394862473011,
-0.00960378535091877,
0.013156658038496971,
-0.004995145834982395,
0.025569628924131393,
0.03190692141652107,
0.047615572810173035,
0.0030090578366070986,
0.015130060724914074,
0.026831481605768204,
0.015324903652071953,
-0.027320675551891327,
-0.003266944084316492,
-0.028448203578591347,
0.016557715833187103,
-0.018587255850434303,
0.010176830925047398,
-0.0176852960139513,
0.03544631600379944,
-0.0060909464955329895,
-0.0021691962610930204,
-0.04070611670613289,
0.0511273518204689,
0.0037191666197031736,
0.014403656125068665,
0.00878539215773344,
-0.0033436166122555733,
0.05509386211633682,
-0.027570609003305435,
0.00884933490306139,
0.011411876417696476,
-0.0158190056681633,
-0.010487246327102184,
-0.011875547468662262,
-0.023693818598985672,
-0.0004971425514668226,
-0.016622867435216904,
0.024398578330874443,
-0.002815368352457881,
0.018500518053770065,
-0.04838928207755089,
0.012887533754110336,
-0.02168036811053753,
-0.006755798123776913,
-0.02005094103515148,
0.02220819517970085,
0.09064556658267975,
0.023752206936478615,
0.01615665853023529,
0.011761529371142387,
-0.05276285484433174,
0.05539803206920624,
-0.015458956360816956,
0.025021634995937347,
-0.03152565285563469,
-0.05853664129972458,
-0.021209565922617912,
-0.03367070481181145,
0.02366580069065094,
-0.020786399021744728,
-0.020303495228290558,
-0.021321063861250877,
0.02364576794207096,
0.003722987836226821,
-0.027956131845712662,
0.017026253044605255,
0.03009348176419735,
-0.06304048001766205,
-0.01041033212095499,
0.027832040563225746,
-0.013209069147706032,
0.004844264592975378,
-0.036108002066612244,
-0.028439054265618324,
-0.044987697154283524,
-0.05080744996666908,
0.01492282748222351,
0.001144251087680459,
-0.03921011835336685,
0.0021138081792742014,
-0.00009679352660896257,
0.006597908213734627,
0.0018051646184176207,
-0.00006311404285952449,
0.020102640613913536,
-0.03902074694633484,
0.007956975139677525,
0.057469625025987625,
-0.03131485357880592,
-0.02385077066719532,
-0.006238534580916166,
-0.03599967435002327,
0.004756934940814972,
-0.03874876722693443,
0.042556434869766235,
0.026457499712705612,
0.0062847137451171875,
-0.009426543489098549,
-0.06901562213897705,
0.02409517951309681,
-0.001453012810088694,
0.012593632563948631,
-0.02132287621498108,
0.025800958275794983,
-0.06009389087557793,
-0.012766832485795021,
0.012876921333372593,
0.026280518621206284,
0.0012206056853756309,
0.03050605207681656,
0.019713012501597404,
0.002780746901407838,
0.03153029829263687,
0.016544291749596596,
-0.06262084096670151,
-0.007814721204340458,
0.04952613636851311,
0.005112751852720976,
-0.03092167340219021,
-0.08375587314367294,
-0.014089895412325859,
0.001217269222252071,
-0.05241651087999344,
-0.003729104297235608,
-0.006169984117150307,
0.020907586440443993,
0.010107727721333504,
0.03508772328495979,
0.018924588337540627,
-0.02689533680677414,
0.021638881415128708,
-0.04006011411547661,
-0.0012815145310014486,
-0.06350977718830109,
-0.0348515510559082,
0.06381800770759583,
-0.03593597188591957,
0.02806018479168415,
-0.014452248811721802,
0.00008346158574568108,
0.0038585069123655558,
-0.03377032279968262,
-0.05980518087744713,
0.011977131478488445,
-0.028888002038002014,
0.026072852313518524,
0.03756403177976608,
-0.048030029982328415,
-0.007943606935441494,
0.008052466437220573,
-0.061038531363010406,
-0.00981796532869339,
-0.009882581420242786,
0.027473095804452896,
-0.034028034657239914,
0.017258504405617714,
-0.010825454257428646,
-0.005196710582822561,
0.008891414850950241,
0.05472271144390106,
-0.002915015909820795,
0.052305564284324646,
-0.04322614148259163,
0.0326174758374691,
0.04511420801281929,
-0.0038310582749545574,
0.006792477332055569,
0.05236100032925606,
-0.031069761142134666,
-0.06236181780695915,
0.04887491092085838,
0.008101803250610828,
-0.01942654326558113,
-0.05147895589470863,
0.08762498944997787,
0.016891751438379288,
-0.085903599858284,
-0.026377497240900993,
0.017945049330592155,
-0.05408598110079765,
0.008972845040261745,
-0.00352386268787086,
0.001992325996980071,
0.010372679680585861,
0.07863550633192062,
0.030621306970715523,
0.031131019815802574,
0.07119516283273697,
0.011640395037829876,
-0.0029609655030071735,
-0.03600316867232323,
0.0662478506565094,
0.05952414870262146,
0.04291604831814766,
-0.02281840331852436,
0.05458986386656761,
-0.032187797129154205,
-0.04874890297651291,
-0.0034088590182363987,
0.006154063157737255,
-0.0380781926214695,
-0.03158251941204071,
0.017125476151704788,
0.06869349628686905,
-0.03201174736022949,
0.07031802088022232,
-0.06605464965105057,
0.0230329018086195,
0.0402037613093853,
0.009200561791658401,
-0.0071308608166873455,
0.04511824995279312,
0.01962270960211754,
0.016948716714978218,
-0.029241515323519707,
-0.0013189926976338029,
0.004848090466111898,
-0.02250642143189907,
0.013024009764194489,
0.03946267068386078,
-0.018776340410113335,
-0.007164640352129936,
0.016224157065153122,
0.034428324550390244,
0.11073724925518036,
-0.0579620823264122,
-0.034107886254787445,
-0.017292186617851257,
0.011682376265525818,
0.006629152223467827,
0.055541954934597015,
0.018624283373355865,
-0.015666022896766663,
-0.0034610757138580084,
-0.06863580644130707,
0.024394547566771507,
0.0021125220227986574,
-0.016195308417081833,
-0.014508785679936409,
-0.004603095352649689,
-0.024885553866624832,
-0.0010635924991220236,
0.003110156860202551,
-0.01918252743780613,
-0.029197493568062782,
-0.0034183042589575052,
-0.04339923337101936,
-0.05559752881526947,
-0.049733854830265045,
0.015456581488251686,
-0.022870024666190147,
-0.0313216932117939,
0.03742850571870804,
-0.0205245278775692,
0.01411408931016922,
0.018228676170110703,
-0.057481855154037476,
0.007925131358206272,
0.02333712950348854,
0.015617241151630878,
-0.006517082918435335,
0.03171388432383537,
0.024770360440015793,
-0.045350879430770874,
-0.028374817222356796,
0.05578722804784775,
0.007302343845367432,
0.040490902960300446,
0.0024151501711457968,
-0.001926802913658321,
-0.0783042460680008,
0.034313105046749115,
0.01394734624773264,
-0.0674426332116127,
-0.08156795799732208,
0.020427793264389038,
0.007453074678778648,
0.030684204772114754,
0.02165082097053528,
0.016072290018200874,
-0.03329504281282425,
-0.03596426174044609,
0.0366482175886631,
0.0036083341110497713,
0.01994800567626953,
0.0481191985309124,
-0.014233528636395931,
0.05533988028764725,
0.04148977994918823,
-0.03796473145484924,
-0.043946489691734314,
-0.003822622587904334,
0.005506669636815786,
-0.015104861930012703,
-0.032727230340242386,
-0.02657438814640045,
-0.005214469972997904,
-0.10763505846261978,
-0.007868770509958267,
0.029635896906256676,
0.0037432711105793715,
-0.014813168905675411,
-0.005587907042354345,
-0.02554248832166195,
0.013534342870116234,
0.011925695464015007,
-0.043393660336732864,
-0.003509804606437683,
-0.01630258746445179,
-0.04161818325519562,
-0.0820370763540268,
0.0028809320647269487,
-0.041622187942266464,
0.05043385177850723,
-0.0324443094432354,
-0.04491983726620674,
-0.0014055349165573716,
-0.024268673732876778,
0.02609281800687313,
0.01438128761947155,
0.008070455864071846,
-0.015673313289880753
] |
3,462
|
DeFT: Decoding with Flash Tree-attention for Efficient Tree-structured LLM Inference
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=2c7pfOqu9k
|
[
"Jinwei Yao",
"Kaiqi Chen",
"Kexun Zhang",
"Jiaxuan You",
"Binhang Yuan",
"Zeke Wang",
"Tao Lin"
] |
Spotlight
|
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly employed for complex tasks that process multiple generation calls in a tree structure with shared prefixes of tokens, including few-shot prompting, multi-step reasoning, speculative decoding, etc. However, existing inference systems for tree-based applications are inefficient due to improper partitioning of queries and KV cache during attention calculation.This leads to two main issues: (1) a lack of memory access (IO) reuse for KV cache of shared prefixes, and (2) poor load balancing.As a result, there is redundant KV cache IO between GPU global memory and shared memory, along with low GPU utilization. To address these challenges, we propose DeFT(Decoding with Flash Tree-Attention), a hardware-efficient attention algorithm with prefix-aware and load-balanced KV cache partitions. DeFT reduces the number of read/write operations of KV cache during attention calculation through **KV-Guided Grouping**, a method that avoids repeatedly loading KV cache of shared prefixes in attention computation. Additionally, we propose **Flattened Tree KV Splitting**, a mechanism that ensures even distribution of the KV cache across partitions with little computation redundancy, enhancing GPU utilization during attention computations. By reducing 73-99% KV cache IO and nearly 100% IO for partial results during attention calculation, DeFT achieves up to 2.23/3.59$\times$ speedup in the end-to-end/attention latency across three practical tree-based workloads compared to state-of-the-art attention algorithms. Our code is available at https://github.com/LINs-lab/DeFT.
|
LLM inference, attention, memory-efficiency, tree-based decoding
|
We propose DeFT, a hardware-efficient tree attention algorithm to improve the tree-based decoding (e.g. multi-step reasoning, speculative decoding, etc) efficiency with IO-awareness for shared prefixes and load-balancing..
| 8,454
|
2404.00242
|
[
-0.013099217787384987,
-0.024883300065994263,
0.0003833432274404913,
0.017499389126896858,
0.020116189494729042,
0.04660977050662041,
0.035901810973882675,
0.04300551116466522,
-0.01790424808859825,
0.007369813043624163,
0.0018266800325363874,
0.029335031285881996,
-0.0539095476269722,
0.004981217905879021,
0.002151650143787265,
0.06352145224809647,
0.037061844021081924,
-0.025276632979512215,
0.016738757491111755,
0.022429045289754868,
0.009239175356924534,
-0.0031522661447525024,
0.023152830079197884,
0.03238352760672569,
0.05949355289340019,
0.00621057627722621,
-0.003323877928778529,
0.019853319972753525,
-0.03547607362270355,
-0.012793145142495632,
0.040591269731521606,
0.034807827323675156,
0.004153023939579725,
-0.01365309301763773,
-0.00011482647096272558,
-0.005921333562582731,
-0.05391988158226013,
0.0005890033207833767,
0.03760471194982529,
0.04002891480922699,
-0.02486417442560196,
0.0017206646734848619,
-0.01684907265007496,
0.01834625005722046,
-0.06561525911092758,
0.016432486474514008,
-0.12602367997169495,
0.02042437717318535,
-0.012006346136331558,
-0.012585954740643501,
-0.09377709031105042,
0.024062223732471466,
-0.010285348631441593,
0.0006755240028724074,
0.011128634214401245,
0.04267888143658638,
0.031602706760168076,
-0.0837048664689064,
0.015580722130835056,
-0.03385098651051521,
-0.03760656714439392,
-0.03408931568264961,
0.023059699684381485,
0.023260360583662987,
0.00731146614998579,
-0.047792065888643265,
0.0030923185404390097,
0.037872496992349625,
-0.08308324217796326,
-0.08086483925580978,
-0.011131633073091507,
0.04687321558594704,
-0.05007706210017204,
0.005164847243577242,
0.008779067546129227,
-0.03952430188655853,
-0.0006719272350892425,
0.02970905601978302,
0.07758784294128418,
0.01281201746314764,
0.0038382282946258783,
0.029524071142077446,
0.017792977392673492,
0.06633065640926361,
0.00988936796784401,
0.009066532365977764,
-0.028699966147542,
-0.014904278330504894,
-0.06396647542715073,
0.03084140457212925,
-0.002880711341276765,
-0.032969336956739426,
0.008703996427357197,
0.018800657242536545,
-0.0004192060441710055,
0.013164835050702095,
0.0024020797573029995,
0.018538502976298332,
0.0036152994725853205,
-0.0004413066490087658,
-0.023908235132694244,
-0.06884320080280304,
0.004901723470538855,
-0.005347592756152153,
-0.10140509158372879,
-0.004546944983303547,
-0.03964494913816452,
-0.013871761970221996,
0.01176357176154852,
-0.01135294884443283,
-0.020723853260278702,
-0.013304566033184528,
0.01898008957505226,
0.0023279162123799324,
-0.1055852398276329,
0.018134675920009613,
0.007992575876414776,
0.0034396240953356028,
-0.020573008805513382,
0.02076149173080921,
0.0719822347164154,
0.055717870593070984,
0.022727102041244507,
0.061625100672245026,
0.0349261537194252,
0.009380747564136982,
0.013427306897938251,
0.01723172701895237,
-0.0015484452014788985,
-0.05070680007338524,
0.02429773658514023,
0.013545137830078602,
-0.006285879760980606,
0.0005207890062592924,
-0.014281479641795158,
-0.0007214305805973709,
-0.014431151561439037,
0.020305950194597244,
0.04854707047343254,
-0.029709480702877045,
-0.004993582144379616,
-0.03368809446692467,
0.03562649339437485,
-0.024442775174975395,
0.0545051246881485,
0.001551461173221469,
-0.02927508018910885,
-0.016953468322753906,
-0.01873338595032692,
0.028631962835788727,
0.004453960340470076,
0.004473852459341288,
-0.004900381434708834,
-0.07304727286100388,
0.018717775121331215,
0.08229288458824158,
0.017762843519449234,
-0.004123136401176453,
0.008418908342719078,
0.052381645888090134,
0.015017828904092312,
-0.005397404078394175,
-0.05695493146777153,
0.023194635286927223,
-0.03275178745388985,
-0.025989610701799393,
0.04443077743053436,
0.013092217966914177,
-0.009015276096761227,
-0.0025231968611478806,
-0.017154617235064507,
0.0030560167506337166,
0.04763712361454964,
-0.03767617046833038,
-0.024382511153817177,
-0.01871499978005886,
0.042652904987335205,
-0.022995222359895706,
0.02543869987130165,
0.025656625628471375,
-0.07259190827608109,
-0.0022652505431324244,
0.016216693446040154,
0.021532820537686348,
-0.032170362770557404,
-0.005010146647691727,
0.12324422597885132,
-0.022010138258337975,
0.015047716908156872,
-0.013006653636693954,
-0.08863568305969238,
-0.010264872573316097,
0.0031143806409090757,
-0.006976747419685125,
0.09791670739650726,
-0.02009597234427929,
0.009538136422634125,
0.02317257598042488,
0.029041780158877373,
0.059475623071193695,
0.06410685181617737,
-0.02936473675072193,
0.04604794457554817,
-0.01658855751156807,
-0.04142060875892639,
0.005005722399801016,
0.02914896234869957,
-0.04165421426296234,
-0.038146015256643295,
0.028546052053570747,
0.003771486459299922,
-0.009210281074047089,
0.010517803020775318,
0.014850922860205173,
0.008475126698613167,
0.004894692450761795,
-0.003812848823145032,
-0.003188611939549446,
0.028215358033776283,
-0.058552335947752,
0.04779510945081711,
0.02127891778945923,
-0.022946400567889214,
0.012687752954661846,
-0.023063311353325844,
0.10328437387943268,
0.055674199014902115,
-0.038054320961236954,
0.02677721157670021,
-0.0031254724599421024,
-0.0011287113884463906,
-0.03603128343820572,
0.010008223354816437,
-0.03751089423894882,
-0.012129760347306728,
-0.04015286639332771,
-0.0243847519159317,
-0.027785107493400574,
0.0477459579706192,
-0.03672522306442261,
-0.031237727031111717,
0.05583988130092621,
-0.021863913163542747,
0.023325840011239052,
0.014206919819116592,
-0.021119140088558197,
0.03300788998603821,
-0.049327168613672256,
-0.017917582765221596,
-0.02554699406027794,
-0.01306369248777628,
0.014069116674363613,
0.0031696902588009834,
-0.030128875747323036,
-0.0006626638351008296,
-0.04463762417435646,
0.004469768144190311,
-0.004824445582926273,
0.06547251343727112,
0.049099162220954895,
0.014914019964635372,
0.0037246679421514273,
0.027757862582802773,
-0.045391857624053955,
-0.0028461685869842768,
-0.1202397421002388,
-0.014414339326322079,
-0.023881621658802032,
0.027466561645269394,
-0.009544883854687214,
0.014717738144099712,
0.010045435279607773,
0.008019589819014072,
-0.035036321729421616,
-0.005556256044656038,
-0.012374618090689182,
0.04745976999402046,
-0.008373415097594261,
-0.03461155295372009,
-0.021510163322091103,
-0.02497594617307186,
0.04879891499876976,
-0.012663999572396278,
-0.007730527780950069,
-0.04167221486568451,
-0.014030256308615208,
-0.009339353069663048,
-0.05769190937280655,
-0.010699349455535412,
-0.011676667258143425,
0.014715240336954594,
-0.0033760322257876396,
-0.0643753930926323,
0.0066133784130215645,
0.046917155385017395,
0.05720865726470947,
0.044360287487506866,
-0.006158821750432253,
-0.0445125475525856,
0.025232236832380295,
-0.008211403153836727,
0.02412477135658264,
0.005031152628362179,
0.03706106171011925,
-0.035861194133758545,
0.020553166046738625,
-0.01422752346843481,
-0.006673102732747793,
-0.27427199482917786,
-0.01266833022236824,
0.005706112831830978,
-0.02729872055351734,
0.05149462819099426,
-0.0002188414946431294,
0.003723838599398732,
-0.03307715430855751,
-0.011255110614001751,
-0.004202976357191801,
-0.0004163313133176416,
0.02151515707373619,
0.0018083740724250674,
0.0406397320330143,
0.063670314848423,
0.025696929544210434,
-0.016307014971971512,
-0.010944496840238571,
0.02074560895562172,
0.05949895456433296,
0.020277513191103935,
-0.0774509459733963,
-0.03657088056206703,
0.026093756780028343,
0.016113391146063805,
0.015287065878510475,
-0.08502758294343948,
-0.009761991910636425,
-0.02906069904565811,
-0.0007956220069900155,
-0.022453434765338898,
-0.005167234688997269,
0.002674866234883666,
0.04362959787249565,
-0.022804005071520805,
0.009061655029654503,
0.07360819727182388,
-0.010784572921693325,
0.04046818986535072,
0.008275268599390984,
0.012586203403770924,
-0.06557214260101318,
-0.018390145152807236,
0.005474948789924383,
0.0678621381521225,
0.030836859717965126,
-0.0931592732667923,
-0.03204964101314545,
-0.022106241434812546,
0.028164448216557503,
-0.025854026898741722,
-0.0649334117770195,
-0.023423492908477783,
0.013284452259540558,
0.013427678495645523,
-0.04475798457860947,
0.000002296209459018428,
-0.020250210538506508,
-0.0011639463482424617,
0.016048677265644073,
-0.01712801307439804,
-0.05840776488184929,
-0.02228177711367607,
-0.01784517802298069,
-0.027382291853427887,
-0.0356045663356781,
-0.059929657727479935,
-0.0521719865500927,
0.03864862024784088,
0.015637647360563278,
-0.013774551451206207,
0.014175818301737309,
-0.026462115347385406,
-0.09006111323833466,
-0.01644454337656498,
0.017523469403386116,
-0.03327216953039169,
-0.0037938044406473637,
0.015521025285124779,
0.04330018162727356,
-0.01008786540478468,
-0.06249920278787613,
-0.0003138372558169067,
0.018145041540265083,
0.030128492042422295,
-0.045103803277015686,
-0.02632015570998192,
-0.050515066832304,
-0.01046762429177761,
-0.039642609655857086,
0.029429905116558075,
0.005627765785902739,
0.014342456124722958,
0.017142418771982193,
0.043736979365348816,
0.03494228795170784,
0.021617131307721138,
0.06049453467130661,
0.020000923424959183,
0.024893827736377716,
0.0053295111283659935,
-0.046818461269140244,
-0.0021045845933258533,
-0.02485118992626667,
-0.0223025381565094,
0.022531555965542793,
-0.033387552946805954,
-0.015835944563150406,
0.04101988673210144,
0.015387492254376411,
-0.04204348474740982,
-0.01873120293021202,
-0.004246924538165331,
0.0038442315999418497,
-0.008713973686099052,
0.00919966772198677,
0.033606141805648804,
0.0342227965593338,
0.021482739597558975,
-0.018040133640170097,
-0.0405443049967289,
0.020592356100678444,
-0.027493594214320183,
0.0005326243699528277,
0.008553844876587391,
-0.006144166458398104,
-0.022890007123351097,
-0.015063781291246414,
-0.0434248223900795,
-0.004040416795760393,
0.01310023944824934,
0.03927026316523552,
-0.004974918439984322,
0.002816662658005953,
0.032241132110357285,
-0.014974710531532764,
0.0014655430568382144,
0.007992494851350784,
0.02455579861998558,
-0.028152620419859886,
0.042068012058734894,
-0.04044623672962189,
0.022182298824191093,
0.05042414367198944,
0.027891026809811592,
0.019332975149154663,
-0.0005506624584086239,
0.010376439429819584,
-0.020486710593104362,
-0.003571085399016738,
0.007389487233012915,
-0.04932241514325142,
0.003052284475415945,
-0.029998406767845154,
0.032149069011211395,
-0.03625413775444031,
0.02728741057217121,
-0.014559312723577023,
0.005918552633374929,
-0.0606183260679245,
0.056665580719709396,
-0.001016818219795823,
0.014703052118420601,
-0.02322426624596119,
0.0265175923705101,
0.03748549893498421,
-0.010439135134220123,
0.029307639226317406,
0.034609079360961914,
0.03705144301056862,
-0.029492821544408798,
-0.02551357075572014,
-0.07091111689805984,
0.007789733354002237,
0.0037993984296917915,
0.008288798853754997,
0.0032059699296951294,
0.0022609892766922712,
-0.01633678562939167,
0.056492723524570465,
0.003327349666506052,
-0.01386284176260233,
-0.004728470463305712,
0.05599334463477135,
0.10341992229223251,
-0.016075700521469116,
-0.01036869641393423,
0.024873366579413414,
-0.039301611483097076,
0.029250895604491234,
0.0004470376006793231,
0.007531344424933195,
-0.012413915246725082,
-0.021164175122976303,
-0.03935406357049942,
-0.05407464876770973,
-0.004983905237168074,
0.032448261976242065,
-0.01451722253113985,
-0.01729252189397812,
-0.024871962144970894,
-0.01519641000777483,
-0.03608371317386627,
-0.054777856916189194,
0.027037154883146286,
-0.0614127553999424,
-0.0042343419045209885,
0.03582483157515526,
0.0013213991187512875,
0.026618022471666336,
-0.010370763018727303,
-0.01590859703719616,
-0.06178442761301994,
-0.00312836398370564,
0.01191223319619894,
-0.006696429569274187,
-0.0085743498057127,
0.010244687087833881,
0.008103402331471443,
-0.017967941239476204,
0.0067566134966909885,
-0.0011628230568021536,
0.011902527883648872,
-0.020741665735840797,
0.0016137759666889906,
0.039467159658670425,
-0.025668980553746223,
0.019061964005231857,
0.016443884000182152,
-0.01906377449631691,
0.042447127401828766,
-0.06576118618249893,
0.05919839069247246,
0.08029261976480484,
0.0053481487557291985,
0.016393493860960007,
-0.057303790003061295,
0.010461727157235146,
0.0021473169326782227,
0.0009207415278069675,
0.01978643238544464,
-0.022503890097141266,
-0.03332895785570145,
0.02620641700923443,
-0.00990742165595293,
0.00805946160107851,
0.00529198395088315,
-0.015894286334514618,
-0.02330627106130123,
0.03162339702248573,
-0.003045378252863884,
0.03644521161913872,
-0.04088810458779335,
0.0022030367981642485,
0.05609813705086708,
-0.047870829701423645,
-0.05573925003409386,
-0.08062981814146042,
-0.05084090679883957,
0.017153436318039894,
-0.013616902753710747,
0.00007926172838779166,
-0.03164532408118248,
0.068019337952137,
0.03088362328708172,
0.06297045946121216,
-0.0024928757920861244,
-0.04458802565932274,
0.06420985609292984,
-0.015048723667860031,
0.010745563544332981,
-0.0823962539434433,
-0.04102649167180061,
0.05353793874382973,
-0.018379295244812965,
-0.014104423113167286,
-0.02147599495947361,
-0.04697041213512421,
0.020768987014889717,
0.005220338236540556,
-0.03022594004869461,
0.03592141345143318,
-0.0175675917416811,
0.034045249223709106,
0.032947640866041183,
-0.04075205698609352,
-0.021787725389003754,
-0.020225653424859047,
0.0002811314770951867,
0.0003432799712754786,
-0.03378435969352722,
0.06023167446255684,
-0.011586073786020279,
0.011371759697794914,
-0.038824621587991714,
-0.0072310566902160645,
-0.0027428390458226204,
0.04344659671187401,
0.021728571504354477,
0.033526621758937836,
-0.00973313394933939,
0.07673893868923187,
0.07098779082298279,
0.007339860778301954,
0.013358868658542633,
0.014286001212894917,
-0.023639997467398643,
-0.04501832649111748,
0.04738754779100418,
0.006104141939431429,
-0.004499507136642933,
-0.049064647406339645,
0.07113046944141388,
0.037531089037656784,
-0.03151485696434975,
-0.0042597209103405476,
0.013902759179472923,
-0.05307180434465408,
-0.004097568802535534,
-0.043447572737932205,
0.031935326755046844,
-0.0076966783963143826,
0.0813186764717102,
-0.01267745066434145,
0.02671843208372593,
0.09951826184988022,
0.024764692410826683,
-0.016877861693501472,
-0.0027711738366633654,
0.08409302681684494,
0.06434069573879242,
0.028576064854860306,
0.0010250299237668514,
0.06548035889863968,
-0.029889347031712532,
-0.056494131684303284,
0.007427455857396126,
0.03100023791193962,
-0.0034145594108849764,
-0.02202974446117878,
0.07010427862405777,
0.07898974418640137,
0.007177192717790604,
0.06601786613464355,
-0.07182032614946365,
0.007257544435560703,
0.06011238694190979,
-0.00015859137056395411,
0.01575712114572525,
0.06651580333709717,
0.04500506445765495,
0.00631665950641036,
-0.019293928518891335,
-0.033430956304073334,
0.0071901315823197365,
-0.01636708714067936,
-0.016282502561807632,
-0.0024472514633089304,
0.009149436838924885,
0.00113126530777663,
0.0027448886539787054,
0.020786738023161888,
0.08286015689373016,
-0.012777731753885746,
-0.04350952431559563,
-0.005973024293780327,
0.042596980929374695,
0.033224981278181076,
0.03562770411372185,
-0.04157561808824539,
-0.016044875606894493,
-0.005761474370956421,
-0.03462943062186241,
0.014301445335149765,
0.01465771533548832,
-0.014420706778764725,
0.04121756553649902,
-0.012239484116435051,
-0.032330818474292755,
0.005357861053198576,
0.03164602443575859,
-0.04936069995164871,
-0.05194404721260071,
-0.0631103366613388,
-0.030949169769883156,
-0.046068623661994934,
-0.011396548710763454,
0.010760373435914516,
0.028018876910209656,
-0.038177523761987686,
-0.01531126070767641,
-0.05039192736148834,
0.003486407920718193,
0.007380912080407143,
-0.05497245118021965,
0.00033487597829662263,
0.03749888390302658,
0.0040747737511992455,
-0.015279661864042282,
0.050670407712459564,
0.019285298883914948,
-0.039417609572410583,
-0.0028241139370948076,
0.01379602774977684,
0.015154819935560226,
0.019867317751049995,
0.012760935351252556,
-0.03237354755401611,
-0.08971703052520752,
0.01737055554986,
0.022448210045695305,
-0.025671642273664474,
-0.08310286700725555,
-0.006860007997602224,
-0.024779099971055984,
0.023408493027091026,
0.06581664085388184,
0.020881397649645805,
0.04059801623225212,
-0.029085364192724228,
-0.015177919529378414,
0.03379666432738304,
0.00901499018073082,
0.04958832263946533,
-0.004585131537169218,
0.0878971591591835,
0.030474545434117317,
-0.0279630646109581,
-0.011960967443883419,
0.01677807793021202,
-0.016820447519421577,
-0.015632271766662598,
-0.004748644772917032,
-0.005127229727804661,
-0.035865578800439835,
-0.08504526317119598,
-0.017537547275424004,
0.027478307485580444,
-0.011218126863241196,
-0.027579020708799362,
0.0031594547908753157,
-0.02180548943579197,
-0.013319762423634529,
-0.02265535108745098,
-0.023073768243193626,
0.0028059114702045918,
-0.0193240474909544,
-0.027070431038737297,
-0.04590445011854172,
-0.015169141814112663,
-0.011294590309262276,
-0.018280889838933945,
-0.00828708428889513,
-0.03286357969045639,
0.004188430495560169,
-0.002600235166028142,
0.038052354007959366,
0.025786271318793297,
0.007298522163182497,
-0.033193305134773254
] |
3,463
|
How to Find the Exact Pareto Front for Multi-Objective MDPs?
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=S4dItvpvAv
|
[
"Yining Li",
"Peizhong Ju",
"Ness Shroff"
] |
Spotlight
|
Multi-Objective Markov Decision Processes (MO-MDPs) are receiving increasing attention, as real-world decision-making problems often involve conflicting objectives that cannot be addressed by a single-objective MDP.
The Pareto front identifies the set of policies that cannot be dominated, providing a foundation for finding Pareto optimal solutions that can efficiently adapt to various preferences.
However, finding the Pareto front is a highly challenging problem. Most existing methods either (i) rely on traversing the *continuous preference space*, which is impractical and results in approximations that are difficult to evaluate against the true Pareto front, or (ii) focus solely on deterministic Pareto optimal policies, from which there are no known techniques to characterize the full Pareto front. Moreover, finding the structure of the Pareto front itself remains unclear even in the context of dynamic programming, where the MDP is fully known in advance.
In this work, we address the challenge of efficiently discovering the Pareto front, involving both deterministic and stochastic Pareto optimal policies.
By investigating the geometric structure of the Pareto front in MO-MDPs, we uncover a key property: the Pareto front is on the boundary of a convex polytope whose vertices all correspond to deterministic policies, and neighboring vertices of the Pareto front differ by only one state-action pair of the deterministic policy, almost surely.
This insight transforms the global comparison across all policies into a localized search among deterministic policies that differ by only one state-action pair, drastically reducing the complexity of searching for the exact Pareto front.
We develop an efficient algorithm that identifies the vertices of the Pareto front by solving a single-objective MDP only once and then traversing the edges of the Pareto front, making it more efficient than existing methods. Furthermore, the entire Pareto front can be found in $V$ iterations, where $V$ represents the number of vertices on the Pareto front.
Our empirical studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our theoretical strategy in discovering the Pareto front efficiently.
|
Multi-objective optimization, Markov decision Process
| null | 8,449
|
2410.15557
|
[
-0.08474557846784592,
-0.002403517486527562,
0.006488780956715345,
0.02141665481030941,
0.05289838835597038,
0.048416316509246826,
0.006781828589737415,
0.0007093580788932741,
-0.022623669356107712,
-0.06503783166408539,
-0.010542085394263268,
0.0025043580681085587,
-0.07474516332149506,
-0.012317867018282413,
-0.0006943767075426877,
0.05119599029421806,
-0.005253455135971308,
-0.023470105603337288,
0.025066379457712173,
0.021244103088974953,
-0.024383751675486565,
0.03148322552442551,
0.024580134078860283,
0.029789235442876816,
0.02260652557015419,
0.0206703282892704,
0.009426143020391464,
0.016964059323072433,
-0.0233650803565979,
-0.026276957243680954,
-0.0044992356561124325,
-0.01899120770394802,
0.010107154957950115,
-0.03714744746685028,
0.0033887005411088467,
0.0004398485762067139,
-0.03424029052257538,
0.016987668350338936,
-0.0019785198383033276,
0.011591039597988129,
-0.04768536612391472,
0.025435619056224823,
-0.009959389455616474,
-0.0084266671910882,
-0.03630423545837402,
0.027925124391913414,
-0.041449036449193954,
0.00739301135763526,
0.02217823825776577,
-0.032330650836229324,
-0.09909724444150925,
0.026759015396237373,
-0.01015011128038168,
0.008557948283851147,
-0.006342868320643902,
0.04428839311003685,
0.03976175934076309,
-0.07324887067079544,
-0.03624357655644417,
-0.07541212439537048,
-0.014111921191215515,
0.031495217233896255,
-0.0023205785546451807,
0.04693297669291496,
-0.013405133038759232,
-0.019174013286828995,
0.010999083518981934,
0.05602653697133064,
-0.03589928150177002,
-0.0102149723097682,
-0.0518462173640728,
-0.016685331240296364,
0.029199467971920967,
0.02887784317135811,
0.02139049768447876,
-0.05439230799674988,
0.014982462860643864,
0.009478945285081863,
0.02404514141380787,
0.012164834886789322,
-0.008828431367874146,
0.009931731037795544,
0.009721903130412102,
0.034477923065423965,
0.028219908475875854,
0.011458833701908588,
-0.033999595791101456,
-0.022523440420627594,
-0.0859530046582222,
0.06013884395360947,
-0.0010561649687588215,
-0.07740180939435959,
-0.0018207919783890247,
0.038570452481508255,
0.021494422107934952,
-0.011616255156695843,
-0.0064245047979056835,
0.03866633400321007,
0.008095243945717812,
0.0037962610367685556,
0.007438384462147951,
-0.029870660975575447,
-0.018688026815652847,
-0.023305237293243408,
-0.09857011586427689,
-0.05396862328052521,
0.008179166354238987,
0.01253228634595871,
0.033673085272312164,
0.04509957134723663,
-0.07935652881860733,
-0.022398510947823524,
-0.000039101752918213606,
-0.0063514094799757,
-0.10118875652551651,
0.04165007546544075,
-0.024782299995422363,
0.028646331280469894,
0.047771766781806946,
0.017596518620848656,
0.02538711205124855,
0.016342518851161003,
-0.014455039985477924,
0.05462387949228287,
0.017652960494160652,
0.0027973190881311893,
0.006214804016053677,
0.03893931210041046,
-0.030569296330213547,
-0.053277019411325455,
0.03656657040119171,
0.03420678526163101,
-0.007154441438615322,
-0.012366099283099174,
-0.029275765642523766,
0.009419254027307034,
0.01453389786183834,
0.0204998217523098,
-0.020964408293366432,
-0.0250274408608675,
-0.04198792204260826,
-0.012096266262233257,
0.06597471982240677,
0.012882636860013008,
0.02892168052494526,
0.021280093118548393,
0.009136420674622059,
-0.004196295980364084,
-0.05100075528025627,
-0.013954557478427887,
-0.008062043227255344,
0.016698837280273438,
0.028852518647909164,
-0.02884070947766304,
0.004481922835111618,
0.055264752358198166,
0.05173743516206741,
-0.002413372974842787,
0.002868938259780407,
0.011437158100306988,
0.01587296836078167,
0.016989970579743385,
-0.013336393050849438,
-0.01948295347392559,
-0.016677962616086006,
-0.05210839584469795,
0.0736641138792038,
0.0732048749923706,
0.0005269117536954582,
-0.021570028737187386,
-0.03051994927227497,
-0.04131297394633293,
0.037698373198509216,
0.011442401446402073,
-0.01177146751433611,
0.007191157899796963,
0.06877531111240387,
-0.021051056683063507,
0.04696962982416153,
0.01922951638698578,
-0.06729188561439514,
0.00903456099331379,
-0.0026299862656742334,
0.0029733958654105663,
0.01998222805559635,
-0.011232233606278896,
0.0635751262307167,
0.0031883486080914736,
0.03195178508758545,
0.004421624355018139,
-0.07162274420261383,
-0.03894929587841034,
0.03852662444114685,
-0.04383192956447601,
0.05902377516031265,
0.000991182867437601,
-0.056471195071935654,
0.018616624176502228,
0.010929444804787636,
0.06254780292510986,
0.04423365369439125,
-0.009343554265797138,
0.01745792105793953,
-0.02924736589193344,
-0.03337060287594795,
0.0015363467391580343,
0.054620061069726944,
-0.03535820543766022,
-0.021771078929305077,
0.024671075865626335,
-0.002593589946627617,
-0.02040152996778488,
-0.010776709765195847,
-0.0026102950796484947,
0.04077010974287987,
0.00665633799508214,
0.002509578363969922,
-0.019940238445997238,
0.032223835587501526,
-0.0503685437142849,
0.05583601072430611,
-0.0025376330595463514,
-0.03726929426193237,
0.024610986933112144,
0.009126696735620499,
0.07965607941150665,
0.08161666989326477,
-0.03589943051338196,
0.009115434251725674,
0.04070226103067398,
0.014938294887542725,
0.040549278259277344,
0.01780346781015396,
-0.028988653793931007,
0.0455656498670578,
0.003951153252273798,
-0.016405779868364334,
0.011738191358745098,
0.0661628320813179,
-0.008793188259005547,
-0.030710794031620026,
0.043982744216918945,
0.008269593119621277,
0.04814112186431885,
0.0005720005719922483,
-0.0019568789284676313,
0.031187213957309723,
0.041665684431791306,
-0.023493889719247818,
-0.011662913486361504,
-0.07242107391357422,
-0.0032566029112786055,
0.030557680875062943,
-0.0011382711818441749,
-0.03487183526158333,
-0.04370412603020668,
0.021409114822745323,
-0.020895132794976234,
0.06515225023031235,
0.035850439220666885,
0.024225372821092606,
0.03972755745053291,
-0.01086217537522316,
-0.021141953766345978,
-0.013388369232416153,
-0.14047223329544067,
-0.050294890999794006,
0.03352321684360504,
0.02665359154343605,
0.052335821092128754,
-0.004778656177222729,
-0.01460877526551485,
0.015674928203225136,
-0.031454525887966156,
-0.03623003512620926,
0.000770992657635361,
0.04417317360639572,
0.01661805622279644,
-0.0383974090218544,
-0.010862588882446289,
0.03542628139257431,
0.05161669850349426,
0.00779700605198741,
-0.04849744960665703,
-0.017693229019641876,
-0.03821764513850212,
0.02700245939195156,
-0.06517847627401352,
-0.015696413815021515,
0.02806885913014412,
0.01683950051665306,
-0.021811433136463165,
-0.05035220831632614,
0.03192516043782234,
0.050728268921375275,
0.023685656487941742,
0.01321231760084629,
0.0418366901576519,
-0.023951569572091103,
0.01692540943622589,
0.02119007520377636,
0.0032937005162239075,
-0.021653609350323677,
0.005111017730087042,
0.008299238048493862,
0.0010866783559322357,
0.017411338165402412,
0.01977895386517048,
-0.2504401206970215,
-0.05569593980908394,
0.013511810451745987,
0.00535961240530014,
0.017643792554736137,
-0.017453733831644058,
0.046118203550577164,
-0.030229270458221436,
-0.04128676652908325,
-0.024460289627313614,
0.008856382220983505,
-0.026493357494473457,
0.007575675379484892,
0.05868486687541008,
0.03443478047847748,
0.04696305841207504,
0.0009322033729404211,
-0.025989748537540436,
-0.015722041949629784,
0.010290107689797878,
-0.01783498376607895,
-0.09857460856437683,
-0.00714543042704463,
0.008273589424788952,
0.009580503217875957,
0.027509497478604317,
-0.05121653154492378,
0.007661056239157915,
-0.05506961792707443,
0.02064957655966282,
-0.01667567528784275,
0.0010849874233826995,
-0.03060004487633705,
-0.02701382339000702,
0.07123193144798279,
-0.017268117517232895,
0.02460513636469841,
-0.00511633325368166,
-0.013241884298622608,
0.033644720911979675,
0.007263350300490856,
-0.003810813883319497,
-0.0604928620159626,
0.020494801923632622,
0.041423093527555466,
0.0318828709423542,
0.01860782317817211,
-0.030075618997216225,
0.0047735064290463924,
0.036058954894542694,
0.05675647035241127,
-0.021478289738297462,
0.006664689164608717,
-0.00007601980905747041,
0.018651366233825684,
-0.023910831660032272,
-0.008667683228850365,
-0.038709260523319244,
-0.02080015279352665,
0.04249484837055206,
0.018773185089230537,
-0.04695558920502663,
-0.012429212220013142,
-0.03552078455686569,
-0.0063097309321165085,
-0.04489189758896828,
-0.05625263974070549,
-0.06975652277469635,
0.019924340769648552,
0.016716647893190384,
0.022045614197850227,
-0.020016374066472054,
-0.0010415277210995555,
-0.10010574758052826,
0.02337406575679779,
-0.005190619267523289,
-0.020675798878073692,
-0.03754691407084465,
-0.007968251593410969,
0.021070150658488274,
-0.05482105910778046,
-0.03468199074268341,
-0.01007942296564579,
0.023721816018223763,
0.02778312936425209,
-0.03930617496371269,
0.03082248568534851,
-0.027070779353380203,
-0.03199167922139168,
-0.023070916533470154,
-0.0012619749177247286,
0.020857032388448715,
0.04475357383489609,
-0.0187543798238039,
0.043931007385253906,
0.010601176880300045,
0.02799823507666588,
0.0201119277626276,
0.02530137449502945,
-0.02591068297624588,
-0.004898120649158955,
-0.09257426112890244,
-0.033298060297966,
-0.005995664745569229,
-0.06238678842782974,
0.029454097151756287,
-0.039946477860212326,
-0.062250811606645584,
0.06905560940504074,
-0.01534469798207283,
0.009251647628843784,
-0.05562807619571686,
-0.016513610258698463,
-0.007845341227948666,
-0.00467710243538022,
-0.031096775084733963,
-0.026972174644470215,
0.059535007923841476,
0.04643375799059868,
0.008649555034935474,
-0.04161886125802994,
0.042514264583587646,
-0.03364933654665947,
0.011805559508502483,
-0.04965624585747719,
-0.005553624127060175,
0.01352804433554411,
0.002682924037799239,
0.04493650048971176,
0.0012879405403509736,
0.029793204739689827,
0.04486303776502609,
0.0052143787033855915,
0.0019009229727089405,
0.021715454757213593,
-0.011357564479112625,
-0.014069954864680767,
-0.023564938455820084,
0.017163030803203583,
-0.033894408494234085,
0.029731450602412224,
0.003456853562965989,
0.019425785169005394,
0.014885040000081062,
0.00463569862768054,
0.036938779056072235,
0.005606026854366064,
0.026771601289510727,
0.014347982592880726,
0.015564965084195137,
0.009773529134690762,
-0.05724648758769035,
0.025614557787775993,
-0.030271485447883606,
0.0212319977581501,
-0.041367173194885254,
0.032302647829055786,
-0.016648536548018456,
0.017252756282687187,
-0.06725337356328964,
0.03523600473999977,
-0.013909739442169666,
-0.03689460828900337,
-0.0019947674591094255,
0.05030260235071182,
0.08953806757926941,
-0.035647761076688766,
-0.002237720414996147,
0.00005451423567137681,
0.015199151821434498,
0.011745487339794636,
-0.06406225264072418,
-0.033378779888153076,
-0.016158215701580048,
-0.04114839807152748,
-0.01263396069407463,
0.031381551176309586,
-0.03708803653717041,
-0.04068046808242798,
0.004317926242947578,
-0.013228219002485275,
-0.03614814206957817,
0.021563785150647163,
-0.007687900215387344,
0.0515420064330101,
0.0026767270173877478,
0.011543280445039272,
-0.00020555539231281728,
-0.015187620185315609,
0.02431299537420273,
-0.016879964619874954,
0.031972773373126984,
-0.01701302081346512,
-0.02637052722275257,
-0.011131010949611664,
-0.035364050418138504,
-0.012130573391914368,
0.023418286815285683,
-0.02755066193640232,
0.0030733272433280945,
-0.04374473914504051,
-0.0017011871095746756,
-0.013310329057276249,
-0.010928329080343246,
0.04202777147293091,
-0.04586658254265785,
-0.003051955718547106,
0.049508776515722275,
0.0017039473168551922,
0.059611428529024124,
-0.06683163344860077,
-0.02381046675145626,
-0.03719412907958031,
-0.0037384231109172106,
-0.02647002600133419,
-0.03263053297996521,
-0.03730569779872894,
-0.0007829099195078015,
-0.027477454394102097,
0.010667887516319752,
0.0016848854720592499,
-0.00019908486865460873,
0.008454939350485802,
-0.03634453937411308,
-0.0078103141859173775,
0.06756352633237839,
0.003905197372660041,
-0.019676046445965767,
0.030590469017624855,
0.003822737606242299,
0.01110753882676363,
-0.055717382580041885,
0.0019012632546946406,
0.007901906035840511,
0.002922702580690384,
0.03983714431524277,
-0.03417539969086647,
0.04401558265089989,
-0.03063751757144928,
-0.00043372559593990445,
-0.019015084952116013,
0.0028076451271772385,
-0.030119551345705986,
-0.03141557797789574,
0.01728021167218685,
0.011876270174980164,
0.05552409216761589,
-0.00900186039507389,
-0.01120129507035017,
0.021536946296691895,
-0.03935818746685982,
0.0385739766061306,
-0.06734362989664078,
0.01071069948375225,
0.07167240977287292,
0.02033890038728714,
-0.055520378053188324,
-0.031764764338731766,
-0.023913685232400894,
0.052605513483285904,
-0.04161487892270088,
0.05258766561746597,
-0.05183392018079758,
0.029530057683587074,
0.045225974172353745,
0.012218615040183067,
-0.001687740907073021,
-0.019728194922208786,
0.045051999390125275,
-0.07108115404844284,
0.055200736969709396,
-0.09221231937408447,
0.026572678238153458,
0.07025518268346786,
-0.014063841663300991,
0.01452044490724802,
0.012793544679880142,
-0.03149733692407608,
0.029974257573485374,
-0.031228819862008095,
-0.07119008898735046,
0.010401726700365543,
-0.039027635008096695,
0.024734312668442726,
0.041011322289705276,
-0.03441345691680908,
-0.05426459759473801,
-0.014016084372997284,
-0.0328410379588604,
0.02559087984263897,
0.018226342275738716,
0.04959660768508911,
0.007909752428531647,
0.004856414161622524,
-0.029404345899820328,
0.0285950917750597,
0.01484932191669941,
0.05361710488796234,
0.00170557398814708,
0.016328081488609314,
-0.04260477051138878,
0.037295397371053696,
0.033152468502521515,
0.04215525835752487,
-0.020035656169056892,
0.005163565743714571,
-0.009038083255290985,
-0.04119410738348961,
0.04543419927358627,
0.01920272409915924,
0.0027256791945546865,
-0.06820183992385864,
0.05591440200805664,
0.013262725435197353,
-0.06183476373553276,
-0.0026401234790682793,
0.006790024694055319,
-0.08484920114278793,
0.003934914246201515,
0.0403207428753376,
-0.001351327751763165,
0.007477413862943649,
0.05429805442690849,
0.025515513494610786,
0.05983254313468933,
0.07167980074882507,
-0.0032443515956401825,
-0.016047710552811623,
0.002646623644977808,
0.07732886075973511,
0.06622409075498581,
0.03854573145508766,
-0.008800284005701542,
0.04571753740310669,
-0.048499416559934616,
-0.042912889271974564,
0.016619497910141945,
-0.0043931761756539345,
-0.034605421125888824,
-0.026528168469667435,
0.03452043607831001,
0.050954222679138184,
-0.008051914162933826,
0.06417080760002136,
-0.006325698457658291,
-0.014483079314231873,
0.047863855957984924,
0.009095830842852592,
0.01309323962777853,
0.05430581420660019,
0.0493466779589653,
0.023923784494400024,
-0.03543500602245331,
-0.031557921320199966,
0.007127573247998953,
0.02026706002652645,
-0.013575914315879345,
0.011913040652871132,
0.0020958215463906527,
0.030054695904254913,
0.015996813774108887,
0.01874915510416031,
0.10140940546989441,
-0.0410148911178112,
-0.03795936331152916,
0.0035585027653723955,
-0.005445566028356552,
0.023562319576740265,
0.04270514100790024,
0.05851709097623825,
-0.0028447401709854603,
0.0056026410311460495,
-0.01850971393287182,
0.009589285589754581,
0.014654039405286312,
0.003582456149160862,
0.003707969095557928,
-0.027110736817121506,
0.004470723681151867,
0.011088855564594269,
0.013413593173027039,
-0.05763280391693115,
-0.05449165776371956,
-0.05403381213545799,
-0.055772218853235245,
-0.034978799521923065,
-0.059179212898015976,
0.019893324002623558,
0.016929367557168007,
-0.04408818110823631,
0.023847559466958046,
0.003122578375041485,
0.025447603315114975,
0.029241271317005157,
-0.03604017198085785,
-0.00923994928598404,
0.04295547679066658,
-0.0007965792901813984,
0.06089645251631737,
0.026925846934318542,
0.03235379606485367,
0.027217591181397438,
-0.005504308734089136,
0.0027176078874617815,
0.010546966455876827,
0.04000713303685188,
-0.05551441013813019,
-0.020843377336859703,
-0.07718472182750702,
-0.00036593424738384783,
0.04859798401594162,
-0.02543765865266323,
-0.07901719957590103,
0.019990772008895874,
-0.014638668857514858,
0.009234028868377209,
0.0723498985171318,
-0.007601633667945862,
0.00010079509229399264,
-0.014410051517188549,
0.014147362671792507,
-0.022031188011169434,
-0.030721914023160934,
-0.00010692406794987619,
-0.026626726612448692,
0.022555921226739883,
0.04071372002363205,
-0.044572100043296814,
-0.06838157027959824,
0.07798892259597778,
-0.027388254180550575,
0.0046996246092021465,
-0.029305199161171913,
-0.012328467331826687,
-0.0270259790122509,
-0.0704783946275711,
0.001310615916736424,
0.033673111349344254,
-0.0031897795852273703,
-0.05635794252157211,
0.021833965554833412,
0.0025110160931944847,
-0.0003176007594447583,
-0.0015987049555405974,
-0.0729689672589302,
0.0023652089294046164,
-0.03776669502258301,
0.008973268792033195,
-0.09139172732830048,
0.02487167902290821,
-0.03885054960846901,
-0.011233185417950153,
-0.026957839727401733,
-0.03266255557537079,
0.020621078088879585,
-0.0025979557540267706,
0.012752902694046497,
0.00950501300394535,
0.0069423699751496315,
0.0002912735508289188
] |
3,464
|
Enhancing Learning with Label Differential Privacy by Vector Approximation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=IwPXYk6BV9
|
[
"Puning Zhao",
"Jiafei Wu",
"Zhe Liu",
"Li Shen",
"Zhikun Zhang",
"Rongfei Fan",
"Le Sun",
"Qingming Li"
] |
Spotlight
|
Label differential privacy (DP) is a framework that protects the privacy of labels in training datasets, while the feature vectors are public. Existing approaches protect the privacy of labels by flipping them randomly, and then train a model to make the output approximate the privatized label. However, as the number of classes K increases, stronger randomization is needed, thus the performances of these methods become significantly worse. In this paper, we propose a vector approximation approach for learning with label local differential privacy, which is easy to implement and introduces little additional computational overhead. Instead of flipping each label into a single scalar, our method converts each label into a random vector with K components, whose expectations reflect class conditional probabilities. Intuitively, vector approximation retains more information than scalar labels. A brief theoretical analysis shows that the performance of our method only decays slightly with K. Finally, we conduct experiments on both synthesized and real datasets, which validate our theoretical analysis as well as the practical performance of our method.
|
label differential privacy
| null | 8,446
|
2405.15150
|
[
0.003982173278927803,
-0.005297121126204729,
-0.00017957687668967992,
0.07179121673107147,
0.028173882514238358,
0.012969297356903553,
0.03672165423631668,
-0.05681989714503288,
-0.028989633545279503,
-0.013559107668697834,
0.001337968627922237,
-0.013544664718210697,
-0.0677160769701004,
0.007968845777213573,
0.004804923664778471,
0.04861609637737274,
0.03360139951109886,
-0.023005355149507523,
-0.013077310286462307,
0.05376788228750229,
-0.006975967902690172,
-0.020183689892292023,
-0.018572116270661354,
0.0003229263820685446,
0.0304244477301836,
-0.0001917657209560275,
0.0002502818242646754,
0.004652740899473429,
-0.027691613882780075,
0.012172965332865715,
0.06773552298545837,
0.019500581547617912,
0.018644917756319046,
-0.02839788608253002,
0.019820967689156532,
0.026828642934560776,
-0.023713368922472,
0.004048610106110573,
-0.0029929003212600946,
0.03726136311888695,
-0.06811156868934631,
0.004370736423879862,
-0.015991535037755966,
0.019016660749912262,
-0.07116460055112839,
-0.004570386838167906,
-0.09048226475715637,
0.03603501617908478,
-0.0029489232692867517,
-0.008276122622191906,
-0.10738111287355423,
0.017112083733081818,
-0.003336807945743203,
0.005255598109215498,
0.0012541735777631402,
0.0428955964744091,
0.03269430622458458,
-0.08738390356302261,
0.00723661994561553,
-0.05509408563375473,
-0.030149437487125397,
0.01359463855624199,
0.04972579702734947,
0.02406478114426136,
-0.01626230962574482,
-0.024227576330304146,
-0.01386023685336113,
0.04890318587422371,
-0.05458538234233856,
-0.043346554040908813,
-0.029444830492138863,
0.009095786139369011,
-0.003792395116761327,
-0.03586104139685631,
0.014729337766766548,
-0.03788197785615921,
0.016722546890378,
-0.010758427903056145,
0.07986025512218475,
-0.017773473635315895,
0.0150587297976017,
0.017246754840016365,
-0.01037726178765297,
0.007326691877096891,
-0.010358618572354317,
0.014104975387454033,
-0.06925297528505325,
-0.027392826974391937,
-0.07503389567136765,
0.03154224157333374,
0.005579957272857428,
-0.04154214635491371,
0.021159883588552475,
-0.0004963859100826085,
0.017606059089303017,
-0.016849752515554428,
0.04622932896018028,
0.010847635567188263,
0.005240550264716148,
0.0035653093364089727,
-0.03258080780506134,
-0.03899969533085823,
0.03594965115189552,
-0.008874474093317986,
-0.11085449159145355,
-0.014658071100711823,
-0.019192149862647057,
-0.01921691931784153,
0.008527790196239948,
0.023356594145298004,
-0.005018610507249832,
0.02881811000406742,
0.011073203757405281,
0.013583431020379066,
-0.07376816123723984,
0.014823471195995808,
0.0009266298729926348,
0.020326528698205948,
0.004001035820692778,
-0.0006490264786407351,
0.04942111670970917,
0.06934040039777756,
0.004622458480298519,
0.06271281093358994,
-0.004291076213121414,
-0.0011917401570826769,
0.013155764900147915,
0.009221011772751808,
-0.00860355794429779,
-0.02829110063612461,
0.005545452702790499,
0.041633572429418564,
0.028632694855332375,
0.04333607107400894,
-0.02715228870511055,
-0.012347078882157803,
0.008799967356026173,
0.03881129249930382,
0.047246821224689484,
-0.020115165039896965,
0.023940732702612877,
-0.028176631778478622,
0.018836403265595436,
-0.0165884867310524,
0.06430316716432571,
-0.0377824604511261,
0.008880461566150188,
-0.01799233816564083,
-0.07497428357601166,
-0.002510336460545659,
-0.009873656556010246,
-0.010551102459430695,
0.02672196365892887,
-0.08800921589136124,
0.011802678927779198,
0.026962876319885254,
0.028728129342198372,
0.05933201685547829,
-0.003945017699152231,
-0.025922711938619614,
0.014409120194613934,
-0.007067336700856686,
-0.06286045163869858,
0.045191019773483276,
0.007794390432536602,
-0.08392767608165741,
0.06042834371328354,
0.060477256774902344,
-0.03607718273997307,
-0.03122616559267044,
-0.034572284668684006,
-0.014775524847209454,
0.03422481566667557,
0.00046918526641093194,
0.02053648605942726,
0.030234623700380325,
0.040291234850883484,
0.0017367360414937139,
0.0642758458852768,
0.0385754331946373,
-0.08725431561470032,
0.031999923288822174,
0.021830253303050995,
-0.015001775696873665,
-0.021214863285422325,
-0.0010563386604189873,
0.06314868479967117,
-0.007333038840442896,
0.01958553120493889,
0.02008914388716221,
-0.06057799607515335,
-0.003282382618635893,
0.021974986419081688,
0.0010603641858324409,
0.06712358444929123,
0.006815078668296337,
0.024150026962161064,
0.02822679467499256,
-0.023549750447273254,
0.03403579816222191,
0.03481419011950493,
0.007651947438716888,
0.024686060845851898,
-0.012866463512182236,
-0.05746245011687279,
-0.006664734799414873,
0.001505890628322959,
-0.03543216735124588,
-0.028270293027162552,
0.0047128815203905106,
-0.04916394501924515,
0.005204186774790287,
-0.018583910539746284,
-0.010641977190971375,
0.03228791430592537,
0.002872789278626442,
-0.03062206320464611,
0.03790653124451637,
0.017128678038716316,
-0.03774718940258026,
0.037815291434526443,
0.03238562494516373,
-0.014482195489108562,
0.038768935948610306,
-0.016922229900956154,
0.12067413330078125,
0.08483877778053284,
-0.009100474417209625,
0.009114607237279415,
0.025945087894797325,
0.028798816725611687,
-0.01789858192205429,
0.02079406939446926,
-0.03577997535467148,
0.004836432170122862,
0.030972778797149658,
0.014258676208555698,
-0.02947976067662239,
0.07090936601161957,
-0.04805353283882141,
-0.0013030592817813158,
0.056029580533504486,
0.004864051006734371,
0.07032647728919983,
0.019690953195095062,
0.025406621396541595,
0.002959813456982374,
0.006270489655435085,
-0.033468615263700485,
-0.006700646597892046,
-0.03785400837659836,
-0.005104339215904474,
-0.018602631986141205,
-0.03758968785405159,
0.026902439072728157,
-0.049441687762737274,
0.03508078306913376,
0.007684226147830486,
0.056800778955221176,
0.036430492997169495,
0.0031120632775127888,
0.009866994805634022,
0.007753663696348667,
-0.044932495802640915,
-0.0017335332231596112,
-0.09731713682413101,
-0.04806041717529297,
0.006571747362613678,
0.06510414928197861,
-0.002728362800553441,
0.033314984291791916,
-0.006971666123718023,
-0.020402461290359497,
-0.012632181867957115,
-0.028260409832000732,
0.011347763240337372,
0.03752877563238144,
0.02319359965622425,
-0.02893211878836155,
-0.010705970227718353,
-0.006241777446120977,
0.06165778264403343,
0.0051910411566495895,
-0.018922969698905945,
-0.03839420899748802,
-0.05414096266031265,
-0.004656817764043808,
-0.03917041793465614,
-0.0460839606821537,
-0.011655197478830814,
0.015968242660164833,
0.012786929495632648,
-0.021273421123623848,
0.04318428039550781,
0.019185565412044525,
0.027881868183612823,
0.03144237771630287,
0.006824972108006477,
-0.003776384750381112,
0.03369090333580971,
0.005437465850263834,
0.01418007630854845,
0.001130715711042285,
-0.02796649932861328,
-0.03135434910655022,
-0.025674687698483467,
0.04916854202747345,
0.006521899253129959,
-0.2547537386417389,
-0.014237016439437866,
0.015854233875870705,
0.002466469071805477,
0.014827484264969826,
-0.025501834228634834,
0.05682431533932686,
-0.028775909915566444,
-0.036650944501161575,
-0.007825934328138828,
0.02664681151509285,
0.007309106178581715,
0.011879811994731426,
0.0423467792570591,
0.04748303443193436,
0.03135925531387329,
-0.008744698017835617,
-0.026619141921401024,
0.022416964173316956,
0.00017286826914642006,
-0.03052019514143467,
-0.04933105781674385,
-0.0004063083906657994,
0.051839593797922134,
-0.02325793169438839,
0.014176239259541035,
-0.03513867035508156,
0.00034825544571503997,
-0.05206472799181938,
-0.0086243050172925,
-0.02594265341758728,
-0.012327976524829865,
-0.04286204278469086,
0.000023812788640498184,
0.007823721505701542,
0.009079997427761555,
0.02652435004711151,
0.013936416245996952,
-0.015042233280837536,
0.05804583430290222,
0.03787221759557724,
0.004268069751560688,
0.0032500054221600294,
-0.009871252812445164,
0.05585470423102379,
0.026978082954883575,
-0.06429295986890793,
-0.031239043921232224,
-0.02996417135000229,
0.029173368588089943,
0.01550130546092987,
-0.055974919348955154,
-0.026064902544021606,
-0.019141070544719696,
-0.026490837335586548,
-0.03480853512883186,
-0.040570151060819626,
0.0003967096854466945,
-0.011654787696897984,
0.022847963497042656,
0.021804271265864372,
-0.03871989622712135,
-0.01973404362797737,
-0.028069280087947845,
0.03848151117563248,
-0.03261655941605568,
-0.08091635257005692,
-0.07201016694307327,
0.05295726656913757,
0.04992423579096794,
-0.03724866732954979,
0.010803931392729282,
-0.016434451565146446,
-0.08961819112300873,
0.021790284663438797,
0.0029062405228614807,
-0.007019852288067341,
-0.01903972215950489,
0.0702708438038826,
0.04604820907115936,
-0.03150336816906929,
-0.04063216596841812,
0.02928606979548931,
-0.005470940377563238,
0.005664636380970478,
-0.02587570995092392,
-0.0010222436394542456,
-0.011275582946836948,
-0.042171966284513474,
-0.05480146408081055,
0.019014697521924973,
0.0031090613920241594,
0.033516619354486465,
-0.006156235933303833,
0.027861017733812332,
0.022982021793723106,
-0.00011790388816734776,
0.04119796305894852,
0.013626464642584324,
0.014879452995955944,
-0.009884143248200417,
-0.05309233069419861,
-0.057585764676332474,
-0.055395811796188354,
-0.01667870581150055,
0.006874243728816509,
-0.057995982468128204,
-0.02233869582414627,
0.02421174757182598,
-0.05015727877616882,
-0.02406913787126541,
-0.02444225363433361,
0.012926510535180569,
-0.01858564093708992,
0.018101515248417854,
-0.008384240791201591,
0.0002435201604384929,
0.039642494171857834,
0.030799629166722298,
-0.05426567420363426,
0.008778716437518597,
0.04409601911902428,
0.0044379751197993755,
0.03241627663373947,
-0.020242035388946533,
-0.0033390659373253584,
0.01012800820171833,
-0.04040922224521637,
0.027936844155192375,
-0.0073448531329631805,
0.04971974715590477,
0.04388042911887169,
-0.005982132628560066,
-0.011795423924922943,
0.07797461003065109,
0.03678951784968376,
0.0041336617432534695,
-0.003998173866420984,
0.004538711626082659,
-0.009619195945560932,
0.03081817924976349,
-0.021405857056379318,
0.0441056564450264,
0.047185998409986496,
0.029154475778341293,
-0.004428261891007423,
0.007866025902330875,
0.018475769087672234,
0.006710015702992678,
-0.06934153288602829,
0.0015642609214410186,
-0.04379000514745712,
0.006415679585188627,
-0.025410983711481094,
0.042888231575489044,
-0.02023126557469368,
0.07416019588708878,
0.00366614549420774,
0.027978383004665375,
-0.07034840434789658,
0.03784431889653206,
0.01085551455616951,
-0.017796138301491737,
0.009188992902636528,
0.048379164189100266,
0.06462365388870239,
-0.043261077255010605,
-0.012478071264922619,
0.0012590730329975486,
-0.02057892270386219,
0.009685376659035683,
-0.0038541415706276894,
-0.043802645057439804,
-0.002381631638854742,
-0.025785239413380623,
-0.01445751078426838,
0.01805000938475132,
0.018435437232255936,
-0.03509180620312691,
0.006681176368147135,
0.0327143520116806,
-0.006400393787771463,
-0.016536010429263115,
0.010012021288275719,
0.0988108441233635,
0.029623625800013542,
-0.005350009072571993,
-0.021988878026604652,
-0.04111568257212639,
0.07565309852361679,
-0.03067104145884514,
0.01730595901608467,
-0.02740565501153469,
-0.021985799074172974,
-0.013968286104500294,
-0.05251942202448845,
-0.037198469042778015,
0.04736275598406792,
-0.0016607502475380898,
0.0037589494604617357,
-0.03639453649520874,
0.036021165549755096,
-0.0055821742862463,
0.036722298711538315,
0.00909209530800581,
-0.05673130601644516,
0.027356814593076706,
0.07492652535438538,
-0.03323541209101677,
0.01395361963659525,
-0.07085148990154266,
-0.04713893309235573,
-0.05668899789452553,
-0.03783581033349037,
0.00633629085496068,
-0.014883862808346748,
-0.024206506088376045,
-0.023136213421821594,
0.012653849087655544,
0.000988244079053402,
0.055851466953754425,
0.01256531197577715,
-0.02661847695708275,
-0.024905620142817497,
0.035590752959251404,
0.06617043912410736,
-0.029979074373841286,
0.009717898443341255,
0.007810166571289301,
0.009076366201043129,
-0.007800007704645395,
-0.025575589388608932,
0.01102026179432869,
0.03330233320593834,
-0.04264373332262039,
0.016928864642977715,
-0.06283941119909286,
0.04045279324054718,
-0.02955023944377899,
-0.0015140086179599166,
-0.008745787665247917,
-0.007356114685535431,
-0.03236128389835358,
-0.02524452842772007,
0.038621935993433,
0.039550140500068665,
0.005610807333141565,
0.007114636246114969,
0.017753593623638153,
-0.009571319445967674,
-0.0034064792562276125,
0.02056523971259594,
-0.07902975380420685,
-0.023816462606191635,
0.07017882168292999,
-0.0036881580017507076,
-0.004126241430640221,
-0.0398123599588871,
-0.002113732509315014,
0.025172393769025803,
-0.039261218160390854,
0.05739298835396767,
0.007078525144606829,
0.024580078199505806,
0.02208297699689865,
0.04802849143743515,
0.021113235503435135,
-0.028271201997995377,
0.027339676395058632,
-0.05095893144607544,
-0.010903636924922466,
-0.056899379938840866,
0.02980882115662098,
0.07142158597707748,
-0.035841409116983414,
0.005499477963894606,
-0.005189484916627407,
-0.0572039820253849,
0.016735678538680077,
-0.02976439706981182,
-0.04782169684767723,
-0.01975892297923565,
-0.010511915199458599,
-0.004852506797760725,
-0.0008844639523886144,
-0.052431900054216385,
-0.02590184099972248,
0.008771258406341076,
-0.04353831708431244,
-0.014522750861942768,
0.01027999073266983,
0.019267650321125984,
-0.008604530245065689,
-0.0046793571673333645,
-0.02294912002980709,
0.023801591247320175,
0.006356947124004364,
0.029960904270410538,
-0.007159968838095665,
0.02079741470515728,
-0.03728007897734642,
0.05286283791065216,
0.050588157027959824,
-0.010051910765469074,
0.016477307304739952,
0.029758315533399582,
0.0052064768970012665,
-0.051203787326812744,
0.05361161381006241,
-0.012130645103752613,
-0.03918185085058212,
-0.07287014275789261,
0.0369284451007843,
0.013598152436316013,
-0.04925877973437309,
-0.03763827681541443,
0.05366414785385132,
-0.03989366441965103,
-0.006357299163937569,
-0.009299571625888348,
-0.0011661703465506434,
-0.01567153073847294,
0.059153493493795395,
0.022846871986985207,
0.02590826340019703,
0.04345140606164932,
0.030550073832273483,
0.02250138483941555,
-0.026183724403381348,
0.08678397536277771,
0.07858681678771973,
0.03302659094333649,
-0.010786985047161579,
0.07985109090805054,
-0.03961323946714401,
-0.04439599812030792,
0.00934168417006731,
0.0018386559095233679,
-0.03755560144782066,
-0.01854873076081276,
-0.028273319825530052,
0.07184164971113205,
0.024981524795293808,
0.05026465281844139,
-0.052066635340452194,
0.024184519425034523,
0.00974868144840002,
0.00019129671272821724,
-0.008832749910652637,
0.04183817282319069,
0.0017790703568607569,
0.028114240616559982,
-0.0493517629802227,
-0.04224563390016556,
-0.0016539590433239937,
-0.001152891549281776,
0.043841272592544556,
-0.010304481722414494,
-0.05056079104542732,
-0.001520369085483253,
0.003021151991561055,
0.020990028977394104,
0.09333755075931549,
-0.0411783866584301,
-0.061116985976696014,
0.014213701710104942,
0.05616580694913864,
0.02238214947283268,
0.04959362372756004,
0.022499125450849533,
-0.006937586236745119,
0.003778289072215557,
-0.0353366918861866,
0.02893061749637127,
0.009962818585336208,
-0.012698271311819553,
0.021247128024697304,
-0.025309547781944275,
-0.019088346511125565,
0.021667657420039177,
0.003455772763118148,
-0.016875548288226128,
-0.055070582777261734,
-0.006661172956228256,
-0.03679865971207619,
-0.05518331378698349,
-0.10860434174537659,
0.030575523152947426,
0.027385273948311806,
-0.04256477952003479,
0.022123239934444427,
-0.017383944243192673,
0.03719254210591316,
0.00898001343011856,
-0.07546373456716537,
0.03099011816084385,
0.024065272882580757,
0.02314971387386322,
0.012055725790560246,
0.00020106046576984227,
0.015105579979717731,
-0.020429477095603943,
-0.04044639691710472,
0.011183817870914936,
-0.020158350467681885,
0.01351294107735157,
-0.023332325741648674,
-0.010247278958559036,
-0.09535932540893555,
0.00008740693010622635,
0.003970203455537558,
-0.07251950353384018,
-0.07884484529495239,
0.012119116261601448,
-0.009095617569983006,
0.05170515179634094,
0.04674891382455826,
0.01994558423757553,
-0.00904387142509222,
-0.018573826178908348,
-0.01983363926410675,
0.020194651558995247,
0.004251102451235056,
0.042060114443302155,
0.004742458462715149,
0.05500144511461258,
0.03666778653860092,
-0.02559174783527851,
-0.05420927330851555,
0.015465452335774899,
-0.012876502238214016,
0.010078325867652893,
-0.0600789412856102,
-0.045009687542915344,
-0.014313925057649612,
-0.049357764422893524,
-0.024261636659502983,
0.042759813368320465,
-0.017618387937545776,
-0.015273433178663254,
-0.011498085223138332,
0.03434883430600166,
0.018467813730239868,
-0.01939663104712963,
-0.019746772944927216,
0.007763110566884279,
-0.022750496864318848,
0.010479806922376156,
-0.0798082947731018,
0.020425941795110703,
-0.029333479702472687,
-0.00910357479006052,
-0.0030379598028957844,
-0.056027308106422424,
-0.010063106194138527,
-0.013184566050767899,
0.05348658189177513,
0.02870764769613743,
0.005014132242649794,
0.009532991796731949
] |
3,465
|
VisualPredicator: Learning Abstract World Models with Neuro-Symbolic Predicates for Robot Planning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=QOfswj7hij
|
[
"Yichao Liang",
"Nishanth Kumar",
"Hao Tang",
"Adrian Weller",
"Joshua B. Tenenbaum",
"Tom Silver",
"Joao F. Henriques",
"Kevin Ellis"
] |
Spotlight
|
Broadly intelligent agents should form task-specific abstractions that selectively expose the essential elements of a task, while abstracting away the complexity of the raw sensorimotor space. In this work, we present Neuro-Symbolic Predicates, a first-order abstraction language that combines the strengths of symbolic and neural knowledge representations. We outline an online algorithm for inventing such predicates and learning abstract world models. We compare our approach to hierarchical reinforcement learning, vision-language model planning, and symbolic predicate invention approaches, on both in- and out-of-distribution tasks across five simulated robotic domains. Results show that our approach offers better sample complexity, stronger out-of-distribution generalization, and improved interpretability.
|
learning abstractions for planning, neuro-symbolic ai, concept learning
|
learning neuro-symbolic predicates from interaction allows from improve sample efficiency, generalization and interpretability
| 8,442
|
2410.23156
|
[
-0.030867010354995728,
0.009642384015023708,
-0.006948711350560188,
0.03507709875702858,
0.04430868849158287,
0.028211083263158798,
0.012104079127311707,
0.0064760358072817326,
-0.05608583614230156,
-0.011195956729352474,
-0.04942968860268593,
0.039027389138936996,
-0.0636105164885521,
-0.013891927897930145,
0.01262875460088253,
0.06587548553943634,
0.01959931291639805,
0.02425648830831051,
-0.02185375615954399,
0.013895892538130283,
-0.020276498049497604,
-0.020152505487203598,
0.016283303499221802,
0.004140492063015699,
0.02380005083978176,
0.02571370266377926,
0.04526115581393242,
0.012076674029231071,
-0.024889696389436722,
-0.007850514724850655,
0.013326126150786877,
-0.0333670936524868,
0.01629483327269554,
-0.040322013199329376,
-0.008410048671066761,
0.0007550569134764373,
-0.03567059338092804,
-0.013840612955391407,
0.004239973612129688,
0.01502266526222229,
-0.0577993206679821,
0.026835016906261444,
-0.005966414697468281,
-0.03846357390284538,
-0.032660048454999924,
0.01112281158566475,
-0.0784817710518837,
0.03190102055668831,
0.025162508711218834,
-0.020026613026857376,
-0.09475435316562653,
0.02966850809752941,
0.02451695315539837,
-0.011527442373335361,
-0.011147664859890938,
0.03671691194176674,
0.0586051307618618,
-0.09887314587831497,
-0.01414602342993021,
-0.05632409453392029,
-0.005813888274133205,
0.021091094240546227,
0.03031156212091446,
0.005240283906459808,
-0.021460583433508873,
0.022114865481853485,
0.010575197637081146,
0.04283031076192856,
-0.033232420682907104,
-0.0059658195823431015,
-0.04213525354862213,
-0.004361776169389486,
-0.010670468211174011,
0.01237054355442524,
0.013044112361967564,
-0.03610538691282272,
0.011348591186106205,
0.03232549503445625,
0.05775010213255882,
-0.018237484619021416,
-0.004299130756407976,
0.06223118305206299,
0.02151929773390293,
0.04704296216368675,
0.03818836435675621,
0.03584399074316025,
-0.059910956770181656,
-0.047352343797683716,
-0.09165258705615997,
0.009894229471683502,
-0.03597598522901535,
-0.03527704253792763,
-0.005605505313724279,
0.020619980990886688,
0.009243922308087349,
0.01122060976922512,
0.020358992740511894,
0.0026505482383072376,
0.01174069568514824,
0.006092078518122435,
-0.01725742220878601,
-0.026530539616942406,
0.0058876750990748405,
-0.00636066310107708,
-0.07245207577943802,
-0.034680623561143875,
-0.006001121364533901,
-0.03335664048790932,
0.01370338536798954,
0.007492720149457455,
-0.06728960573673248,
-0.025924885645508766,
0.05690521001815796,
-0.023377159610390663,
-0.054720450192689896,
0.040777795016765594,
0.014355914667248726,
0.021872542798519135,
-0.008490451611578465,
0.03619866818189621,
0.05027732625603676,
0.017052019014954567,
-0.008782128803431988,
0.06981256604194641,
-0.045969560742378235,
-0.0028317070100456476,
-0.006469438783824444,
0.020216191187500954,
-0.01425163820385933,
-0.03642405569553375,
0.04516081511974335,
0.039911698549985886,
0.015142851509153843,
0.006960829254239798,
-0.01775875873863697,
-0.013006603345274925,
-0.010015525855123997,
-0.025822680443525314,
0.009662878699600697,
0.006472018547356129,
0.000247982912696898,
-0.021078798919916153,
0.07400613278150558,
-0.06048331409692764,
0.08048821985721588,
-0.013304075226187706,
0.005773849319666624,
-0.015124280005693436,
-0.04361323267221451,
-0.013582955114543438,
-0.007207377813756466,
-0.022169610485434532,
-0.009000622667372227,
-0.061602428555488586,
0.042169880121946335,
0.06448204815387726,
0.054329387843608856,
0.015010347589850426,
0.01672571338713169,
-0.0012557166628539562,
-0.0030374182388186455,
0.013517484068870544,
-0.020843680948019028,
0.003292806912213564,
-0.022755540907382965,
-0.0706004872918129,
0.020787378773093224,
0.014291084371507168,
-0.0034436089918017387,
0.015596822835505009,
-0.04537544399499893,
-0.05357000604271889,
0.029600057750940323,
-0.008482803590595722,
-0.03943750262260437,
-0.04212924465537071,
0.06716249138116837,
-0.006703006103634834,
0.027268992736935616,
-0.0005348014528863132,
-0.06581690162420273,
0.004304921720176935,
-0.02434571087360382,
0.0007172684418037534,
0.004223312251269817,
-0.06589332222938538,
0.049110546708106995,
-0.05244738236069679,
0.008329501375555992,
0.03832465410232544,
-0.04425499960780144,
-0.0015906896442174911,
0.02011759951710701,
-0.01487354002892971,
0.0650368332862854,
0.026951443403959274,
-0.0466475784778595,
0.016824772581458092,
0.027562325820326805,
0.07529176771640778,
0.06421607732772827,
0.002269318327307701,
0.04590313881635666,
-0.007861566729843616,
-0.011958179995417595,
0.011430464684963226,
0.02758062817156315,
-0.045265212655067444,
-0.03949473053216934,
0.007181111723184586,
-0.0014394783647730947,
-0.0262468084692955,
0.028352811932563782,
-0.010410451330244541,
0.03761093318462372,
0.027337873354554176,
-0.01219099946320057,
0.02603570558130741,
-0.0012741535902023315,
-0.05162690579891205,
-0.0032595302909612656,
-0.004383290186524391,
-0.00823477003723383,
-0.03896697238087654,
-0.007244594395160675,
0.098680280148983,
0.04693297669291496,
-0.06771036982536316,
-0.014576617628335953,
0.04461480677127838,
-0.028140483424067497,
0.04542771354317665,
0.024268241599202156,
-0.01095394603908062,
0.01636461354792118,
-0.026813235133886337,
0.03067266009747982,
-0.03244716301560402,
0.04383707791566849,
-0.02576722577214241,
-0.028453873470425606,
0.06767643988132477,
-0.011419851332902908,
0.07815321534872055,
-0.00787808746099472,
0.03883187845349312,
0.025914916768670082,
-0.014945493079721928,
-0.00790814682841301,
0.012696574442088604,
-0.037508346140384674,
0.002890984760597348,
0.013281144201755524,
0.0042760916985571384,
-0.024252694100141525,
-0.02911069616675377,
-0.0225721076130867,
-0.03651176765561104,
0.0938967615365982,
0.05001258850097656,
0.024020126089453697,
0.018433915451169014,
-0.02543364092707634,
-0.006764877587556839,
-0.012169982306659222,
-0.1170533150434494,
-0.01310383528470993,
0.008182470686733723,
0.01970594935119152,
0.035108137875795364,
0.022869883105158806,
-0.0018961700843647122,
0.05982908606529236,
-0.009922895580530167,
-0.04626675695180893,
0.015414256602525711,
0.0021146226208657026,
0.017195360735058784,
-0.03271711245179176,
-0.005592884495854378,
-0.0015709458384662867,
0.05005427449941635,
-0.016741633415222168,
0.017192568629980087,
-0.01862986385822296,
-0.045175373554229736,
-0.004901126492768526,
-0.03950314223766327,
-0.020958775654435158,
0.01260835025459528,
0.03974660858511925,
0.009042882360517979,
-0.0016935518942773342,
0.012792943976819515,
0.02518504112958908,
0.06995910406112671,
0.03599076345562935,
-0.03158155828714371,
-0.025570392608642578,
-0.0016945813549682498,
-0.03282851725816727,
0.03038635663688183,
-0.005801611579954624,
0.0371222048997879,
0.022133711725473404,
0.019905278459191322,
0.04554333537817001,
0.028578730300068855,
-0.24984516203403473,
-0.044408392161130905,
-0.011821473017334938,
-0.001345280441455543,
0.022746365517377853,
0.013554182834923267,
0.045647911727428436,
-0.0358266681432724,
-0.02242753840982914,
0.007169209420681,
0.04149789735674858,
0.018992099910974503,
0.028540272265672684,
0.046477749943733215,
0.037950802594423294,
0.014854060485959053,
-0.01060823630541563,
-0.016240881755948067,
0.007582915015518665,
0.02787775732576847,
-0.026668217033147812,
-0.06891457736492157,
-0.02306414395570755,
0.06325077265501022,
0.007819458842277527,
0.07649584114551544,
-0.08146300166845322,
0.02041974663734436,
-0.01887795887887478,
-0.008811757899820805,
-0.028383716940879822,
-0.026939628645777702,
-0.040264636278152466,
0.03627755120396614,
0.014044933952391148,
0.019726984202861786,
0.03168585151433945,
-0.02615862339735031,
0.032548557966947556,
0.03383329138159752,
0.017025822773575783,
-0.009342245757579803,
-0.04552808776497841,
0.031366825103759766,
0.05434039980173111,
-0.021227438002824783,
-0.05943992733955383,
-0.057439979165792465,
-0.010340461507439613,
0.031034991145133972,
-0.0012938681757077575,
-0.011718321591615677,
0.014226425439119339,
0.000439613766502589,
0.03876742348074913,
-0.031296320259571075,
0.02561001107096672,
-0.04937111958861351,
-0.038132645189762115,
0.014960356056690216,
0.005691892467439175,
-0.0428633987903595,
-0.020408110693097115,
-0.03416411206126213,
-0.001445380854420364,
-0.01825253665447235,
-0.03343966603279114,
-0.05546243116259575,
0.038087110966444016,
-0.005076093599200249,
-0.01299995556473732,
-0.010140778496861458,
-0.0237587783485651,
-0.10413361340761185,
-0.0014817314222455025,
0.010899132117629051,
-0.016016848385334015,
-0.043417464941740036,
0.018353700637817383,
0.03430623933672905,
-0.013254404067993164,
-0.051055438816547394,
-0.042549725621938705,
0.03550921753048897,
0.013397668488323689,
-0.008580083958804607,
0.02417268604040146,
-0.06818675249814987,
-0.02628486603498459,
-0.008511020801961422,
0.033898089081048965,
0.0306219644844532,
0.01833477057516575,
-0.010274752043187618,
0.07145148515701294,
0.031804658472537994,
0.04290043190121651,
0.035848211497068405,
0.020520087331533432,
-0.00240971427410841,
0.012526232749223709,
-0.11100345104932785,
-0.015935173258185387,
-0.024246251210570335,
-0.05060913413763046,
-0.003606809303164482,
-0.035731878131628036,
-0.007392683532088995,
0.04814716428518295,
-0.0011303715873509645,
-0.010366207920014858,
-0.041813939809799194,
0.022104516625404358,
0.005510722286999226,
-0.020317358896136284,
-0.016266964375972748,
0.014182351529598236,
0.032650724053382874,
0.01316598430275917,
-0.00003235686745028943,
-0.03959178924560547,
0.01469841692596674,
-0.053433336317539215,
0.02132692001760006,
-0.002829175442457199,
-0.03484027832746506,
0.0056272889487445354,
-0.0219933670014143,
0.003040323033928871,
0.019027169793844223,
0.028541402891278267,
0.053977612406015396,
-0.019838303327560425,
0.03672320395708084,
0.055314768105745316,
0.002921727951616049,
-0.011751770041882992,
-0.009167136624455452,
0.04572121053934097,
-0.023934677243232727,
-0.015849441289901733,
-0.0020189860370010138,
0.02985370345413685,
0.012270168401300907,
0.011820491403341293,
-0.01429166179150343,
0.007055277470499277,
-0.02254803292453289,
-0.0136100510135293,
0.003014210145920515,
0.06339683383703232,
-0.05182119458913803,
0.028313511982560158,
-0.025576144456863403,
0.026286697015166283,
-0.024810172617435455,
0.04399961233139038,
-0.07480049878358841,
0.03300641477108002,
-0.06245455890893936,
0.03669445961713791,
-0.003213701769709587,
-0.0062561677768826485,
-0.007439687382429838,
0.012623808346688747,
0.03970329463481903,
-0.02554447203874588,
-0.012350206263363361,
0.013426627032458782,
0.02241181582212448,
0.013788515701889992,
-0.052754905074834824,
-0.04351746663451195,
-0.002119978191331029,
-0.055783066898584366,
-0.027163751423358917,
-0.006178941112011671,
-0.02579483576118946,
-0.0386483408510685,
0.034647468477487564,
0.005157393869012594,
-0.020405428484082222,
-0.0015065615298226476,
0.0021490021608769894,
0.05679291486740112,
-0.0254888404160738,
0.01634584553539753,
0.004818530287593603,
-0.05402487516403198,
-0.0031730378977954388,
-0.0037602283991873264,
0.020471515133976936,
-0.01704048365354538,
-0.02453158050775528,
-0.0413060300052166,
-0.03442263975739479,
-0.0006545500364154577,
0.03875955939292908,
-0.00584409711882472,
-0.01158167514950037,
0.008932949975132942,
0.011190874502062798,
-0.052663207054138184,
-0.004981190897524357,
0.021299807354807854,
-0.05874861031770706,
0.00822291150689125,
0.060547541826963425,
0.017986120656132698,
0.018705781549215317,
-0.04076385870575905,
-0.013862809166312218,
-0.022357922047376633,
-0.04380315914750099,
0.017322145402431488,
-0.006254402920603752,
0.008472377434372902,
-0.02316090278327465,
-0.030574066564440727,
0.019602661952376366,
0.02861815132200718,
0.004652069881558418,
-0.010952749289572239,
-0.01652909629046917,
0.007173473015427589,
0.04546953737735748,
-0.023805804550647736,
-0.018923744559288025,
0.017470914870500565,
-0.020079655572772026,
0.002264712005853653,
-0.03280643746256828,
-0.0023944349959492683,
0.023959487676620483,
0.010117287747561932,
-0.0010937585029751062,
-0.02738961949944496,
0.06868121027946472,
-0.002497660228982568,
-0.0005838474025949836,
0.023137513548135757,
0.021587533876299858,
-0.008813216350972652,
-0.014982843771576881,
0.018907364457845688,
0.03611138090491295,
0.006728397682309151,
-0.004991728812456131,
0.04294620454311371,
-0.00734754977747798,
-0.0025677208323031664,
-0.037259768694639206,
-0.0330105721950531,
-0.0020747235976159573,
0.052688758820295334,
-0.010794580914080143,
-0.04239562898874283,
-0.05683470144867897,
-0.03979606181383133,
0.04112332686781883,
-0.0005004550912417471,
0.04105308651924133,
-0.04916808754205704,
0.03933436796069145,
0.004222376272082329,
0.04031962901353836,
-0.0100721949711442,
-0.02360372245311737,
0.027507729828357697,
-0.06760640442371368,
0.03416211158037186,
-0.07185418903827667,
-0.023503433912992477,
0.04391738399863243,
-0.06028616428375244,
-0.040478501468896866,
0.007101606577634811,
-0.05334006994962692,
0.019935548305511475,
-0.041190583258867264,
-0.056298255920410156,
0.05018055811524391,
-0.002654891461133957,
-0.0033490783534944057,
0.021721456199884415,
-0.052082039415836334,
-0.00872005894780159,
-0.012372903525829315,
-0.05768348649144173,
-0.0013185630086809397,
-0.006645519752055407,
0.049732375890016556,
-0.007094401866197586,
-0.0018714388133957982,
-0.01275133527815342,
0.04654096066951752,
0.03430220112204552,
0.07323848456144333,
0.03516815975308418,
0.024434739723801613,
-0.008209251798689365,
0.08829713612794876,
0.029041742905974388,
0.03590637445449829,
-0.03169742226600647,
0.023310856893658638,
-0.020231720060110092,
-0.05813704431056976,
0.02748234011232853,
-0.03278130292892456,
-0.03950723260641098,
-0.07912784069776535,
0.060442257672548294,
0.005029554944485426,
-0.045705147087574005,
0.029938580468297005,
0.031786974519491196,
-0.06916841119527817,
0.002279663924127817,
-0.006224479526281357,
0.01573796570301056,
0.012169408611953259,
0.05022723972797394,
0.01245101261883974,
0.06445471197366714,
0.07349157333374023,
0.02931283973157406,
-0.0034974967129528522,
-0.013053379952907562,
0.05944133922457695,
0.042258359491825104,
0.05938965827226639,
0.013931380584836006,
0.05685824155807495,
-0.058299995958805084,
-0.031055590137839317,
0.047482166439294815,
0.02485652081668377,
0.0003901819873135537,
-0.05725984647870064,
0.02872743457555771,
0.07683619111776352,
-0.005915862042456865,
0.0609353631734848,
-0.03269186243414879,
-0.029063362628221512,
0.048858724534511566,
0.007727098185569048,
0.01914842613041401,
0.03091493435204029,
0.05513283610343933,
0.011025010608136654,
-0.0011163291055709124,
-0.012380881235003471,
-0.0016584276454523206,
-0.03788595274090767,
0.021867329254746437,
-0.01719420589506626,
-0.015998220071196556,
0.009516946971416473,
-0.024109968915581703,
0.06044130399823189,
0.141703799366951,
-0.031061485409736633,
-0.018159348517656326,
0.021008599549531937,
0.026106135919690132,
0.015432066284120083,
0.027481570839881897,
0.0019879350438714027,
0.011272714473307133,
-0.010834592394530773,
-0.03343740850687027,
0.032654423266649246,
0.03149540349841118,
0.012122890911996365,
0.05245084688067436,
-0.03890795260667801,
-0.05473427101969719,
-0.010127462446689606,
0.030965512618422508,
-0.0011647946666926146,
-0.03703906014561653,
-0.01967461220920086,
-0.025843199342489243,
-0.05083116143941879,
-0.03091118298470974,
0.01640160195529461,
-0.027577634900808334,
-0.036464590579271317,
-0.021858200430870056,
0.015232022851705551,
0.015912476927042007,
-0.0005346099496819079,
-0.05107935890555382,
0.022032717242836952,
0.023302963003516197,
0.02653379738330841,
-0.0018845545127987862,
0.037747252732515335,
0.025814833119511604,
-0.00015865855675656348,
-0.007506303023546934,
0.016262484714388847,
0.013955450616776943,
0.0032172207720577717,
-0.004382239654660225,
-0.031584445387125015,
-0.10198578238487244,
-0.02116011641919613,
0.0195519607514143,
-0.048927485942840576,
-0.06245255842804909,
0.000616876466665417,
-0.03232725337147713,
0.033401500433683395,
0.07868397980928421,
0.01827257126569748,
0.030334919691085815,
-0.03794848918914795,
0.007983868010342121,
0.010012473911046982,
-0.008003219962120056,
0.06275491416454315,
-0.05328633636236191,
0.058040447533130646,
0.0634295642375946,
-0.02259165607392788,
-0.04601553454995155,
0.0330340713262558,
0.016517331823706627,
0.011716416105628014,
-0.019616030156612396,
-0.026238130405545235,
-0.0032821325585246086,
-0.12186834961175919,
0.012238216586411,
0.02167457342147827,
-0.004654850345104933,
-0.0708686113357544,
-0.014864493161439896,
-0.03399939462542534,
0.00951188150793314,
0.01767665706574917,
-0.03802434727549553,
-0.02761036343872547,
-0.008992627263069153,
-0.042997099459171295,
-0.05023668333888054,
0.0033080982975661755,
-0.03799755498766899,
0.026817748323082924,
-0.057147327810525894,
-0.036213189363479614,
-0.014259874820709229,
-0.00476050702854991,
0.029994644224643707,
-0.013320667669177055,
0.04157048836350441,
-0.017317362129688263
] |
3,466
|
Multi-Draft Speculative Sampling: Canonical Decomposition and Theoretical Limits
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=N1L5TgtkAw
|
[
"Ashish J Khisti",
"MohammadReza Ebrahimi",
"Hassan Dbouk",
"Arash Behboodi",
"Roland Memisevic",
"Christos Louizos"
] |
Spotlight
|
We consider multi-draft speculative sampling, where the proposal sequences are sampled independently from different draft models. At each step, a token-level draft selection scheme takes a list of valid tokens as input and produces an output token whose distribution matches that of the target model. Previous works have demonstrated that the optimal scheme (which maximizes the probability of accepting one of the input tokens) can be cast as a solution to a linear program. In this work we show that the optimal scheme can be decomposed into a two-step solution: in the first step an importance sampling (IS) type scheme is used to select one intermediate token; in the second step (single-draft) speculative sampling is applied to generate the output token. For the case of two identical draft models we further 1) establish a necessary and sufficient condition on the distributions of the target and draft models for the acceptance probability to equal one and 2) provide an explicit expression for the optimal acceptance probability. Our theoretical analysis also motives a new class of token-level selection schemes based on weighted importance sampling. Our experimental results demonstrate consistent improvements in the achievable block efficiency and token rates over baseline schemes in a number of scenarios.
|
speculative decoding, multi draft speculative sampling, large language models, weighted importance sampling, optimal transport
|
We show the optimal multi-draft speculative sampling can be decomposed into a two-step solution: importance sampling followed by (single-draft) speculative sampling, and provide an explicit expression for the optimal acceptance probability.
| 8,423
| null |
[
-0.020418453961610794,
-0.024901604279875755,
-0.017048906534910202,
0.05142557621002197,
0.05388544127345085,
0.03831493854522705,
-0.029845956712961197,
-0.010576972737908363,
-0.03267107531428337,
-0.06182417273521423,
-0.0034212330356240273,
-0.013758034445345402,
-0.0626811534166336,
-0.02508944645524025,
-0.009683278389275074,
0.05074779689311981,
0.030843300744891167,
-0.02748308703303337,
0.01463101152330637,
-0.010229089297354221,
0.02415366657078266,
0.021608218550682068,
0.04631615802645683,
0.02314850315451622,
0.05083485692739487,
0.02872883342206478,
0.032919567078351974,
-0.024915529415011406,
-0.015933947637677193,
-0.005573405884206295,
0.03542466089129448,
0.007623068057000637,
-0.006811307743191719,
-0.040198247879743576,
-0.008864114992320538,
-0.00629429379478097,
-0.02378978580236435,
0.03326752036809921,
-0.0026203563902527094,
0.020814713090658188,
-0.053767669945955276,
0.034480564296245575,
0.010204927064478397,
0.033255018293857574,
-0.05165628716349602,
0.006831676233559847,
-0.09336879104375839,
0.022304022684693336,
-0.007852298207581043,
-0.01747783273458481,
-0.11161692440509796,
0.01316054817289114,
0.03924434632062912,
-0.036026038229465485,
0.022183116525411606,
0.04340692237019539,
0.04781079292297363,
-0.06890222430229187,
0.00005822045568493195,
-0.0683489665389061,
-0.04486218839883804,
0.00906306691467762,
0.03338150680065155,
0.014653919264674187,
0.0038490314036607742,
-0.04878900572657585,
-0.0008771975408308208,
0.05495114624500275,
-0.031974274665117264,
-0.012658081017434597,
-0.016263071447610855,
0.013047712855041027,
-0.010866827331483364,
-0.009017503820359707,
0.017459776252508163,
-0.036552343517541885,
0.0542600117623806,
0.06642954051494598,
0.043398018926382065,
-0.0037869729567319155,
0.01933007314801216,
0.039339449256658554,
-0.0030170397367328405,
0.04534002020955086,
0.00875371228903532,
-0.037747882306575775,
-0.04492780938744545,
-0.05248672515153885,
-0.0573313944041729,
0.0407450832426548,
-0.025177020579576492,
-0.06804321706295013,
0.01736612431704998,
0.01711556687951088,
-0.012058772146701813,
0.009069041348993778,
0.041122838854789734,
0.00675709405913949,
0.028550907969474792,
-0.000048587873607175425,
-0.024447739124298096,
0.005547592416405678,
0.02826397307217121,
-0.00625810818746686,
-0.10618942975997925,
-0.012621207162737846,
-0.021350646391510963,
-0.044170234352350235,
-0.011807679198682308,
0.013972013257443905,
0.0009982939809560776,
0.005769969895482063,
0.03937907516956329,
-0.023382561281323433,
-0.0750349760055542,
0.038257699459791183,
-0.012351478450000286,
0.020704925060272217,
-0.028201362118124962,
-0.0017347523244097829,
0.0579114593565464,
0.058770399540662766,
-0.00850032176822424,
0.083480603992939,
-0.027129841968417168,
0.014005574397742748,
0.037699270993471146,
0.030306953936815262,
-0.017594588920474052,
-0.06667181849479675,
0.01430418435484171,
0.04634474217891693,
-0.016351517289876938,
-0.01167292520403862,
-0.010677923448383808,
-0.0037736946251243353,
-0.015237088315188885,
0.0008021736284717917,
0.07771314680576324,
-0.020364483818411827,
-0.024690186604857445,
-0.025673985481262207,
0.05219269171357155,
-0.023014243692159653,
0.035480208694934845,
-0.016887888312339783,
0.01764141395688057,
-0.025962233543395996,
-0.035013347864151,
0.004373212344944477,
0.008816615678369999,
0.003729026997461915,
-0.00895616039633751,
-0.02185322716832161,
0.013126889243721962,
0.03354600444436073,
0.03927330672740936,
0.029268577694892883,
-0.015257580205798149,
0.004958022851496935,
0.04160081967711449,
-0.006192532833665609,
0.001533186063170433,
0.019854245707392693,
-0.008015788160264492,
-0.05998777970671654,
0.06806420534849167,
0.05184673145413399,
-0.03206918016076088,
-0.003100900910794735,
-0.030962742865085602,
-0.017357727512717247,
0.06306147575378418,
0.00872091855853796,
-0.0037313976790755987,
0.008839127607643604,
0.03442033752799034,
0.016711261123418808,
0.06226355582475662,
0.05783020704984665,
-0.08224394172430038,
0.000006909773674124153,
0.0041344440542161465,
0.015197325497865677,
-0.025402115657925606,
-0.006023467052727938,
0.07243964076042175,
-0.004013434052467346,
-0.018566399812698364,
-0.0006144150393083692,
-0.08566547930240631,
-0.024415023624897003,
0.02151195891201496,
0.0016762497834861279,
0.05101613700389862,
0.0052104913629591465,
-0.024419249966740608,
0.0460904985666275,
0.018221385776996613,
0.029110606759786606,
0.0576755627989769,
-0.005323390942066908,
0.02839166484773159,
-0.00013205557479523122,
-0.03531091287732124,
0.00873058196157217,
0.0324859656393528,
-0.033226870000362396,
-0.04283112287521362,
0.030445629730820656,
-0.003952894825488329,
0.01947754994034767,
-0.00724469730630517,
-0.035272181034088135,
0.01642206683754921,
-0.016987934708595276,
0.002196108689531684,
0.0315539687871933,
0.0168912410736084,
-0.05466034635901451,
0.06266510486602783,
0.023162268102169037,
-0.012800175696611404,
0.00934774149209261,
-0.027600349858403206,
0.09677734971046448,
0.04518089070916176,
-0.05220843851566315,
0.004789459053426981,
0.04616445302963257,
-0.011721332557499409,
-0.0021978849545121193,
0.006351625081151724,
-0.02776370942592621,
0.023400234058499336,
0.005854020360857248,
-0.014031353406608105,
-0.005957279819995165,
0.06154407188296318,
-0.034847088158130646,
0.012582942843437195,
0.06682983785867691,
-0.028926044702529907,
0.07515619695186615,
0.001127997413277626,
0.007315497845411301,
-0.010311897844076157,
-0.014138513244688511,
-0.029952578246593475,
-0.008866648189723492,
-0.011278289370238781,
-0.007761960383504629,
-0.003205278655514121,
-0.04319930076599121,
-0.020223908126354218,
-0.04457729682326317,
0.014569423161447048,
0.013594163581728935,
0.08291438966989517,
0.040949031710624695,
0.03643479198217392,
-0.029935194179415703,
-0.0022520492784678936,
-0.048565756529569626,
-0.021394548937678337,
-0.10615681856870651,
-0.03446536511182785,
-0.00515442481264472,
0.0341644249856472,
0.016586322337388992,
0.06896424293518066,
-0.004813509993255138,
-0.004341211635619402,
-0.009255860932171345,
-0.040585197508335114,
-0.031083252280950546,
0.030664388090372086,
-0.0005311578861437738,
-0.029957354068756104,
-0.007251925766468048,
0.0009151108679361641,
0.10012252628803253,
-0.0423625111579895,
-0.02276797965168953,
-0.01276332512497902,
-0.004993691574782133,
0.014325035735964775,
-0.03223169222474098,
0.009547085501253605,
-0.0018595164874568582,
0.027225861325860023,
0.03145348280668259,
-0.030575763434171677,
0.006380338687449694,
0.09174257516860962,
0.041300926357507706,
0.030485013499855995,
0.023368170484900475,
-0.007134280167520046,
-0.01679888181388378,
-0.008428030647337437,
0.007083716802299023,
-0.014820604585111141,
-0.011007614433765411,
-0.03301921859383583,
0.004343497101217508,
0.023233557119965553,
0.007324554491788149,
-0.2583702802658081,
-0.0049546826630830765,
0.007163080852478743,
-0.019675161689519882,
0.01377424318343401,
0.006848169956356287,
0.06147770583629608,
-0.012464450672268867,
-0.026474852114915848,
0.005186515394598246,
-0.008909644559025764,
0.005757403094321489,
-0.016328025609254837,
0.07792431861162186,
0.04383222386240959,
0.02016725018620491,
-0.016049280762672424,
0.005542251747101545,
0.012990837916731834,
0.03062414936721325,
0.017480581998825073,
-0.07756548374891281,
-0.011369242332875729,
0.017666270956397057,
0.0007219007820822299,
0.021641138941049576,
-0.08070255070924759,
0.025146981701254845,
-0.03521613031625748,
0.0059802415780723095,
-0.02980424277484417,
-0.03658893331885338,
0.017526768147945404,
0.04712514206767082,
0.018373573198914528,
-0.015234936028718948,
0.06820826977491379,
0.012521532364189625,
-0.00023954814241733402,
0.029380178079009056,
0.017034899443387985,
-0.01799587905406952,
-0.024676211178302765,
0.006127443164587021,
0.060163464397192,
0.004106264095753431,
-0.04687604680657387,
-0.0038447584956884384,
-0.033747199922800064,
0.01936279609799385,
0.004165823105722666,
-0.016242612153291702,
-0.034872520714998245,
-0.012961613945662975,
-0.037088338285684586,
-0.004826045129448175,
-0.04040155187249184,
-0.02347547374665737,
-0.03915553167462349,
0.034158073365688324,
0.01914173737168312,
-0.057401496917009354,
0.01112462393939495,
-0.01763017289340496,
-0.029441794380545616,
-0.05396793410181999,
-0.09170042723417282,
-0.022866852581501007,
0.047156475484371185,
0.014048700220882893,
0.003922642208635807,
-0.016422465443611145,
0.0024726062547415495,
-0.0852188915014267,
0.011223364621400833,
-0.00869037676602602,
-0.009969319216907024,
0.02490350417792797,
0.009542337618768215,
0.06403940916061401,
-0.023934941738843918,
-0.009923867881298065,
-0.0008470576140098274,
0.006293045822530985,
0.018650542944669724,
-0.01790194772183895,
0.0032046393025666475,
0.00920706894248724,
-0.060965679585933685,
-0.045150160789489746,
0.025917133316397667,
0.007231179624795914,
0.03737930208444595,
-0.007517088204622269,
0.05896734446287155,
0.03090926818549633,
0.024120446294546127,
0.04529127851128578,
0.0329209640622139,
0.028403203934431076,
0.03704435005784035,
-0.07663941383361816,
-0.0232187919318676,
-0.04235967621207237,
-0.04987408593297005,
0.046603426337242126,
-0.05555006116628647,
0.0031300189439207315,
0.03263361379504204,
-0.004498820286244154,
-0.027550123631954193,
-0.03217698261141777,
-0.0035588701721280813,
0.010699121281504631,
-0.005768041126430035,
-0.019348369911313057,
-0.008361089043319225,
0.04041121155023575,
-0.009070510044693947,
-0.01022521685808897,
-0.05253724008798599,
0.04390657693147659,
-0.039599593728780746,
-0.02262016199529171,
0.001697816071100533,
-0.032741524279117584,
-0.023045217618346214,
-0.0030731239821761847,
-0.004620457533746958,
-0.014805378392338753,
0.029287176206707954,
0.040896277874708176,
-0.04850153625011444,
0.01535570528358221,
0.050708986818790436,
0.015377390198409557,
-0.019259894266724586,
-0.0037874430418014526,
0.03145226091146469,
-0.03385033831000328,
0.008174271322786808,
-0.00016292496002279222,
0.03475172445178032,
0.008392898365855217,
0.05527982860803604,
-0.0006639623898081481,
0.02176859974861145,
0.0014692371478304267,
-0.001725262263789773,
-0.021373534575104713,
0.008175005204975605,
-0.04274863004684448,
0.005080897361040115,
-0.015221547335386276,
-0.023523133248090744,
0.0017908727750182152,
0.020408127456903458,
-0.006858311593532562,
0.021653469651937485,
-0.09367027133703232,
0.02914137952029705,
-0.010556208901107311,
0.0065137650817632675,
-0.031042825430631638,
0.018298273906111717,
0.04948429763317108,
-0.03512946516275406,
0.028229298070073128,
-0.004991974215954542,
0.016948183998465538,
0.011921467259526253,
-0.028900666162371635,
-0.04521762207150459,
-0.013757443055510521,
-0.013289914466440678,
0.02636367827653885,
0.0006196036119945347,
-0.034850478172302246,
-0.04606430232524872,
0.014026187360286713,
-0.003741565626114607,
-0.019446704536676407,
-0.016947414726018906,
0.004011271987110376,
0.08046514540910721,
-0.00036061048740521073,
0.02051425911486149,
0.010037792846560478,
-0.05082453414797783,
0.04306461662054062,
-0.03135199099779129,
0.010427786037325859,
-0.011883986182510853,
-0.056280072778463364,
-0.023470448330044746,
-0.03336545452475548,
-0.016598809510469437,
0.04389003664255142,
-0.014907216653227806,
-0.017270253971219063,
0.01172158494591713,
-0.005540785845369101,
-0.042032480239868164,
-0.046057526022195816,
0.038980789482593536,
-0.059050753712654114,
0.02717440575361252,
0.02260001190006733,
-0.02774585597217083,
0.023170454427599907,
-0.05058065429329872,
-0.0525687150657177,
-0.04254778102040291,
0.008231735788285732,
0.011583049781620502,
-0.01439704280346632,
-0.03293255716562271,
-0.018748730421066284,
-0.01191143412142992,
0.002060346305370331,
0.03505450114607811,
0.0010434261057525873,
0.022793427109718323,
-0.017279034480452538,
0.005230622831732035,
0.0369923897087574,
-0.02793254889547825,
-0.03637171536684036,
-0.008255483582615852,
-0.029199164360761642,
0.02512684278190136,
-0.040574122220277786,
0.022138934582471848,
0.02120605669915676,
0.00805740151554346,
0.014329081401228905,
-0.017746349796652794,
0.03879152610898018,
-0.02243870310485363,
0.005089630372822285,
-0.023966046050190926,
-0.01721491850912571,
-0.02151554636657238,
-0.021339399740099907,
-0.02314579300582409,
0.04590547829866409,
0.023097779601812363,
0.026604874059557915,
0.0020689377561211586,
0.02115863747894764,
-0.005993131082504988,
0.022824686020612717,
-0.07236894220113754,
-0.0003020920848939568,
0.0762195810675621,
0.002401256002485752,
-0.025066222995519638,
-0.049356959760189056,
-0.006766828708350658,
0.018261920660734177,
-0.0016146444249898195,
0.030488837510347366,
-0.013298459351062775,
0.031013624742627144,
0.04322648420929909,
0.023131191730499268,
-0.004759649280458689,
-0.012448077090084553,
0.022636640816926956,
-0.03634268790483475,
0.022687120363116264,
-0.07058359682559967,
0.023434074595570564,
0.04910214990377426,
-0.015156589448451996,
0.03753650560975075,
0.027969790622591972,
-0.043691154569387436,
0.03995498642325401,
-0.008893532678484917,
-0.0555013008415699,
0.020703991875052452,
-0.034211788326501846,
0.025578517466783524,
0.06255024671554565,
-0.059148140251636505,
-0.06971380114555359,
-0.011019503697752953,
-0.03208010643720627,
-0.013508818112313747,
0.020949946716427803,
0.046887170523405075,
-0.013934394344687462,
0.008576038293540478,
-0.035161178559064865,
0.005832862574607134,
0.03866293281316757,
0.055262576788663864,
-0.0033723164815455675,
0.04426608234643936,
-0.02048521116375923,
0.02548713982105255,
0.0482749342918396,
0.01229961309581995,
0.04685785621404648,
-0.015580403618514538,
-0.042105019092559814,
-0.030850624665617943,
0.04141105338931084,
-0.013969453051686287,
-0.011129215359687805,
-0.087368905544281,
0.04654863849282265,
0.018849706277251244,
-0.07595318555831909,
-0.030143938958644867,
0.013979307375848293,
-0.049230773001909256,
0.0022395059932023287,
-0.029954180121421814,
0.002824134426191449,
0.02795175276696682,
0.06132344529032707,
0.0011487948941066861,
0.04700751230120659,
0.07970138639211655,
0.00656749214977026,
-0.014882969669997692,
-0.03610683232545853,
0.07075709849596024,
0.0804826021194458,
0.07094444334506989,
-0.015046854503452778,
0.05229610949754715,
-0.04924967512488365,
-0.04599905014038086,
-0.0007588633452542126,
-0.008216936141252518,
-0.008744088932871819,
-0.005464749410748482,
0.00884340051561594,
0.06633920222520828,
0.015610004775226116,
0.1021651029586792,
-0.04051431268453598,
-0.00434580072760582,
0.036518704146146774,
0.028683558106422424,
0.003063746029511094,
0.0594777837395668,
0.03028617799282074,
0.005834668409079313,
-0.054093342274427414,
-0.018252847716212273,
0.027944661676883698,
-0.015730371698737144,
0.013258786872029305,
0.01742033287882805,
-0.021933194249868393,
0.025576747953891754,
0.02613714709877968,
0.024251898750662804,
0.09437598288059235,
-0.03900777921080589,
-0.0389663465321064,
0.013948027975857258,
-0.0020522780250757933,
0.03728922829031944,
0.019168883562088013,
0.028308941051363945,
0.00219422928057611,
0.008470411412417889,
-0.04043141379952431,
0.012025467120110989,
0.03922496736049652,
-0.009398354217410088,
0.0012385158333927393,
-0.0013806824572384357,
-0.005862613208591938,
0.0011288104578852654,
0.017171917483210564,
-0.05922069773077965,
-0.04992768168449402,
0.004208433907479048,
-0.07502014935016632,
-0.06532759964466095,
-0.0275969710201025,
0.01687113754451275,
-0.005536043085157871,
-0.04038489609956741,
-0.021747194230556488,
-0.03539343923330307,
-0.00651624146848917,
0.011528055183589458,
-0.061421021819114685,
-0.03692784160375595,
0.03588409349322319,
0.016314998269081116,
-0.012905987910926342,
0.00969947874546051,
0.011971273459494114,
-0.036745935678482056,
-0.02923503890633583,
0.020672127604484558,
0.039954282343387604,
0.034444570541381836,
0.0007674709777347744,
-0.0093607846647501,
-0.07690714299678802,
0.042943041771650314,
0.0005869423621334136,
-0.007699521724134684,
-0.08965655416250229,
0.02785685658454895,
-0.05580993369221687,
-0.010319337248802185,
0.08865689486265182,
0.007327046245336533,
0.028808975592255592,
-0.05229401960968971,
-0.015711447224020958,
0.024968545883893967,
0.004691713023930788,
0.04062974825501442,
-0.061885446310043335,
0.0787598192691803,
0.04309478774666786,
-0.048173680901527405,
-0.06847747415304184,
0.04854317009449005,
-0.021223580464720726,
-0.014411162585020065,
-0.012319336645305157,
0.006418408825993538,
-0.02723436802625656,
-0.08364985138177872,
0.010714348405599594,
0.022611862048506737,
0.01659660041332245,
-0.057981304824352264,
0.0078684501349926,
-0.013128865510225296,
-0.018764175474643707,
-0.007039766293019056,
-0.01249223854392767,
-0.017450658604502678,
-0.03682922199368477,
-0.01692449115216732,
-0.06695085018873215,
0.040905240923166275,
-0.011106923222541809,
0.006773550063371658,
-0.04561235383152962,
-0.05724985525012016,
-0.032051872462034225,
0.014551385305821896,
0.01891472190618515,
-0.002861595945432782,
-0.006755787879228592,
-0.00002756917274382431
] |
3,467
|
First-Person Fairness in Chatbots
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=TlAdgeoDTo
|
[
"Tyna Eloundou",
"Alex Beutel",
"David G. Robinson",
"Keren Gu",
"Anna-Luisa Brakman",
"Pamela Mishkin",
"Meghan Shah",
"Johannes Heidecke",
"Lilian Weng",
"Adam Tauman Kalai"
] |
Spotlight
|
Evaluating chatbot fairness is crucial given their rapid proliferation, yet typical chatbot tasks (e.g., resume writing, entertainment) diverge from the institutional decision-making tasks (e.g., resume screening) which have traditionally been central to discussion of algorithmic fairness. The open-ended nature and diverse use-cases of chatbots necessitate novel methods for bias assessment. This paper addresses these challenges by introducing a scalable counterfactual approach to evaluate "first-person fairness," meaning fairness toward chatbot users based on demographic characteristics. Our method employs a Language Model as a Research Assistant (LMRA) to yield quantitative measures of harmful stereotypes and qualitative analyses of demographic differences in chatbot responses. We apply this approach to assess biases in six of our language models across millions of interactions, covering sixty-six tasks in nine domains and spanning two genders and four races. Independent human annotations corroborate the LMRA-generated bias evaluations. This study represents the first large-scale fairness evaluation based on real-world chat data. We highlight that post-training reinforcement learning techniques significantly mitigate these biases. This evaluation provides a practical methodology for ongoing bias monitoring and mitigation.
|
fairness, large language models, chatbots
|
A methodology for evaluating bias in open-ended chat
| 8,413
|
2410.19803
|
[
-0.012088106945157051,
-0.03962038829922676,
-0.03961055353283882,
0.039702579379081726,
0.024875739589333534,
0.029989885166287422,
0.02863120287656784,
0.04930141195654869,
-0.02806326374411583,
-0.020632777363061905,
-0.026142532005906105,
0.03886369615793228,
-0.09650786966085434,
-0.043470367789268494,
0.014043507166206837,
0.04076235741376877,
0.025749685242772102,
-0.007469153497368097,
-0.0014079447137191892,
-0.009556315839290619,
-0.0011058625532314181,
-0.0054536801762878895,
0.0528576485812664,
0.0052522760815918446,
0.06381567567586899,
0.023331524804234505,
0.04405156895518303,
-0.018721234053373337,
-0.034132953733205795,
0.021718474105000496,
0.04922585189342499,
-0.0035221977159380913,
0.016638340428471565,
-0.01980738341808319,
-0.0022388636134564877,
0.01955191045999527,
-0.04050282761454582,
0.05757058039307594,
0.005214665085077286,
0.025574203580617905,
-0.04681114852428436,
0.022684365510940552,
-0.020146610215306282,
0.0007131306338123977,
-0.050274286419153214,
0.019290849566459656,
-0.07379301637411118,
0.04080463573336601,
0.014336738735437393,
0.021053563803434372,
-0.12332945317029953,
0.03559452295303345,
0.013428879901766777,
-0.001921039423905313,
-0.0020969370380043983,
0.06598474830389023,
0.014825486578047276,
-0.11193586140871048,
-0.04927879199385643,
-0.03869892284274101,
-0.02420949563384056,
0.04339377582073212,
0.028835777193307877,
-0.0183259304612875,
-0.0026372296269983053,
0.005918804556131363,
0.0317390039563179,
0.027295462787151337,
-0.03500575199723244,
-0.022840512916445732,
-0.03899238258600235,
0.009964964352548122,
-0.00979884248226881,
-0.006197957322001457,
-0.027497293427586555,
-0.0708136186003685,
-0.0004287610063329339,
0.06350842118263245,
0.07230697572231293,
0.0017964933067560196,
-0.014865894801914692,
-0.00083050352986902,
0.031373318284749985,
0.056625451892614365,
0.0405832938849926,
0.019914956763386726,
0.0002071015042020008,
-0.0412321500480175,
-0.05135103315114975,
0.006643225904554129,
-0.024879269301891327,
-0.054062675684690475,
0.025355655699968338,
0.03822501748800278,
0.026605669409036636,
0.004088537767529488,
0.04384183511137962,
0.028382718563079834,
-0.00941273383796215,
0.0031209192238748074,
-0.03815902769565582,
-0.008533329702913761,
0.009513607248663902,
0.01049947552382946,
-0.1138153150677681,
-0.01797948218882084,
0.01639734022319317,
-0.0073256781324744225,
-0.004920235835015774,
0.03242793679237366,
-0.031006688252091408,
-0.005258298944681883,
0.027009639889001846,
0.0008253527921624482,
-0.06020647659897804,
0.04954763129353523,
-0.015809936448931694,
0.02703968435525894,
0.02104230411350727,
0.02779047191143036,
0.06231873854994774,
0.04972299188375473,
0.023423029109835625,
0.09093818813562393,
-0.02194988541305065,
0.014907121658325195,
0.02862265706062317,
0.028001932427287102,
-0.012271009385585785,
-0.0314209908246994,
0.01885547675192356,
0.04181000590324402,
-0.018253101035952568,
0.03201715275645256,
-0.04412981867790222,
0.029601169750094414,
0.008336261846125126,
0.005729269701987505,
0.06660560518503189,
0.027011221274733543,
0.0070975590497255325,
-0.0385298952460289,
0.06034276261925697,
-0.022750888019800186,
0.04823877289891243,
-0.040738243609666824,
-0.002436388749629259,
-0.017768003046512604,
-0.04328097775578499,
0.016760284081101418,
-0.009319913573563099,
-0.03163589909672737,
0.030069924890995026,
-0.07657268643379211,
0.032445065677165985,
0.034258726984262466,
0.04147317260503769,
-0.013406526297330856,
-0.016992604359984398,
0.00889104139059782,
-0.014465353451669216,
-0.0004566824354697019,
-0.0635853260755539,
0.015021326020359993,
0.016860326752066612,
-0.027976956218481064,
0.008149786852300167,
-0.011700499802827835,
-0.03738057613372803,
0.032440897077322006,
-0.014525686390697956,
0.008701223880052567,
0.047581471502780914,
-0.024515019729733467,
-0.036164846271276474,
0.009282995015382767,
0.038394372910261154,
0.028989041224122047,
0.002175825648009777,
-0.00855981931090355,
-0.0792146548628807,
0.027884075418114662,
-0.018912483006715775,
0.024288304150104523,
0.042267411947250366,
-0.0029308153316378593,
0.06201956048607826,
-0.0600682832300663,
-0.030591502785682678,
0.011746730655431747,
-0.06515926867723465,
-0.002723083132877946,
0.013898327015340328,
0.014800560660660267,
0.08865831047296524,
-0.03517496585845947,
0.01265730895102024,
0.03966059535741806,
0.027463965117931366,
0.04568938910961151,
0.05762563645839691,
-0.0204507727175951,
0.02201221138238907,
-0.0026174411177635193,
-0.05500496178865433,
-0.02083824761211872,
0.0281953364610672,
-0.04317670688033104,
-0.042583487927913666,
0.03178542107343674,
-0.043343815952539444,
0.023455534130334854,
-0.011276681907474995,
0.011604980565607548,
0.001707429182715714,
0.00860990583896637,
0.013173438608646393,
0.004314511548727751,
0.004640239290893078,
-0.04745890945196152,
0.049078281968832016,
-0.0025811411906033754,
0.0228290855884552,
-0.013287513516843319,
-0.010647536255419254,
0.08534693717956543,
0.07535430788993835,
-0.03828940913081169,
0.0017129171174019575,
0.030943172052502632,
0.014912242069840431,
0.001689561759121716,
-0.00955597497522831,
-0.008789815939962864,
-0.004408573731780052,
-0.019248219206929207,
-0.0027052774094045162,
-0.026849262416362762,
0.06881218403577805,
-0.016725657507777214,
-0.014863207004964352,
0.06521811336278915,
-0.013410932384431362,
0.046627361327409744,
-0.024955132976174355,
0.04127846285700798,
-0.0016251873457804322,
-0.009060356765985489,
-0.006113838404417038,
-0.029147934168577194,
-0.058682069182395935,
-0.0005080720875412226,
0.0031374460086226463,
-0.03497917577624321,
-0.0031247122678905725,
-0.02149050310254097,
0.01820465736091137,
-0.0018351298058405519,
0.05472812429070473,
0.035667553544044495,
0.021632032468914986,
0.01254361029714346,
-0.035751234740018845,
-0.042715080082416534,
-0.005600048694759607,
-0.10440624505281448,
-0.041936784982681274,
0.010098535567522049,
0.022732360288500786,
0.01279363688081503,
0.031488046050071716,
-0.034840140491724014,
0.011829778552055359,
-0.01441614143550396,
0.0015272413147613406,
0.025821169838309288,
0.011637449264526367,
-0.033719927072525024,
-0.022145522758364677,
-0.01138589158654213,
-0.015236375853419304,
0.05401928350329399,
-0.03468935564160347,
-0.022216174751520157,
-0.004707420244812965,
-0.04422733932733536,
0.003034947207197547,
-0.05513503775000572,
-0.009300457313656807,
0.021873539313673973,
-0.021472297608852386,
-0.01845678687095642,
0.0035159713588654995,
-0.018023734912276268,
0.05269298702478409,
0.021351736038923264,
0.025464635342359543,
0.02149142511188984,
-0.03814716637134552,
0.034083522856235504,
-0.03776045888662338,
0.013036937452852726,
-0.013905741274356842,
0.03790517896413803,
-0.0029127479065209627,
-0.033204369246959686,
0.04055337235331535,
-0.015566565096378326,
-0.28532734513282776,
-0.010220695286989212,
0.005822970997542143,
0.000402340228902176,
0.026315957307815552,
-0.028165971860289574,
0.07806646078824997,
0.0002984096354339272,
0.0018493583193048835,
0.03252701833844185,
-0.0018888964550569654,
0.032985374331474304,
0.004256891086697578,
0.060156047344207764,
0.028020771220326424,
0.06742789596319199,
-0.032127439975738525,
-0.020471474155783653,
-0.0024197467137128115,
0.036680277436971664,
-0.054099734872579575,
-0.06901974231004715,
-0.03897968307137489,
0.05759771168231964,
0.01795131154358387,
0.05543239414691925,
-0.02915903367102146,
-0.02088749408721924,
-0.006743275094777346,
-0.020729100331664085,
0.014036152511835098,
-0.007468358613550663,
-0.016515066847205162,
0.015167195349931717,
0.013238048180937767,
-0.014721531420946121,
0.0366613008081913,
0.00823536328971386,
-0.005667954683303833,
0.0385151132941246,
0.007878060452640057,
-0.019290156662464142,
-0.009069575928151608,
-0.008628247305750847,
0.06441100686788559,
0.03540535643696785,
-0.0407562218606472,
-0.017640043050050735,
-0.004140496253967285,
0.03266075253486633,
-0.01729622855782509,
-0.03882730379700661,
-0.02019461616873741,
0.033764131367206573,
-0.0012590474216267467,
-0.009384029544889927,
-0.0032024262472987175,
-0.020847609266638756,
-0.016060546040534973,
-0.009020376019179821,
-0.016201341524720192,
-0.013657229021191597,
-0.013558667153120041,
-0.027814527973532677,
-0.025687940418720245,
-0.08147499710321426,
-0.08747202157974243,
-0.06810316443443298,
0.04637884721159935,
0.034716859459877014,
-0.01948717050254345,
0.007934221997857094,
-0.010820355266332626,
-0.09726031124591827,
0.0013527412666007876,
0.0098769161850214,
-0.034419771283864975,
-0.01817205920815468,
-0.002693384187296033,
0.06662198901176453,
-0.011707071214914322,
-0.029437415301799774,
0.022119827568531036,
-0.023695364594459534,
0.01371772401034832,
-0.004271173849701881,
0.025635989382863045,
-0.02179751545190811,
-0.043355319648981094,
-0.02875940501689911,
0.03776463866233826,
-0.009958350099623203,
-0.023249221965670586,
0.019829684868454933,
0.07107409834861755,
0.03227584436535835,
-0.020808018743991852,
0.02293166145682335,
0.029351964592933655,
0.02323802001774311,
0.03879145532846451,
-0.09991516172885895,
-0.015565866604447365,
-0.04942578077316284,
-0.010065203532576561,
0.016739029437303543,
-0.07534942030906677,
-0.028366578742861748,
0.005946137942373753,
-0.01841212436556816,
-0.005079030524939299,
0.00997050479054451,
-0.016285251826047897,
0.012145006097853184,
-0.02346336469054222,
-0.02217904105782509,
0.009678369387984276,
0.027762610465288162,
0.019090838730335236,
-0.012995930388569832,
-0.012976357713341713,
0.015229413285851479,
-0.054647840559482574,
0.03332509845495224,
-0.03328287601470947,
-0.01882750168442726,
-0.011834122240543365,
-0.018983399495482445,
-0.0051452843472361565,
0.005315536633133888,
0.02506769262254238,
0.01958264224231243,
-0.019382277503609657,
-0.013146580196917057,
0.06949858367443085,
-0.005879327189177275,
0.0013515164609998465,
-0.020508667454123497,
0.00010162697435589507,
0.007180898915976286,
0.03211170434951782,
-0.04125108942389488,
0.02235603705048561,
0.03340959921479225,
0.040291547775268555,
0.0009740860550664365,
0.01906369812786579,
0.005019499454647303,
-0.007161620073020458,
-0.009150635451078415,
0.046066515147686005,
-0.06044166907668114,
-0.004191851709038019,
-0.02277199737727642,
0.02738042362034321,
-0.003451727330684662,
0.028615577146410942,
0.019513802602887154,
-0.023295696824789047,
-0.06939884275197983,
0.05228153243660927,
0.009192155674099922,
-0.004740443080663681,
-0.004767600912600756,
0.028640272095799446,
0.03687946870923042,
-0.016530942171812057,
-0.010218167677521706,
0.037124838680028915,
0.004115085117518902,
-0.02767995558679104,
-0.018157823011279106,
-0.011655662208795547,
-0.015488922595977783,
-0.02320280484855175,
-0.03170568495988846,
0.040560755878686905,
-0.04229158163070679,
-0.032295290380716324,
0.02591494284570217,
-0.01023599412292242,
0.005476368125528097,
0.0035163406282663345,
0.011807210743427277,
0.07520085573196411,
0.040898919105529785,
0.010817755945026875,
0.01872207038104534,
-0.011219182051718235,
0.02952621690928936,
-0.026507588103413582,
0.0037430552765727043,
-0.018955091014504433,
-0.03680144622921944,
-0.05781607702374458,
-0.03997335955500603,
0.0021890157368034124,
-0.020434070378541946,
-0.014148279093205929,
-0.016089627519249916,
-0.013836734928190708,
0.013322836719453335,
-0.022229960188269615,
0.005540364421904087,
0.016568122431635857,
-0.09827659279108047,
0.00974459107965231,
0.0006190567510202527,
-0.03283194825053215,
0.048689063638448715,
-0.03220108523964882,
-0.025702284649014473,
-0.03412030637264252,
-0.03844456747174263,
0.00004815118154510856,
-0.03132577985525131,
-0.062401533126831055,
-0.04294931888580322,
-0.02112841233611107,
-0.017423219978809357,
-0.02104891650378704,
-0.042670249938964844,
-0.012835325673222542,
-0.029339423403143883,
0.013694196939468384,
0.04013557732105255,
-0.045088715851306915,
-0.024751702323555946,
0.03836793079972267,
-0.0025746694300323725,
-0.001774326665326953,
-0.04920567572116852,
0.018946902826428413,
0.02754070796072483,
-0.0058873360976576805,
-0.021685857325792313,
-0.017678091302514076,
0.01144580077379942,
-0.0010104294633492827,
-0.03478080406785011,
-0.032720524817705154,
-0.020051047205924988,
-0.0403875969350338,
-0.0033364759292453527,
0.019337041303515434,
0.04048745706677437,
-0.030249787494540215,
0.002334027783945203,
-0.009656606242060661,
0.0015695546753704548,
-0.006167942192405462,
0.007099658716470003,
-0.040866926312446594,
0.02220122516155243,
0.027524014934897423,
-0.03597769886255264,
-0.006823274772614241,
-0.07253717631101608,
-0.03480330854654312,
0.03352251276373863,
-0.03730884566903114,
0.011492564342916012,
-0.05699409916996956,
0.04472220316529274,
0.01058161724358797,
0.037487443536520004,
0.032310426235198975,
-0.01314400602132082,
0.03079875372350216,
-0.04631975293159485,
-0.0025046702940016985,
-0.06221193075180054,
-0.004683434031903744,
0.047371167689561844,
-0.02722754515707493,
0.022250674664974213,
-0.000618769321590662,
-0.007596688810735941,
0.05748149752616882,
-0.023054437711834908,
-0.023004023358225822,
-0.0034719877876341343,
-0.023359524086117744,
-0.014060840010643005,
0.0726759061217308,
-0.06324101984500885,
0.0006511595565825701,
-0.008642250671982765,
-0.061252180486917496,
-0.0014144363813102245,
0.019041387364268303,
0.07060803472995758,
-0.027043486014008522,
0.024872848764061928,
-0.009589730761945248,
-0.008346021175384521,
0.016121746972203255,
0.03746854141354561,
-0.007477832492440939,
0.024709369987249374,
-0.034238655120134354,
0.0542265921831131,
0.04403415694832802,
0.027326032519340515,
0.024044519290328026,
0.019562020897865295,
-0.011846448294818401,
-0.04462853819131851,
0.0414324589073658,
0.04324697330594063,
-0.03278728574514389,
-0.05055898427963257,
0.07314954698085785,
0.010623971000313759,
-0.060141656547784805,
-0.020380277186632156,
0.006939399521797895,
-0.03686476871371269,
0.011086436919867992,
-0.01294184010475874,
-0.014280149713158607,
0.009946390055119991,
0.056635111570358276,
0.03067389316856861,
0.08020903915166855,
0.06564757972955704,
0.003375713247805834,
0.019928010180592537,
0.004698107484728098,
0.08023785799741745,
0.07228013128042221,
0.05823777988553047,
0.014939217828214169,
0.06027699261903763,
-0.03263169899582863,
-0.05716870725154877,
0.008544660173356533,
0.04021920636296272,
-0.02312036231160164,
-0.02549426630139351,
-0.00844459980726242,
0.08758924901485443,
-0.007537003606557846,
0.06556808948516846,
-0.01656327024102211,
0.01996058039367199,
0.04188217222690582,
0.038118913769721985,
-0.010596413165330887,
0.036629293113946915,
0.05454320088028908,
0.03942248597741127,
-0.031399916857481,
-0.03795674070715904,
0.042630236595869064,
-0.04384150728583336,
0.005847390275448561,
0.02026379108428955,
-0.023502971976995468,
0.010238522663712502,
0.004445842932909727,
0.008205771446228027,
0.0999922901391983,
0.0009200015920214355,
-0.022255735471844673,
-0.004954698961228132,
0.003965570125728846,
0.01119247730821371,
0.05273479223251343,
0.01833481341600418,
0.0029375357553362846,
0.010381421074271202,
-0.03294386342167854,
-0.005359520670026541,
0.015574474819004536,
-0.042721930891275406,
0.05374172702431679,
-0.04908374696969986,
-0.0049525294452905655,
0.009444891475141048,
0.031523898243904114,
-0.025204123929142952,
-0.0369725339114666,
-0.00895665492862463,
-0.05619223788380623,
-0.004274966660887003,
-0.014890325255692005,
0.04965565726161003,
0.007310064509510994,
-0.03557493910193443,
0.025738470256328583,
-0.0063066198490560055,
0.02832520194351673,
0.009241384454071522,
-0.07211495190858841,
-0.007574135437607765,
0.05258755013346672,
0.004114336334168911,
0.004063944797962904,
0.039500243961811066,
0.04311029613018036,
0.002231330843642354,
-0.0017715718131512403,
0.002999005140736699,
0.0068827602081000805,
0.04299484193325043,
-0.029271159321069717,
-0.07161276042461395,
-0.07306502014398575,
-0.0290815606713295,
0.02954513393342495,
-0.03730162978172302,
-0.06506337970495224,
0.05321861058473587,
0.02021118253469467,
0.06696529686450958,
0.0556887723505497,
0.03685789182782173,
0.009634456597268581,
0.002161497250199318,
-0.008755761198699474,
-0.0015898073324933648,
0.025145098567008972,
0.030107131227850914,
-0.03213858976960182,
0.05560322850942612,
0.0016592595493420959,
-0.04392295703291893,
-0.05102920904755592,
0.04132939130067825,
-0.006404516752809286,
-0.03349996358156204,
-0.017359480261802673,
-0.008519572205841541,
-0.026571741327643394,
-0.08144011348485947,
-0.013824769295752048,
0.04926973581314087,
0.017731431871652603,
-0.03746156394481659,
0.00848209299147129,
0.001070409663952887,
0.0005339890485629439,
-0.0236596018075943,
-0.02623577229678631,
-0.0240867268294096,
-0.040555477142333984,
-0.024142254143953323,
-0.050114329904317856,
-0.016994820907711983,
-0.04571639373898506,
-0.030097443610429764,
-0.061755504459142685,
-0.051529765129089355,
-0.008784856647253036,
-0.0000010848115152839455,
0.029099436476826668,
-0.012625820934772491,
0.0061055445112288,
-0.023341335356235504
] |
3,468
|
Can Large Language Models Understand Symbolic Graphics Programs?
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Yk87CwhBDx
|
[
"Zeju Qiu",
"Weiyang Liu",
"Haiwen Feng",
"Zhen Liu",
"Tim Z. Xiao",
"Katherine M. Collins",
"Joshua B. Tenenbaum",
"Adrian Weller",
"Michael J. Black",
"Bernhard Schölkopf"
] |
Spotlight
|
Against the backdrop of enthusiasm for large language models (LLMs), there is a growing need to scientifically assess their capabilities and shortcomings. This is nontrivial in part because it is difficult to find tasks which the models have not encountered during training. Utilizing symbolic graphics programs, we propose a domain well-suited to test multiple spatial-semantic reasoning skills of LLMs. Popular in computer graphics, these programs procedurally generate visual data. While LLMs exhibit impressive skills in general program synthesis and analysis, symbolic graphics programs offer a new layer of evaluation: they allow us to test an LLM's ability to answer semantic questions about the images or 3D geometries without a vision encoder. To semantically understand the symbolic programs, LLMs would need to possess the ability to "imagine" and reason how the corresponding graphics content would look with only the symbolic description of the local curvatures and strokes. We use this task to evaluate LLMs by creating a large benchmark for the semantic visual understanding of symbolic graphics programs, built procedurally with minimal human effort. Particular emphasis is placed on transformations of images that leave the image level semantics invariant while introducing significant changes to the underlying program. We evaluate commercial and open-source LLMs on our benchmark to assess their ability to reason about visual output of programs, finding that LLMs considered stronger at reasoning generally perform better. Lastly, we introduce a novel method to improve this ability -- Symbolic Instruction Tuning (SIT), in which the LLM is finetuned with pre-collected instruction data on symbolic graphics programs. Interestingly, we find that SIT not only improves LLM's understanding on symbolic programs, but it also improves general reasoning ability on various other benchmarks.
|
Large Language Models, Symbolic Graphics Programs
|
Assessing Large Language Model Reasoning over Symbolic Graphics Programs
| 8,410
|
2408.08313
|
[
-0.0040507628582417965,
-0.008287320844829082,
-0.026964889839291573,
0.04146851971745491,
0.051496852189302444,
0.010971582494676113,
0.017766214907169342,
0.03408913314342499,
-0.020968424156308174,
-0.03139568120241165,
-0.02939637564122677,
0.034144170582294464,
-0.0565161369740963,
0.018541276454925537,
0.012120687402784824,
0.059486713260412216,
0.014747854322195053,
-0.013788705691695213,
0.014388890005648136,
0.038299527019262314,
0.009660651907324791,
-0.024958983063697815,
-0.0011364608071744442,
0.008229847997426987,
0.02695246785879135,
0.020251857116818428,
0.03231057524681091,
0.013803770765662193,
-0.04064732789993286,
0.004942566622048616,
0.031905826181173325,
-0.024712394922971725,
0.014452886767685413,
-0.0391027107834816,
0.004555083811283112,
0.000664647261146456,
-0.060084324330091476,
0.030316539108753204,
0.011744916439056396,
0.0017651860835030675,
-0.04040877893567085,
0.039077457040548325,
0.0053196856752038,
-0.0095902681350708,
-0.05706880986690521,
0.017795484513044357,
-0.11866521090269089,
0.039936475455760956,
0.030825212597846985,
0.008980358950793743,
-0.10200149565935135,
0.03832511231303215,
-0.004305118229240179,
0.007979122921824455,
-0.004872966557741165,
0.03392854332923889,
0.06978803873062134,
-0.08905380964279175,
-0.0020416523329913616,
-0.06356927752494812,
-0.017768099904060364,
0.021620769053697586,
0.000031181010854197666,
0.01033117063343525,
-0.014872848987579346,
-0.03254722058773041,
-0.01251702569425106,
0.020838409662246704,
-0.08182146400213242,
-0.05384574085474014,
-0.007179464213550091,
0.009297932498157024,
-0.0053031048737466335,
-0.005040382035076618,
0.018851518630981445,
-0.02018333598971367,
-0.0021424496080726385,
0.03514470160007477,
0.033696189522743225,
-0.039013899862766266,
-0.018464572727680206,
0.047607555985450745,
0.030821671709418297,
0.05200989544391632,
0.021655332297086716,
0.02461414225399494,
-0.023620489984750748,
-0.03625480458140373,
-0.05896323546767235,
0.03385575860738754,
-0.020452316850423813,
-0.06641656905412674,
0.0037727891467511654,
0.04011762514710426,
0.011655080132186413,
0.019699905067682266,
0.0018072074744850397,
0.03452238813042641,
-0.009725721552968025,
0.003289315849542618,
-0.010552383959293365,
-0.05428168550133705,
0.02418874017894268,
0.02088848128914833,
-0.0974162220954895,
-0.022048378363251686,
-0.010251776315271854,
-0.04441043734550476,
0.0016922875074669719,
-0.001737671671435237,
-0.012173215858638287,
-0.015056360512971878,
0.020853394642472267,
-0.021802959963679314,
-0.053417567163705826,
0.05455794930458069,
0.010875963605940342,
0.01530443411320448,
-0.0062523274682462215,
0.022183796390891075,
0.06151401251554489,
0.025968631729483604,
-0.013041992671787739,
0.06222148239612579,
-0.011091290041804314,
0.014002710580825806,
-0.009448499418795109,
0.02867409773170948,
-0.04483140632510185,
-0.048837192356586456,
0.019476737827062607,
0.0583777092397213,
0.011346188373863697,
0.008831045590341091,
0.005235600285232067,
0.00047861074563115835,
-0.0048703383654356,
-0.024140169844031334,
0.011994835920631886,
-0.009323987178504467,
-0.003750002942979336,
0.00369114987552166,
0.07051929086446762,
-0.05065619572997093,
0.06487948447465897,
-0.01757616363465786,
0.004869357217103243,
-0.018657948821783066,
-0.019980566576123238,
0.0020449403673410416,
0.04602885991334915,
-0.005818645935505629,
0.0075800009071826935,
-0.06383731216192245,
0.03304778039455414,
0.07220222800970078,
0.02468901500105858,
0.0254905354231596,
0.01793580874800682,
-0.00786422286182642,
0.005551784764975309,
-0.012248177081346512,
-0.04179392755031586,
0.01682036928832531,
-0.02408227138221264,
-0.026277098804712296,
0.027298234403133392,
0.02113717794418335,
-0.045545078814029694,
0.009458938613533974,
-0.037020180374383926,
-0.038044124841690063,
0.05360216647386551,
-0.017935384064912796,
-0.028827039524912834,
-0.009556676261126995,
0.06488683074712753,
0.0031263050623238087,
0.05673730745911598,
0.00838298350572586,
-0.06819162517786026,
0.004586640279740095,
-0.00715817604213953,
0.015646575018763542,
0.02147025614976883,
-0.044569019228219986,
0.08639266341924667,
-0.03921196982264519,
-0.006720428820699453,
-0.004108821973204613,
-0.07453203946352005,
-0.025150498375296593,
0.0415533073246479,
0.015074461698532104,
0.07571635395288467,
0.015217829495668411,
-0.023465218022465706,
0.035452861338853836,
0.016082998365163803,
0.05184739828109741,
0.06364261358976364,
0.012730227783322334,
0.0562208890914917,
-0.018105627968907356,
-0.013906123116612434,
-0.007337027695029974,
0.029341360554099083,
-0.04201602190732956,
-0.05664695426821709,
0.023052075877785683,
-0.002318590646609664,
-0.01597742736339569,
0.03370555490255356,
0.0012815335066989064,
0.02496529556810856,
-0.007029420230537653,
-0.008505379781126976,
0.004528712015599012,
0.007526675704866648,
-0.06411216408014297,
0.011019004508852959,
0.02596982568502426,
-0.011995120905339718,
-0.01712697744369507,
-0.03708397597074509,
0.09220763295888901,
0.052309926599264145,
-0.046282898634672165,
-0.01536254957318306,
0.03486575186252594,
-0.009379939176142216,
0.004729351028800011,
0.017895620316267014,
-0.035735439509153366,
-0.019731992855668068,
-0.021668290719389915,
0.011476771906018257,
-0.02662166953086853,
0.054863810539245605,
-0.03286030516028404,
-0.005804537329822779,
0.06575234979391098,
-0.028644153848290443,
0.05393822863698006,
-0.010070311836898327,
0.011337967589497566,
0.0468757301568985,
-0.010756955482065678,
-0.015734774991869926,
-0.0011869203299283981,
-0.030963927507400513,
0.01611798070371151,
-0.007034040987491608,
-0.0247187577188015,
-0.03315175324678421,
-0.03703833371400833,
-0.020833183079957962,
-0.04017056152224541,
0.05042054504156113,
0.050617050379514694,
0.010694224387407303,
-0.009463585913181305,
0.00918620079755783,
-0.017478272318840027,
-0.011038489639759064,
-0.10747576504945755,
-0.02844056859612465,
-0.0003851850051432848,
0.04191507399082184,
0.013240803964436054,
0.03836781159043312,
-0.0007362926262430847,
0.021890632808208466,
-0.03818953037261963,
-0.02944949083030224,
-0.003861346747726202,
0.0019095815951004624,
-0.00732004176825285,
-0.06329954415559769,
-0.004807381425052881,
0.0037924593780189753,
0.04308663681149483,
-0.026028452441096306,
0.0039870417676866055,
-0.023285672068595886,
0.004879385698586702,
0.00771496444940567,
-0.04847294092178345,
-0.017926890403032303,
0.02641933783888817,
0.02486472949385643,
0.012546731159090996,
-0.03351333364844322,
0.010322141461074352,
0.06776242703199387,
0.04906052350997925,
0.046929530799388885,
-0.04372052848339081,
-0.022688817232847214,
0.015894202515482903,
-0.011396205984055996,
0.02616741694509983,
-0.002542724134400487,
0.03543670102953911,
-0.02526450902223587,
0.024428851902484894,
0.011608347296714783,
0.0016539235366508365,
-0.2812971770763397,
-0.016967732459306717,
0.008802913129329681,
-0.028234651312232018,
0.031880829483270645,
0.0018465289613232017,
0.047692589461803436,
-0.03004573844373226,
-0.04543662443757057,
0.008210835978388786,
0.016937436535954475,
0.011903245002031326,
-0.0015604011714458466,
0.06166134774684906,
0.055454738438129425,
0.03696142137050629,
0.01145809143781662,
-0.04516668990254402,
0.013776599429547787,
0.04723755270242691,
0.01000985037535429,
-0.06935203075408936,
-0.027841022238135338,
0.06528507173061371,
-0.012760925106704235,
0.06469655781984329,
-0.09379436820745468,
-0.001574764377437532,
-0.018221504986286163,
-0.014975421130657196,
-0.011336004361510277,
-0.010731649585068226,
-0.020612165331840515,
0.06268065422773361,
-0.023120161145925522,
-0.005469007417559624,
0.057408664375543594,
-0.027333637699484825,
0.042487215250730515,
0.028008315712213516,
0.02925129234790802,
-0.020410221070051193,
-0.04561864212155342,
0.018483946099877357,
0.04746553674340248,
-0.02201084792613983,
-0.07362952828407288,
-0.03869141638278961,
-0.0044654300436377525,
0.03484218940138817,
-0.040635157376527786,
-0.005676230415701866,
0.003943855874240398,
0.01788005232810974,
-0.029214873909950256,
-0.02629842236638069,
-0.0028340546414256096,
-0.02205435186624527,
-0.05612000823020935,
-0.01997603476047516,
0.010274327360093594,
-0.032512713223695755,
-0.04005219414830208,
-0.048811882734298706,
-0.016134673729538918,
-0.024587590247392654,
-0.07149260491132736,
-0.0506688728928566,
0.03482520207762718,
0.05390864610671997,
-0.008395759388804436,
0.023703264072537422,
-0.009121163748204708,
-0.09642647206783295,
0.0027649931143969297,
0.00997810997068882,
-0.018844973295927048,
-0.029359541833400726,
0.024458549916744232,
0.041644029319286346,
-0.019908087328076363,
-0.04851188883185387,
0.00167477794457227,
0.019292738288640976,
0.024174943566322327,
-0.016463827341794968,
0.021835459396243095,
-0.04100460931658745,
-0.004472596570849419,
-0.016557037830352783,
0.06023583561182022,
0.005335140973329544,
0.003075662534683943,
0.0036479381378740072,
0.04684383422136307,
0.001108399941585958,
0.07224813848733902,
0.032563161104917526,
0.04881581664085388,
-0.0032262078020721674,
0.026075348258018494,
-0.09500165283679962,
0.0009747699950821698,
0.005126466508954763,
-0.028135517612099648,
0.008737128227949142,
-0.028924591839313507,
-0.02095370925962925,
0.03718307986855507,
0.00009627498366171494,
-0.035028405487537384,
-0.03547193855047226,
0.020325837656855583,
0.008900167420506477,
-0.03541356325149536,
-0.006857123225927353,
0.009428845718502998,
0.03353816643357277,
0.009896290488541126,
-0.021656377241015434,
-0.009800202213227749,
0.01088350173085928,
-0.0346551388502121,
-0.0014671243261545897,
-0.009898561984300613,
-0.023551028221845627,
-0.004341151565313339,
-0.004513921216130257,
-0.018801458179950714,
0.03898392245173454,
0.039717625826597214,
0.04013727977871895,
0.004426278173923492,
0.007136301137506962,
0.056861769407987595,
0.009768028743565083,
-0.02145817130804062,
-0.019959036260843277,
0.029916513711214066,
-0.007775306701660156,
0.015627210959792137,
0.006592093035578728,
0.04728297144174576,
0.019713738933205605,
0.028088485822081566,
-0.018744273111224174,
0.023715972900390625,
-0.006534215994179249,
-0.017459040507674217,
0.00016281992429867387,
0.0471571609377861,
-0.06393718719482422,
0.007061010226607323,
-0.027109557762742043,
0.0017672338290140033,
-0.013241145759820938,
0.017666224390268326,
-0.023533450439572334,
0.03218283876776695,
-0.06298479437828064,
0.07903846353292465,
0.007718609180301428,
-0.018717516213655472,
0.0011778783518821,
-0.019076505675911903,
0.03785163536667824,
0.0028755918610841036,
0.019799228757619858,
0.013291103765368462,
0.00037575888563878834,
0.002290744800120592,
-0.03276906907558441,
-0.019143132492899895,
0.010400058701634407,
-0.02299490012228489,
0.024096129462122917,
0.005042343866080046,
-0.035429876297712326,
-0.01876002922654152,
0.022032659500837326,
0.004634921904653311,
-0.02052324078977108,
0.0034567147959023714,
0.0034070145338773727,
0.07683011889457703,
0.008221515454351902,
0.0025666034780442715,
0.005188288167119026,
-0.05870865285396576,
0.006214981898665428,
-0.012492568232119083,
-0.0013842505868524313,
-0.021291643381118774,
-0.008666396141052246,
-0.07489847391843796,
-0.055242568254470825,
0.019328458234667778,
0.01049951370805502,
-0.0015470844227820635,
-0.018700700253248215,
0.012979116290807724,
0.015109097585082054,
-0.04865472391247749,
-0.0016929846024140716,
0.021601393818855286,
-0.06445775181055069,
0.004396815784275532,
0.05653080716729164,
-0.0028632173780351877,
0.006809908431023359,
-0.048161569982767105,
-0.026077961549162865,
-0.05277097225189209,
-0.03587231785058975,
0.0226304829120636,
-0.0026236691046506166,
-0.007492537144571543,
-0.0383831262588501,
-0.005230740178376436,
0.00905885361135006,
-0.025536654517054558,
0.009785222820937634,
-0.02687840163707733,
-0.020427171140909195,
0.007092521991580725,
0.014332334510982037,
-0.020835133269429207,
-0.03713329881429672,
0.020104097202420235,
-0.06070564314723015,
0.04462413117289543,
-0.033512014895677567,
0.024221325293183327,
0.04218918830156326,
0.02154580131173134,
-0.000024966273485915735,
-0.03632021322846413,
0.02774800918996334,
0.025526495650410652,
0.0025687040761113167,
0.02249017171561718,
-0.00490585109218955,
-0.0108810905367136,
0.00907249003648758,
0.04252951219677925,
0.04301563650369644,
-0.005529215093702078,
-0.005704672075808048,
-0.015855884179472923,
0.013516155071556568,
0.009824075736105442,
-0.011818003840744495,
-0.01705082878470421,
-0.02765640616416931,
0.0852196216583252,
-0.018644748255610466,
-0.031755074858665466,
-0.04786507040262222,
-0.04162008315324783,
0.013619409874081612,
-0.03453241288661957,
0.020391982048749924,
-0.04060148447751999,
0.060554757714271545,
0.010701561346650124,
0.05137496069073677,
0.02165170945227146,
-0.00038142388802953064,
0.04884372651576996,
-0.04663139954209328,
0.025460023432970047,
-0.0678035169839859,
-0.013561276718974113,
0.0591902919113636,
-0.03853027522563934,
-0.05102074518799782,
-0.013565038330852985,
-0.055711884051561356,
0.05173715576529503,
-0.03629295900464058,
-0.03498094156384468,
0.02866741083562374,
0.01605859585106373,
-0.022731216624379158,
0.018816012889146805,
-0.01634526252746582,
0.005740301217883825,
-0.011270598508417606,
-0.03481417894363403,
-0.0013612404000014067,
-0.009278868325054646,
0.03873381018638611,
-0.025906868278980255,
0.024195080623030663,
-0.0252393651753664,
0.014528204686939716,
0.028822632506489754,
0.05620710551738739,
0.02179335057735443,
0.008555375970900059,
-0.01583145558834076,
0.09048627316951752,
0.043601032346487045,
0.011901266872882843,
0.0038252167869359255,
0.004783124662935734,
-0.02066928520798683,
-0.054375480860471725,
0.027798764407634735,
-0.01444451417773962,
-0.017113327980041504,
-0.0628017708659172,
0.05967280641198158,
0.023137347772717476,
-0.037072524428367615,
-0.021126646548509598,
0.02775947004556656,
-0.045392151921987534,
0.013937501236796379,
-0.02563001774251461,
-0.002020085696130991,
0.005370534025132656,
0.06412380188703537,
0.008935018442571163,
0.04744848608970642,
0.07522862404584885,
0.028652865439653397,
-0.03505314514040947,
0.0017965409206226468,
0.054505474865436554,
0.06334204971790314,
0.062430910766124725,
0.026058772578835487,
0.07120803743600845,
-0.07456037402153015,
-0.028818057850003242,
0.015262997709214687,
0.012817888520658016,
-0.00399703299626708,
-0.04518924281001091,
0.01858513057231903,
0.09462027996778488,
-0.025894388556480408,
0.051837656646966934,
-0.04025479033589363,
0.000742894655559212,
0.052494991570711136,
0.003986630123108625,
-0.0016329645877704024,
0.058229364454746246,
0.034552864730358124,
-0.0069786859676241875,
-0.03774791955947876,
0.0010540427174419165,
0.02691439725458622,
-0.037258993834257126,
-0.0013482501963153481,
-0.01632770150899887,
-0.000623947533313185,
-0.0027668005786836147,
-0.03675035387277603,
0.05926498398184776,
0.13541193306446075,
-0.04192984849214554,
-0.03204089030623436,
0.030385466292500496,
0.02125154435634613,
0.01865317113697529,
0.05323496833443642,
-0.0017659889999777079,
-0.009399890899658203,
0.001277031609788537,
-0.048250745981931686,
0.011393195949494839,
0.010367967188358307,
0.006247953977435827,
0.019385935738682747,
-0.019286533817648888,
-0.05291740596294403,
0.023606374859809875,
0.011003004387021065,
-0.046057648956775665,
-0.057431910187006,
-0.02999049238860607,
-0.04270549118518829,
-0.03699823096394539,
-0.015927640721201897,
0.02549520693719387,
-0.01842782273888588,
-0.03762717917561531,
0.0031725652515888214,
-0.01892314851284027,
0.0039054383523762226,
0.011051609180867672,
-0.06265541911125183,
-0.00823407992720604,
0.03299514576792717,
0.00946891587227583,
-0.022510213777422905,
0.048585083335638046,
0.0009010974899865687,
-0.03560087829828262,
-0.008840004913508892,
0.006582264788448811,
-0.0014664391055703163,
-0.0034516321029514074,
0.012298854067921638,
-0.031840648502111435,
-0.1252039521932602,
0.0017163787269964814,
-0.00022461492335423827,
-0.010499541647732258,
-0.06946828216314316,
0.004987481981515884,
-0.025305891409516335,
0.01916014775633812,
0.07995686680078506,
0.0303999911993742,
0.05769752338528633,
-0.0073704905807971954,
-0.006544311530888081,
-0.0039133429527282715,
0.03738635033369064,
0.06564705073833466,
-0.02489454671740532,
0.07457706332206726,
0.04406137764453888,
-0.019115611910820007,
-0.030937327072024345,
0.010351492092013359,
-0.012873372994363308,
0.0028139997739344835,
-0.012589666061103344,
-0.015418163500726223,
-0.017451118677854538,
-0.12465491145849228,
-0.005193281918764114,
0.02226957306265831,
-0.001939298934303224,
-0.05193045362830162,
-0.00782956276088953,
-0.021586472168564796,
-0.039935413748025894,
0.006410959176719189,
-0.021266648545861244,
0.006879716645926237,
-0.01917838864028454,
-0.028691409155726433,
-0.04591595381498337,
0.005676755215972662,
-0.02527945302426815,
-0.0006778046954423189,
-0.03293919935822487,
-0.03647523745894432,
-0.014568760991096497,
0.012968271970748901,
0.03714054450392723,
-0.016499539837241173,
0.04533134400844574,
-0.011314040049910545
] |
3,469
|
Token Statistics Transformer: Linear-Time Attention via Variational Rate Reduction
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=lXRDQsiP2v
|
[
"Ziyang Wu",
"Tianjiao Ding",
"Yifu Lu",
"Druv Pai",
"Jingyuan Zhang",
"Weida Wang",
"Yaodong Yu",
"Yi Ma",
"Benjamin David Haeffele"
] |
Spotlight
|
The attention operator is arguably the key distinguishing factor of transformer architectures, which have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on a variety of tasks. However, transformer attention operators often impose a significant computational burden, with the computational complexity scaling quadratically with the number of tokens. In this work, we propose a novel transformer attention operator whose computational complexity scales linearly with the number of tokens. We derive our network architecture by extending prior work which has shown that a transformer style architecture naturally arises by "white-box" architecture design, where each layer of the network is designed to implement an incremental optimization step of a maximal coding rate reduction objective (MCR$^2$). Specifically, we derive a novel variational form of the MCR$^2$ objective and show that the architecture that results from unrolled gradient descent of this variational objective leads to a new attention module called Token Statistics Self-Attention ($\texttt{TSSA}$). $\texttt{TSSA}$ has $\textit{linear computational and memory complexity}$ and radically departs from the typical attention architecture that computes pairwise similarities between tokens. Experiments on vision, language, and long sequence tasks show that simply swapping $\texttt{TSSA}$ for standard self-attention, which we refer to as the Token Statistics Transformer ($\texttt{ToST}$), achieves competitive performance with conventional transformers while being significantly more computationally efficient and interpretable. Our results also somewhat call into question the conventional wisdom that pairwise similarity style attention mechanisms are critical to the success of transformer architectures.
|
white-box deep neural networks, representation learning, transformer
|
We build a novel transformer-like architecture with linear-complexity attention by algorithmic unrolling of a compression-based learning objective.
| 8,362
|
2412.17810
|
[
-0.000919100537430495,
-0.01866014301776886,
0.012402515858411789,
0.025431817397475243,
0.004325152840465307,
0.055724043399095535,
0.012614449486136436,
0.033478930592536926,
-0.022845275700092316,
-0.013562246225774288,
-0.04119652509689331,
0.007539812475442886,
-0.050562575459480286,
-0.00013567488349508494,
-0.011050223372876644,
0.06074495241045952,
0.025115374475717545,
-0.015638023614883423,
0.02524436265230179,
0.0027439782861620188,
-0.010575209744274616,
-0.009371367283165455,
0.053158678114414215,
0.02720629796385765,
0.033076170831918716,
-0.027170982211828232,
0.018923049792647362,
0.0023936086799949408,
-0.030712014064192772,
0.011577845551073551,
0.04048280045390129,
0.002816208405420184,
-0.008364095352590084,
-0.011766179464757442,
0.015104557387530804,
-0.013011782430112362,
-0.052270516753196716,
0.012134423479437828,
0.038073308765888214,
0.049025073647499084,
-0.027421843260526657,
-0.0009376431698910892,
-0.004389539826661348,
-0.0016770092770457268,
-0.04710889980196953,
-0.009957496076822281,
-0.12883467972278595,
0.022630732506513596,
-0.02176486887037754,
-0.023486243560910225,
-0.1096552163362503,
0.028510795906186104,
-0.0017669628141447902,
-0.005145817995071411,
0.03162359073758125,
0.031194690614938736,
0.03170724958181381,
-0.07058539241552353,
-0.020963624119758606,
-0.04274513199925423,
0.005823174957185984,
0.0031374285463243723,
0.021750716492533684,
-0.004334981553256512,
-0.0071867830120027065,
-0.02229962684214115,
-0.012193129397928715,
0.04446222633123398,
-0.04446331784129143,
-0.0504746288061142,
-0.012095041573047638,
0.029972445219755173,
-0.022900255396962166,
0.022047443315386772,
0.009176649153232574,
-0.03282686695456505,
0.007781891152262688,
0.024639440700411797,
0.078290656208992,
-0.001968824304640293,
0.022075539454817772,
0.033931609243154526,
0.03188514709472656,
0.05220670625567436,
0.007523380685597658,
0.009650743566453457,
-0.02034139074385166,
-0.021026602014899254,
-0.05203381925821304,
0.03362880274653435,
0.000982919242233038,
-0.040007296949625015,
0.004612977150827646,
0.015894902870059013,
0.03021465428173542,
0.027027884498238564,
0.016954001039266586,
0.007699149660766125,
-0.01876758225262165,
0.00464508356526494,
-0.003425770904868841,
-0.01956699974834919,
0.020201725885272026,
-0.010155830532312393,
-0.09937591850757599,
-0.016637634485960007,
0.013763219118118286,
-0.0028818815480917692,
0.01377785112708807,
0.024533338844776154,
-0.04540921747684479,
-0.02664744108915329,
0.010667108930647373,
-0.02876191958785057,
-0.09093917161226273,
0.01834460347890854,
0.0018607393139973283,
0.004306843038648367,
-0.014250936917960644,
-0.0011431919410824776,
0.058369070291519165,
0.05793555825948715,
0.0176471546292305,
0.06850403547286987,
-0.010105544701218605,
0.026108479127287865,
0.026377670466899872,
0.028689997270703316,
-0.019766421988606453,
-0.03446055203676224,
0.015128184109926224,
0.01863023266196251,
0.001674471190199256,
0.036518603563308716,
-0.007842290215194225,
0.0002808203862514347,
0.0073283398523926735,
0.013564505614340305,
0.04152434691786766,
-0.021675672382116318,
0.00866613443940878,
-0.01959996297955513,
0.03822994977235794,
-0.026629799976944923,
0.06434737890958786,
-0.04264083504676819,
-0.024365562945604324,
-0.005562681704759598,
-0.010775364935398102,
0.007708548102527857,
0.015573102049529552,
-0.02990971878170967,
0.008732184767723083,
-0.08187206834554672,
0.028668439015746117,
0.03741902858018875,
0.03447250649333,
0.030146602541208267,
0.023962276056408882,
0.03029589354991913,
0.015385427512228489,
-0.013204487040638924,
-0.05302004888653755,
0.010974465869367123,
-0.012328057549893856,
-0.037782084196805954,
0.005544628482311964,
0.03411426022648811,
-0.05564616993069649,
-0.007959271781146526,
-0.014019228518009186,
-0.05489586293697357,
0.05831683799624443,
0.021762626245617867,
-0.006233641412109137,
-0.013203089125454426,
0.06730028241872787,
0.02878803387284279,
0.03116358257830143,
0.044565677642822266,
-0.07780611515045166,
0.03790678083896637,
0.02180413529276848,
0.003756173886358738,
0.03477225452661514,
-0.03883714973926544,
0.07016228884458542,
-0.02853509411215782,
-0.015788430348038673,
-0.008448496460914612,
-0.06244966760277748,
-0.01459052786231041,
0.009262560866773129,
-0.005103535950183868,
0.06956900656223297,
0.01750725694000721,
-0.006929760333150625,
0.01068104524165392,
0.043122876435518265,
0.03159235790371895,
0.05378308147192001,
-0.029277926310896873,
0.04737004637718201,
-0.008921163156628609,
-0.04628787189722061,
0.0015602761413902044,
0.04008029028773308,
-0.06093652546405792,
-0.04321439936757088,
-0.015745192766189575,
-0.002655504737049341,
0.005178183317184448,
-0.004462797660380602,
0.016345923766493797,
-0.034436240792274475,
0.0033774422481656075,
-0.009482498280704021,
0.004998129792511463,
0.02626100182533264,
-0.055018577724695206,
0.03400976210832596,
0.0090744374319911,
-0.0028763881418854,
0.016561023890972137,
-0.04121944308280945,
0.09704819321632385,
0.05942847579717636,
-0.03146832808852196,
0.0011086345184594393,
0.020985763520002365,
-0.03205188736319542,
-0.00024613013374619186,
-0.010548878461122513,
-0.036443572491407394,
0.007281596772372723,
-0.05789101496338844,
-0.02438853308558464,
-0.04402090981602669,
0.06391304731369019,
-0.040896642953157425,
-0.013311352580785751,
0.06641943007707596,
-0.03981908783316612,
0.04536495730280876,
0.015495224855840206,
0.03687994182109833,
0.05269641429185867,
-0.035186272114515305,
0.008027840405702591,
-0.012739499099552631,
-0.038261231034994125,
-0.005930273327976465,
0.013718361034989357,
-0.033207278698682785,
0.008618505671620369,
-0.022100549191236496,
-0.033949367702007294,
-0.022554850205779076,
0.07442902773618698,
0.05588449165225029,
0.028114205226302147,
0.020520608872175217,
-0.021654177457094193,
-0.028196323662996292,
-0.028862062841653824,
-0.13081100583076477,
-0.03423803672194481,
-0.021205097436904907,
0.04628847911953926,
0.0017505696741864085,
0.03097895160317421,
0.020064152777194977,
0.030981453135609627,
-0.030120475217700005,
-0.025160836055874825,
-0.006083384156227112,
0.03716880828142166,
0.0015551104443147779,
-0.024307064712047577,
-0.01007101684808731,
-0.001615392044186592,
0.07393550127744675,
0.013778175227344036,
-0.030795618891716003,
-0.03199678286910057,
-0.04502900317311287,
0.007716234307736158,
-0.0548575222492218,
0.010022283531725407,
-0.0056142183020710945,
0.03628714755177498,
0.022660864517092705,
-0.005720324814319611,
0.0044529009610414505,
0.034237537533044815,
0.08621476590633392,
0.06628210097551346,
-0.0004776208952534944,
-0.013131971471011639,
0.015575079247355461,
-0.01406037900596857,
0.033496469259262085,
0.002856872510164976,
0.024397069588303566,
-0.0372595340013504,
-0.02149740234017372,
0.011368484236299992,
-0.013648077845573425,
-0.2634560763835907,
-0.007748371455818415,
0.0011970134219154716,
-0.0190556850284338,
0.013345649465918541,
-0.022551847621798515,
0.04890327900648117,
-0.011291604489088058,
0.009785185568034649,
0.01268455944955349,
-0.00939681101590395,
0.02893579937517643,
0.01182701624929905,
0.03846019506454468,
0.020454149693250656,
0.006378501653671265,
-0.02131161279976368,
-0.02033773623406887,
0.0009930573869496584,
0.05745507404208183,
0.013001951389014721,
-0.07117655128240585,
-0.012209845706820488,
0.04128345102071762,
0.008947692811489105,
0.02207859233021736,
-0.10919725894927979,
-0.003104226430878043,
-0.014604690484702587,
-0.002139804419130087,
-0.015139982104301453,
-0.005719888489693403,
0.010444636456668377,
0.029461683705449104,
0.0034798597916960716,
0.001010672189295292,
0.0453496091067791,
-0.01514977216720581,
-0.007221407722681761,
0.017987171187996864,
0.0458226352930069,
-0.024195117875933647,
-0.0007900531636551023,
-0.030485186725854874,
0.06552009284496307,
-0.013565640896558762,
-0.062170278280973434,
-0.036738913506269455,
-0.018096202984452248,
0.028812218457460403,
-0.021750276908278465,
-0.05134608596563339,
-0.025654010474681854,
0.007493023294955492,
-0.0015799771063029766,
-0.030046608299016953,
-0.010872703045606613,
-0.02783157117664814,
-0.004650801420211792,
0.01237667165696621,
0.006082989741116762,
-0.05423744395375252,
0.008624359034001827,
-0.01792987249791622,
-0.03441331908106804,
-0.016819344833493233,
-0.024106523022055626,
-0.05989999324083328,
0.045251257717609406,
0.0068288627080619335,
-0.009812900796532631,
0.04870174080133438,
-0.03022892400622368,
-0.09502822160720825,
-0.00976197887212038,
-0.0028532417491078377,
-0.01394882332533598,
-0.00955586414784193,
-0.022989420220255852,
0.06700260192155838,
-0.02550424262881279,
-0.08894473314285278,
0.005204049404710531,
0.0009403125150129199,
0.003362580668181181,
-0.03495427593588829,
-0.010219337418675423,
-0.018276983872056007,
0.010458196513354778,
-0.023912960663437843,
0.041554372757673264,
-0.006725597660988569,
0.012427667155861855,
-0.01805957406759262,
0.04782985895872116,
0.04835766181349754,
0.04310052841901779,
0.054669491946697235,
0.016468584537506104,
0.021003859117627144,
0.047817762941122055,
-0.0732375755906105,
-0.02146441675722599,
-0.03534136340022087,
-0.043210286647081375,
0.060952503234148026,
-0.04589778929948807,
-0.04054051637649536,
0.03422068431973457,
0.021351434290409088,
-0.022263644263148308,
-0.07769378274679184,
-0.002982679521664977,
0.006142385769635439,
0.0039013659115880728,
0.0057616522535681725,
0.008368361741304398,
0.00917841773480177,
0.016350004822015762,
-0.02533615753054619,
-0.0404784195125103,
0.02883092500269413,
-0.040303055197000504,
-0.01234192494302988,
-0.010295359417796135,
-0.019642788916826248,
-0.009336542338132858,
-0.011075446382164955,
0.000024552886316087097,
-0.007187569048255682,
0.0422544963657856,
0.03685363009572029,
-0.008099570870399475,
0.021706318482756615,
0.06348050385713577,
-0.010735978372395039,
0.016798939555883408,
0.0033520429860800505,
0.022642934694886208,
-0.0026005269028246403,
0.02480248361825943,
-0.014586806297302246,
0.01815483346581459,
0.034081846475601196,
0.025874443352222443,
0.000849119562190026,
0.017122605815529823,
0.006863165181130171,
0.013827921822667122,
-0.004831003025174141,
0.04014509171247482,
-0.06246636435389519,
-0.04414409399032593,
-0.019092801958322525,
0.008199622854590416,
-0.033338919281959534,
0.016232170164585114,
-0.025123566389083862,
-0.0009007371263578534,
-0.04833144694566727,
0.05154155194759369,
0.026403652504086494,
0.0105038583278656,
-0.03671570122241974,
0.03946541249752045,
0.006531328894197941,
-0.016934959217905998,
-0.01458098366856575,
0.05660725384950638,
0.0009551527909934521,
-0.04033685848116875,
-0.02176578901708126,
-0.051514629274606705,
-0.00891290046274662,
0.0012846903409808874,
0.0035572568885982037,
0.006691594608128071,
-0.009281808510422707,
-0.009870396926999092,
0.041561610996723175,
0.010654612444341183,
0.00869071576744318,
0.015517872758209705,
0.03748375549912453,
0.07914402335882187,
0.03136054053902626,
-0.008431604132056236,
0.01563628762960434,
-0.04286887124180794,
0.05729290470480919,
0.002873118966817856,
0.007716365624219179,
-0.02697552554309368,
-0.060948293656110764,
-0.0490606352686882,
-0.04169411584734917,
0.0067570628598332405,
0.017618613317608833,
0.01732514053583145,
-0.029477715492248535,
-0.019544022157788277,
0.03950299322605133,
-0.045603346079587936,
-0.0203215554356575,
0.018656833097338676,
-0.07520550489425659,
0.014080759137868881,
0.011171175166964531,
-0.04083304852247238,
0.023616524413228035,
0.013023016974329948,
-0.035502560436725616,
-0.060463130474090576,
-0.034756138920784,
0.005521745420992374,
-0.01676790975034237,
-0.046133749186992645,
-0.0046140048652887344,
0.031861811876297,
-0.02074248343706131,
0.007191027980297804,
0.00841461680829525,
-0.0010569063015282154,
-0.008084592409431934,
0.011854855343699455,
0.020340269431471825,
-0.013911029323935509,
0.005679667461663485,
-0.00013294552627485245,
-0.033728234469890594,
0.011519194580614567,
-0.036838456988334656,
0.03072437271475792,
0.08443669974803925,
0.00966042373329401,
-0.011427807621657848,
-0.045893870294094086,
0.006402060389518738,
-0.014460122212767601,
0.002909306203946471,
0.010651418939232826,
0.009966794401407242,
-0.06400526314973831,
0.028947118669748306,
-0.008138568140566349,
0.02055615372955799,
0.024014068767428398,
0.018348215147852898,
0.0017261292086914182,
0.0007485317182727158,
0.005940115079283714,
0.02702930010855198,
-0.06871257722377777,
-0.004772135056555271,
0.07981738448143005,
-0.05087456479668617,
-0.03010031394660473,
-0.06580840796232224,
-0.06163271516561508,
0.01562824659049511,
-0.017705967649817467,
0.020405935123562813,
-0.025523822754621506,
0.05252815783023834,
0.024485750123858452,
0.05593300983309746,
-0.016289357095956802,
-0.013049639761447906,
0.025092659518122673,
-0.022540315985679626,
0.011085087433457375,
-0.07339345663785934,
-0.03733918443322182,
0.0826914831995964,
-0.034567996859550476,
0.020480072125792503,
-0.011208285577595234,
-0.0415368489921093,
0.011455989442765713,
-0.02197304554283619,
-0.04947477579116821,
0.027358021587133408,
-0.005481943022459745,
0.03707766532897949,
0.011027904227375984,
-0.057724520564079285,
0.0025900467298924923,
-0.016784152016043663,
-0.0393192395567894,
-0.0005182271124795079,
-0.03279915824532509,
0.0656377375125885,
0.008214165456593037,
0.0037621704395860434,
-0.04086162894964218,
-0.018846137449145317,
0.02510901540517807,
0.06688032299280167,
0.015589777380228043,
0.02339819073677063,
-0.03851321339607239,
0.04900393262505531,
0.014682666398584843,
0.0004996501957066357,
-0.0016962167574092746,
0.03557567670941353,
-0.018663348630070686,
-0.03170263394713402,
0.03885876014828682,
-0.01649477519094944,
-0.03098324127495289,
-0.07025867700576782,
0.07301172614097595,
0.03050081431865692,
-0.051041994243860245,
-0.023483116179704666,
0.04822380095720291,
-0.03965964913368225,
-0.02571972645819187,
-0.019712405279278755,
-0.007389731239527464,
-0.015234634280204773,
0.05164550989866257,
0.00960957258939743,
0.025832930579781532,
0.0747368261218071,
0.010967987589538097,
-0.0041313981637358665,
-0.013600998558104038,
0.07917102426290512,
0.06604917347431183,
0.07128478586673737,
-0.02839486673474312,
0.05940905213356018,
-0.04346559941768646,
-0.056748420000076294,
0.039474967867136,
0.044084951281547546,
-0.003044436452910304,
-0.03558667004108429,
0.013282539322972298,
0.09173386543989182,
0.0185686107724905,
0.08703120797872543,
-0.054567717015743256,
-0.026480702683329582,
0.025740979239344597,
-0.0016889561666175723,
0.014318196102976799,
0.05020035803318024,
0.023058464750647545,
0.012537048198282719,
-0.010355374775826931,
-0.0267071221023798,
0.03064838983118534,
-0.03833302482962608,
0.009164257906377316,
0.007613300811499357,
0.0032752284314483404,
0.01019798032939434,
-0.006400454323738813,
0.07234562933444977,
0.11626992374658585,
-0.03668559342622757,
-0.04201465845108032,
0.012647614814341068,
0.015755504369735718,
0.020587509498000145,
0.0494876354932785,
-0.012008300051093102,
-0.041062064468860626,
0.00488540343940258,
-0.061982009559869766,
0.03783334046602249,
0.023510044440627098,
-0.00990875530987978,
0.028090640902519226,
-0.011227818205952644,
-0.022982649505138397,
-0.007784930057823658,
0.025037618353962898,
-0.019844550639390945,
-0.04716557264328003,
-0.05220229923725128,
-0.033182013779878616,
-0.035934001207351685,
-0.031096886843442917,
0.024685587733983994,
0.0038909963332116604,
-0.05609794333577156,
-0.05094074830412865,
-0.04029835760593414,
0.026239817962050438,
0.013060647994279861,
-0.04432142153382301,
0.003329082392156124,
0.006524335127323866,
-0.007331478409469128,
-0.03198012337088585,
0.02820773236453533,
0.05312925949692726,
-0.019693952053785324,
-0.010146801359951496,
0.022169403731822968,
0.059887658804655075,
0.004421093035489321,
0.01206965558230877,
-0.006158091127872467,
-0.09484216570854187,
0.0031439715530723333,
0.0013756731059402227,
-0.06768272072076797,
-0.09038634598255157,
0.026576030999422073,
-0.04645884037017822,
0.056812457740306854,
0.05693892762064934,
-0.008125709369778633,
0.007827126421034336,
-0.04959830641746521,
-0.003371163737028837,
0.01930578052997589,
0.005790745373815298,
0.05381866917014122,
0.012347052805125713,
0.07130781561136246,
0.020665055140852928,
-0.003392752492800355,
-0.02070852555334568,
0.01371435634791851,
-0.014421487227082253,
0.038190800696611404,
0.0043505593203008175,
-0.015295463614165783,
-0.021482368931174278,
-0.11283063888549805,
-0.02664976753294468,
0.0207537692040205,
-0.004044296685606241,
-0.03507574647665024,
0.009736862033605576,
-0.024804338812828064,
-0.0013790325028821826,
-0.004084459505975246,
-0.02091488614678383,
-0.033975750207901,
-0.010761430487036705,
-0.03586527332663536,
-0.04125112667679787,
0.007953845895826817,
-0.05309468135237694,
0.035147566348314285,
-0.009219049476087093,
-0.006459356285631657,
-0.015008379705250263,
-0.011249520815908909,
0.02875799685716629,
0.016698164865374565,
0.020149292424321175,
-0.013720780611038208
] |
3,470
|
Nonlinear Sequence Embedding by Monotone Variational Inequality
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=U834XHJuqk
|
[
"Jonathan Yuyang Zhou",
"Yao Xie"
] |
Spotlight
|
In the wild, we often encounter collections of sequential data such as electrocardiograms, motion capture, genomes, and natural language, and sequences may be multichannel or symbolic with nonlinear dynamics. We introduce a method to learn low-dimensional representations of nonlinear sequence and time-series data without supervision which has provable recovery guarantees. The learned representation can be used for downstream machine-learning tasks such as clustering and classification. The method assumes that the observed sequences arise from a common domain, with each sequence following its own autoregressive model, and these models are related through low-rank regularization. We cast the problem as a convex matrix parameter recovery problem using monotone variational inequalities (VIs) and encode the common domain assumption via low-rank constraint across the learned representations, which can learn a subspace approximately spanning the entire domain as well as faithful representations for the dynamics of each individual sequence incorporating the domain information in totality. We show the competitive performance of our method on real-world time-series data with baselines and demonstrate its effectiveness for symbolic text modeling and RNA sequence clustering.
|
Monotone Variational Inequality, Convex Optimization, Sequence Data, Time Series, Representation Learning
|
We introduce a convex method to learn low dimensional representations of nonlinear time-series and sequences with recovery guarantees.
| 8,337
| null |
[
-0.03991399332880974,
-0.013294994831085205,
0.0006571608246304095,
0.058382418006658554,
0.032734014093875885,
0.04471219703555107,
0.04450478032231331,
0.0056753866374492645,
-0.03313400223851204,
-0.007267155684530735,
0.012238028459250927,
0.019791098311543465,
-0.06011221185326576,
-0.0065080467611551285,
0.001114755985327065,
0.053390022367239,
0.01708955690264702,
-0.00014829520659986883,
0.010013275779783726,
0.027713410556316376,
-0.02126922830939293,
0.0009040792938321829,
0.03207603842020035,
0.016141531988978386,
0.05846787616610527,
0.017988603562116623,
-0.0025640830863267183,
-0.003886743914335966,
-0.04011527821421623,
0.02010621502995491,
0.032094258815050125,
-0.005446213763207197,
-0.008142216131091118,
-0.018304776400327682,
0.007226083427667618,
0.005466732196509838,
-0.03039933368563652,
0.03183022513985634,
0.020555410534143448,
-0.0007906860555522144,
-0.03835409879684448,
-0.02985084243118763,
-0.05326034501194954,
0.0403861477971077,
-0.06550771743059158,
0.024474913254380226,
-0.13074885308742523,
0.006058000959455967,
-0.004967678338289261,
-0.037767443805933,
-0.05878269299864769,
0.045474402606487274,
0.033498384058475494,
-0.016009621322155,
0.004676944110542536,
0.02810254693031311,
0.05075259134173393,
-0.07531529664993286,
-0.026173634454607964,
-0.06194904446601868,
-0.028445839881896973,
0.013637914322316647,
0.02351572923362255,
-0.02715585194528103,
0.0023575127124786377,
-0.0038693505339324474,
0.01800445467233658,
0.02857285365462303,
-0.03685808181762695,
-0.030717462301254272,
-0.0038212991785258055,
0.005065005738288164,
0.008447152562439442,
0.017124950885772705,
0.029633333906531334,
-0.05348727107048035,
0.0052522458136081696,
0.018620213493704796,
0.05425151064991951,
0.03376113250851631,
0.015911901369690895,
0.04356979578733444,
0.03449977561831474,
0.04288123548030853,
-0.003628999926149845,
-0.0012474542018026114,
-0.037877798080444336,
-0.02426118031144142,
-0.05111587420105934,
0.03434280306100845,
-0.020059872418642044,
-0.058388326317071915,
0.022447381168603897,
0.015589345246553421,
-0.002263891277834773,
0.0017225395422428846,
0.033683132380247116,
0.02964942529797554,
0.0060019646771252155,
0.00779555831104517,
-0.05341731011867523,
-0.031021879985928535,
0.016183430328965187,
-0.039012908935546875,
-0.1045074462890625,
0.0035722022876143456,
-0.03850851207971573,
-0.004164806101471186,
0.012663887813687325,
-0.011465387418866158,
-0.04354899376630783,
-0.010018990375101566,
0.027222851291298866,
-0.010835268534719944,
-0.05912606418132782,
0.04914933815598488,
0.0037346435710787773,
0.004089890513569117,
0.00531394686549902,
-0.021855128929018974,
0.05196864530444145,
-0.00347636709921062,
-0.006982753984630108,
0.08564983308315277,
0.000806310388725251,
0.010558774694800377,
0.01889614947140217,
0.0027484598103910685,
-0.048567332327365875,
-0.03420523926615715,
0.0006589728873223066,
0.040312062948942184,
0.016110576689243317,
0.01766963303089142,
0.017363756895065308,
-0.02003977820277214,
-0.028979329392313957,
0.007922335527837276,
0.026802273467183113,
0.008237148635089397,
0.005452598910778761,
-0.028315328061580658,
0.056265685707330704,
-0.03958727419376373,
0.06246794015169144,
-0.04576200991868973,
-0.007609573658555746,
-0.03210396692156792,
-0.03967348486185074,
-0.01594385877251625,
0.006134597584605217,
-0.025899523869156837,
-0.022223612293601036,
-0.08170350641012192,
-0.0033572115935385227,
0.05315069481730461,
0.019867543131113052,
0.04292892664670944,
0.024677645415067673,
0.017442457377910614,
-0.003973259124904871,
0.013154147192835808,
-0.021832309663295746,
0.03937250375747681,
-0.005450359545648098,
-0.06634461134672165,
0.07777771353721619,
0.055784206837415695,
-0.061119016259908676,
0.006137510295957327,
-0.027813667431473732,
-0.048619985580444336,
0.061404693871736526,
0.01655825600028038,
-0.0148560656234622,
-0.013203120790421963,
0.07896580547094345,
0.014059155248105526,
0.0569063164293766,
0.015932144597172737,
-0.08451161533594131,
0.006583149544894695,
0.024912608787417412,
-0.0013858515303581953,
0.036618005484342575,
-0.046104494482278824,
0.08360675722360611,
-0.025587117299437523,
0.015785900875926018,
0.008371029980480671,
-0.0752057358622551,
-0.016936948522925377,
0.005811959505081177,
-0.0029938695952296257,
0.044247597455978394,
0.019800610840320587,
-0.013517491519451141,
0.041249051690101624,
-0.011899018660187721,
0.028201688081026077,
0.03237063065171242,
-0.02563585340976715,
0.0513603650033474,
-0.022130537778139114,
-0.035058505833148956,
0.016009081155061722,
0.038402486592531204,
-0.07735705375671387,
-0.017562231048941612,
-0.010404897853732109,
-0.019892493262887,
0.022835208103060722,
0.004801234696060419,
-0.028955010697245598,
0.021395303308963776,
-0.010716033168137074,
0.016003089025616646,
-0.01685892976820469,
0.015710806474089622,
-0.053765252232551575,
0.0529814213514328,
-0.00853189267218113,
-0.001293748035095632,
0.011039875447750092,
-0.028782838955521584,
0.10676643252372742,
0.08231549710035324,
-0.024163339287042618,
0.009971638210117817,
0.007045239210128784,
0.033009640872478485,
-0.014901177957654,
0.003008502535521984,
-0.009925193153321743,
0.017895545810461044,
0.023294812068343163,
-0.023104703053832054,
-0.03915585204958916,
0.039505600929260254,
-0.054917704313993454,
0.014621838927268982,
0.09230700880289078,
-0.06075869873166084,
0.04035962000489235,
-0.011313903145492077,
-0.018446363508701324,
0.04196525365114212,
0.003743299748748541,
-0.04729573056101799,
-0.041812777519226074,
-0.03527779132127762,
0.004769477993249893,
-0.012256843037903309,
0.023487232625484467,
0.019802188500761986,
-0.03085930645465851,
-0.03289571404457092,
-0.02597864344716072,
0.05997004359960556,
0.06195494532585144,
0.03476457670331001,
0.0182819701731205,
0.010960004292428493,
-0.039000216871500015,
-0.018408088013529778,
-0.08480323851108551,
-0.05700434744358063,
-0.036731719970703125,
0.032212257385253906,
-0.00032480614027008414,
0.044436872005462646,
0.007036860100924969,
0.019458385184407234,
-0.009061934426426888,
-0.02778792195022106,
-0.03258955478668213,
0.04107756167650223,
0.013590909540653229,
-0.04131178557872772,
-0.004055367782711983,
0.02972516231238842,
0.06394648551940918,
-0.03746771439909935,
-0.04181872680783272,
-0.05037786066532135,
-0.05302496254444122,
-0.02190280333161354,
-0.005754732992500067,
-0.020914066582918167,
0.027215614914894104,
-0.0032694137189537287,
0.02787197381258011,
-0.048616159707307816,
0.007339349016547203,
0.053543563932180405,
0.043000269681215286,
0.08299548923969269,
0.012178879231214523,
0.026300009340047836,
-0.012008854188024998,
-0.007147509139031172,
-0.011772224679589272,
0.018232297152280807,
-0.0030101477168500423,
-0.014420612715184689,
0.010968420654535294,
0.026577575132250786,
-0.028896799311041832,
-0.24866950511932373,
-0.0022599860094487667,
-0.0022909657564014196,
-0.019198115915060043,
0.061019133776426315,
-0.029078559949994087,
0.02688535489141941,
-0.0325205996632576,
-0.030630916357040405,
0.003945150412619114,
0.00271214684471488,
0.041769590228796005,
0.003826787928119302,
0.029736453667283058,
0.04152396693825722,
-0.0024326499551534653,
-0.019478484988212585,
0.0009966637007892132,
0.004253074061125517,
0.04035831615328789,
-0.004255502950400114,
-0.04893878474831581,
0.0007293386734090745,
0.05437428876757622,
-0.020314613357186317,
0.055752839893102646,
-0.0765371024608612,
-0.01398671418428421,
-0.0426875539124012,
-0.03125334158539772,
-0.014082773588597775,
-0.017337383702397346,
-0.015287988819181919,
0.04621244594454765,
-0.0151160703971982,
0.015496977604925632,
0.007770968601107597,
0.002465939847752452,
0.041337549686431885,
0.04666532203555107,
0.006287251133471727,
-0.03534065932035446,
-0.01940429024398327,
0.005203823558986187,
0.043865226209163666,
0.024549605324864388,
-0.028209500014781952,
0.03664688766002655,
-0.009687070734798908,
0.047708235681056976,
-0.0037240679375827312,
-0.04664240777492523,
-0.025568999350070953,
0.011750094592571259,
-0.005114592146128416,
-0.03787648305296898,
0.0018532276153564453,
-0.03004503808915615,
-0.0002541460271459073,
0.017728377133607864,
-0.00872879009693861,
-0.04084804654121399,
-0.008473045192658901,
-0.04304411634802818,
0.006420615129172802,
-0.030712267383933067,
-0.07366760820150375,
-0.05383703112602234,
0.04828696697950363,
0.029763447120785713,
-0.020255083218216896,
0.019099842756986618,
-0.0446045845746994,
-0.10122492164373398,
0.00955059565603733,
-0.0011294506257399917,
-0.007920680567622185,
-0.002182353287935257,
-0.010518127121031284,
0.035433072596788406,
-0.05295886471867561,
-0.04673685505986214,
0.014169538393616676,
0.0215925220400095,
0.034709859639406204,
-0.03265620768070221,
0.011227433569729328,
-0.07227109372615814,
-0.022523462772369385,
-0.042177412658929825,
0.011990693397819996,
-0.01906207948923111,
0.040616244077682495,
-0.0020282543264329433,
0.060541119426488876,
0.011869081296026707,
-0.022150039672851562,
0.04844798520207405,
0.04374024271965027,
-0.0311270784586668,
0.03234909847378731,
-0.06725653260946274,
-0.012931040488183498,
-0.06074811518192291,
0.006087471731007099,
0.027907779440283775,
-0.05870705097913742,
0.009075937792658806,
0.03476310148835182,
0.0007891501300036907,
-0.037307657301425934,
-0.06584212183952332,
0.017529813572764397,
-0.0287435594946146,
0.007160724140703678,
-0.013908571563661098,
0.012142210267484188,
0.01724904589354992,
0.03665503114461899,
0.0022586232516914606,
0.0063553559593856335,
0.04230383411049843,
-0.004653480369597673,
0.003478733589872718,
0.008571477606892586,
0.005320402793586254,
0.008299783803522587,
-0.05405207723379135,
-0.00467495946213603,
-0.021886970847845078,
0.06645563989877701,
0.04274792596697807,
0.000651601585559547,
0.014466553926467896,
0.055904045701026917,
0.008921847678720951,
0.018062831833958626,
-0.002271329052746296,
0.03795790672302246,
-0.029221946373581886,
0.029760709032416344,
-0.0003182937507517636,
0.0035798356402665377,
0.012986082583665848,
0.02374895103275776,
-0.003047702834010124,
-0.012780231423676014,
-0.02121390402317047,
-0.003756092395633459,
-0.02847476862370968,
0.02885633520781994,
-0.05154824256896973,
-0.008764886297285557,
-0.03352353349328041,
0.011390192434191704,
-0.0016410354292020202,
0.03457295149564743,
0.004937256220728159,
-0.003444116795435548,
-0.06810644268989563,
0.050127822905778885,
0.0009618597105145454,
-0.02832697331905365,
0.009587669745087624,
0.009167521260678768,
0.050082601606845856,
-0.02636134624481201,
-0.007551169488579035,
0.034421611577272415,
0.030992425978183746,
0.03287096321582794,
-0.005974277388304472,
-0.010951208882033825,
-0.02732239104807377,
-0.027389967814087868,
-0.012319721281528473,
0.0026320917531847954,
0.012242860160768032,
-0.06346655637025833,
0.02960800752043724,
0.024129895493388176,
-0.011594113893806934,
-0.007318080868571997,
0.02934802696108818,
0.09775577485561371,
0.029142603278160095,
0.0053815534338355064,
-0.013224446214735508,
-0.028521619737148285,
0.05694924667477608,
0.0025503835640847683,
0.003433919046074152,
-0.03511738404631615,
-0.080066978931427,
-0.03613131120800972,
-0.031444258987903595,
0.012249675579369068,
0.040658965706825256,
-0.011396746151149273,
-0.020780198276042938,
-0.0039916266687214375,
0.011455707252025604,
-0.05050630867481232,
-0.007835954427719116,
0.06253557652235031,
-0.08301535993814468,
-0.0033775337506085634,
0.02230941876769066,
-0.047104768455028534,
-0.01826353557407856,
0.0019265133887529373,
-0.040361858904361725,
-0.05163561925292015,
0.004692630376666784,
0.00258842995390296,
0.0015859566628932953,
-0.006978766061365604,
-0.020681442692875862,
-0.0007555251359008253,
-0.015072832815349102,
0.0172587763518095,
0.008260994218289852,
0.007570743095129728,
-0.013622412458062172,
0.005654850974678993,
0.0571850948035717,
-0.04082154110074043,
-0.0009953227126970887,
0.03722682595252991,
-0.006226020399481058,
0.037769775837659836,
-0.04762529209256172,
0.01732657104730606,
0.05714799463748932,
-0.02789960615336895,
0.001532906317152083,
-0.048449043184518814,
0.020302943885326385,
-0.0018684095703065395,
0.0027134548872709274,
0.009623844176530838,
0.004541520494967699,
-0.019436802715063095,
0.0037316572852432728,
0.029043976217508316,
0.04742170125246048,
0.03840376064181328,
-0.02209518477320671,
0.010148135013878345,
0.05598797649145126,
0.04079645872116089,
0.021811917424201965,
-0.07788003236055374,
-0.013784539885818958,
0.0446343831717968,
-0.019957171753048897,
-0.06911866366863251,
-0.07569374144077301,
-0.0033612269908189774,
0.014511344023048878,
0.005603800993412733,
0.023292360827326775,
-0.007691701874136925,
0.0377998948097229,
0.04650109261274338,
0.05783109739422798,
0.02416425570845604,
0.016937565058469772,
0.06145266443490982,
-0.017308717593550682,
-0.02012600563466549,
-0.07463480532169342,
-0.01273408718407154,
0.07173904031515121,
-0.03182065114378929,
0.029362058266997337,
0.0017512573394924402,
-0.041776638478040695,
0.019935429096221924,
-0.02161896601319313,
-0.05587109923362732,
-0.011033779010176659,
-0.03442613035440445,
-0.04320801794528961,
0.028543276712298393,
-0.06531094759702682,
-0.014581901952624321,
0.007016122806817293,
-0.05553024634718895,
-0.02375650964677334,
0.006821154151111841,
0.036879487335681915,
-0.0055351718328893185,
0.020222637802362442,
-0.022764788940548897,
0.044550009071826935,
0.029065821319818497,
0.041996777057647705,
0.009097113274037838,
0.0037802807055413723,
-0.03487036004662514,
0.0700598955154419,
0.021414367482066154,
0.009770410135388374,
-0.013581390492618084,
0.030137134715914726,
0.001242683851160109,
-0.07097211480140686,
0.013982381671667099,
-0.012903725728392601,
-0.017088845372200012,
-0.032264165580272675,
0.07813838124275208,
0.02338077686727047,
-0.043351348489522934,
-0.0039009456522762775,
0.021864069625735283,
-0.053778909146785736,
-0.0018574115820229053,
0.0023400569334626198,
0.022068902850151062,
-0.044066332280635834,
0.07420206815004349,
0.019680475816130638,
0.014372309669852257,
0.05455094203352928,
0.004378915764391422,
0.011453257873654366,
-0.01108844205737114,
0.08297907561063766,
0.06110791862010956,
0.018590731546282768,
-0.016403235495090485,
0.07386010140180588,
-0.053674258291721344,
-0.030381405726075172,
0.03432237729430199,
0.007330573163926601,
-0.007131736725568771,
-0.05027318745851517,
0.009223775006830692,
0.05619429796934128,
0.0014976761303842068,
0.08304936438798904,
-0.033649470657110214,
-0.020493829622864723,
0.05558852478861809,
0.0014554974623024464,
0.0029100775718688965,
0.0069437758065760136,
0.05594157055020332,
0.026022616773843765,
-0.002929314039647579,
-0.011272255331277847,
-0.006093728821724653,
-0.010709855705499649,
0.03850982338190079,
-0.0011828674469143152,
-0.0007560810772702098,
0.009058400057256222,
-0.030770976096391678,
0.02320445515215397,
0.08601488173007965,
-0.03250684589147568,
-0.0340825654566288,
-0.006548651959747076,
0.03598097339272499,
0.009422948583960533,
0.036503445357084274,
-0.01062801480293274,
-0.024106547236442566,
-0.00013848418893758208,
-0.0377180278301239,
0.04241640120744705,
0.05127384141087532,
-0.003877700073644519,
0.016723887994885445,
-0.024098284542560577,
-0.0440942719578743,
0.007907968945801258,
0.027792999520897865,
-0.030176859349012375,
-0.05282287672162056,
-0.030886968597769737,
-0.0418456569314003,
-0.061907798051834106,
-0.057923004031181335,
0.033236805349588394,
0.007480887230485678,
-0.028912948444485664,
-0.014547687955200672,
-0.0355122834444046,
0.021072225645184517,
-0.0019234135979786515,
-0.05270107463002205,
0.020149491727352142,
0.0353262722492218,
0.01723724603652954,
0.013381287455558777,
0.008026075549423695,
0.04823753610253334,
-0.018613090738654137,
-0.0317414216697216,
0.040853217244148254,
0.021588178351521492,
0.020073628053069115,
-0.01512916386127472,
-0.0004343452164903283,
-0.08180192857980728,
0.023272084072232246,
0.02062864974141121,
-0.02807253785431385,
-0.10574900358915329,
0.023622270673513412,
-0.022855279967188835,
0.029821591451764107,
0.061106957495212555,
-0.03149600327014923,
0.010826288722455502,
-0.0457107275724411,
-0.015119721181690693,
-0.030474521219730377,
-0.0015709048602730036,
0.059152621775865555,
-0.020117927342653275,
0.04933923855423927,
0.020422428846359253,
0.002068320754915476,
-0.03149564564228058,
0.0356561616063118,
-0.029224878177046776,
0.008653579279780388,
-0.020443495362997055,
-0.04139835387468338,
-0.03505540266633034,
-0.11114383488893509,
-0.042001862078905106,
0.028147578239440918,
-0.005974868778139353,
-0.03311149775981903,
0.004919589031487703,
0.033235102891922,
-0.022584786638617516,
-0.009970384649932384,
-0.015298346988856792,
-0.03669795021414757,
-0.005239852704107761,
-0.040697578340768814,
-0.04921336472034454,
-0.005326094105839729,
-0.013923409394919872,
0.0354757197201252,
-0.03426986187696457,
-0.016877539455890656,
-0.025102948769927025,
-0.0010084675159305334,
0.018490368500351906,
0.023505819961428642,
0.009509573690593243,
0.00668075168505311
] |
3,471
|
X-ALMA: Plug & Play Modules and Adaptive Rejection for Quality Translation at Scale
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=csbf1p8xUq
|
[
"Haoran Xu",
"Kenton Murray",
"Philipp Koehn",
"Hieu Hoang",
"Akiko Eriguchi",
"Huda Khayrallah"
] |
Spotlight
|
Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various NLP tasks with a focus on English due to English-centric pre-training and limited multilingual data. In this work, we focus on the problem of translation, and
while some multilingual LLMs claim to support for hundreds of languages, models often fail to provide high-quality responses for mid- and low-resource languages, leading to imbalanced performance heavily skewed in favor of high-resource languages. We introduce **X-ALMA**, a model designed to ensure top-tier performance across 50 diverse languages, regardless of their resource levels. X-ALMA surpasses state-of-the-art open-source multilingual LLMs, such as Aya-101 and Aya-23, in every single translation direction on the FLORES-200 and WMT'23 test datasets according to COMET-22. This is achieved by plug-and-play language-specific module architecture to prevent language conflicts during training and a carefully designed training regimen with novel optimization methods to maximize the translation performance. After the final stage of training regimen, our proposed **A**daptive **R**ejection **P**reference **O**ptimization (**ARPO**) surpasses existing preference optimization methods in translation tasks.
|
Large Language Model, Machine Translation, Multilingual
|
We present X-ALMA, a multilingual machine translation model that prioritizes quality over quantity by delivering top-tier performance across 50 diverse languages, regardless of their resource levels
| 8,256
| null |
[
-0.021542878821492195,
-0.023652657866477966,
-0.005517682526260614,
0.047027308493852615,
0.0263132993131876,
0.03684793412685394,
0.0055697523057460785,
0.029915528371930122,
0.006459135562181473,
-0.0015903833555057645,
-0.05907898023724556,
0.052654001861810684,
-0.06881123781204224,
-0.008649645373225212,
0.0002575625549070537,
0.0302584245800972,
0.011388605460524559,
0.01913348212838173,
0.020198523998260498,
0.01844932697713375,
0.03193565085530281,
-0.03613933175802231,
0.044048208743333817,
0.03384246677160263,
0.0166131891310215,
0.022200770676136017,
0.027300644665956497,
0.001164699555374682,
-0.04233372211456299,
-0.004993958864361048,
0.016544025391340256,
-0.02912687510251999,
0.011298243887722492,
0.005904254503548145,
0.00468953512609005,
-0.004040154628455639,
-0.015461551025509834,
0.015071659348905087,
0.02158249169588089,
0.018622850999236107,
-0.004363726824522018,
0.029441218823194504,
0.005695102270692587,
0.03446393460035324,
-0.05885748192667961,
0.004165308550000191,
-0.11135638505220413,
0.015624911524355412,
0.0053145852871239185,
-0.06484413146972656,
-0.12489929795265198,
0.01697585918009281,
0.016651200130581856,
-0.022599980235099792,
0.013841919600963593,
0.06454141438007355,
0.02655141055583954,
-0.09098054468631744,
-0.03050815872848034,
-0.021448254585266113,
-0.03495091572403908,
0.026040365919470787,
0.023832671344280243,
0.029375487938523293,
0.018544364720582962,
-0.016311785206198692,
-0.017909778282046318,
0.032315097749233246,
-0.06147405505180359,
-0.05634138733148575,
-0.019116980955004692,
0.03770303353667259,
-0.011189327575266361,
-0.022679392248392105,
0.026355039328336716,
-0.08104238659143448,
0.001103756483644247,
0.048161350190639496,
0.06266271322965622,
0.012396936304867268,
0.010605856776237488,
0.027948811650276184,
0.0157328974455595,
0.03726716712117195,
0.013715405017137527,
0.00817822851240635,
-0.029345110058784485,
-0.03353163227438927,
-0.07956010848283768,
-0.0009959522867575288,
0.020745979622006416,
-0.08531727641820908,
0.02533375844359398,
0.04003629833459854,
0.03780065476894379,
0.029959674924612045,
0.022449836134910583,
0.032675448805093765,
-0.016685696318745613,
-0.009241471067070961,
-0.02918521873652935,
-0.004800612106919289,
0.02938261069357395,
-0.010060824453830719,
-0.11567237973213196,
-0.04247943311929703,
0.005571105517446995,
-0.0030163833871483803,
0.003345886943861842,
-0.0033615746069699526,
-0.005627957172691822,
-0.011723789386451244,
0.01773257739841938,
-0.010984586551785469,
-0.07689990103244781,
0.01067657396197319,
0.00020831561414524913,
0.012848042882978916,
-0.007875951007008553,
0.027704326435923576,
0.049179352819919586,
0.03456136956810951,
0.013226536102592945,
0.06052225083112717,
-0.01875929906964302,
0.009119081310927868,
0.02880140207707882,
0.03348715975880623,
-0.039605479687452316,
-0.008691360242664814,
0.007344645913690329,
0.05268299579620361,
0.013254513032734394,
0.006816455628722906,
0.015458382666110992,
0.008657912723720074,
0.011642717756330967,
0.019387153908610344,
0.06592929363250732,
-0.004238171968609095,
0.017677318304777145,
0.012062519788742065,
0.030795205384492874,
0.008050334639847279,
0.07213430106639862,
0.007471238262951374,
-0.057870421558618546,
-0.05207578092813492,
-0.04267219826579094,
-0.005199848674237728,
0.005375264212489128,
0.02224569208920002,
-0.004655413795262575,
-0.055908866226673126,
0.017253296449780464,
0.058496251702308655,
0.005826428532600403,
-0.0026190972421318293,
-0.022882062941789627,
0.008433558978140354,
-0.015767797827720642,
0.004486382938921452,
-0.06244908645749092,
0.002543449169024825,
-0.032176673412323,
-0.060381487011909485,
0.020750785246491432,
0.009417287074029446,
-0.028443697839975357,
0.004564626142382622,
-0.0331374928355217,
-0.04780011996626854,
0.07204391062259674,
-0.029476532712578773,
-0.03834585100412369,
-0.018428511917591095,
0.07277519255876541,
0.013148012571036816,
0.026562290266156197,
0.057270146906375885,
-0.08667299151420593,
0.04711915925145149,
0.02054445631802082,
-0.018330167979002,
0.06095745787024498,
0.0034979458432644606,
0.06763343513011932,
-0.0015179567271843553,
-0.00569557212293148,
0.047132622450590134,
-0.09766672551631927,
-0.013341632671654224,
-0.005460236221551895,
-0.003864763304591179,
0.04800884798169136,
-0.0253205094486475,
-0.012165555730462074,
0.07751530408859253,
0.0384138748049736,
0.04354935884475708,
0.056289225816726685,
0.0027873737271875143,
0.0310305655002594,
-0.015113146044313908,
-0.038685429841279984,
0.004822362679988146,
0.04498168081045151,
-0.044382244348526,
-0.044058408588171005,
0.015391089022159576,
-0.046702783554792404,
0.003294629044830799,
0.03738434985280037,
0.015528987161815166,
-0.0117255924269557,
0.006011800840497017,
-0.013227416202425957,
-0.014492892660200596,
0.0020414283499121666,
-0.043787647038698196,
0.06021939218044281,
0.01672554574906826,
-0.039813730865716934,
-0.02769506722688675,
-0.06006849557161331,
0.0710752010345459,
0.06329388916492462,
-0.01779668964445591,
-0.018677061423659325,
0.008423286490142345,
0.030038006603717804,
-0.0023068056907504797,
0.021529680117964745,
-0.005120753776282072,
0.008620544336736202,
-0.023486921563744545,
0.00411217100918293,
-0.0380331352353096,
0.02573048323392868,
-0.014920528046786785,
-0.0273444801568985,
0.07864667475223541,
-0.012234331108629704,
0.04944128543138504,
0.02488943561911583,
0.008345021866261959,
0.019414229318499565,
-0.029079822823405266,
-0.02155509777367115,
-0.024097610265016556,
-0.0073752738535404205,
-0.014690492302179337,
0.013050679117441177,
-0.019113311544060707,
-0.011118547059595585,
-0.05068686231970787,
-0.027260378003120422,
-0.00842006504535675,
0.06972548365592957,
0.04086713492870331,
-0.0032271211966872215,
0.024914801120758057,
0.029488878324627876,
-0.06051059812307358,
0.01830773986876011,
-0.10286683589220047,
-0.010432256385684013,
-0.01805107481777668,
-0.008758229203522205,
-0.012645913287997246,
0.051049765199422836,
0.025911904871463776,
0.011941029690206051,
-0.045918941497802734,
-0.020687803626060486,
0.01063472218811512,
0.04067671671509743,
0.012903166003525257,
-0.045008305460214615,
-0.03344564139842987,
-0.02095538005232811,
0.052207328379154205,
-0.054988790303468704,
-0.01829352416098118,
-0.053497351706027985,
-0.0464947409927845,
-0.012841685675084591,
-0.05751685053110123,
0.017625046893954277,
0.02081083133816719,
0.03787706047296524,
0.005742023698985577,
-0.02322150208055973,
-0.010610515251755714,
0.02049246057868004,
0.03037300892174244,
0.05061430111527443,
0.024037392809987068,
-0.03392291069030762,
0.03978028520941734,
-0.031810373067855835,
0.009006340056657791,
-0.025701692327857018,
0.02891375496983528,
-0.01511493232101202,
-0.007343626115471125,
-0.01892232336103916,
-0.012379184365272522,
-0.2674967050552368,
-0.008042105473577976,
-0.012564510107040405,
-0.031515780836343765,
0.04887177795171738,
-0.05246010795235634,
0.05933645740151405,
-0.02761850506067276,
-0.042472366243600845,
0.00970895029604435,
0.016181927174329758,
0.043924953788518906,
0.005682404153048992,
0.05101597681641579,
0.058762326836586,
0.07970469444990158,
-0.020661786198616028,
-0.02505173534154892,
0.01579839363694191,
0.03566959500312805,
0.005408318713307381,
-0.05684886872768402,
0.017776215448975563,
0.04782354086637497,
-0.025094566866755486,
0.04966392368078232,
-0.06828614324331284,
-0.025898855179548264,
-0.02137078158557415,
0.01242796704173088,
-0.006818650756031275,
-0.018644336611032486,
-0.016439517959952354,
0.009945460595190525,
-0.011650525964796543,
0.03608749434351921,
0.050118863582611084,
-0.008648290298879147,
0.06180625036358833,
0.013659699819982052,
-0.010336489416658878,
-0.025790400803089142,
0.013513936661183834,
-0.017993612214922905,
0.055756356567144394,
-0.016828706488013268,
-0.07378163933753967,
-0.0007186408038251102,
-0.0048185368068516254,
0.03707395866513252,
0.026588285341858864,
-0.034277766942977905,
-0.029263069853186607,
0.032341811805963516,
0.03291651979088783,
-0.033162105828523636,
0.0131125682964921,
-0.014800398610532284,
-0.028615666553378105,
-0.004395953845232725,
0.009474929422140121,
-0.02116287685930729,
-0.03449765965342522,
-0.04801386967301369,
-0.03423754870891571,
-0.023911399766802788,
-0.055704329162836075,
-0.07287964969873428,
0.03728403151035309,
0.03370491787791252,
-0.046058110892772675,
0.021807750687003136,
0.014324973337352276,
-0.07306451350450516,
-0.0224901232868433,
-0.008466904982924461,
-0.04059801250696182,
-0.01885821670293808,
-0.03867323324084282,
0.008060522377490997,
-0.06551885604858398,
-0.06339476257562637,
-0.006708365399390459,
-0.014659211039543152,
0.028054608032107353,
-0.053725097328424454,
0.01233473140746355,
-0.015221007168293,
-0.0015680082142353058,
-0.029319271445274353,
0.04475942626595497,
-0.03478696197271347,
0.014761899597942829,
0.017811402678489685,
0.042993318289518356,
0.007800545543432236,
0.007929268293082714,
0.03467217832803726,
0.040183987468481064,
-0.0004917348269373178,
0.002690225141122937,
-0.08947264403104782,
0.004699936136603355,
-0.04420001059770584,
-0.008377084508538246,
0.030618678778409958,
-0.06251078844070435,
-0.040060799568891525,
0.048847440630197525,
-0.02948371320962906,
-0.017601191997528076,
-0.00035238551208749413,
0.020798344165086746,
-0.00015563108900096267,
-0.0434199795126915,
0.01385034155100584,
0.021442964673042297,
0.023598652333021164,
0.05949563533067703,
-0.006597163155674934,
-0.03342389687895775,
0.03302435204386711,
-0.011759815737605095,
-0.024786829948425293,
-0.00924108549952507,
-0.012300005182623863,
0.01641266606748104,
-0.004555267747491598,
-0.01745917648077011,
-0.04251090809702873,
0.007795189972966909,
0.018068568781018257,
0.011524152010679245,
0.018706144765019417,
0.030732734128832817,
-0.009092295542359352,
0.0014705356443300843,
0.00023020303342491388,
0.028517452999949455,
-0.02597040683031082,
-0.007251222152262926,
-0.011498888023197651,
0.009820177219808102,
0.051492251455783844,
0.04452749341726303,
0.008202651515603065,
0.005206098314374685,
0.02247108519077301,
0.0013393512926995754,
0.014247795566916466,
0.05367526039481163,
-0.050472136586904526,
-0.0024546324275434017,
-0.026898812502622604,
0.02119627594947815,
0.03160421550273895,
0.027645107358694077,
0.00035372155252844095,
0.03112793155014515,
-0.08673282712697983,
0.040441419929265976,
-0.02394232712686062,
-0.007620437536388636,
0.03553648665547371,
0.04163448512554169,
0.03201396390795708,
-0.012974005192518234,
0.011372404173016548,
-0.003577820723876357,
0.020305605605244637,
0.021559154614806175,
-0.019509898498654366,
-0.02092321217060089,
-0.01300723198801279,
-0.021583354100584984,
0.02032080478966236,
-0.0006171424174681306,
0.008359822444617748,
-0.015388320200145245,
0.0568719208240509,
-0.009502256289124489,
-0.02320818416774273,
0.0388617180287838,
-0.0006575644947588444,
0.06963063031435013,
0.024967290461063385,
-0.007041723933070898,
-0.013407524675130844,
-0.016131043434143066,
0.015440772287547588,
-0.022101985290646553,
0.03940809145569801,
-0.04022767022252083,
-0.026815395802259445,
-0.033402666449546814,
-0.03445965796709061,
0.008254868909716606,
-0.000048669346142560244,
-0.012266086414456367,
0.024180205538868904,
-0.04149745777249336,
-0.019968252629041672,
-0.05404188111424446,
-0.01779320277273655,
0.031297676265239716,
-0.07063446193933487,
-0.03950578346848488,
-0.006865742616355419,
-0.007579070515930653,
-0.005623117089271545,
-0.029820255935192108,
-0.05324683338403702,
-0.03965300694108009,
-0.015189145691692829,
0.019493944942951202,
-0.044075675308704376,
-0.023251868784427643,
0.0005042857374064624,
-0.0027413833886384964,
-0.012937874533236027,
0.01140128169208765,
0.009984605945646763,
-0.0149962417781353,
-0.013984094373881817,
0.011944417841732502,
0.04598727449774742,
-0.0556165874004364,
0.0024352988693863153,
-0.009171826764941216,
-0.03503671661019325,
0.04895872622728348,
-0.03913763538002968,
0.02779381163418293,
0.04020311310887337,
0.03817814216017723,
0.012816202826797962,
-0.07941310107707977,
0.030992494896054268,
0.027646513655781746,
0.004118422977626324,
0.012356124818325043,
-0.018496189266443253,
0.005277916323393583,
0.052248500287532806,
-0.024732911959290504,
0.06019921600818634,
-0.009027554653584957,
0.019313091412186623,
-0.016080426052212715,
-0.0016252442728728056,
0.0005728070973418653,
0.009059497155249119,
-0.027025379240512848,
-0.012402649037539959,
0.059561192989349365,
-0.015307405963540077,
-0.036837395280599594,
-0.04021391645073891,
-0.030592968687415123,
0.037417829036712646,
0.005528958514332771,
0.034825973212718964,
-0.05428401380777359,
0.0738934874534607,
0.034011274576187134,
0.06122811138629913,
0.006897136103361845,
-0.02948612906038761,
0.02942017838358879,
-0.026386316865682602,
-0.039615385234355927,
-0.08055909723043442,
-0.027580028399825096,
0.10470634698867798,
0.0070932055823504925,
-0.0011925827711820602,
-0.0034367728512734175,
-0.03217091038823128,
0.01969609409570694,
0.0035687542986124754,
-0.037839874625205994,
0.013317784294486046,
-0.011370744556188583,
-0.015401669777929783,
0.015578611753880978,
-0.03259506821632385,
-0.014599278569221497,
0.0010874810395762324,
-0.027804376557469368,
0.0041586109437048435,
0.003022504039108753,
0.0863732248544693,
-0.023481931537389755,
0.0480356365442276,
-0.032517559826374054,
-0.008236824534833431,
0.02067648619413376,
0.06342794746160507,
0.018358243629336357,
0.03652457147836685,
0.0010908753611147404,
0.055177923291921616,
0.02719726227223873,
-0.004948929417878389,
0.021200625225901604,
-0.003298945026472211,
-0.017679350450634956,
-0.050110556185245514,
0.035078853368759155,
0.02681211195886135,
-0.028828876093029976,
-0.05133892968297005,
0.06565368175506592,
0.042532503604888916,
-0.04773930832743645,
-0.012477914802730083,
0.010364091023802757,
-0.04032638669013977,
0.00042655819561332464,
-0.027340169996023178,
0.03692926838994026,
-0.009381473064422607,
0.0750751942396164,
0.007699000649154186,
0.03678644448518753,
0.06700991839170456,
0.002186424098908901,
-0.013270555064082146,
0.012026885524392128,
0.06552503257989883,
0.04846596345305443,
0.023185990750789642,
-0.014161133207380772,
0.04591022804379463,
-0.049461860209703445,
-0.04627213627099991,
0.006029922049492598,
0.027322351932525635,
-0.018745655193924904,
-0.042206939309835434,
0.018189946189522743,
0.08342061936855316,
-0.026272328570485115,
0.055935777723789215,
-0.022170884534716606,
-0.023681005463004112,
0.018691519275307655,
0.03423137217760086,
0.0146458949893713,
0.03364817425608635,
0.027679739519953728,
0.021955886855721474,
-0.023817069828510284,
-0.03465559333562851,
0.00194094842299819,
-0.0396721251308918,
-0.005329934414476156,
-0.002553905826061964,
-0.026755159720778465,
0.01394876092672348,
-0.03196591138839722,
0.014767088927328587,
0.08572660386562347,
-0.03749411180615425,
-0.026963455602526665,
0.014397905208170414,
0.01930275186896324,
0.016470618546009064,
0.044599875807762146,
-0.01562555320560932,
-0.03214075788855553,
-0.018543662503361702,
-0.045014966279268265,
0.009103524498641491,
0.03750278800725937,
-0.017104310914874077,
0.025847796350717545,
-0.0006317454972304404,
-0.01892172545194626,
-0.009896356612443924,
0.043772004544734955,
-0.0782855972647667,
-0.04101134464144707,
-0.029115084558725357,
-0.03916323184967041,
-0.03551516681909561,
-0.033726125955581665,
0.012790374457836151,
0.02785441093146801,
-0.006323305889964104,
0.018448544666171074,
-0.044024012982845306,
0.014033224433660507,
0.013181669637560844,
-0.053512923419475555,
0.025054946541786194,
0.020933886989951134,
-0.0008076932281255722,
-0.04506802558898926,
0.048379864543676376,
0.0103067671880126,
-0.028692254796624184,
-0.0010352686513215303,
0.038957949727773666,
0.041339896619319916,
0.033379025757312775,
0.03203791379928589,
0.005710766650736332,
-0.08849532902240753,
0.0030618426389992237,
0.0620226114988327,
-0.016025515273213387,
-0.07878517359495163,
-0.006545300129801035,
-0.009390762075781822,
0.027066541835665703,
0.045973457396030426,
0.004106097389012575,
0.003133252263069153,
-0.014595192857086658,
0.0028431538958102465,
-0.02102120779454708,
0.02175920642912388,
0.04397531971335411,
-0.02736692875623703,
0.06406332552433014,
0.04644586145877838,
-0.018086902797222137,
-0.05769503861665726,
0.030661560595035553,
0.01140465959906578,
-0.011512516066432,
-0.024836692959070206,
-0.03150526434183121,
-0.03287594020366669,
-0.0773773044347763,
-0.03021116368472576,
0.02531594969332218,
-0.016931263729929924,
-0.04847003519535065,
-0.006371031515300274,
-0.007328808773308992,
-0.020177796483039856,
-0.025223884731531143,
-0.009884332306683064,
-0.022106507793068886,
-0.02082982286810875,
-0.02486918307840824,
-0.05838726833462715,
0.010802422650158405,
-0.0015819510444998741,
-0.004815756343305111,
-0.035103585571050644,
-0.05199750140309334,
0.0200884398072958,
-0.009796176105737686,
0.06330733001232147,
-0.0002948763140011579,
0.03963586315512657,
-0.01255093328654766
] |
3,472
|
Not All LLM-Generated Data Are Equal: Rethinking Data Weighting in Text Classification
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=oI5tZaWkF9
|
[
"Hsun-Yu Kuo",
"Yin-Hsiang Liao",
"Yu-Chieh Chao",
"Wei-Yun Ma",
"Pu-Jen Cheng"
] |
Spotlight
|
Synthetic data augmentation via Large Language Models (LLMs) allows researchers to leverage additional training data, thus enhancing the performance of downstream tasks, especially when real-world data is scarce. However, the generated data can deviate from the real-world data, and this misalignment can bring about deficient results while applying the trained model to applications. Therefore, we proposed efficient weighted-loss approaches to align synthetic data with real-world distribution by emphasizing high-quality and diversified data generated by LLMs using merely a tiny amount of real-world data. We empirically assessed the effectiveness of our methods on multiple text classification tasks, and the results showed that leveraging our approaches on a BERT-level model robustly outperformed standard cross-entropy and other data weighting approaches, providing potential solutions to effectively leveraging synthetic data from any suitable data generator.
|
data weighing, data augmentation, distillation, data-efficient training, NLP in resource-constrained settings, fine-tuning, weighted loss
|
Weighted loss for training on data generated by LLM
| 8,195
|
2410.21526
|
[
-0.007813126780092716,
-0.041219379752874374,
0.013898598961532116,
0.05336303263902664,
0.04840653017163277,
0.006643336731940508,
-0.0011003513354808092,
0.007731960155069828,
-0.01741071417927742,
-0.006799299735575914,
-0.046675506979227066,
0.03738195076584816,
-0.07794351130723953,
-0.015901556238532066,
0.011715447530150414,
0.04869121313095093,
0.03348534181714058,
0.013230542652308941,
0.029661091044545174,
0.013905467465519905,
-0.006688706111162901,
-0.040846627205610275,
0.02812468260526657,
0.014631533063948154,
0.03562256693840027,
-0.008967999368906021,
0.029946954920887947,
0.021257564425468445,
-0.04275188967585564,
0.01955876685678959,
0.0369308777153492,
0.0012873000232502818,
0.020758159458637238,
0.01645364798605442,
0.015421762131154537,
0.011360928416252136,
-0.0520729199051857,
-0.0014692900003865361,
0.02045714482665062,
0.009709895588457584,
-0.03740353509783745,
0.021150249987840652,
-0.024194858968257904,
0.011947090737521648,
-0.049516461789608,
-0.014691206626594067,
-0.1118970662355423,
-0.0017711557447910309,
-0.0002163034660043195,
-0.01468571461737156,
-0.1190851628780365,
0.03844595327973366,
-0.030451182276010513,
-0.010521821677684784,
0.011318587698042393,
0.03559929132461548,
0.017969252541661263,
-0.0920063778758049,
-0.00038113072514533997,
-0.016493497416377068,
-0.015332680195569992,
0.018319936469197273,
0.0016303985612466931,
-0.0019122137455269694,
0.021798288449645042,
-0.03346996009349823,
0.012936560437083244,
0.012347407639026642,
-0.07519266754388809,
-0.04672896862030029,
-0.002373568480834365,
0.021222345530986786,
-0.027680011466145515,
-0.0068672592751681805,
-0.01957491785287857,
-0.048994190990924835,
-0.013768764212727547,
0.03507388383150101,
0.04300285130739212,
0.001867914805188775,
-0.019822416827082634,
0.022026406601071358,
0.04596609249711037,
0.041539233177900314,
0.02534572035074234,
0.008724045939743519,
-0.04068507254123688,
-0.024463163688778877,
-0.047224272042512894,
0.03171909227967262,
-0.01481160894036293,
-0.028133705258369446,
0.02374175190925598,
0.03826172649860382,
0.01897616498172283,
-0.0027766386047005653,
0.03204955905675888,
0.03100612945854664,
-0.03041061758995056,
-0.007169615942984819,
-0.022142665460705757,
-0.01862497068941593,
0.030286941677331924,
0.005811800714582205,
-0.11300081759691238,
-0.018413176760077477,
-0.020265232771635056,
-0.002071643015369773,
-0.0010754924733191729,
-0.00002115101415256504,
-0.025085754692554474,
-0.04091347008943558,
0.0137719651684165,
0.007111530285328627,
-0.06402439624071121,
-0.0017449308652430773,
0.020389581099152565,
0.010360605083405972,
-0.001428149058483541,
0.0065798405557870865,
0.04813419654965401,
0.022802088409662247,
0.004972481168806553,
0.06927121430635452,
-0.025237394496798515,
0.020585639402270317,
0.024694060906767845,
0.058080557733774185,
-0.02314293198287487,
0.00584128312766552,
0.02793934941291809,
0.04062465950846672,
-0.01012201514095068,
0.022441403940320015,
-0.0013562031090259552,
0.022548457607626915,
-0.01092305313795805,
0.03131828457117081,
0.07619883120059967,
-0.014970832504332066,
0.0014732610434293747,
0.0003577174211386591,
0.022606536746025085,
-0.0073602404445409775,
0.05228166654706001,
-0.00009395264351041988,
-0.01709582470357418,
-0.010574005544185638,
-0.05363376811146736,
-0.014990630559623241,
0.019284404814243317,
0.015196681022644043,
-0.010752005502581596,
-0.05842062085866928,
0.038534440100193024,
0.06341995298862457,
0.0017591998912394047,
-0.0007004248327575624,
-0.010376385413110256,
0.025596531108021736,
0.013797233812510967,
0.01826588064432144,
-0.06515468657016754,
0.006290134973824024,
-0.01245421264320612,
-0.08982405811548233,
0.02591506950557232,
-0.012117084115743637,
-0.02910764142870903,
0.021511804312467575,
-0.049928929656744,
-0.02693871781229973,
0.07815859466791153,
-0.015329962596297264,
-0.025083905085921288,
-0.00374342012219131,
0.04061120003461838,
0.024842001497745514,
0.03199390321969986,
0.034928757697343826,
-0.07946694642305374,
0.01366282906383276,
0.029569949954748154,
0.012747501023113728,
0.0486602745950222,
0.00769069604575634,
0.09200593829154968,
-0.03297293186187744,
0.03575734794139862,
0.02067623659968376,
-0.09392499923706055,
0.012840541079640388,
0.026370899751782417,
0.015793386846780777,
0.06783755123615265,
-0.044324107468128204,
0.036743491888046265,
0.06272100657224655,
0.00041945866541936994,
0.026383016258478165,
0.03658671677112579,
-0.0010431141126900911,
0.026761041954159737,
-0.037498731166124344,
-0.03974458575248718,
-0.006253370549529791,
0.00754687050357461,
-0.023404570296406746,
-0.038197726011276245,
-0.0002808781573548913,
-0.046668171882629395,
0.006682254374027252,
0.005970175843685865,
-0.006081284023821354,
-0.005396036431193352,
-0.004755297675728798,
-0.01627638377249241,
-0.02225419133901596,
0.016928384080529213,
-0.03709178417921066,
0.07963355630636215,
0.026282310485839844,
0.015376145020127296,
-0.006464564241468906,
-0.037791673094034195,
0.0875076949596405,
0.05562329664826393,
-0.0017428293358534575,
-0.006308577489107847,
0.011478235945105553,
0.014560556970536709,
-0.02268616482615471,
0.014759538695216179,
-0.024877633899450302,
-0.0032018888741731644,
-0.029598712921142578,
-0.010411668568849564,
-0.05176030844449997,
0.040454670786857605,
-0.027497857809066772,
0.017729829996824265,
0.08109930157661438,
-0.025736326351761818,
0.06467106193304062,
-0.024012522771954536,
0.0392831526696682,
0.0357399545609951,
-0.023068437352776527,
-0.014005308970808983,
-0.058174978941679,
-0.0011728027602657676,
0.007289789151400328,
-0.006339986342936754,
0.0070901974104344845,
0.01302802562713623,
-0.045783642679452896,
-0.06236470863223076,
-0.0034505310468375683,
0.04818268492817879,
0.042321011424064636,
-0.00009586656233295798,
0.01702077127993107,
0.01352116372436285,
-0.018082445487380028,
0.010836677625775337,
-0.10163656622171402,
-0.050628144294023514,
-0.010394244454801083,
0.0054206326603889465,
-0.013905174098908901,
0.07015622407197952,
0.0011477358639240265,
0.0005529431509785354,
-0.0347762368619442,
-0.011051803827285767,
0.025162817910313606,
0.05298316106200218,
-0.012804101221263409,
-0.044103845953941345,
-0.011675073765218258,
-0.046037983149290085,
0.06589587777853012,
-0.006403455510735512,
-0.03708862140774727,
-0.022926101461052895,
-0.058408915996551514,
-0.024843653663992882,
-0.03870243951678276,
0.02068469114601612,
0.0008795345784164965,
-0.022908765822649002,
-0.007175249978899956,
0.003187750466167927,
0.004097144119441509,
0.04847251996397972,
0.02650800347328186,
0.03671608120203018,
-0.00044715573312714696,
-0.0029072461184114218,
0.05244304612278938,
-0.023208025842905045,
0.018840163946151733,
0.02648928202688694,
0.03720005229115486,
-0.014795747585594654,
-0.01050401758402586,
0.002042073290795088,
0.00890677236020565,
-0.28424790501594543,
-0.02805798314511776,
0.004546673968434334,
-0.027649668976664543,
0.03617795556783676,
-0.03731336444616318,
0.030217641964554787,
-0.02815820276737213,
-0.020220013335347176,
0.00576699199154973,
-0.004162001423537731,
0.04043896496295929,
0.02164677530527115,
0.024509988725185394,
0.06561163067817688,
0.056778404861688614,
0.009295698255300522,
-0.020264817401766777,
0.02439814805984497,
0.044885165989398956,
-0.025799725204706192,
-0.061393581330776215,
-0.05198325961828232,
0.11094733327627182,
-0.007479274179786444,
0.08390536904335022,
-0.029203882440924644,
-0.0010922184446826577,
-0.025228731334209442,
0.016371866688132286,
-0.017041269689798355,
-0.02929091453552246,
-0.0024290450382977724,
0.025395594537258148,
-0.004616917110979557,
-0.00827893428504467,
0.051188476383686066,
0.03205528110265732,
0.03320249542593956,
0.018728872761130333,
0.019962981343269348,
-0.017400361597537994,
-0.04848611727356911,
-0.033663008362054825,
0.04859176650643349,
0.017311863601207733,
-0.06939990818500519,
0.02062906138598919,
-0.016065688803792,
0.04056462645530701,
-0.004137757699936628,
-0.0415133573114872,
-0.00957459770143032,
0.029329022392630577,
0.015503084287047386,
-0.011497353203594685,
-0.006400438491255045,
-0.01690750941634178,
-0.03425014764070511,
0.005353725049644709,
-0.0010628296295180917,
-0.028460586443543434,
-0.0626707449555397,
-0.04025799408555031,
-0.025927482172846794,
-0.027646733447909355,
-0.06575202941894531,
-0.0619564950466156,
0.05019588768482208,
0.04681253060698509,
-0.0317414216697216,
0.028758583590388298,
-0.0050349365919828415,
-0.086910180747509,
0.020350147038698196,
-0.0005613007233478129,
-0.000007344148798438255,
-0.025670435279607773,
-0.030083226040005684,
0.03204556554555893,
-0.005641377996653318,
-0.05595015361905098,
0.010142463259398937,
0.000005485493147716625,
0.00747306551784277,
-0.042563628405332565,
-0.011801236309111118,
-0.004510172642767429,
-0.01464826613664627,
-0.04232360050082207,
0.027965016663074493,
-0.035449761897325516,
-0.01973506063222885,
0.046988505870103836,
0.023155659437179565,
0.007469224743545055,
-0.016621030867099762,
0.06582805514335632,
0.03981587663292885,
0.035070933401584625,
0.02587074041366577,
-0.053705330938100815,
-0.028130708262324333,
-0.051864512264728546,
0.009602230042219162,
0.011413739994168282,
-0.058432284742593765,
0.0015441500581800938,
0.033636946231126785,
-0.02557065710425377,
-0.025857867673039436,
-0.02978353574872017,
-0.009070505388081074,
-0.01941527985036373,
-0.037828464061021805,
-0.007301031611859798,
-0.022152142599225044,
0.032895684242248535,
0.01643196865916252,
-0.024641932919621468,
-0.004094862379133701,
0.02695426531136036,
-0.012635013088583946,
-0.028385668992996216,
-0.012298159301280975,
-0.027169082313776016,
0.01426013745367527,
-0.022128276526927948,
-0.040219880640506744,
-0.011343010701239109,
0.01884629763662815,
-0.0007158857770264149,
-0.006964846979826689,
0.00318609899841249,
0.03572709113359451,
0.012779803946614265,
-0.002940240316092968,
-0.012886852957308292,
0.03527526557445526,
-0.014995946548879147,
0.013789585791528225,
-0.034963589161634445,
0.03698612004518509,
0.033750541508197784,
0.07424440234899521,
-0.005802973639219999,
0.00879369955509901,
0.019116438925266266,
-0.008725008927285671,
-0.0059454720467329025,
0.027976255863904953,
-0.03323178365826607,
0.024961307644844055,
-0.02006557583808899,
0.0273436326533556,
0.0035187252797186375,
0.026109149679541588,
0.013791997916996479,
0.03173777461051941,
-0.05248640850186348,
0.04144814983010292,
0.005460355896502733,
0.004117506090551615,
0.01895967312157154,
0.03001445159316063,
0.02449621446430683,
-0.0028864173218607903,
0.023564759641885757,
0.058183103799819946,
0.04038546234369278,
0.011914346367120743,
-0.04156378284096718,
-0.03678833693265915,
-0.007447057869285345,
-0.019559957087039948,
-0.01176896970719099,
0.022801034152507782,
-0.0059666819870471954,
-0.025710007175803185,
0.05684797838330269,
-0.017571255564689636,
-0.02680613473057747,
0.010476634837687016,
0.01985481008887291,
0.08777379244565964,
0.022433893755078316,
0.021355055272579193,
0.006353300996124744,
-0.03850945457816124,
-0.002524831797927618,
-0.01222252193838358,
-0.016897695139050484,
-0.013205911964178085,
-0.037446219474077225,
-0.0400429368019104,
-0.045536089688539505,
0.032889995723962784,
-0.006271750666201115,
0.0059981197118759155,
-0.030887100845575333,
-0.0431160032749176,
-0.024440906941890717,
-0.03572435677051544,
-0.03532370179891586,
-0.00693707587197423,
-0.113813616335392,
-0.013166534714400768,
-0.005233972333371639,
-0.02606634795665741,
0.03224910795688629,
-0.018728720024228096,
-0.03708776831626892,
-0.04971889406442642,
0.013581528328359127,
0.035875242203474045,
-0.03801196441054344,
-0.033185116946697235,
-0.012683195993304253,
0.017930924892425537,
-0.04576629772782326,
0.009539389051496983,
-0.03533510863780975,
-0.0043010469526052475,
-0.020923539996147156,
-0.016022853553295135,
0.04848673567175865,
-0.021921003237366676,
-0.009944531135261059,
0.01459000539034605,
-0.02869526855647564,
0.022736314684152603,
-0.06345060467720032,
0.03949115797877312,
0.061408452689647675,
0.010804634541273117,
0.010252435691654682,
-0.03187660500407219,
0.01563604734838009,
0.0030412471387535334,
-0.0027067307382822037,
-0.009859907440841198,
-0.022245699539780617,
-0.03316672891378403,
0.026799051091074944,
0.007381726987659931,
0.041952770203351974,
-0.019415728747844696,
0.01634763553738594,
-0.0465899333357811,
-0.0004956864868290722,
0.01683644950389862,
0.01928986981511116,
-0.03868221864104271,
-0.003667618613690138,
0.0630233958363533,
-0.042549945414066315,
-0.026822922751307487,
-0.07874172925949097,
-0.02854960970580578,
0.013654411770403385,
0.0009103433112613857,
0.030440649017691612,
-0.019621731713414192,
0.06246613338589668,
0.028926586732268333,
0.04351897910237312,
-0.0013605848653241992,
-0.012033420614898205,
0.017055632546544075,
-0.04212034493684769,
-0.004087117500603199,
-0.0491245798766613,
-0.03242448717355728,
0.06626132130622864,
-0.0065607596188783646,
0.0010376416612416506,
-0.014005606062710285,
-0.05189020559191704,
0.02427852153778076,
-0.00205391738563776,
-0.06373709440231323,
0.0030268030241131783,
-0.019281549379229546,
-0.01935717463493347,
0.06121080368757248,
-0.03176632523536682,
0.004062304738909006,
-0.0019256820669397712,
-0.03635319322347641,
-0.02159813977777958,
0.007138093002140522,
0.05884620174765587,
-0.047357261180877686,
0.005978159140795469,
-0.03701135516166687,
0.015273735858500004,
-0.011528576724231243,
0.036372601985931396,
0.02539338357746601,
0.02405283972620964,
-0.025109417736530304,
0.07426545768976212,
0.025577113032341003,
-0.005599361378699541,
0.01412434782832861,
0.01612364500761032,
0.005138105247169733,
-0.06762493401765823,
0.06245989352464676,
0.016209181398153305,
0.016616512089967728,
-0.013508743606507778,
0.0676245465874672,
0.05940351262688637,
-0.05337193235754967,
-0.04071217030286789,
0.01815740577876568,
-0.021358605474233627,
0.024061670526862144,
-0.003041509771719575,
0.003258658340200782,
-0.024084528908133507,
0.07611396908760071,
0.009153484366834164,
0.04319250211119652,
0.08303434401750565,
-0.008502805605530739,
0.0008199405856430531,
0.013390242122113705,
0.0533021055161953,
0.061948858201503754,
0.057324618101119995,
0.010833360254764557,
0.04640357941389084,
-0.027532527223229408,
-0.07416906207799911,
0.01403096318244934,
0.029428208246827126,
0.007661628536880016,
-0.024148043245077133,
0.011880946345627308,
0.0574091300368309,
0.003562695113942027,
0.07021353393793106,
-0.03502707555890083,
0.009391121566295624,
0.012876029126346111,
0.03372800722718239,
0.0009736366337165236,
0.0375884510576725,
-0.0053125605918467045,
0.004208452068269253,
-0.03848080337047577,
-0.022425338625907898,
0.003891490399837494,
-0.025089088827371597,
0.01785816252231598,
0.017786744982004166,
-0.024428455159068108,
0.00029619428096339107,
-0.06670135259628296,
0.0718827024102211,
0.11114315688610077,
-0.037575095891952515,
-0.02134549245238304,
-0.0270380899310112,
0.03881165757775307,
0.0128681231290102,
0.05214236304163933,
0.011952273547649384,
-0.010897430591285229,
-0.019025620073080063,
-0.06806394457817078,
0.0007173324702307582,
0.026365481317043304,
0.025148645043373108,
0.023697618395090103,
-0.03977103531360626,
-0.02995591051876545,
0.021344926208257675,
0.056368324905633926,
-0.07136587798595428,
-0.020971959456801414,
-0.030216095969080925,
-0.03644778952002525,
-0.060672327876091,
-0.026093047112226486,
0.06170474737882614,
0.042749643325805664,
0.006102121435105801,
0.01445168349891901,
-0.04439535737037659,
0.006031995639204979,
0.02596116065979004,
-0.05982641130685806,
0.029347341507673264,
0.047036025673151016,
0.013286610133945942,
-0.03704371303319931,
0.015827186405658722,
0.005486906040459871,
-0.012155881151556969,
-0.00916373822838068,
0.07183873653411865,
0.013200651854276657,
0.019147124141454697,
0.000976059993263334,
0.00699762674048543,
-0.08017787337303162,
0.009020068682730198,
-0.01970456726849079,
-0.064922995865345,
-0.07556454837322235,
0.021714843809604645,
0.018444236367940903,
0.04500526562333107,
0.05588061735033989,
0.011691798456013203,
-0.008624217472970486,
-0.01641870103776455,
-0.025504648685455322,
-0.002483079908415675,
0.03439180180430412,
0.04207988828420639,
-0.012488492764532566,
0.06077929958701134,
0.01978018321096897,
-0.0008937218808569014,
-0.0328705757856369,
-0.01953185722231865,
0.004979329649358988,
-0.04264610633254051,
-0.028522422537207603,
-0.032197505235672,
-0.015170728787779808,
-0.06598256528377533,
-0.004540367051959038,
0.02874871715903282,
-0.027710823342204094,
-0.003318301634863019,
0.006826946511864662,
-0.019798168912529945,
-0.025450538843870163,
-0.011706252582371235,
-0.016474325209856033,
0.00041260296711698174,
-0.04750549793243408,
-0.02111642435193062,
-0.08464687317609787,
0.02790847420692444,
-0.0323864109814167,
-0.0004728426574729383,
-0.012183009646832943,
-0.04742418974637985,
0.04432729259133339,
0.011292710900306702,
0.033288050442934036,
-0.015739699825644493,
0.0010034785373136401,
-0.03694310039281845
] |
3,473
|
Systems with Switching Causal Relations: A Meta-Causal Perspective
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=J9VogDTa1W
|
[
"Moritz Willig",
"Tim Tobiasch",
"Florian Peter Busch",
"Jonas Seng",
"Devendra Singh Dhami",
"Kristian Kersting"
] |
Spotlight
|
Most work on causality in machine learning assumes that causal relationships are driven by a constant underlying process. However, the flexibility of agents' actions or tipping points in the environmental process can change the qualitative dynamics of the system. As a result, new causal relationships may emerge, while existing ones change or disappear, resulting in an altered causal graph. To analyze these qualitative changes on the causal graph, we propose the concept of meta-causal states, which groups classical causal models into clusters based on equivalent qualitative behavior and consolidates specific mechanism parameterizations. We demonstrate how meta-causal states can be inferred from observed agent behavior, and discuss potential methods for disentangling these states from unlabeled data. Finally, we direct our analysis towards the application of a dynamical system, showing that meta-causal states can also emerge from inherent system dynamics, and thus constitute more than a context-dependent framework in which mechanisms emerge only as a result of external factors.
|
Meta-Causality, Meta-Causal Reasoning, Agent Behavior, System Dynamics
|
This paper introduces meta-causal states to capture changing causal dynamics emerging from agents and environmental behaviors in dynamical systems.
| 8,182
|
2410.13054
|
[
-0.026834918186068535,
-0.024539142847061157,
-0.020305922254920006,
0.04024769365787506,
0.04790663346648216,
0.010070175863802433,
0.028605669736862183,
0.018406245857477188,
-0.020891226828098297,
-0.03372045233845711,
-0.012053309939801693,
0.02320195734500885,
-0.06214410066604614,
0.0012033922830596566,
-0.004579899832606316,
0.052062392234802246,
0.042885079979896545,
-0.03427654877305031,
0.0069480822421610355,
0.010879389010369778,
-0.016239525750279427,
0.003068821970373392,
0.01664123684167862,
0.048215992748737335,
0.03481877222657204,
0.023133734241127968,
0.05708356201648712,
-0.006491110660135746,
-0.028432447463274002,
0.009189017117023468,
0.037898000329732895,
0.026409270241856575,
-0.011485057882964611,
-0.010742491111159325,
-0.0019540071953088045,
0.027403589338064194,
-0.04242519289255142,
0.031814202666282654,
-0.025994502007961273,
0.008416700176894665,
-0.06025129184126854,
0.03080524317920208,
0.003716200590133667,
-0.004861452151089907,
-0.023696040734648705,
0.017141446471214294,
-0.11873522400856018,
0.059847693890333176,
0.020223287865519524,
-0.05887236446142197,
-0.08265572786331177,
0.022750047966837883,
0.03804057464003563,
0.01433931291103363,
-0.03557417914271355,
0.04869386553764343,
0.03962697461247444,
-0.052418895065784454,
0.019054841250181198,
-0.0574750080704689,
-0.043769028037786484,
0.033803656697273254,
0.006831954699009657,
0.0013094143941998482,
-0.010747247375547886,
-0.02381768263876438,
0.024149658158421516,
0.04461853951215744,
-0.024289719760417938,
-0.020586712285876274,
-0.056104183197021484,
-0.009286443702876568,
0.0016310570063069463,
0.012352854944765568,
0.028316238895058632,
-0.023924292996525764,
0.025309210643172264,
-0.007023995742201805,
0.03722387179732323,
0.019395655021071434,
-0.012285565957427025,
0.029867805540561676,
0.023674698546528816,
0.013198485597968102,
0.018845949321985245,
-0.029533443972468376,
-0.04172292351722717,
-0.0026401306968182325,
-0.07230941206216812,
0.03804617375135422,
-0.02533920668065548,
-0.046111367642879486,
0.007266295608133078,
0.05057503655552864,
0.005985867232084274,
-0.03868548199534416,
0.04562239721417427,
0.020095866173505783,
-0.0021799399983137846,
-0.015469206497073174,
-0.02717760019004345,
-0.016899695619940758,
-0.005657958798110485,
0.011516822502017021,
-0.09276729822158813,
-0.02283625118434429,
-0.029178718104958534,
-0.044336169958114624,
-0.017466776072978973,
0.006976688280701637,
-0.028147432953119278,
0.0011859654914587736,
0.032769642770290375,
0.01177840493619442,
-0.07925251126289368,
0.047643400728702545,
-0.007510274648666382,
0.05379868298768997,
0.024206940084695816,
0.025762494653463364,
0.06904510408639908,
0.02487967163324356,
-0.018176231533288956,
0.06380952149629593,
-0.010896824300289154,
-0.011417826637625694,
0.018926328048110008,
-0.0015207033138722181,
-0.023671891540288925,
-0.04622230678796768,
0.04000842943787575,
0.018255602568387985,
-0.006932276766747236,
-0.030644919723272324,
0.014026441611349583,
0.005850562360137701,
0.010037712752819061,
0.03370616212487221,
0.011201164685189724,
0.04117937013506889,
0.006167080719023943,
-0.03415396809577942,
0.0546916127204895,
-0.026642458513379097,
0.05019717290997505,
-0.008846691809594631,
0.007587225176393986,
-0.007169137708842754,
-0.029820090159773827,
-0.006735799368470907,
-0.0005513779469765723,
0.008014589548110962,
-0.01158967800438404,
-0.05832700431346893,
0.021540101617574692,
0.026622848585247993,
-0.0074000065214931965,
0.028104130178689957,
-0.034087616950273514,
0.005587129388004541,
0.047574013471603394,
-0.014745556749403477,
0.005608261562883854,
0.00011943208664888516,
0.03160260617733002,
-0.08368363231420517,
0.02283359505236149,
0.027125250548124313,
-0.017419416457414627,
-0.018260030075907707,
-0.04573960229754448,
-0.04145805910229683,
0.04176831990480423,
-0.009745008312165737,
-0.0029487020801752806,
0.014275889843702316,
0.03981073945760727,
-0.020966414362192154,
0.013782098889350891,
0.00603080540895462,
-0.08939085155725479,
0.041226573288440704,
-0.03470456972718239,
-0.006237872410565615,
0.010866339318454266,
-0.01553746871650219,
0.06446290761232376,
-0.039118941873311996,
0.025320805609226227,
-0.019645269960165024,
-0.0637824684381485,
-0.020111991092562675,
0.036496199667453766,
0.007847539149224758,
0.05430886521935463,
0.008940059691667557,
-0.038462746888399124,
0.0423118956387043,
0.020470496267080307,
0.03099246323108673,
0.006606425624340773,
-0.025404106825590134,
0.04312032088637352,
0.004812068771570921,
-0.0143272764980793,
-0.0054078856483101845,
0.04035710543394089,
-0.05395761504769325,
-0.03531159088015556,
0.019759859889745712,
-0.015301918610930443,
-0.009418084286153316,
-0.00035927738645114005,
-0.03620995581150055,
0.05246959254145622,
-0.0013731062645092607,
-0.029279902577400208,
-0.003275057068094611,
-0.01894117332994938,
-0.02094815857708454,
0.04001004248857498,
0.023791272193193436,
-0.006840074434876442,
0.028813214972615242,
0.009375198744237423,
0.09986096620559692,
0.1002921387553215,
0.01217170711606741,
0.011870704591274261,
0.03775932267308235,
0.0350235290825367,
0.02753617987036705,
-0.01103892084211111,
-0.01695096679031849,
0.0233877245336771,
0.00965265091508627,
-0.013951814733445644,
-0.012558345682919025,
0.050592586398124695,
-0.05031829699873924,
0.030497737228870392,
0.0582091361284256,
-0.052193108946084976,
0.09298565983772278,
-0.032980021089315414,
-0.004609216470271349,
0.022669970989227295,
0.00034811129444278777,
-0.06634044647216797,
-0.005678386893123388,
-0.05386006832122803,
-0.021875161677598953,
0.04347827658057213,
0.012513378635048866,
0.018062567338347435,
-0.0603165328502655,
-0.015232748351991177,
0.0004147580766584724,
0.07167282700538635,
0.06134549528360367,
0.023146197199821472,
0.035182464867830276,
-0.004917488899081945,
-0.04690884053707123,
-0.022232376039028168,
-0.11494952440261841,
-0.0421953909099102,
0.013250353746116161,
0.052987344563007355,
-0.012830383144319057,
0.047796398401260376,
-0.047746218740940094,
0.07335986942052841,
-0.014496986754238605,
-0.03272543102502823,
0.02233869582414627,
0.026692885905504227,
0.007427985314279795,
-0.03581126779317856,
0.0037770792841911316,
0.02452494390308857,
0.08998953551054001,
0.013759969733655453,
-0.01671987771987915,
-0.017899522557854652,
-0.057003334164619446,
-0.016333959996700287,
-0.018775826320052147,
0.0019777691923081875,
0.010826394893229008,
0.013588312081992626,
0.011429146863520145,
0.018010759726166725,
0.00022287324827630073,
0.029593955725431442,
0.0574311688542366,
0.034349143505096436,
-0.0068213059566915035,
0.008655749261379242,
0.007905996404588223,
-0.00510821770876646,
0.0033461821731179953,
-0.03008325770497322,
0.006536835804581642,
-0.0001215348020195961,
0.011209276504814625,
0.017620272934436798,
0.013170748949050903,
-0.27118155360221863,
-0.0065408325754106045,
0.04179249703884125,
-0.0015906733460724354,
0.030548779293894768,
0.004239031579345465,
0.09536484628915787,
-0.012224202044308186,
-0.05418971925973892,
0.023562174290418625,
0.02130706049501896,
0.008122310973703861,
-0.00911288894712925,
0.05462998151779175,
0.017704902216792107,
0.008501546457409859,
-0.006079371087253094,
-0.04569444805383682,
-0.0005868609296157956,
0.018904680386185646,
-0.04220038652420044,
-0.04619626700878143,
-0.03961041569709778,
0.03955966979265213,
0.0033704310189932585,
0.012477811425924301,
-0.0643942728638649,
0.00401449715718627,
-0.04850611090660095,
0.002492350060492754,
-0.0469721220433712,
-0.02126651257276535,
-0.027712330222129822,
0.04248430207371712,
0.03585639223456383,
-0.0008177359122782946,
0.04365148767828941,
-0.005718374624848366,
-0.005112044978886843,
0.005618601571768522,
-0.023943224921822548,
0.01492488756775856,
-0.02462589181959629,
-0.019336123019456863,
0.04593027010560036,
0.04388830438256264,
0.022950410842895508,
0.010335021652281284,
-0.030046461150050163,
0.03228279948234558,
0.00487154396250844,
-0.013754325918853283,
0.01553682517260313,
-0.01591886393725872,
0.03485453873872757,
0.0036700856871902943,
0.001799574471078813,
-0.011342298239469528,
-0.013431868515908718,
0.013075482100248337,
0.02455822564661503,
-0.02244953066110611,
0.038316793739795685,
-0.042479079216718674,
0.031496211886405945,
-0.03549002483487129,
-0.08485429733991623,
-0.047433070838451385,
0.045753370970487595,
0.004481112584471703,
-0.011317511089146137,
-0.012966927140951157,
-0.02035810612142086,
-0.12153726071119308,
0.018487777560949326,
-0.011018271557986736,
-0.01106951292604208,
-0.026192354038357735,
0.039105124771595,
0.02251390926539898,
-0.018467821180820465,
0.000312211865093559,
-0.0387190505862236,
0.01963646709918976,
0.03118172287940979,
0.006238255649805069,
0.027719547972083092,
-0.025551239028573036,
-0.0469084307551384,
-0.023168407380580902,
0.007681954186409712,
0.0049909441731870174,
0.048723381012678146,
-0.0014313891297206283,
0.046888384968042374,
0.03888947516679764,
0.01349348109215498,
0.03213849663734436,
0.059110842645168304,
0.0038239466957747936,
0.026738233864307404,
-0.0896785780787468,
-0.008791429921984673,
0.0038372694980353117,
-0.00437101349234581,
0.03864907845854759,
-0.062484826892614365,
-0.020706109702587128,
0.05917500704526901,
-0.030298439785838127,
-0.009865601547062397,
-0.028292039409279823,
0.019312554970383644,
-0.046851713210344315,
-0.009325270541012287,
-0.0160212442278862,
-0.014768107794225216,
0.02786247245967388,
0.04623688384890556,
-0.007008267100900412,
-0.06347785145044327,
0.05500971898436546,
-0.028773609548807144,
0.02015005052089691,
-0.012331065721809864,
-0.014536116272211075,
-0.004239174537360668,
-0.022736303508281708,
0.024983923882246017,
-0.010142643004655838,
0.02437887154519558,
0.022985806688666344,
0.02268047258257866,
0.022621221840381622,
0.04236792027950287,
0.0025098405312746763,
-0.014733715914189816,
-0.02073136903345585,
-0.0001903308875625953,
-0.026637420058250427,
-0.0008125086314976215,
-0.01918705180287361,
0.036677099764347076,
-0.013943683356046677,
0.035990163683891296,
0.02246994711458683,
0.00040333645301871,
0.02646607533097267,
0.033571209758520126,
-0.021456900984048843,
0.05249438062310219,
-0.03779254108667374,
-0.033852506428956985,
-0.015270010568201542,
-0.007110546808689833,
-0.022641068324446678,
0.03866595774888992,
-0.00017973771900869906,
0.022260921075940132,
-0.044650886207818985,
0.019974935799837112,
-0.03393350914120674,
-0.010219981893897057,
-0.017460668459534645,
-0.015005407854914665,
0.10378874838352203,
-0.04019734263420105,
0.0024835739750415087,
0.016935426741838455,
0.010416535660624504,
0.01914409175515175,
-0.053427763283252716,
-0.04932927340269089,
-0.0010237239766865969,
-0.01013568788766861,
-0.0017616540426388383,
0.008449176326394081,
-0.06900637596845627,
-0.04575773701071739,
-0.021893681958317757,
-0.013581070117652416,
-0.03431370109319687,
-0.014598245732486248,
-0.006168465130031109,
0.05623066797852516,
-0.01974075473845005,
0.03327278792858124,
-0.020446883514523506,
-0.031058741733431816,
0.029677994549274445,
0.025679025799036026,
0.035352956503629684,
-0.04851289838552475,
-0.04799862205982208,
-0.025957947596907616,
-0.04990047216415405,
0.006486362777650356,
-0.000006545075393660227,
-0.030109897255897522,
0.0020937141962349415,
0.009249446913599968,
0.013126329518854618,
-0.021633246913552284,
-0.0032649445347487926,
0.006823629140853882,
-0.0674317255616188,
-0.0043595824390649796,
0.054235637187957764,
-0.008783560246229172,
0.035238318145275116,
-0.04124661907553673,
-0.020603308454155922,
-0.04821580648422241,
-0.010527413338422775,
0.0020397580228745937,
-0.02073514647781849,
-0.015067178755998611,
-0.005155680235475302,
-0.013626359403133392,
-0.013109930790960789,
0.031363558024168015,
0.028392968699336052,
0.011476604267954826,
-0.05480306223034859,
-0.009851767681539059,
0.045952796936035156,
-0.01035546325147152,
-0.006309583783149719,
0.014593474566936493,
-0.030312344431877136,
-0.006849132943898439,
-0.03546523302793503,
-0.009021642617881298,
0.023534178733825684,
-0.009933548048138618,
-0.024067679420113564,
-0.010378552600741386,
0.037473682314157486,
-0.01778881996870041,
-0.024427583441138268,
-0.03680098429322243,
-0.012225989252328873,
-0.045317139476537704,
-0.04466414079070091,
0.0426512248814106,
0.020796997472643852,
-0.00682000583037734,
-0.00034720724215731025,
0.037920866161584854,
0.0008517573005519807,
0.008692855015397072,
0.020879166200757027,
-0.04593675583600998,
0.00837821513414383,
0.060001786798238754,
-0.025358211249113083,
-0.037027668207883835,
-0.05289360508322716,
0.014310497790575027,
-0.004809163045138121,
-0.03848337382078171,
0.010110323317348957,
-0.027732616290450096,
0.035223811864852905,
0.007275333162397146,
0.044390156865119934,
0.011785848997533321,
-0.032972484827041626,
0.037011995911598206,
-0.07859484851360321,
0.020762063562870026,
-0.06442867964506149,
0.014244877733290195,
0.04346710070967674,
-0.02913309447467327,
0.022033942863345146,
0.00972609780728817,
-0.009876247495412827,
0.014607610180974007,
-0.03139350563287735,
-0.05349535122513771,
-0.004377915058284998,
-0.03168712183833122,
0.013122700154781342,
0.04840116947889328,
-0.07584415376186371,
-0.035824183374643326,
-0.022791767492890358,
-0.04927363246679306,
-0.006435825489461422,
0.013021443970501423,
0.042765554040670395,
0.004085528198629618,
0.0022042966447770596,
0.012432574294507504,
0.015158469788730145,
0.01686130464076996,
0.05314742401242256,
0.017016015946865082,
0.0306511539965868,
-0.043810755014419556,
0.0602470338344574,
0.023579908534884453,
0.03869233280420303,
-0.029682856053113937,
0.037540461868047714,
-0.0336114726960659,
-0.03458261862397194,
0.030194588005542755,
0.01766212470829487,
-0.009446394629776478,
-0.07537545263767242,
0.057521600276231766,
0.029181290417909622,
-0.052048660814762115,
0.003907953854650259,
0.01192102674394846,
-0.06492035835981369,
-0.003734372556209564,
0.01566050387918949,
0.009638486430048943,
0.01992492564022541,
0.06147361919283867,
-0.006348432507365942,
0.06940636038780212,
0.07095134258270264,
0.03230048343539238,
-0.009619695134460926,
-0.04139723628759384,
0.05845692381262779,
0.06189579516649246,
0.03128752112388611,
0.010366576723754406,
0.08123738318681717,
-0.01758512109518051,
-0.018082141876220703,
0.030180728062987328,
0.013476201333105564,
-0.017526589334011078,
-0.010751346126198769,
0.04737361520528793,
0.08010686933994293,
0.003532694187015295,
0.07281991094350815,
-0.04038740321993828,
0.0037596789188683033,
0.05756242573261261,
0.027982762083411217,
-0.006312249694019556,
0.046835560351610184,
0.024520134553313255,
0.04298507049679756,
-0.002439668169245124,
-0.04335227981209755,
-0.04308740794658661,
-0.038859207183122635,
0.040319520980119705,
0.01894197426736355,
-0.021091490983963013,
0.016585830599069595,
0.033372972160577774,
0.016634905710816383,
0.09503740817308426,
-0.02485874854028225,
0.00910540297627449,
0.02450379729270935,
0.025889381766319275,
-0.008540881797671318,
0.06490415334701538,
-0.0007641104748472571,
-0.00855546910315752,
0.017791716381907463,
-0.04811394587159157,
0.025920549407601357,
0.02517412230372429,
-0.020147092640399933,
0.029379893094301224,
-0.029510173946619034,
-0.03619477152824402,
0.026648065075278282,
0.02230105921626091,
-0.02384793758392334,
-0.05337361618876457,
-0.03450832515954971,
-0.056728389114141464,
-0.06833089888095856,
-0.03157079964876175,
0.04536091163754463,
-0.020748892799019814,
-0.01358099840581417,
0.02369358390569687,
-0.0004259276611264795,
0.00603449298068881,
0.018581997603178024,
-0.06637654453516006,
-0.01142439991235733,
0.04439758136868477,
-0.002158679300919175,
0.0030026461463421583,
0.03632856532931328,
0.01976730488240719,
-0.010258750058710575,
-0.03954426199197769,
0.010689250193536282,
0.037408534437417984,
0.024731826037168503,
-0.022936904802918434,
-0.0381145179271698,
-0.08081869035959244,
-0.005354622844606638,
0.0015192270511761308,
-0.06464020162820816,
-0.0800396054983139,
0.04065653681755066,
-0.028974274173378944,
0.00710944551974535,
0.045574259012937546,
-0.03163890168070793,
0.004119762685149908,
-0.031000075861811638,
-0.009168907068669796,
0.0073488554917275906,
0.0049158670008182526,
0.05145811289548874,
-0.05059422552585602,
0.061597999185323715,
0.04418729245662689,
-0.054791051894426346,
-0.04057324677705765,
0.046860650181770325,
-0.01891627162694931,
-0.025033224374055862,
-0.046423766762018204,
-0.03896687179803848,
-0.021329620853066444,
-0.1078401654958725,
-0.027300560846924782,
0.03677218407392502,
-0.004438103176653385,
-0.0558270663022995,
-0.025664938613772392,
-0.025306962430477142,
-0.014281628653407097,
-0.01876264438033104,
-0.028302576392889023,
0.001241502002812922,
-0.0513785183429718,
-0.03692060336470604,
-0.058784376829862595,
-0.015676632523536682,
-0.004527711309492588,
-0.015475843101739883,
-0.0665879100561142,
-0.04416975378990173,
-0.00043496410944499075,
-0.010120736435055733,
0.01142148394137621,
0.0003153087745886296,
0.03782249242067337,
-0.009147132746875286
] |
3,474
|
Multi-Robot Motion Planning with Diffusion Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=AUCYptvAf3
|
[
"Yorai Shaoul",
"Itamar Mishani",
"Shivam Vats",
"Jiaoyang Li",
"Maxim Likhachev"
] |
Spotlight
|
Diffusion models have recently been successfully applied to a wide range of robotics applications for learning complex multi-modal behaviors from data. However, prior works have mostly been confined to single-robot and small-scale environments due to the high sample complexity of learning multi-robot diffusion models. In this paper, we propose a method for generating collision-free multi-robot trajectories that conform to underlying data distributions while using only single-robot data. Our algorithm, Multi-robot Multi-model planning Diffusion (MMD), does so by combining learned diffusion models with classical search-based techniques---generating data-driven motions under collision constraints. Scaling further, we show how to compose multiple diffusion models to plan in large environments where a single diffusion model fails to generalize well. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in planning for dozens of robots in a variety of simulated scenarios motivated by logistics environments.
|
Multi-Agent Planning, Robotics, Generative Models
|
This paper presents a method combining diffusion models with search-based techniques to generate scalable multi-robot trajectories using only single-robot data.
| 8,083
|
2410.03072
|
[
-0.02633594535291195,
-0.0020608578342944384,
-0.01603388413786888,
0.04388442635536194,
0.06969211995601654,
0.037795986980199814,
0.009106704965233803,
0.0002975753741338849,
-0.029059376567602158,
-0.059722382575273514,
-0.0035358238965272903,
-0.020978190004825592,
-0.04792293161153793,
-0.0016099793137982488,
-0.018377693369984627,
0.06634793430566788,
0.008080599829554558,
-0.018826840445399284,
-0.008519638329744339,
0.007742596790194511,
-0.017684979364275932,
-0.011921246536076069,
0.0513656921684742,
0.018877346068620682,
0.030902380123734474,
-0.012918943539261818,
0.046057384461164474,
0.01352369599044323,
-0.021573780104517937,
-0.03242998197674751,
0.016604527831077576,
-0.026483535766601562,
0.030200231820344925,
-0.012188643217086792,
-0.0033949578646570444,
-0.010576831176877022,
-0.016662126407027245,
-0.00295855849981308,
0.005669868551194668,
-0.02480115368962288,
-0.03612887114286423,
0.043418172746896744,
-0.018444515764713287,
-0.01897704042494297,
-0.028112417086958885,
0.007361377589404583,
-0.08886845409870148,
0.007360304705798626,
0.029878349974751472,
-0.05128765106201172,
-0.08059214800596237,
0.014481671154499054,
0.03077206388115883,
-0.005690383724868298,
-0.039767734706401825,
0.01874820701777935,
0.05210236832499504,
-0.09597724676132202,
0.006990807130932808,
-0.0550047904253006,
-0.011650681495666504,
0.038372449576854706,
0.01552052516490221,
0.006396271288394928,
0.005157629027962685,
-0.011182914488017559,
0.029004881158471107,
0.054791320115327835,
-0.01771538145840168,
-0.03083767369389534,
-0.02575068548321724,
-0.011835233308374882,
0.0027215350419282913,
0.016395974904298782,
-0.013081771321594715,
-0.038406092673540115,
0.029294444248080254,
0.02743782103061676,
0.03439857065677643,
0.00820513628423214,
0.0014361542416736484,
0.024590875953435898,
-0.01766355335712433,
0.039299093186855316,
0.02211080491542816,
0.0189675260335207,
-0.05656208470463753,
-0.0010905030649155378,
-0.06277887523174286,
0.031154895201325417,
-0.03392316401004791,
-0.0632622018456459,
-0.021851228550076485,
0.043222442269325256,
0.03412439301609993,
-0.009338591247797012,
0.019730063155293465,
0.028763920068740845,
0.04502503201365471,
-0.021854836493730545,
-0.04733753576874733,
-0.015291090123355389,
0.0009071044623851776,
0.0020277434960007668,
-0.08100676536560059,
-0.028353484347462654,
-0.025445690378546715,
-0.004754360299557447,
-0.011142203584313393,
-0.0019134603207930923,
-0.06999307870864868,
-0.03182843327522278,
0.01460378896445036,
-0.04190460219979286,
-0.05848877131938934,
0.07534122467041016,
0.02740343287587166,
-0.0069198752753436565,
0.020293094217777252,
0.0050077494233846664,
0.03400576114654541,
0.03726150840520859,
-0.027222581207752228,
0.06294326484203339,
-0.04851081967353821,
0.03892270848155022,
0.009228420443832874,
0.011237133294343948,
-0.038151394575834274,
-0.018537502735853195,
0.03196802735328674,
0.04900139942765236,
0.01437354739755392,
-0.021081823855638504,
-0.006431379821151495,
-0.03575588017702103,
-0.0003667761047836393,
0.056471895426511765,
0.004418317228555679,
-0.01689496636390686,
-0.0022430436220020056,
-0.0003899485745932907,
0.09195998311042786,
-0.002799056703224778,
0.0694308653473854,
-0.024902652949094772,
0.0008650973904877901,
-0.04403733089566231,
-0.07004594802856445,
-0.027161074802279472,
-0.0014063025591894984,
0.024691103026270866,
0.015090353786945343,
-0.05569416657090187,
0.004610699601471424,
0.04581466689705849,
0.007298408541828394,
-0.0007740146829746664,
-0.008812816813588142,
-0.0160512812435627,
-0.008372504264116287,
-0.0035535041242837906,
-0.016096606850624084,
-0.03232936933636665,
-0.006879139691591263,
-0.07360811531543732,
0.04318052902817726,
0.03295253962278366,
-0.016640670597553253,
-0.024517860263586044,
-0.02909906394779682,
-0.035626914352178574,
0.04273374378681183,
-0.0011720278998836875,
-0.001276619266718626,
-0.005227285902947187,
0.04040597751736641,
-0.004869785625487566,
0.043360430747270584,
0.0071036918088793755,
-0.07638123631477356,
0.004242066293954849,
0.006882744841277599,
-0.016975197941064835,
0.02890690602362156,
-0.015730950981378555,
0.06433586031198502,
-0.025796787813305855,
-0.008511573076248169,
0.02903648465871811,
-0.055133216083049774,
-0.03329656645655632,
0.05376742407679558,
-0.020333686843514442,
0.048828743398189545,
0.010196269489824772,
-0.021724959835410118,
0.012848532758653164,
0.02770381234586239,
0.08761889487504959,
0.0277445986866951,
-0.006933875381946564,
0.06868958473205566,
-0.001388966920785606,
0.020941751077771187,
-0.020261989906430244,
0.05218068137764931,
-0.04955441132187843,
-0.017075762152671814,
0.025371480733156204,
-0.023387486115098,
0.0008415494812652469,
0.013438415713608265,
-0.0151288453489542,
0.05514870956540108,
0.013276484794914722,
-0.010753880254924297,
0.008934754878282547,
0.021802229806780815,
-0.06059803441166878,
0.014560876414179802,
0.026471687480807304,
-0.06100346893072128,
-0.008400200866162777,
-0.031188692897558212,
0.06547941267490387,
0.09118570387363434,
-0.028374454006552696,
-0.014567217789590359,
0.034189485013484955,
0.027725817635655403,
0.030708307400345802,
0.00827785488218069,
-0.019002383574843407,
0.04786105826497078,
-0.04347996041178703,
0.025496145710349083,
-0.042629241943359375,
0.02060537599027157,
-0.05632946640253067,
-0.025245660915970802,
0.0653563067317009,
-0.004543662536889315,
0.0837898999452591,
0.003230554051697254,
0.018710164353251457,
0.042800623923540115,
-0.011572915129363537,
0.011076681315898895,
0.0010158020304515958,
-0.02584281750023365,
0.0022425015922635794,
0.05054589733481407,
-0.01647118851542473,
0.00008494215580867603,
-0.06654535233974457,
0.015367633663117886,
-0.021099183708429337,
0.07905975729227066,
0.05016424134373665,
0.03359711915254593,
0.03338667005300522,
0.004475590772926807,
-0.008103545755147934,
-0.041194699704647064,
-0.11046372354030609,
-0.04660487920045853,
0.0007724487804807723,
0.024798614904284477,
0.06002092733979225,
0.04269421473145485,
-0.01989784464240074,
0.0691264197230339,
-0.02613830380141735,
-0.02010701410472393,
-0.0036354917101562023,
0.016823038458824158,
0.012875808402895927,
-0.016182443127036095,
-0.005900330375880003,
0.014565764926373959,
0.0866243913769722,
-0.0008001587120816112,
-0.02650865912437439,
-0.008062141947448254,
-0.031206587329506874,
0.011126724071800709,
-0.011656693182885647,
-0.002422223798930645,
0.0187097005546093,
0.008811631239950657,
0.010312311351299286,
-0.017743345350027084,
0.016434282064437866,
0.008324981667101383,
0.06443032622337341,
0.004225331358611584,
-0.0013195431092754006,
-0.005535520613193512,
-0.008642736822366714,
-0.01829771138727665,
0.010931354947388172,
-0.017036180943250656,
-0.017774906009435654,
-0.016771424561738968,
-0.0017698971787467599,
0.020206281915307045,
0.01908710226416588,
-0.24842743575572968,
-0.007852807641029358,
-0.02135251648724079,
0.0009639204945415258,
0.010781267657876015,
0.026320211589336395,
0.06845673173666,
-0.030336622148752213,
-0.030282791703939438,
-0.0063451435416936874,
0.00959832314401865,
0.021409178152680397,
0.008799548260867596,
0.05930991843342781,
0.04152904823422432,
0.013622489757835865,
0.0020999344997107983,
-0.026090264320373535,
-0.009514798410236835,
0.008115509524941444,
-0.030263086780905724,
-0.0795183926820755,
-0.03657772019505501,
0.014795815572142601,
-0.012621065601706505,
0.03446238860487938,
-0.057060569524765015,
-0.0019395883427932858,
-0.038257747888565063,
0.0042549362406134605,
-0.0153529467061162,
-0.012990940362215042,
-0.04773218557238579,
0.009152447804808617,
0.019334640353918076,
-0.011781844310462475,
0.025947321206331253,
-0.003586510894820094,
0.02065444551408291,
0.016068393364548683,
0.019535493105649948,
0.01503661833703518,
-0.05515856668353081,
0.01236669346690178,
0.0455385185778141,
0.004618445411324501,
-0.040679603815078735,
0.018671080470085144,
-0.004995838273316622,
0.03052585944533348,
0.03602157160639763,
0.0018257217016071081,
0.023779917508363724,
-0.01397070661187172,
0.03522481396794319,
-0.02785930037498474,
0.013634968549013138,
-0.02784498780965805,
0.01007432397454977,
0.03123893029987812,
0.013625371269881725,
-0.04620768129825592,
-0.03294974938035011,
-0.052797019481658936,
0.010747467167675495,
-0.03694340959191322,
-0.04543349891901016,
-0.04814201220870018,
0.023875432088971138,
-0.024809040129184723,
-0.016820678487420082,
-0.025606796145439148,
-0.01688493601977825,
-0.10880137979984283,
0.022947199642658234,
0.04463792219758034,
0.004411454312503338,
-0.057982418686151505,
0.0038057751953601837,
0.035559069365262985,
-0.04792848229408264,
-0.04322117194533348,
-0.02390272542834282,
0.011244362220168114,
-0.004454044159501791,
0.0000020103727820242057,
0.029909813776612282,
-0.07048141956329346,
-0.025078633800148964,
-0.05971018597483635,
0.023740381002426147,
0.014954708516597748,
0.04209798201918602,
-0.005010466556996107,
0.07500636577606201,
0.02154342457652092,
0.013535894453525543,
0.04412948340177536,
0.02541247382760048,
0.0010249633342027664,
0.015791069716215134,
-0.09417355060577393,
-0.012021642178297043,
-0.023961059749126434,
-0.010854404419660568,
0.00003732129334821366,
-0.0393231026828289,
-0.012505901046097279,
0.026026839390397072,
0.03330020606517792,
0.0049887849017977715,
-0.021953508257865906,
0.0015201675705611706,
-0.011276587843894958,
-0.02373788133263588,
-0.03494124859571457,
-0.008634165860712528,
0.04280366003513336,
0.021129585802555084,
0.0012380264233797789,
-0.05666428059339523,
0.03385479748249054,
-0.06293368339538574,
0.030217092484235764,
-0.008268059231340885,
-0.004881206899881363,
-0.011849449016153812,
-0.015408752486109734,
0.03467855975031853,
-0.006924117915332317,
0.04251681640744209,
0.07884348183870316,
0.002244651783257723,
0.00879523903131485,
0.0491638146340847,
-0.015131505206227303,
-0.043680060654878616,
-0.01199815608561039,
0.013233345933258533,
-0.022756250575184822,
-0.00138083437923342,
0.002146547893062234,
0.02398853749036789,
0.018907207995653152,
0.021591251716017723,
0.020885324105620384,
0.018196357414126396,
0.022300204262137413,
0.007984742522239685,
-0.019691888242959976,
0.017195474356412888,
-0.06935548782348633,
0.007665392477065325,
-0.024260597303509712,
0.024099355563521385,
-0.05757356807589531,
0.007703755050897598,
-0.009758682921528816,
0.024717653170228004,
-0.0696183443069458,
0.018100740388035774,
0.030527904629707336,
-0.016562333330512047,
-0.003897616872563958,
-0.004627753980457783,
0.056619804352521896,
-0.025760624557733536,
-0.013456284999847412,
-0.006538975518196821,
-0.009713772684335709,
0.04455522447824478,
-0.06104452908039093,
-0.07233617454767227,
-0.017000874504446983,
-0.021863184869289398,
0.0034034810960292816,
-0.01432303711771965,
-0.03447103500366211,
-0.05646597594022751,
0.033177923411130905,
0.018123239278793335,
-0.04014641419053078,
-0.006270027253776789,
-0.010235786437988281,
0.040950968861579895,
-0.016040368005633354,
0.03736879676580429,
-0.018242666497826576,
-0.010804571211338043,
0.01573811285197735,
-0.002565941773355007,
0.02745007537305355,
-0.009450387209653854,
-0.04869404062628746,
-0.034910548478364944,
-0.031241968274116516,
0.03368760645389557,
0.03899342194199562,
-0.01853466033935547,
-0.0033980440348386765,
-0.007850398309528828,
0.009113135747611523,
-0.04182412847876549,
0.04341898113489151,
0.02637547440826893,
-0.054158635437488556,
0.027514338493347168,
0.04628598317503929,
0.012305494397878647,
0.02231612056493759,
-0.03885450214147568,
-0.03291485086083412,
-0.052078697830438614,
-0.008180588483810425,
-0.011530248448252678,
-0.022532081231474876,
0.00021819800895173103,
-0.03410818800330162,
-0.0030510646756738424,
0.01642937958240509,
-0.0007379116141237319,
0.006343060173094273,
-0.027216413989663124,
-0.03818556293845177,
-0.024904247373342514,
0.061678580939769745,
-0.03753001615405083,
-0.023768259212374687,
0.00008428518049186096,
-0.019793568179011345,
0.015970801934599876,
-0.053288783878088,
-0.015957115218043327,
0.011895758099853992,
0.022864898666739464,
0.0267459936439991,
-0.037505343556404114,
0.031126607209444046,
-0.024441992864012718,
-0.016217462718486786,
-0.010353777557611465,
0.025744859129190445,
-0.0061456430703401566,
-0.015207584947347641,
0.028224533423781395,
0.027896948158740997,
0.005421228241175413,
-0.03468479961156845,
0.03481980040669441,
0.030053412541747093,
0.03133289888501167,
-0.01650596596300602,
-0.04668280482292175,
0.018625935539603233,
0.04594776779413223,
0.0030659367330372334,
-0.03245043382048607,
-0.0618765763938427,
-0.024847088381648064,
0.02567501924932003,
-0.03567381948232651,
0.03264084830880165,
-0.041629910469055176,
-0.009651288390159607,
0.014502601698040962,
0.025625230744481087,
0.012878953479230404,
-0.007649676408618689,
0.030719973146915436,
-0.0851900726556778,
0.051087092608213425,
-0.05846536532044411,
0.020173104479908943,
0.042870599776506424,
-0.03422075882554054,
0.016574997454881668,
0.04550590366125107,
-0.013021106831729412,
0.03101217746734619,
-0.042501937597990036,
-0.08289357274770737,
0.05217450484633446,
-0.02681015431880951,
-0.020711272954940796,
0.04361423850059509,
-0.04721834883093834,
-0.021886644884943962,
-0.0009939672891050577,
-0.0659119039773941,
0.04875854030251503,
0.03735805302858353,
0.026206612586975098,
-0.025748150423169136,
0.016632311046123505,
-0.028521323576569557,
0.008895319886505604,
0.019967392086982727,
0.04844250902533531,
0.0030268337577581406,
0.0652066171169281,
-0.03353692218661308,
0.08776362240314484,
0.04303999990224838,
0.014152422547340393,
0.006202174816280603,
0.011734819039702415,
-0.0016681303968653083,
-0.02156354859471321,
0.04603702202439308,
0.007355818059295416,
-0.010907268151640892,
-0.0726451426744461,
0.06533563137054443,
0.03603905811905861,
-0.0640479326248169,
-0.02315903827548027,
0.026961227878928185,
-0.08137205243110657,
0.025869211181998253,
0.0024680334609001875,
0.009717614389955997,
0.03173089027404785,
0.052828121930360794,
-0.010025582276284695,
0.048400480300188065,
0.0408376008272171,
0.018555039539933205,
0.0029146187007427216,
-0.0014947400195524096,
0.06568637490272522,
0.04601619392633438,
0.02851886861026287,
-0.011973105370998383,
0.05508851259946823,
-0.039623700082302094,
-0.04019060730934143,
0.024022700265049934,
0.00844721682369709,
-0.019037436693906784,
-0.04302426055073738,
0.0237837303429842,
0.0846477746963501,
-0.011593245901167393,
0.04777553677558899,
-0.02612052857875824,
-0.03205902501940727,
0.04500141367316246,
0.010190011002123356,
0.0038049882277846336,
0.017448166385293007,
0.04720156267285347,
0.04144778102636337,
-0.03224300220608711,
0.0084153451025486,
-0.005239957012236118,
-0.03483758494257927,
0.021869005635380745,
0.03250342980027199,
0.0009031464578583837,
0.021797167137265205,
0.027826547622680664,
0.028348855674266815,
0.11228622496128082,
-0.05715758726000786,
-0.018500737845897675,
-0.03317734971642494,
-0.004621945787221193,
-0.02208479307591915,
0.019063856452703476,
0.06110364943742752,
-0.019580205902457237,
0.035695742815732956,
-0.04595271870493889,
0.021549047902226448,
0.03684543818235397,
0.02432515285909176,
0.03439117595553398,
-0.02740469016134739,
-0.012731920927762985,
0.02015782706439495,
0.018898693844676018,
-0.031005188822746277,
-0.03234207257628441,
-0.0195792093873024,
-0.03427111357450485,
-0.06454091519117355,
-0.02240367978811264,
0.055566463619470596,
0.001816392526961863,
-0.038600724190473557,
0.005497497506439686,
-0.014376056380569935,
0.0035347447264939547,
0.003941328730434179,
-0.08401346951723099,
-0.032204702496528625,
0.05770961940288544,
0.015904419124126434,
0.024508044123649597,
0.04049477353692055,
0.034191519021987915,
0.0006789182079955935,
-0.02137409709393978,
0.011004890315234661,
-0.002439582021906972,
0.01149772759526968,
-0.026905691251158714,
0.0061787753365933895,
-0.06597203761339188,
0.019795184955000877,
0.031799789518117905,
-0.03216166794300079,
-0.08630847930908203,
0.019242286682128906,
-0.056326836347579956,
0.03809526562690735,
0.07300694286823273,
-0.022644933313131332,
-0.010893121361732483,
-0.04394250735640526,
0.006116513628512621,
0.022548586130142212,
-0.03489164635539055,
0.03854333236813545,
-0.06033681705594063,
0.06703580170869827,
0.06128571555018425,
-0.0544978529214859,
-0.03349807485938072,
0.07391633093357086,
0.02902388572692871,
-0.012263541109859943,
-0.0013870749389752746,
-0.06825526058673859,
-0.01728389598429203,
-0.12303666025400162,
-0.038006994873285294,
0.03635261952877045,
0.04540864750742912,
-0.036371953785419464,
0.024716461077332497,
-0.012996183708310127,
0.008203931152820587,
-0.006017016246914864,
-0.042181093245744705,
-0.022217515856027603,
-0.012548786588013172,
-0.011811773292720318,
-0.06320853531360626,
0.03564196825027466,
-0.028682803735136986,
-0.013746511191129684,
-0.023864038288593292,
-0.044801563024520874,
0.019072040915489197,
-0.017522946000099182,
0.030071312561631203,
-0.021497517824172974,
0.03456469625234604,
0.007422720082104206
] |
3,475
|
Graph Neural Networks Can (Often) Count Substructures
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=sZQRUrvLn4
|
[
"Paolo Pellizzoni",
"Till Hendrik Schulz",
"Karsten Borgwardt"
] |
Spotlight
|
Message passing graph neural networks (GNNs) are known to have limited expressive power in their ability to distinguish some non-isomorphic graphs.
Because of this, it is well known that they are unable to detect or count arbitrary graph substructures (i.e., solving the subgraph isomorphism problem), a task that is of great importance for several types of graph-structured data.
However, we observe that GNNs are in fact able to count graph patterns quite accurately across several real-world graph datasets.
Motivated by this observation, we provide an analysis of the subgraph-counting capabilities of GNNs beyond the worst case, deriving several sufficient conditions for GNNs to be able to count subgraphs and, more importantly, to be able to sample-efficiently learn to count subgraphs.
Moreover, we develop novel dynamic programming algorithms for solving the subgraph isomorphism problem on restricted classes of pattern and target graphs, and show that message-passing GNNs can efficiently simulate these dynamic programs.
Finally, we empirically validate that our sufficient conditions for GNNs to count subgraphs hold on many real-world datasets, providing a theoretically-grounded explanation to our motivating observations.
|
graph neural networks, subgraphs, expressivity
|
We provide a theoretical analysis of the subgraph-counting capabilities of graph neural networks beyond the worst case.
| 8,022
| null |
[
-0.017478402704000473,
-0.04022965580224991,
-0.008471952751278877,
0.029151026159524918,
0.0314757265150547,
0.030704433098435402,
0.03636297956109047,
0.021464426070451736,
-0.01697712019085884,
-0.031172268092632294,
0.021980412304401398,
0.008018610998988152,
-0.0727502778172493,
0.011277621611952782,
0.03687534108757973,
0.03527583181858063,
0.0490206778049469,
0.009312750771641731,
-0.009699279442429543,
0.009485279209911823,
-0.002601268468424678,
-0.008599129505455494,
0.013861987739801407,
0.029586663469672203,
0.027182139456272125,
0.010713948868215084,
0.044234778732061386,
-0.021564483642578125,
-0.013394786044955254,
0.0221857912838459,
0.045722391456365585,
-0.0004712242225650698,
0.04571892321109772,
-0.041286349296569824,
0.01947181113064289,
-0.014987897127866745,
-0.034980036318302155,
0.026224713772535324,
0.01847652532160282,
0.008618603460490704,
-0.06463011354207993,
-0.010948684066534042,
-0.027872871607542038,
0.02548445388674736,
-0.05533099174499512,
0.04863741621375084,
-0.10326904058456421,
0.03677452355623245,
0.028465211391448975,
0.0069710793904960155,
-0.10263800621032715,
0.043525535613298416,
0.023351872339844704,
0.010427112691104412,
-0.006704055704176426,
0.02954839915037155,
0.027203934267163277,
-0.03352660685777664,
-0.020418593659996986,
-0.05413427576422691,
-0.020030148327350616,
0.02367730252444744,
0.023485999554395676,
0.025154711678624153,
-0.032642021775245667,
-0.006040326785296202,
0.01368371769785881,
0.07189323008060455,
-0.04285276308655739,
-0.024388229474425316,
-0.009775541722774506,
-0.005097232758998871,
-0.016570869833230972,
0.03368083015084267,
0.029243409633636475,
-0.03160001337528229,
0.015154365450143814,
-0.00986142735928297,
0.07596907764673233,
-0.01265281718224287,
-0.021596932783722878,
0.0781969204545021,
0.01725115440785885,
0.01818148046731949,
-0.00026066353893838823,
-0.005471566691994667,
-0.0555308572947979,
-0.05037961155176163,
-0.09608615189790726,
0.045590728521347046,
-0.06178850308060646,
-0.06349951773881912,
0.011692710220813751,
0.03776547685265541,
0.006550466176122427,
-0.004121462814509869,
0.017755215987563133,
0.006648246664553881,
0.024136658757925034,
-0.019986994564533234,
0.0008827063720673323,
-0.03359904885292053,
0.012446853332221508,
0.009563596919178963,
-0.09953548014163971,
-0.046305734664201736,
-0.007921116426587105,
-0.006295184139162302,
0.00392530532553792,
-0.016459017992019653,
-0.03338286653161049,
-0.006460733246058226,
-0.0034583245869725943,
0.0009100984898395836,
-0.07118663191795349,
0.026926809921860695,
-0.015054591931402683,
-0.013696671463549137,
-0.02130839414894581,
-0.010970507748425007,
0.039641451090574265,
0.033519476652145386,
0.02069064788520336,
0.06636940687894821,
-0.003040467156097293,
-0.01202461402863264,
0.029242869466543198,
0.03880630433559418,
-0.04081709310412407,
-0.03716054931282997,
-0.014090687036514282,
0.05413735285401344,
0.01777915470302105,
0.0040939366444945335,
0.02477775141596794,
-0.0366952009499073,
-0.02845209836959839,
0.004662337712943554,
0.013889570720493793,
-0.0008396093617193401,
0.004050097893923521,
0.01915040984749794,
0.04142031446099281,
-0.030527561902999878,
0.08028549700975418,
-0.026987960562109947,
-0.01041798572987318,
-0.036172930151224136,
-0.006608499214053154,
-0.006984642241150141,
-0.007245768327265978,
-0.014961360022425652,
-0.013966222293674946,
-0.0789538323879242,
0.019308574497699738,
0.06189123913645744,
0.0025852257385849953,
0.03262025862932205,
-0.022976284846663475,
-0.006074166391044855,
0.03720195218920708,
-0.014758932404220104,
-0.021857084706425667,
0.0320710614323616,
-0.025216229259967804,
-0.03180001676082611,
0.018025929108262062,
0.05089743435382843,
-0.059090640395879745,
0.005324363708496094,
-0.015643436461687088,
-0.061259880661964417,
0.03742697089910507,
-0.00696988869458437,
-0.026925956830382347,
-0.023646697402000427,
0.07166040688753128,
0.021311474964022636,
0.019899848848581314,
0.0072586205787956715,
-0.08698737621307373,
0.038954757153987885,
0.02002875879406929,
0.005102917086333036,
-0.048257626593112946,
-0.02298431657254696,
0.06357237696647644,
-0.026856012642383575,
0.011032617650926113,
0.0005540900747291744,
-0.0545852892100811,
0.004188583232462406,
0.04530515894293785,
-0.02356274239718914,
0.0668666809797287,
0.025315148755908012,
-0.0014242962934076786,
0.00793866440653801,
0.005421970970928669,
0.02956240251660347,
0.04784701019525528,
-0.007265038788318634,
0.036213018000125885,
0.0018549469532445073,
-0.044036321341991425,
0.053037434816360474,
0.022412754595279694,
-0.06550511717796326,
-0.06079740449786186,
0.014165757223963737,
0.012727275490760803,
-0.0184305552393198,
0.026289762929081917,
-0.004554614890366793,
0.03630759194493294,
0.0013646591687574983,
-0.01355330552905798,
0.02241891250014305,
0.029216906055808067,
-0.05241888388991356,
0.017134808003902435,
0.002268335549160838,
-0.03692776709794998,
0.017117204144597054,
-0.02308453992009163,
0.09696713089942932,
0.052466947585344315,
-0.02602497674524784,
0.015685534104704857,
0.032409947365522385,
0.03654792532324791,
0.028270425274968147,
0.010898556560277939,
0.004396427888423204,
-0.00699456175789237,
-0.0012438265839591622,
-0.014084295369684696,
-0.030575865879654884,
0.05225820094347,
-0.04944661632180214,
0.013580719009041786,
0.06847725808620453,
-0.04010660946369171,
0.05170571058988571,
-0.010241050273180008,
0.00260584126226604,
0.041712887585163116,
-0.02038447931408882,
-0.0007393914274871349,
0.0050180996768176556,
-0.030956706032156944,
0.0005086421733722091,
0.012867809273302555,
-0.015502248890697956,
0.007424562703818083,
-0.042384739965200424,
0.00959052238613367,
-0.016916999593377113,
0.07667770236730576,
0.05843651667237282,
0.041612762957811356,
0.008298332802951336,
-0.03476208820939064,
-0.03883889690041542,
-0.0683971717953682,
-0.11934147030115128,
-0.04017035663127899,
0.0273492019623518,
0.08037025481462479,
-0.00686397310346365,
0.06495805829763412,
-0.02117520198225975,
0.016324041411280632,
-0.01787591353058815,
0.00150715047493577,
0.01214284636080265,
0.011407559737563133,
0.0017838433850556612,
-0.07834970206022263,
-0.01171985361725092,
-0.01759772188961506,
0.062209777534008026,
-0.030269455164670944,
-0.02483256161212921,
-0.03464701771736145,
-0.031015370041131973,
0.01454522181302309,
-0.04180114343762398,
0.005962172988802195,
0.017573118209838867,
0.02144933119416237,
0.04837764427065849,
-0.011051151901483536,
-0.029559865593910217,
0.047470372170209885,
0.03928631916642189,
0.04016140475869179,
0.009369065053761005,
-0.005055777728557587,
0.017336124554276466,
-0.019123481586575508,
0.026224425062537193,
-0.022617779672145844,
0.024169493466615677,
-0.045548684895038605,
-0.01584155671298504,
0.04006136208772659,
0.021812090650200844,
-0.276504784822464,
0.011611106805503368,
-0.0020303709898144007,
-0.028726033866405487,
0.011424983851611614,
-0.01480732299387455,
0.0533396415412426,
-0.02201778069138527,
-0.0134307611733675,
-0.008290400728583336,
0.0055954717099666595,
-0.002462017349898815,
-0.013251470401883125,
0.05140281096100807,
0.03889119252562523,
0.015060123056173325,
0.0026175070088356733,
-0.03405928984284401,
0.010172182694077492,
0.03746631741523743,
-0.011700543574988842,
-0.06312289088964462,
-0.026428496465086937,
0.039677489548921585,
-0.022034892812371254,
0.050898052752017975,
-0.13115496933460236,
-0.030001044273376465,
-0.028727322816848755,
0.018238959833979607,
-0.013574947603046894,
-0.026838822290301323,
-0.03151752054691315,
0.05334623530507088,
-0.008342664688825607,
0.0019090326968580484,
0.0177982859313488,
-0.031843151897192,
-0.025510141626000404,
0.018651384860277176,
0.016354961320757866,
-0.008818931877613068,
-0.033564917743206024,
-0.005609935615211725,
0.05460955947637558,
0.012838737107813358,
-0.022617686539888382,
-0.010926099494099617,
-0.00520020117983222,
0.03374297171831131,
-0.03924932703375816,
-0.01306502427905798,
-0.019522255286574364,
-0.011545969173312187,
-0.008127842098474503,
-0.029248187318444252,
-0.005919645074754953,
-0.0037213119212538004,
-0.02811524271965027,
0.006281550973653793,
0.02360568940639496,
-0.03781889006495476,
0.027634890750050545,
-0.03013656660914421,
-0.035858023911714554,
-0.012359178625047207,
-0.06841462850570679,
-0.06609293073415756,
0.027831539511680603,
0.007872289977967739,
-0.0025628553703427315,
0.03613298013806343,
-0.03074784018099308,
-0.09278284758329391,
0.011965135112404823,
0.010875002481043339,
-0.029196960851550102,
-0.01355722639709711,
0.029964091256260872,
0.048023760318756104,
-0.010355325415730476,
-0.028083156794309616,
-0.031514283269643784,
0.016652313992381096,
0.03386174514889717,
-0.009674694389104843,
0.009589619003236294,
-0.02055855467915535,
-0.03417382016777992,
-0.01924034021794796,
0.04302747920155525,
0.0016078260960057378,
0.08546730875968933,
0.024704713374376297,
0.06561779975891113,
0.05035862326622009,
0.07427751272916794,
0.05469323694705963,
0.03470611944794655,
0.0466095469892025,
0.034274980425834656,
-0.08732064813375473,
-0.01796663925051689,
-0.03352457284927368,
-0.029606269672513008,
0.04683557525277138,
-0.039741288870573044,
-0.0005396264605224133,
0.03903492912650108,
-0.02051902376115322,
-0.04693758860230446,
-0.057929813861846924,
0.012806043960154057,
-0.041759900748729706,
0.012579894624650478,
-0.01850414276123047,
0.00884197000414133,
0.015730224549770355,
0.04111262783408165,
-0.007987920194864273,
-0.02398088201880455,
0.05705041438341141,
-0.035429585725069046,
0.03997516632080078,
-0.03592231497168541,
-0.02978471666574478,
-0.01385539211332798,
-0.048571277409791946,
0.009981962852180004,
0.0028246145229786634,
0.010795412585139275,
0.031039901077747345,
0.007045484613627195,
-0.007905783131718636,
0.056961264461278915,
0.028436217457056046,
-0.03327120840549469,
-0.019446074962615967,
0.03232438117265701,
-0.01702234148979187,
0.018469709903001785,
0.019741659983992577,
0.042346034198999405,
0.030277755111455917,
0.05562189593911171,
0.013902411796152592,
0.03404825180768967,
0.0038274144753813744,
-0.010003350675106049,
-0.017507653683423996,
0.012339233420789242,
-0.054135266691446304,
-0.004466615151613951,
-0.027166111394762993,
0.03603322058916092,
0.022223200649023056,
0.0506814643740654,
-0.00367007520981133,
0.012552653439342976,
-0.05138150230050087,
0.0481710322201252,
-0.025155935436487198,
-0.004777249880135059,
-0.004981876816600561,
0.0037202234379947186,
0.043973054736852646,
-0.008625173009932041,
-0.0022226881701499224,
0.020312530919909477,
-0.01309460960328579,
-0.004633296746760607,
0.00011704961070790887,
-0.04293970391154289,
0.03297869861125946,
0.0027766807470470667,
0.0010801450116559863,
0.003599642077460885,
0.00033202863414771855,
-0.028910204768180847,
0.0199345164000988,
-0.025378692895174026,
-0.02488447166979313,
-0.005239725578576326,
0.03651508316397667,
0.08059390634298325,
0.0290145855396986,
-0.018903164193034172,
0.010051991790533066,
-0.0426194965839386,
0.0555533692240715,
0.006857309024780989,
0.015609942376613617,
-0.03660416230559349,
-0.0529673807322979,
-0.01985735073685646,
-0.028321387246251106,
-0.0006805039593018591,
0.023368533700704575,
0.01119000744074583,
-0.0401139073073864,
-0.002554456004872918,
0.007714151870459318,
-0.02850036695599556,
0.0006921310559846461,
0.036201901733875275,
-0.05434289574623108,
0.0033551999367773533,
0.03519235923886299,
0.007302684709429741,
0.007638160604983568,
-0.019327515736222267,
-0.024022532626986504,
-0.08247915655374527,
-0.03963017463684082,
0.04216296598315239,
0.010184314101934433,
-0.0032268832437694073,
-0.001501365564763546,
-0.010672415606677532,
-0.012588842771947384,
0.01336352527141571,
0.003238080069422722,
0.004070780239999294,
-0.05721842125058174,
0.021711206063628197,
0.05813885107636452,
-0.016220178455114365,
-0.009163673035800457,
-0.015753818675875664,
-0.02477686107158661,
0.01616564579308033,
-0.03806890547275543,
0.011998935602605343,
0.03909704461693764,
0.011401616036891937,
-0.004974330775439739,
-0.03516219183802605,
0.026193011552095413,
-0.014811009168624878,
-0.018491389229893684,
-0.009903953410685062,
-0.0033586423378437757,
-0.04069576412439346,
-0.005454188212752342,
0.0050461264327168465,
0.04118500277400017,
0.009337665513157845,
0.01887359656393528,
0.016242796555161476,
-0.007008161395788193,
0.020055923610925674,
0.024136858060956,
-0.031451381742954254,
-0.010003793984651566,
0.058842651546001434,
-0.015852507203817368,
-0.01693577878177166,
-0.06920519471168518,
0.006002581678330898,
0.0008652549586258829,
-0.05806194245815277,
0.0016536384355276823,
-0.030038578435778618,
0.06233911216259003,
0.024938318878412247,
0.047571517527103424,
-0.0187161173671484,
-0.027926497161388397,
0.02097422629594803,
-0.02281687781214714,
-0.0060187834315001965,
-0.06003809720277786,
-0.03209282085299492,
0.05403909832239151,
-0.034559521824121475,
0.016286978498101234,
-0.01838020607829094,
-0.0032664600294083357,
0.013529211282730103,
-0.012709073722362518,
-0.053491007536649704,
-0.0034409479703754187,
0.012540029361844063,
0.024179941043257713,
0.020632335916161537,
-0.04468975216150284,
-0.0074712131172418594,
0.004553234204649925,
-0.06474247574806213,
-0.003114913357421756,
-0.0036124070174992085,
0.03489707037806511,
-0.010354828089475632,
0.017486169934272766,
0.009537586010992527,
-0.0167685579508543,
0.039166372269392014,
0.0576569102704525,
0.012224619276821613,
0.04655331373214722,
-0.04912223294377327,
0.04772349074482918,
0.038089584559202194,
0.00517077324911952,
-0.016977187246084213,
0.04709441587328911,
-0.03022727370262146,
-0.06992685049772263,
0.02017529122531414,
0.019146142527461052,
-0.01674678362905979,
-0.09305273741483688,
0.058465130627155304,
0.007609527558088303,
-0.05228887125849724,
-0.03185979649424553,
0.0039649284444749355,
-0.04157382994890213,
0.02089417539536953,
-0.007518555968999863,
0.01176694966852665,
0.003790270769968629,
0.08527632802724838,
0.0016284940065816045,
0.027929846197366714,
0.06934347748756409,
0.03909280151128769,
-0.01445437129586935,
-0.04243560507893562,
0.06060505658388138,
0.053699836134910583,
0.03638322651386261,
-0.002107965759932995,
0.06775075197219849,
-0.0331198014318943,
-0.017104042693972588,
-0.00624696072191,
0.020610250532627106,
-0.03599902242422104,
-0.009336820803582668,
0.02333543263375759,
0.062845379114151,
-0.03354920819401741,
0.0938749685883522,
-0.041502464562654495,
0.0008731810958124697,
0.04532691463828087,
-0.018034333363175392,
-0.0016864660428836942,
0.0635632872581482,
-0.0028599915094673634,
0.034136801958084106,
-0.021902689710259438,
0.01580200530588627,
-0.029640818014740944,
-0.024575136601924896,
0.0011400526855140924,
0.04277921840548515,
-0.024901678785681725,
0.0027927584014832973,
0.010770654305815697,
0.02086884342133999,
0.08809375762939453,
-0.03419385477900505,
-0.023064153268933296,
-0.009971187449991703,
0.03213529288768768,
0.024252109229564667,
0.03359368443489075,
0.00369662931188941,
-0.02246941812336445,
0.015062759630382061,
-0.051235370337963104,
0.005070882849395275,
-0.030816268175840378,
-0.006208521779626608,
-0.013182892464101315,
-0.022250495851039886,
-0.02432519569993019,
0.012861493043601513,
0.01532957423478365,
-0.017029644921422005,
-0.05447576195001602,
-0.00813334807753563,
-0.060111530125141144,
-0.05425683781504631,
-0.027684494853019714,
0.011150823906064034,
-0.03196460381150246,
-0.028028175234794617,
0.015228018164634705,
-0.014060878194868565,
-0.007660260424017906,
0.04474024474620819,
-0.047835927456617355,
0.004296162165701389,
0.022411024197936058,
0.013170674443244934,
-0.010520167648792267,
0.03677627816796303,
0.013345061801373959,
-0.04697233438491821,
-0.031127840280532837,
0.042582955211400986,
0.028345413506031036,
0.026273604482412338,
0.017869211733341217,
-0.00749495904892683,
-0.09570401906967163,
0.007119178306311369,
-0.026932792738080025,
-0.04868071526288986,
-0.07747934758663177,
0.021581007167696953,
-0.004877433646470308,
0.029234906658530235,
0.07341556251049042,
0.028958113864064217,
-0.011889499612152576,
-0.034198228269815445,
0.01847429759800434,
0.00498413247987628,
0.0024070478975772858,
0.04964428022503853,
-0.021354593336582184,
0.0528833270072937,
0.04012685269117355,
-0.03769121319055557,
-0.03257501497864723,
0.02389802411198616,
-0.026012010872364044,
-0.0013980187941342592,
-0.01526795793324709,
-0.02466648444533348,
-0.017639387398958206,
-0.10650737583637238,
-0.009316491894423962,
0.0060371276922523975,
0.001005916390568018,
-0.030467338860034943,
-0.01477381493896246,
-0.01797361858189106,
-0.006117991637438536,
-0.0033799107186496258,
-0.05052950605750084,
0.012587981298565865,
-0.016987543553113937,
-0.0703909695148468,
-0.08248662203550339,
-0.025144100189208984,
-0.02017246186733246,
0.031607501208782196,
-0.05348562076687813,
-0.03657780960202217,
-0.028544478118419647,
-0.00862153246998787,
0.04558256268501282,
0.01784694939851761,
0.020643780007958412,
0.012948203831911087
] |
3,476
|
Towards hyperparameter-free optimization with differential privacy
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=2kGKsyhtvh
|
[
"Ruixuan Liu",
"Zhiqi Bu"
] |
Spotlight
|
Differential privacy (DP) is a privacy-preserving paradigm that protects the training data when training deep learning models. Critically, the performance of models is determined by the training hyperparameters, especially those of the learning rate schedule, thus requiring fine-grained hyperparameter tuning on the data. In practice, it is common to tune the learning rate hyperparameters through the grid search that (1) is computationally expensive as multiple runs are needed, and (2) increases the risk of data leakage as the selection of hyperparameters is data-dependent. In this work, we adapt the automatic learning rate schedule to DP optimization for any models and optimizers, so as to significantly mitigate or even eliminate the cost of hyperparameter tuning when applied together with automatic per-sample gradient clipping. Our hyperparameter-free DP optimization is almost as computationally efficient as the standard non-DP optimization, and achieves state-of-the-art DP performance on various language and vision tasks.
|
Differential privacy, optimization, hyper-parameter tuning
|
We introduce a hyperparameter-free differential privacy training method that automatically adjusts the learning rate, reducing the need for extra tuning efforts in a privatized, efficient, and scalable manner for language and vision tasks.
| 8,016
|
2503.00703
|
[
-0.01851651631295681,
0.020392995327711105,
0.004754992201924324,
0.0744471475481987,
0.029859736561775208,
0.053502798080444336,
0.03836475685238838,
-0.048521723598241806,
0.003856479888781905,
-0.020563863217830658,
-0.001854156143963337,
-0.011911681853234768,
-0.05679767578840256,
0.013269523158669472,
0.018494658172130585,
0.05626494437456131,
0.03148319572210312,
-0.0280067827552557,
0.0007170092430897057,
0.02819734625518322,
0.0010280493879690766,
-0.030722137540578842,
0.008944923058152199,
0.015748361125588417,
-0.005354135297238827,
0.017516739666461945,
0.0023488339502364397,
0.01319755520671606,
-0.019785717129707336,
-0.008726418018341064,
0.04396570846438408,
0.005321756470948458,
0.008481224067509174,
-0.024608179926872253,
0.033311627805233,
0.022293660789728165,
-0.04474218562245369,
0.01258267555385828,
0.014433939941227436,
0.05185681954026222,
-0.05788979306817055,
0.0010647644521668553,
-0.03705286979675293,
0.02183786779642105,
-0.07658205181360245,
0.002637911355122924,
-0.08714957535266876,
0.038091741502285004,
0.008399863727390766,
-0.01875692419707775,
-0.10500957816839218,
0.011638745665550232,
0.015815837308764458,
-0.000220242262003012,
-0.008719051256775856,
0.04563123732805252,
0.03368550166487694,
-0.09962133318185806,
-0.0007970288279466331,
-0.05846808850765228,
-0.024057483300566673,
-0.012109290808439255,
0.04296128824353218,
0.01630125194787979,
-0.007816298864781857,
-0.011852920055389404,
0.011061061173677444,
0.05271574854850769,
-0.036138031631708145,
-0.010188971646130085,
-0.006525830831378698,
-0.021559646353125572,
0.024804899469017982,
-0.03625084087252617,
-0.009494858793914318,
-0.021092360839247704,
0.024597685784101486,
0.0028461390174925327,
0.06946979463100433,
-0.005011372268199921,
0.009511522948741913,
0.018682220950722694,
0.003164546564221382,
0.03591243922710419,
-0.02283664420247078,
0.0027375747449696064,
-0.07467900216579437,
-0.005360772367566824,
-0.06310570985078812,
0.04094080626964569,
-0.015094813890755177,
-0.03273909538984299,
0.01444345060735941,
0.010159511119127274,
0.02088710479438305,
0.012026277370750904,
0.04149555414915085,
-0.004433086141943932,
-0.005927726626396179,
0.008137677796185017,
0.013791004195809364,
-0.04830055311322212,
0.01345477718859911,
-0.02028302475810051,
-0.11188163608312607,
-0.013413741253316402,
-0.021225040778517723,
-0.013755532912909985,
0.018975289538502693,
0.016196755692362785,
-0.026404377073049545,
0.021914532408118248,
0.026598792523145676,
-0.020192017778754234,
-0.09561636298894882,
0.036786600947380066,
0.009621484205126762,
0.017137201502919197,
0.012507553212344646,
-0.0014766639797016978,
0.0470963716506958,
0.04829705134034157,
0.015337803401052952,
0.05814490467309952,
0.009630567394196987,
0.011482871137559414,
0.0279629435390234,
0.014544723555445671,
-0.017239270731806755,
-0.03912276029586792,
-0.00487680546939373,
0.03273235633969307,
0.028170490637421608,
0.017287224531173706,
-0.02223185822367668,
-0.055899910628795624,
0.002304715570062399,
0.040398839861154556,
0.052241016179323196,
-0.007425589021295309,
0.00394781120121479,
-0.025265928357839584,
0.05451357737183571,
-0.03365433216094971,
0.07823660969734192,
-0.024830633774399757,
0.04326839745044708,
-0.012543918564915657,
-0.06155646964907646,
0.014391838572919369,
-0.006626894697546959,
0.029136953875422478,
0.008073998615145683,
-0.09963588416576385,
0.030670925974845886,
0.03535003960132599,
0.03859321400523186,
0.03572647646069527,
0.012056948617100716,
-0.009281815961003304,
0.0236696545034647,
-0.00284388056024909,
-0.06482503563165665,
0.01768062263727188,
-0.018456190824508667,
-0.04243467375636101,
0.06574655324220657,
0.0532161109149456,
-0.019867070019245148,
-0.0213935449719429,
-0.033327870070934296,
-0.0278359055519104,
0.04912217706441879,
0.020054001361131668,
0.02208365686237812,
0.01777302660048008,
0.04392923787236214,
-0.004433684982359409,
0.06297706812620163,
0.03129643201828003,
-0.09725591540336609,
0.01485395897179842,
0.033128771930933,
-0.00418486911803484,
0.003894564462825656,
-0.024521486833691597,
0.06566096097230911,
0.006537450011819601,
0.01906382292509079,
0.017819548025727272,
-0.07062576711177826,
-0.014165321364998817,
0.016838109120726585,
-0.005680677015334368,
0.06569171696901321,
-0.0034375011455267668,
0.028809063136577606,
0.01802249811589718,
0.01868036948144436,
0.05883098393678665,
0.05524734780192375,
-0.03619922325015068,
0.015301967039704323,
0.01630917191505432,
-0.05964309349656105,
0.0046980297192931175,
0.031709469854831696,
-0.03646259754896164,
-0.0019710324704647064,
-0.01344594918191433,
-0.03631281107664108,
-0.002915581688284874,
-0.03456951305270195,
0.017525939270853996,
0.028432730585336685,
0.0083481939509511,
-0.02090882882475853,
0.01464734598994255,
0.030247783288359642,
-0.026799149811267853,
0.061972491443157196,
0.02215241640806198,
-0.0036822010297328234,
0.019231872633099556,
-0.020375071093440056,
0.12021089345216751,
0.06498488038778305,
-0.02959045022726059,
0.010641209781169891,
0.02554946206510067,
0.0059506576508283615,
-0.02087150700390339,
0.014897751621901989,
-0.029796868562698364,
0.005687071941792965,
0.01915898360311985,
0.012317872606217861,
-0.019974755123257637,
0.07251232862472534,
-0.040990445762872696,
-0.0052543156780302525,
0.040811169892549515,
0.0078043146058917046,
0.06134478747844696,
-0.00742071308195591,
0.011959225870668888,
0.039057329297065735,
-0.001863381010480225,
-0.022168530151247978,
-0.01968614012002945,
-0.05363863706588745,
0.009601746685802937,
0.0028674264904111624,
-0.01078793779015541,
0.013590426184237003,
-0.0815226137638092,
0.01375527773052454,
0.017995966598391533,
0.0462796650826931,
0.04750276356935501,
-0.010201766155660152,
0.01638786308467388,
-0.004502264317125082,
-0.024924691766500473,
-0.011769718490540981,
-0.0991659164428711,
-0.028912073001265526,
0.00857587344944477,
0.04436367377638817,
0.022228242829442024,
0.0239680428057909,
-0.009723014198243618,
-0.00718141021206975,
-0.018343158066272736,
-0.015350506640970707,
-0.020536817610263824,
0.02190651372075081,
0.0014426696579903364,
-0.03588661178946495,
-0.019529156386852264,
0.008730398491024971,
0.05471513420343399,
-0.04365457221865654,
0.0024869635235518217,
-0.05595970153808594,
-0.040068842470645905,
-0.0003025394689757377,
-0.06581322103738785,
-0.010090628638863564,
0.012003854848444462,
0.03912767395377159,
0.024297384545207024,
-0.035966333001852036,
0.0366644561290741,
0.017629746347665787,
0.05046871304512024,
0.026102572679519653,
0.028608839958906174,
-0.00199272227473557,
0.03561738505959511,
-0.025494083762168884,
0.01488322950899601,
-0.02062925323843956,
-0.017624493688344955,
-0.034840043634176254,
-0.02138366736471653,
0.035515401512384415,
-0.0028745706658810377,
-0.24171988666057587,
0.007162821013480425,
0.004331718198955059,
0.008376668207347393,
0.033164095133543015,
-0.004620146006345749,
0.031896159052848816,
-0.023589467629790306,
-0.01515731867402792,
-0.011668822728097439,
0.019314175471663475,
0.011841332539916039,
0.0066487230360507965,
0.05016205087304115,
0.0362417995929718,
0.010041603818535805,
-0.027105743065476418,
-0.019564123824238777,
0.023963330313563347,
-0.014551629312336445,
-0.008220011368393898,
-0.06531275063753128,
0.014538051560521126,
0.02941555716097355,
-0.0018451409414410591,
0.03809202462434769,
-0.06587441265583038,
-0.03267224133014679,
-0.04399707540869713,
-0.029135659337043762,
-0.04433131217956543,
-0.02484400011599064,
-0.036570996046066284,
0.014645312912762165,
-0.0031850275117903948,
0.007664689794182777,
0.023049792274832726,
-0.0028387857601046562,
0.008153669536113739,
0.041127197444438934,
0.013200445100665092,
-0.01546245627105236,
-0.02820034697651863,
-0.014031642116606236,
0.05890234559774399,
0.04149796441197395,
-0.08287715166807175,
-0.027447933331131935,
0.0002256780571769923,
0.0021084228064864874,
0.023654021322727203,
-0.04678228870034218,
-0.025459498167037964,
0.017069851979613304,
-0.016069231554865837,
-0.023656636476516724,
-0.0013811156386509538,
0.012369091622531414,
0.012057033367455006,
0.0031482737977057695,
0.03316912800073624,
-0.03479612246155739,
-0.013024742715060711,
-0.03091897815465927,
0.01600516214966774,
-0.024624288082122803,
-0.04961705580353737,
-0.06107648089528084,
0.04107685387134552,
0.05785153806209564,
-0.01656033657491207,
0.0135405408218503,
-0.020160332322120667,
-0.08277419954538345,
0.014433503150939941,
-0.01569950580596924,
0.003772742347791791,
-0.04408332332968712,
0.031232165172696114,
0.0673162192106247,
-0.016793308779597282,
-0.03137611597776413,
0.034075941890478134,
0.013581802137196064,
0.020421093329787254,
-0.061523351818323135,
0.011149037629365921,
-0.05060955137014389,
-0.007008069194853306,
-0.06917833536863327,
0.0321260541677475,
-0.0025960460770875216,
0.06595639884471893,
-0.037917762994766235,
0.05691155046224594,
0.012024840340018272,
0.03476268798112869,
0.05516050383448601,
-0.0036948174238204956,
0.011089949868619442,
-0.01133816596120596,
-0.045690279453992844,
-0.02420974336564541,
-0.05729541927576065,
-0.00708176102489233,
0.008470377884805202,
-0.0511053092777729,
-0.028463929891586304,
0.025795679539442062,
-0.012853645719587803,
-0.044433992356061935,
-0.03443143889307976,
0.015778731554746628,
-0.011975359171628952,
0.009634504094719887,
-0.021919678896665573,
0.011620164848864079,
0.03727608546614647,
0.04822884500026703,
-0.03606977313756943,
-0.05268464609980583,
0.04285814240574837,
-0.032743506133556366,
0.014431886374950409,
0.004089364781975746,
-0.0014585978351533413,
0.010388843715190887,
-0.009114304557442665,
0.035037413239479065,
0.011087726801633835,
0.02769387885928154,
0.04973496496677399,
0.0040151095017790794,
-0.006633151788264513,
0.08086788654327393,
0.002921281848102808,
0.003110347781330347,
-0.001785136410035193,
0.02857327274978161,
0.0357290543615818,
0.03923196345567703,
0.013300537131726742,
0.03335006162524223,
0.02190728671848774,
0.015761736780405045,
0.03763221949338913,
0.030421465635299683,
-0.008303605951368809,
-0.010458361357450485,
-0.047881968319416046,
0.019480520859360695,
-0.0569056011736393,
0.0039541046135127544,
-0.06451358646154404,
0.028109146282076836,
-0.022935975342988968,
0.0671311467885971,
0.009052221663296223,
0.006038913503289223,
-0.05482202395796776,
0.029784388840198517,
0.005527080502361059,
-0.04082809016108513,
-0.0016390407690778375,
0.05012427642941475,
0.04669638350605965,
-0.053641948848962784,
-0.015470074489712715,
-0.01273609884083271,
-0.015839098021388054,
0.018165042623877525,
0.0087980255484581,
-0.03408031165599823,
-0.006584480870515108,
0.0006227713311091065,
-0.019158707931637764,
0.020964937284588814,
0.008486679755151272,
-0.038088373839855194,
0.007472987752407789,
0.031402233988046646,
-0.00008905494178179651,
-0.015925202518701553,
0.036797452718019485,
0.10033968091011047,
0.015050150454044342,
-0.012107070535421371,
-0.018325643613934517,
-0.019073953852057457,
0.0864444449543953,
-0.02136518806219101,
0.010536533780395985,
-0.05254345014691353,
-0.019304264336824417,
-0.0038086024578660727,
-0.042983513325452805,
-0.007290468085557222,
0.0431450717151165,
0.0014294864377006888,
-0.007639708463102579,
-0.015729786828160286,
0.010274166241288185,
-0.04162003472447395,
0.003762895241379738,
0.018369976431131363,
-0.06412945687770844,
0.023352650925517082,
0.054927460849285126,
-0.01649189367890358,
0.04567079246044159,
-0.02578350529074669,
-0.03758173808455467,
-0.05662482604384422,
-0.04360388591885567,
0.004897243808954954,
0.0038537729997187853,
-0.02908487059175968,
0.0032023487146943808,
-0.01648744009435177,
0.005668504163622856,
0.04913382977247238,
-0.0027876475360244513,
0.00414957944303751,
-0.017377695068717003,
-0.0032518331427127123,
0.04116770252585411,
-0.035075198858976364,
0.02809075638651848,
-0.003454530844464898,
0.009111661463975906,
-0.005200768355280161,
-0.04050522297620773,
-0.01125421468168497,
0.03484538570046425,
-0.028508003801107407,
-0.005964986979961395,
-0.06046378239989281,
0.03600624203681946,
-0.05809340626001358,
-0.005342727992683649,
0.0022652754560112953,
-0.005659167654812336,
-0.05175342038273811,
-0.021217558532953262,
-0.013170018792152405,
0.05089337006211281,
-0.015008247457444668,
0.02234908565878868,
0.02157801203429699,
-0.009712517261505127,
0.01399487629532814,
0.017221279442310333,
-0.0959906205534935,
-0.02357575297355652,
0.043466806411743164,
0.013594528660178185,
0.006511817220598459,
-0.06691478937864304,
-0.021709054708480835,
0.007815279066562653,
-0.046066418290138245,
0.026868442073464394,
-0.010783497244119644,
0.017658984288573265,
0.018105441704392433,
0.02716098725795746,
-0.0046824137680232525,
-0.00824646558612585,
0.040759533643722534,
-0.04138142988085747,
-0.006504408549517393,
-0.04688279330730438,
0.00012404908193275332,
0.04307989776134491,
-0.02807304821908474,
0.03630988672375679,
-0.001496340031735599,
-0.04783760383725166,
0.04301866888999939,
-0.048886820673942566,
-0.059785082936286926,
0.026896564289927483,
-0.02551180124282837,
-0.022150831297039986,
-0.013882787898182869,
-0.054671045392751694,
-0.03986851125955582,
-0.01937999576330185,
-0.047663815319538116,
-0.004536610562354326,
0.03410237282514572,
0.0039014932699501514,
-0.0013057474279776216,
-0.00022998478380031884,
-0.018623391166329384,
0.005646040663123131,
0.009928280487656593,
0.03676484525203705,
-0.0065615056082606316,
0.019733887165784836,
-0.028173433616757393,
0.049752127379179,
0.030126143246889114,
0.04158822447061539,
0.00849869940429926,
0.029244717210531235,
-0.02284080721437931,
-0.0653938502073288,
0.049669548869132996,
-0.020268095657229424,
-0.03680863231420517,
-0.07604914158582687,
0.039184991270303726,
0.018606599420309067,
-0.03683216869831085,
-0.05745912715792656,
0.0631645992398262,
-0.04059809446334839,
-0.008685095235705376,
-0.0172843299806118,
-0.018181240186095238,
0.012530301697552204,
0.07393845170736313,
0.03489977866411209,
0.01666773296892643,
0.06121142953634262,
0.03909928724169731,
0.013875041157007217,
0.007233916781842709,
0.07880676537752151,
0.07067155092954636,
0.019795944914221764,
-0.030945701524615288,
0.06673575192689896,
-0.02440182864665985,
-0.039586808532476425,
0.022005995735526085,
0.015421419404447079,
-0.054698869585990906,
-0.03844441473484039,
0.025265300646424294,
0.06131696701049805,
0.015695180743932724,
0.04861657693982124,
-0.033255577087402344,
-0.007099349517375231,
0.019359365105628967,
0.020495757460594177,
0.001540131401270628,
0.0576905719935894,
0.02206861972808838,
0.022953860461711884,
-0.030436674132943153,
-0.03742913156747818,
-0.021474506705999374,
0.009519953280687332,
0.0055703409016132355,
0.006446223706007004,
-0.03165028616786003,
0.004210685379803181,
0.018290681764483452,
0.0009418127592653036,
0.09631340205669403,
-0.03300153836607933,
-0.053410619497299194,
0.013209186494350433,
0.007807803340256214,
0.011954610235989094,
0.032171815633773804,
-0.005600542761385441,
-0.030306246131658554,
0.001791341695934534,
-0.05035664886236191,
0.020711364224553108,
0.0094987777993083,
-0.021327471360564232,
0.036644767969846725,
-0.026219313964247704,
-0.015941891819238663,
-0.0018066327320411801,
0.008581401780247688,
-0.05083604156970978,
-0.057112403213977814,
-0.03695061430335045,
-0.03152114152908325,
-0.042273614555597305,
-0.09708981961011887,
0.013095097616314888,
0.018982453271746635,
-0.04282280430197716,
0.025751622393727303,
-0.03920407593250275,
0.028343960642814636,
0.03631659224629402,
-0.05673724412918091,
0.00027951275114901364,
0.03451063111424446,
-0.008374698460102081,
0.03435447812080383,
0.01631646603345871,
0.023771148175001144,
-0.01887042261660099,
-0.03343592956662178,
0.031721144914627075,
-0.01866837404668331,
0.0035950797609984875,
-0.030296212062239647,
-0.017246095463633537,
-0.10719820857048035,
-0.009184971451759338,
0.02487689070403576,
-0.05086766555905342,
-0.0886634811758995,
0.04706021025776863,
-0.010255255736410618,
0.05539511516690254,
0.07121887803077698,
0.0069362749345600605,
0.014445764943957329,
-0.03431550785899162,
-0.04654886573553085,
0.014176254160702229,
-0.006064666900783777,
0.04934465140104294,
-0.019281096756458282,
0.0624074786901474,
0.05397975072264671,
-0.036988746374845505,
-0.02203555777668953,
0.027293074876070023,
-0.036809276789426804,
0.01081361249089241,
-0.03290482982993126,
-0.016295980662107468,
-0.008834620006382465,
-0.10162999480962753,
-0.03425830602645874,
0.05074562504887581,
-0.03270500525832176,
-0.04351787641644478,
-0.0017538941465318203,
0.035143885761499405,
0.0021090370137244463,
-0.01755860075354576,
-0.04356905817985535,
-0.010542410425841808,
-0.03541628271341324,
-0.009359760209918022,
-0.0838453620672226,
0.03958136588335037,
-0.033238284289836884,
0.0036733949091285467,
0.012443816289305687,
-0.0536227785050869,
-0.02482152357697487,
-0.004442136734724045,
0.05298224464058876,
-0.0061185769736766815,
0.0017410237342119217,
0.028983978554606438
] |
3,477
|
AgentTrek: Agent Trajectory Synthesis via Guiding Replay with Web Tutorials
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=EEgYUccwsV
|
[
"Yiheng Xu",
"Dunjie Lu",
"Zhennan Shen",
"Junli Wang",
"Zekun Wang",
"Yuchen Mao",
"Caiming Xiong",
"Tao Yu"
] |
Spotlight
|
Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents hold great potential for automating complex tasks across diverse digital environments, from web applications to desktop software. However, the development of such agents is hindered by the lack of high-quality, multi-step trajectory data required for effective training. Existing approaches rely on expensive and labor-intensive human annotation, making them unsustainable at scale. To address this challenge, we propose AgentTrek, a scalable data synthesis pipeline that generates high-quality web agent trajectories by leveraging web tutorials. Our method automatically gathers tutorial-like texts from the internet, transforms them into task goals with step-by-step instructions, and employs a visual-language model (VLM) agent to simulate their execution in a real digital environment. A VLM-based evaluator ensures the correctness of the generated trajectories. We demonstrate that training GUI agents with these synthesized trajectories significantly improves their grounding and planning performance over the current models. Moreover, our approach is more cost-efficient compared to traditional human annotation methods. This work underscores the potential of guided replay with web tutorials as a viable strategy for large-scale GUI agent training, paving the way for more capable and autonomous digital agents.
|
Data Synthesis, GUI Agent, Large Language Model
| null | 8,010
|
2412.09605
|
[
-0.008187343366444111,
-0.05516472086310387,
-0.017272744327783585,
0.048667244613170624,
0.03458167240023613,
-0.03233230113983154,
0.05836546793580055,
0.034637849777936935,
-0.01790013164281845,
-0.056041110306978226,
-0.052681755274534225,
0.019922688603401184,
-0.048365410417318344,
-0.03619741275906563,
0.01907045766711235,
0.044037435203790665,
0.013334696181118488,
-0.001610773615539074,
0.016425644978880882,
0.009374989196658134,
-0.03586333990097046,
-0.025820262730121613,
0.034728966653347015,
0.015673046931624413,
0.016562091186642647,
0.015445266850292683,
0.02201215922832489,
0.015787513926625252,
-0.030338052660226822,
0.005606560967862606,
-0.012254483066499233,
-0.03530235216021538,
0.023355012759566307,
-0.03137372061610222,
-0.016574712470173836,
-0.008494989946484566,
-0.03246500343084335,
-0.004619905259460211,
0.0011800330830737948,
-0.010212428867816925,
-0.05872386693954468,
0.03330632671713829,
-0.03603306785225868,
-0.010053534992039204,
-0.041099175810813904,
0.011283601634204388,
-0.05854325741529465,
-0.00460034841671586,
0.042792025953531265,
-0.014418267644941807,
-0.07027198374271393,
0.018907299265265465,
0.0211100485175848,
0.0028575328178703785,
0.010059705935418606,
0.018008626997470856,
0.05992712080478668,
-0.0977804884314537,
-0.021015755832195282,
-0.037613604217767715,
-0.009708546102046967,
0.008215631358325481,
0.03311324492096901,
0.01636466011404991,
-0.010090631432831287,
0.009706731885671616,
0.01753634586930275,
0.03788973391056061,
-0.007187600713223219,
-0.025713298469781876,
-0.04656710475683212,
-0.005243490915745497,
-0.02653500624001026,
-0.005644000601023436,
-0.0004988731234334409,
-0.04133933037519455,
0.055853091180324554,
0.02665291540324688,
0.038842055946588516,
0.020797893404960632,
-0.0020663118921220303,
0.021965518593788147,
0.0332791693508625,
0.013414240442216396,
0.022588565945625305,
0.00936163030564785,
-0.013654987327754498,
-0.014830845408141613,
-0.06699631363153458,
0.0273600984364748,
-0.010638916864991188,
-0.04909864440560341,
-0.007533615920692682,
0.01870659925043583,
0.01807824708521366,
0.03865847736597061,
0.01522302720695734,
0.02567475661635399,
0.0001376234577037394,
-0.00298222154378891,
-0.03133644163608551,
-0.00523305032402277,
-0.012392082251608372,
0.008541686460375786,
-0.098500095307827,
-0.01850164122879505,
-0.05091560259461403,
-0.017565829679369926,
0.018354110419750214,
0.008760499767959118,
-0.04074423015117645,
-0.026350541040301323,
0.02553614042699337,
-0.017920898273587227,
-0.06924466788768768,
0.06120140478014946,
0.01239790115505457,
0.026551568880677223,
0.011400558054447174,
0.03849250450730324,
0.05916643887758255,
0.04376764968037605,
-0.0014599717687815428,
0.06667355448007584,
-0.02789069525897503,
0.009380140341818333,
0.03188224136829376,
-0.013658002018928528,
-0.007252159528434277,
-0.007551021408289671,
0.011477567255496979,
0.04508565366268158,
-0.01247724611312151,
0.011646897532045841,
0.013580931350588799,
-0.0013695168308913708,
0.022000830620527267,
0.02231581136584282,
0.046349816024303436,
0.0025914469733834267,
0.008908317424356937,
0.013248706236481667,
0.09335878491401672,
-0.04292092099785805,
0.08765147626399994,
-0.0024459687992930412,
-0.016817905008792877,
-0.024523450061678886,
-0.061046987771987915,
0.03973729908466339,
0.0027545937336981297,
0.010875259526073933,
0.021937593817710876,
-0.0421309769153595,
0.0294159185141325,
0.05536734685301781,
0.04873083159327507,
0.009204218164086342,
0.018285313621163368,
0.0037895729765295982,
0.02061639539897442,
0.035451311618089676,
-0.04926130175590515,
-0.019435591995716095,
0.005654326174408197,
-0.03422253578901291,
-0.0075623635202646255,
0.015894467011094093,
-0.013378013856709003,
-0.018263379111886024,
-0.02199557237327099,
-0.011830396018922329,
0.04232165217399597,
-0.012385671027004719,
-0.021435705944895744,
-0.0076520927250385284,
0.042090531438589096,
-0.01213075127452612,
0.02563142031431198,
0.028258031234145164,
-0.07734955847263336,
0.04470004141330719,
0.0010874124709516764,
-0.021218590438365936,
0.007471401710063219,
-0.010146230459213257,
0.07621251791715622,
-0.013430899940431118,
-0.018552223220467567,
0.025029951706528664,
-0.07247123122215271,
-0.027334893122315407,
0.02134188637137413,
-0.017373377457261086,
0.06145022064447403,
-0.032656893134117126,
-0.018186403438448906,
0.03173995390534401,
0.04264505207538605,
0.06859742105007172,
0.029471727088093758,
0.010212678462266922,
0.05612318590283394,
-0.009749868884682655,
0.016937321051955223,
-0.007185603026300669,
0.02884403057396412,
-0.062537781894207,
-0.03941582143306732,
0.03269475698471069,
-0.0045282915234565735,
0.02346847951412201,
0.03500809520483017,
0.003051391104236245,
0.01290222816169262,
0.018228579312562943,
-0.026222310960292816,
0.004988235887140036,
-0.010374827310442924,
-0.032097477465867996,
0.02309412881731987,
0.0019710473716259003,
-0.04542901739478111,
0.013529916293919086,
-0.04497681185603142,
0.07672367244958878,
0.05662853643298149,
-0.055617522448301315,
0.022634079679846764,
-0.0031720062252134085,
-0.01481199823319912,
0.037649430334568024,
-0.012244672514498234,
-0.05259252339601517,
-0.00564451003447175,
-0.032564371824264526,
0.006019493564963341,
-0.014573119580745697,
0.018458368256688118,
-0.046996183693408966,
-0.020559413358569145,
0.03661569580435753,
0.0002609236107673496,
0.07789482921361923,
0.009827270172536373,
0.04111873731017113,
0.047523897141218185,
-0.006188683677464724,
-0.009771439246833324,
-0.0016884863143786788,
-0.012811608612537384,
-0.004376285709440708,
0.013462493196129799,
-0.010471953079104424,
-0.04821968078613281,
-0.02903163805603981,
-0.023572592064738274,
-0.04451568052172661,
0.04259701445698738,
0.052833784371614456,
0.04695470631122589,
0.018047276884317398,
0.0021769683808088303,
-0.011890404857695103,
0.010707889683544636,
-0.12755650281906128,
-0.034279655665159225,
-0.016210658475756645,
0.011048678308725357,
0.04164624959230423,
0.03939271345734596,
-0.0031261672265827656,
0.029276804998517036,
-0.02871781773865223,
-0.03381563350558281,
0.00797740463167429,
0.02074764110147953,
0.033228009939193726,
-0.03221483901143074,
-0.021685587242245674,
-0.0037260751705616713,
0.06279266625642776,
-0.016857417300343513,
0.012186058796942234,
-0.008632146753370762,
-0.05793818458914757,
-0.021597402170300484,
-0.019034234806895256,
-0.010526400990784168,
0.01215196494013071,
-0.004508117213845253,
-0.005967351607978344,
-0.03962741047143936,
0.023047083988785744,
0.03878727927803993,
0.0406222827732563,
0.031057488173246384,
-0.006005507428199053,
-0.020020784810185432,
-0.002816051710397005,
-0.02770831249654293,
0.020815594121813774,
0.006257927510887384,
0.0015285330591723323,
0.0259858388453722,
-0.012676901184022427,
-0.0003057885041926056,
0.010620309971272945,
-0.27382662892341614,
-0.036077141761779785,
0.017599187791347504,
-0.01752481423318386,
0.03215016424655914,
-0.008788475766777992,
0.0791180357336998,
-0.0415513776242733,
-0.03164448216557503,
-0.011179125867784023,
0.009839932434260845,
0.03542882204055786,
0.0069550215266644955,
0.05723967403173447,
0.04219605773687363,
0.048918262124061584,
0.0025682125706225634,
-0.021298080682754517,
0.022604648023843765,
0.04324482008814812,
-0.029288897290825844,
-0.058545734733343124,
-0.03434227034449577,
0.04500211030244827,
-0.004533541388809681,
0.033532772213220596,
-0.08534275740385056,
-0.02646392025053501,
-0.021511640399694443,
-0.0011021775426343083,
0.010468033142387867,
-0.025816533714532852,
-0.04841943085193634,
0.01717793568968773,
0.01509685069322586,
-0.03679381310939789,
0.05747141316533089,
0.02969937026500702,
0.07809829711914062,
-0.03211140260100365,
0.00043758677202276886,
-0.011037268675863743,
-0.04586004465818405,
-0.000838313193526119,
0.06829097867012024,
0.02475479617714882,
-0.06484390795230865,
0.010290665552020073,
-0.0003788314643315971,
0.0346951000392437,
-0.011544018983840942,
-0.003985137213021517,
0.015163857489824295,
0.013497771695256233,
0.01472595613449812,
-0.05890924483537674,
0.02193327806890011,
0.005205751862376928,
-0.011630094610154629,
0.03338632732629776,
0.04340244084596634,
0.003873159410431981,
-0.059799373149871826,
-0.005687106866389513,
0.00844655279070139,
-0.03277919068932533,
-0.037386711686849594,
-0.06541161984205246,
0.02550545334815979,
0.007839133031666279,
-0.031857285648584366,
-0.020401589572429657,
-0.00711938738822937,
-0.10059937834739685,
0.03174024447798729,
0.016212869435548782,
-0.004066132009029388,
-0.04485698416829109,
0.011260196566581726,
0.04871349781751633,
-0.05243392288684845,
-0.047160811722278595,
0.0010788815561681986,
-0.01746314950287342,
0.028235260397195816,
-0.005864214617758989,
0.017824869602918625,
-0.06913392245769501,
0.00437836442142725,
-0.028358135372400284,
0.059194110333919525,
-0.03863903880119324,
0.014994923025369644,
0.032523252069950104,
0.07607505470514297,
0.06328064948320389,
0.04637579247355461,
0.041781242936849594,
0.024583006277680397,
-0.009616619907319546,
0.044870708137750626,
-0.09274476766586304,
0.012883815914392471,
-0.01973041333258152,
0.016505008563399315,
0.005238610319793224,
-0.05115225538611412,
-0.023383647203445435,
0.0459560751914978,
0.04159606620669365,
-0.0033308900892734528,
-0.019595399498939514,
0.028442032635211945,
-0.008149138651788235,
-0.030002359300851822,
0.005915016867220402,
0.012436913326382637,
0.041193537414073944,
0.04012336954474449,
-0.016646115109324455,
-0.06245088204741478,
0.013956534676253796,
-0.015187131240963936,
0.036004554480314255,
0.01194683462381363,
-0.005928285885602236,
0.022484706714749336,
0.018817173317074776,
0.06720880419015884,
-0.004814494401216507,
0.009409753605723381,
0.02534210868179798,
0.0032271603122353554,
0.04602472484111786,
0.03065730445086956,
0.0007157661602832377,
-0.041418857872486115,
-0.009218815714120865,
0.03372947499155998,
0.00019513173901941627,
-0.0008904856513254344,
-0.03222864493727684,
0.015540797263383865,
0.03317631781101227,
0.008636306039988995,
-0.008867128752171993,
0.017667368054389954,
0.0076356008648872375,
0.03794031962752342,
-0.03963476046919823,
0.07858677953481674,
-0.023567665368318558,
0.030558576807379723,
-0.015782931819558144,
0.0008625978953205049,
-0.06776999682188034,
0.013085066340863705,
-0.02044328860938549,
0.010917994193732738,
-0.04965933412313461,
0.028215214610099792,
-0.032883670181035995,
-0.007927949540317059,
-0.002151879947632551,
-0.015615629032254219,
0.04778469726443291,
-0.01791226863861084,
-0.01294066570699215,
-0.005162069573998451,
-0.009707505814731121,
0.028047878295183182,
-0.05753650888800621,
-0.029053593054413795,
-0.01819944940507412,
-0.03511450067162514,
0.019825907424092293,
0.0010010615224018693,
-0.013250934891402721,
-0.059712983667850494,
0.02670624479651451,
-0.024527402594685555,
0.012220961973071098,
-0.00566127197816968,
-0.025797247886657715,
0.0769711285829544,
-0.02236192487180233,
0.045899003744125366,
0.0246380977332592,
-0.022972755134105682,
-0.0040527223609387875,
0.0253890510648489,
0.053596097975969315,
-0.041928838938474655,
-0.04473831132054329,
-0.034910816699266434,
-0.03748316690325737,
0.02782486565411091,
0.0007027033716440201,
-0.011324096471071243,
0.007053579203784466,
-0.0020475732162594795,
-0.012802278622984886,
-0.03632984310388565,
-0.01626790501177311,
0.03214360028505325,
-0.07695762068033218,
-0.02163488231599331,
-0.01238209567964077,
0.04091324284672737,
0.013315667398273945,
-0.05251472815871239,
-0.03882117196917534,
-0.04490639269351959,
-0.029230887070298195,
-0.039957959204912186,
-0.022520776838064194,
-0.003504811553284526,
-0.03945506364107132,
-0.004076560027897358,
0.005677526351064444,
0.012888395227491856,
-0.004834938328713179,
-0.03673727810382843,
-0.022736629471182823,
-0.024561217054724693,
0.02548578940331936,
-0.01634800247848034,
-0.04481073468923569,
-0.015856236219406128,
-0.030773082748055458,
0.05278918519616127,
-0.04608513042330742,
0.02193695865571499,
0.018040791153907776,
0.011285176500678062,
-0.026900555938482285,
-0.049375079572200775,
0.029687967151403427,
0.004236502107232809,
-0.019533084705471992,
-0.014378286898136139,
-0.025336086750030518,
-0.033956706523895264,
-0.00227672909386456,
0.035185426473617554,
0.008939032442867756,
-0.00030285364482551813,
-0.034652285277843475,
0.010679692961275578,
0.02530474215745926,
0.028385739773511887,
0.01767110824584961,
-0.02604728378355503,
-0.020048432052135468,
0.042494677007198334,
-0.055181559175252914,
-0.03486066684126854,
-0.038810353726148605,
-0.02768104337155819,
0.006060682237148285,
-0.002100755460560322,
0.0373452827334404,
-0.07211926579475403,
0.012448965571820736,
0.023673079907894135,
0.011777962557971478,
0.013707022182643414,
-0.033148061484098434,
0.03207921236753464,
-0.08861447125673294,
0.030851123854517937,
-0.08087339252233505,
-0.0008104129228740931,
0.0850536972284317,
-0.020436380058526993,
-0.03449293226003647,
0.047451894730329514,
-0.022798866033554077,
0.028248727321624756,
-0.04910054802894592,
-0.07193554937839508,
0.03676910325884819,
-0.02651093155145645,
-0.039553530514240265,
0.036350492388010025,
-0.034660931676626205,
-0.008965044282376766,
-0.0025976980105042458,
-0.05106966942548752,
0.003998340107500553,
-0.012687901966273785,
0.06387004256248474,
-0.030390925705432892,
0.03822717070579529,
-0.03943198174238205,
0.0012626569950953126,
0.005336664617061615,
0.019297659397125244,
-0.00005363835589378141,
0.053643859922885895,
-0.01686844602227211,
0.07869794964790344,
0.027742354199290276,
0.029183372855186462,
0.029278282076120377,
-0.01168533693999052,
-0.02181793935596943,
-0.029384993016719818,
0.07801772654056549,
0.033112768083810806,
-0.0413278266787529,
-0.05071847885847092,
0.0724075511097908,
0.013896739110350609,
-0.0314825177192688,
-0.023069487884640694,
0.032999832183122635,
-0.060209937393665314,
0.016248738393187523,
-0.0011131609790027142,
0.019732151180505753,
0.03323304280638695,
0.06007366627454758,
0.0029544001445174217,
0.03486290201544762,
0.06086130812764168,
0.027060015127062798,
-0.007420514244586229,
-0.05392161384224892,
0.03915134072303772,
0.08672890812158585,
0.049418721348047256,
0.002296220976859331,
0.048973001539707184,
-0.06292031705379486,
-0.04441152513027191,
0.012720474973320961,
0.04819708690047264,
0.008871367201209068,
-0.046331990510225296,
-0.0019352183444425464,
0.058454565703868866,
0.006433732807636261,
0.05151011422276497,
-0.07766477018594742,
-0.032392848283052444,
0.05118071660399437,
0.01720399037003517,
-0.008389354683458805,
0.017101408913731575,
0.03345343843102455,
0.04167334362864494,
0.0016320119611918926,
-0.040177054703235626,
0.018069814890623093,
-0.057678502053022385,
0.02297084778547287,
0.025732383131980896,
-0.022699283435940742,
0.017354711890220642,
-0.023835768923163414,
0.020429683849215508,
0.10824593156576157,
-0.04515940696001053,
0.009556751698255539,
0.007094957400113344,
0.0035819807089865208,
-0.01738993637263775,
0.019001713022589684,
0.009013872593641281,
0.021353086456656456,
0.00026523202541284263,
-0.05973558872938156,
0.021868199110031128,
0.026649298146367073,
0.006726792082190514,
0.03205273672938347,
-0.0419200100004673,
0.001203924068249762,
-0.017512135207653046,
-0.02037198655307293,
-0.046816617250442505,
-0.035541534423828125,
-0.024592962116003036,
-0.007027581799775362,
-0.04239310696721077,
-0.008506936021149158,
0.04280422255396843,
0.00016068945114966482,
-0.06583068519830704,
-0.016267506405711174,
-0.035520825535058975,
0.0032887260895222425,
-0.0066539449617266655,
-0.07116907835006714,
0.02974340133368969,
0.05857791751623154,
0.010682608000934124,
0.0060341851785779,
0.03532000631093979,
0.0194033645093441,
0.026067348197102547,
-0.03125495836138725,
-0.020668555051088333,
0.01691838912665844,
0.032094962894916534,
-0.021167656406760216,
-0.027862198650836945,
-0.08513040095567703,
-0.00048819169751368463,
0.02754947915673256,
-0.011845801956951618,
-0.08593203872442245,
-0.009353759698569775,
-0.046939097344875336,
0.053915318101644516,
0.04740460216999054,
-0.011582525447010994,
0.03141896799206734,
-0.03282003849744797,
0.016021814197301865,
0.04325828328728676,
-0.00018527713837102056,
0.04272335767745972,
-0.053392261266708374,
0.055627018213272095,
0.0029948479495942593,
-0.00757701275870204,
-0.04154478386044502,
0.038114842027425766,
0.01170336827635765,
-0.04536833241581917,
0.009312891401350498,
-0.049079298973083496,
-0.028734859079122543,
-0.09184074401855469,
-0.014431278221309185,
0.056751757860183716,
0.039769794791936874,
-0.022320520132780075,
0.008228180930018425,
0.016842998564243317,
-0.03225623071193695,
-0.004701761994510889,
-0.0369606651365757,
0.010632173158228397,
-0.022117910906672478,
-0.03727782145142555,
-0.04526987299323082,
0.014375179074704647,
-0.013829890638589859,
0.0017109820619225502,
-0.050006575882434845,
-0.016579436138272285,
-0.005806306842714548,
-0.01111569907516241,
0.03982781991362572,
0.011356626637279987,
0.029052359983325005,
-0.013616534881293774
] |
3,478
|
Bilinear MLPs enable weight-based mechanistic interpretability
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=gI0kPklUKS
|
[
"Michael T Pearce",
"Thomas Dooms",
"Alice Rigg",
"Jose Oramas",
"Lee Sharkey"
] |
Spotlight
|
A mechanistic understanding of how MLPs do computation in deep neural net-
works remains elusive. Current interpretability work can extract features from
hidden activations over an input dataset but generally cannot explain how MLP
weights construct features. One challenge is that element-wise nonlinearities
introduce higher-order interactions and make it difficult to trace computations
through the MLP layer. In this paper, we analyze bilinear MLPs, a type of
Gated Linear Unit (GLU) without any element-wise nonlinearity that neverthe-
less achieves competitive performance. Bilinear MLPs can be fully expressed in
terms of linear operations using a third-order tensor, allowing flexible analysis of
the weights. Analyzing the spectra of bilinear MLP weights using eigendecom-
position reveals interpretable low-rank structure across toy tasks, image classifi-
cation, and language modeling. We use this understanding to craft adversarial
examples, uncover overfitting, and identify small language model circuits directly
from the weights alone. Our results demonstrate that bilinear layers serve as an
interpretable drop-in replacement for current activation functions and that weight-
based interpretability is viable for understanding deep-learning models.
|
interpretability, mechanistic interpretability, bilinear, feature extraction, weight-based, eigenvector, eigendecomposition, tensor network
|
The close-to-linear structure of bilinear MLPs enables weight-based analysis that reveals interpretable low rank structure across multiple modalities.
| 7,965
|
2410.08417
|
[
-0.04190446063876152,
-0.016832217574119568,
0.0016330208163708448,
0.01702425442636013,
0.018445514142513275,
0.013937472365796566,
-0.0004987030988559127,
-0.017903463914990425,
-0.019126972183585167,
-0.026806993409991264,
-0.006135732866823673,
-0.016903534531593323,
-0.05357590690255165,
0.01979687809944153,
-0.012123502790927887,
0.05953731760382652,
0.04625669866800308,
0.009043553844094276,
0.010967737063765526,
0.013068021275103092,
0.01104271225631237,
-0.023517267778515816,
-0.0018158397870138288,
0.020112283527851105,
0.04568273574113846,
-0.038294486701488495,
0.029270902276039124,
-0.007684687618166208,
-0.01649726741015911,
0.025751616805791855,
0.05451463535428047,
0.016734590753912926,
-0.00324042234569788,
-0.01480111200362444,
0.006845979019999504,
0.03634515404701233,
-0.03577202931046486,
0.0007457237225025892,
0.01388441864401102,
0.011221326887607574,
-0.047274671494960785,
0.012337214313447475,
-0.023062732070684433,
0.02171570062637329,
-0.08348129689693451,
0.024677135050296783,
-0.1361682415008545,
0.017018256708979607,
-0.005992609076201916,
-0.036820173263549805,
-0.11305767297744751,
0.029438171535730362,
-0.017141291871666908,
-0.016428209841251373,
0.020830722525715828,
0.04930339381098747,
-0.006456961389631033,
-0.06833769381046295,
-0.018398083746433258,
-0.06530331820249557,
-0.024120714515447617,
0.028654741123318672,
0.012724358588457108,
-0.004788668360561132,
0.012244281359016895,
-0.0038250810466706753,
0.01654631271958351,
0.012351801618933678,
-0.060786716639995575,
-0.030492018908262253,
-0.02989455871284008,
0.016012299805879593,
-0.025926589965820312,
-0.019206495955586433,
0.022169748321175575,
-0.05237634479999542,
0.006233502179384232,
0.01808428391814232,
0.06379825621843338,
0.03112213686108589,
0.017131730914115906,
0.0363529734313488,
0.03843227028846741,
0.04244614019989967,
-0.005352386273443699,
0.009967987425625324,
-0.0386492945253849,
-0.03290844336152077,
-0.06419815123081207,
0.03742995113134384,
-0.04081489518284798,
-0.05692767724394798,
0.010115806013345718,
0.043695781379938126,
0.017030635848641396,
-0.0016178898513317108,
0.024718279018998146,
-0.006307209376245737,
-0.008981755003333092,
-0.020029205828905106,
-0.0033795651979744434,
-0.03123144619166851,
0.019140392541885376,
-0.007496505044400692,
-0.10646156221628189,
-0.01704731397330761,
-0.009601359255611897,
-0.015188287012279034,
-0.008998792618513107,
-0.01186111569404602,
-0.030723419040441513,
-0.031613945960998535,
-0.0010293780360370874,
-0.005748557858169079,
-0.07439498603343964,
0.0007776664569973946,
0.007214286830276251,
0.00890787411481142,
-0.02443379908800125,
0.012983085587620735,
0.06388197094202042,
0.0677221491932869,
-0.02769654057919979,
0.06409614533185959,
0.0029190354980528355,
0.011466472409665585,
0.02003556862473488,
0.055889833718538284,
-0.017716268077492714,
-0.04272453486919403,
0.010540686547756195,
0.020423047244548798,
0.017236556857824326,
0.008930515497922897,
0.031159762293100357,
-0.031770747154951096,
-0.009402849711477757,
0.01807771995663643,
0.03281107917428017,
0.004757046699523926,
-0.016755038872361183,
-0.02549169212579727,
0.05735740438103676,
-0.03460273891687393,
0.06187930330634117,
-0.03215199336409569,
-0.006610170938074589,
-0.03166563808917999,
-0.01202086266130209,
-0.01089684758335352,
0.007112232968211174,
0.011661565862596035,
-0.01458598580211401,
-0.07110533863306046,
0.019275430589914322,
0.030938342213630676,
0.011996187269687653,
-0.003312051994726062,
0.009004936553537846,
0.0073341671377420425,
0.003442146349698305,
-0.04381275549530983,
-0.014743832871317863,
0.02578834258019924,
-0.0026312158443033695,
-0.06955243647098541,
0.047819651663303375,
0.04442521557211876,
-0.024879781529307365,
0.030564384534955025,
-0.04000008851289749,
-0.060850076377391815,
0.03690488636493683,
0.02685307152569294,
-0.02069016359746456,
-0.020613420754671097,
0.06431937217712402,
-0.0021390069741755724,
0.03307463973760605,
0.01621308922767639,
-0.08247600495815277,
0.03200077638030052,
0.01892707124352455,
0.0227081049233675,
0.01354681234806776,
-0.013925056904554367,
0.08563772588968277,
-0.062030911445617676,
0.028400670737028122,
-0.011232388205826283,
-0.0663895457983017,
0.018369857221841812,
-0.014412730000913143,
-0.009306996129453182,
0.08167965710163116,
0.010089115239679813,
-0.025910768657922745,
0.02657259814441204,
0.04124879837036133,
0.0569792166352272,
0.05762924626469612,
-0.020778777077794075,
0.06511552631855011,
-0.01603635773062706,
-0.04224954545497894,
-0.011755076237022877,
0.0707407295703888,
-0.047200966626405716,
-0.02456597238779068,
-0.009162702597677708,
-0.0017923020059242845,
-0.009729585610330105,
0.003552030073478818,
-0.017190955579280853,
0.005536701064556837,
-0.0027767119463533163,
-0.0075218696147203445,
-0.0028384122997522354,
0.03157487511634827,
-0.038997456431388855,
0.042407747358083725,
-0.001033174921758473,
-0.0031702884007245302,
-0.006151943933218718,
-0.0172679852694273,
0.11462190002202988,
0.05903030186891556,
-0.026711590588092804,
-0.009107463993132114,
0.02899351716041565,
0.019313711673021317,
0.0006182737997733057,
-0.003957519773393869,
-0.00942212250083685,
-0.0020924932323396206,
-0.020408686250448227,
-0.031749989837408066,
-0.032644644379615784,
0.08058924227952957,
-0.04059009999036789,
-0.01179973129183054,
0.07980553060770035,
-0.034737586975097656,
0.047663912177085876,
-0.04017874598503113,
0.023162711411714554,
0.03522302582859993,
-0.017124369740486145,
-0.01587277464568615,
-0.04139115288853645,
-0.030367199331521988,
0.011932410299777985,
-0.00999413337558508,
-0.0024102930910885334,
0.03312517702579498,
-0.04942365735769272,
-0.05241167172789574,
-0.033638451248407364,
0.10243026912212372,
0.042566630989313126,
0.02975841611623764,
0.027173936367034912,
-0.011539905332028866,
-0.03744800388813019,
0.009245265275239944,
-0.11723499745130539,
-0.022687038406729698,
0.005595596507191658,
0.05181654915213585,
-0.0033587270881980658,
0.06685031205415726,
0.016406279057264328,
0.014158791862428188,
-0.033776573836803436,
-0.01368075329810381,
0.013904880732297897,
0.041009340435266495,
0.019356682896614075,
-0.06241825595498085,
-0.03124920465052128,
0.017826659604907036,
0.05894714966416359,
-0.005007540341466665,
-0.016746237874031067,
-0.02922617271542549,
-0.054081495851278305,
-0.018795831128954887,
-0.023045558482408524,
0.017644410952925682,
-0.014164147898554802,
0.008705079555511475,
0.014684551395475864,
-0.010329308919608593,
0.015554937534034252,
0.010827504098415375,
0.08305719494819641,
0.06319748610258102,
0.03428471088409424,
-0.0008084208238869905,
0.028222311288118362,
-0.02080087922513485,
0.02267628349363804,
0.0035772654227912426,
0.02269168198108673,
-0.02676677703857422,
0.0020761992782354355,
0.02793239802122116,
0.0004441354831214994,
-0.27231907844543457,
-0.025040779262781143,
0.0030871378257870674,
-0.025166798382997513,
0.025202589109539986,
-0.013043580576777458,
0.007132207974791527,
-0.016283782199025154,
-0.006314766127616167,
-0.020249128341674805,
0.009403586387634277,
0.01875862292945385,
-0.012577144429087639,
0.009856509976089,
0.04197316616773605,
-0.007240233942866325,
0.008856580592691898,
-0.0041551245376467705,
0.00831346120685339,
0.0738019272685051,
-0.019195057451725006,
-0.07246935367584229,
-0.0143746854737401,
0.05368385836482048,
-0.008281528949737549,
0.054756514728069305,
-0.07398220151662827,
0.0012874501990154386,
-0.043933767825365067,
-0.020400796085596085,
-0.039290960878133774,
-0.026726234704256058,
-0.0375308133661747,
0.06812182068824768,
0.015575271099805832,
-0.012283490970730782,
0.02483222261071205,
-0.011399293318390846,
0.026930605992674828,
0.020501108840107918,
-0.0022555578034371138,
-0.03296956792473793,
-0.008051189593970776,
0.0002213480620412156,
0.07269781082868576,
0.005006701685488224,
-0.024730004370212555,
-0.005139915272593498,
-0.008006451651453972,
0.0328761450946331,
-0.01785407029092312,
-0.01889798976480961,
0.0021253428421914577,
0.0003139644686598331,
-0.00767159229144454,
-0.006417987402528524,
-0.026383480057120323,
-0.01619846187531948,
-0.008361662738025188,
0.04325675964355469,
0.009925493970513344,
-0.03938600793480873,
-0.014861376956105232,
-0.05016458407044411,
-0.017402656376361847,
-0.007827321998775005,
-0.0463244765996933,
-0.06574995070695877,
0.051544465124607086,
0.03158676624298096,
0.0021808187011629343,
0.012808811850845814,
-0.017584361135959625,
-0.08286073058843613,
0.05838676169514656,
0.014164458028972149,
-0.009614769369363785,
-0.030955536291003227,
0.007123498246073723,
0.03188369795680046,
-0.03836905211210251,
-0.07029490917921066,
-0.001320933224633336,
0.0048372684977948666,
0.010860557667911053,
-0.021533768624067307,
0.005658954847604036,
-0.02721814066171646,
-0.0377240851521492,
-0.045087266713380814,
0.03405184671282768,
0.011161631904542446,
0.0543576143682003,
-0.033351656049489975,
0.04672696441411972,
0.042665041983127594,
0.03424723818898201,
0.047451864928007126,
0.028629718348383904,
0.04490342736244202,
0.0028624434489756823,
-0.05188347399234772,
-0.03597164899110794,
-0.032740939408540726,
-0.051290564239025116,
0.05352204293012619,
-0.0658402368426323,
-0.00392717681825161,
0.06011379137635231,
-0.00582597590982914,
-0.039798248559236526,
-0.05593818426132202,
0.007950445637106895,
-0.01593930833041668,
-0.0006440415163524449,
-0.0012875343672931194,
-0.0017948063323274255,
0.011794584803283215,
0.01711122877895832,
-0.020112331956624985,
0.006490926258265972,
0.03068489581346512,
-0.02577410265803337,
0.01302249077707529,
-0.010753539390861988,
-0.007015718147158623,
-0.015423029661178589,
0.00843716412782669,
-0.014326714910566807,
-0.028190623968839645,
0.04208528250455856,
0.03837006539106369,
-0.00023155505186878145,
0.0228175837546587,
0.05105357617139816,
0.02297067642211914,
0.014779745601117611,
-0.008950239047408104,
0.015004822984337807,
-0.03574485331773758,
0.03459258750081062,
-0.016180630773305893,
0.0362456776201725,
-0.005672025959938765,
0.010659455321729183,
0.041390612721443176,
-0.015981832519173622,
-0.014234527945518494,
-0.052385568618774414,
-0.014182168059051037,
0.02820601314306259,
-0.05272522568702698,
-0.049616437405347824,
-0.019012708216905594,
0.0060803149826824665,
0.010828805156052113,
0.029965901747345924,
0.018697261810302734,
-0.01275723148137331,
-0.06547047942876816,
0.06862492114305496,
0.028941376134753227,
-0.03557264432311058,
-0.012748145498335361,
0.0016635918291285634,
0.05300850421190262,
-0.025305921211838722,
0.021249478682875633,
0.02494765631854534,
0.017256736755371094,
-0.016036486253142357,
-0.008139310404658318,
-0.013321521691977978,
-0.002868067938834429,
-0.01693001575767994,
0.0016724069137126207,
0.01314448844641447,
-0.009514988400042057,
0.0025685264263302088,
0.017659293487668037,
0.019325770437717438,
-0.02413727529346943,
0.021537378430366516,
0.018819769844412804,
0.08152267336845398,
0.018120013177394867,
0.015989910811185837,
0.005319279618561268,
-0.03441512584686279,
0.05293619632720947,
-0.032284632325172424,
0.005768092814832926,
-0.04504559561610222,
-0.03624454140663147,
-0.05165041983127594,
-0.02941148728132248,
0.018709510564804077,
0.016679853200912476,
-0.013813227415084839,
-0.035022251307964325,
0.007818242534995079,
0.016604064032435417,
-0.055057309567928314,
-0.005404309369623661,
0.03953704610466957,
-0.06043804809451103,
-0.0024810004979372025,
0.05713536962866783,
-0.016034109517931938,
0.03609626740217209,
-0.007112045306712389,
-0.021377943456172943,
-0.03338661044836044,
-0.04026791453361511,
0.024203406646847725,
-0.000048546182370046154,
-0.005350334569811821,
0.006728208623826504,
0.027618316933512688,
-0.008941001258790493,
0.015958204865455627,
-0.019021248444914818,
0.011513330973684788,
-0.030539514496922493,
0.00019842931942548603,
0.04945416748523712,
0.0013536318438127637,
0.012564345262944698,
0.0044487956911325455,
-0.038738884031772614,
0.026091694831848145,
-0.051527779549360275,
0.03807985037565231,
0.06786913424730301,
-0.010540113784372807,
-0.002115364884957671,
-0.0341276153922081,
0.024606117978692055,
-0.016801757737994194,
0.011253474280238152,
0.0018261867808178067,
-0.007509385235607624,
-0.04530965909361839,
0.019552556797862053,
-0.003054335480555892,
0.05323217809200287,
0.021597551181912422,
0.0071336557157337666,
0.01567407138645649,
-0.0032641056459397078,
0.021058643236756325,
0.022102059796452522,
-0.05043181777000427,
-0.027320316061377525,
0.052367668598890305,
-0.022395901381969452,
-0.015958096832036972,
-0.06132848933339119,
-0.025189783424139023,
-0.00827052816748619,
-0.000008202278877433855,
0.021663324907422066,
-0.06159520521759987,
0.0542694628238678,
0.018354382365942,
0.041227106004953384,
-0.018204163759946823,
-0.0064517720602452755,
0.04144788905978203,
-0.034090783447027206,
-0.004567601718008518,
-0.06168283149600029,
-0.027380485087633133,
0.05313833802938461,
-0.03729062154889107,
0.024379391223192215,
-0.00913030095398426,
-0.034430526196956635,
0.03278566524386406,
-0.02319004200398922,
-0.050361957401037216,
0.03031131811439991,
-0.01929134875535965,
-0.006938599981367588,
0.02782403491437435,
-0.06974277645349503,
-0.00960816815495491,
-0.023097995668649673,
-0.042073994874954224,
0.011172977276146412,
0.00974451657384634,
0.05835441127419472,
-0.024933211505413055,
-0.02455798350274563,
-0.008096388541162014,
0.028978852555155754,
-0.0008830669103190303,
0.05901993811130524,
0.014776063151657581,
-0.0011631353991106153,
-0.03496171534061432,
0.06925570219755173,
0.014019512571394444,
0.03280108794569969,
-0.01604798622429371,
0.028478842228651047,
-0.0018842500867322087,
-0.06536015123128891,
0.066948302090168,
-0.024485740810632706,
-0.015537873841822147,
-0.05819012224674225,
0.049217063933610916,
0.013411513529717922,
-0.027493583038449287,
-0.01188014354556799,
0.04503803700208664,
-0.024258814752101898,
0.004182897973805666,
0.037809357047080994,
0.0015887118643149734,
0.0025826904457062483,
0.055030953139066696,
0.028704829514026642,
0.03166962414979935,
0.05378396436572075,
0.027393199503421783,
-0.032749418169260025,
0.006145016755908728,
0.08373093605041504,
0.08466913551092148,
0.03966210037469864,
0.011112077161669731,
0.06517999619245529,
-0.014087528921663761,
-0.06275400519371033,
0.008687380701303482,
0.028205838054418564,
0.002278663218021393,
-0.03133222460746765,
-0.006419704761356115,
0.061322521418333054,
0.011980518698692322,
0.07443162053823471,
-0.036059245467185974,
0.0338006429374218,
0.05939657613635063,
0.025681333616375923,
-0.002582627348601818,
0.04318476468324661,
0.024194858968257904,
-0.007454090751707554,
0.0011781055945903063,
-0.03502660244703293,
-0.012823059223592281,
-0.028560005128383636,
0.018124457448720932,
0.007954034022986889,
-0.025746315717697144,
0.023665672168135643,
-0.04151122644543648,
0.05947602167725563,
0.11667092889547348,
-0.0270397886633873,
-0.02707020193338394,
-0.004184745252132416,
0.021090975031256676,
-0.005062952172011137,
0.0057299137115478516,
-0.00645741680637002,
-0.011592661961913109,
0.00009099640737986192,
-0.03310016542673111,
0.03204178065061569,
0.02114007994532585,
0.03754782676696777,
0.0037602183874696493,
-0.026118282228708267,
-0.03573242947459221,
0.030546467751264572,
0.058267828077077866,
-0.026279989629983902,
-0.03687122464179993,
-0.026742758229374886,
-0.0462077297270298,
-0.07333939522504807,
-0.05952632427215576,
0.04629484564065933,
-0.0009328436572104692,
-0.035248056054115295,
-0.0016919270856305957,
-0.023260025307536125,
0.0019522394286468625,
0.049390509724617004,
-0.0514390803873539,
0.02437838539481163,
0.03476465865969658,
0.013209476135671139,
-0.024652542546391487,
0.01787431351840496,
0.02297717146575451,
-0.0065910471603274345,
-0.030008330941200256,
0.05141666159033775,
-0.0265246219933033,
-0.007867599837481976,
-0.010336012579500675,
-0.01872888207435608,
-0.11203047633171082,
-0.005002536810934544,
0.01886129193007946,
-0.04765564575791359,
-0.10059621930122375,
0.04433021694421768,
-0.03088468685746193,
0.026640303432941437,
0.060913968831300735,
-0.016678309068083763,
-0.009410806000232697,
-0.046544741839170456,
-0.011227570474147797,
0.00618597911670804,
-0.03383413329720497,
0.05116850137710571,
-0.014527303166687489,
0.0612618625164032,
0.041096560657024384,
-0.015977755188941956,
-0.029701652005314827,
0.01181790605187416,
-0.01671735756099224,
-0.007635097950696945,
-0.033668164163827896,
-0.021103139966726303,
-0.021267300471663475,
-0.07940645515918732,
-0.002805304480716586,
0.010870620608329773,
-0.003584375372156501,
-0.033965982496738434,
-0.0014647213974967599,
-0.030809327960014343,
-0.013593609444797039,
-0.02949892170727253,
-0.02844766154885292,
-0.029751352965831757,
-0.0021034458186477423,
-0.03805191442370415,
-0.04940755292773247,
0.0321819931268692,
0.009653677232563496,
0.03518259525299072,
-0.0324777327477932,
-0.04237034544348717,
-0.029035095125436783,
0.009788119234144688,
0.041393522173166275,
-0.004731139168143272,
0.0056023141369223595,
-0.02498861588537693
] |
3,479
|
Towards a Unified and Verified Understanding of Group-Operation Networks
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=8xxEBAtD7y
|
[
"Wilson Wu",
"Louis Jaburi",
"jacob drori",
"Jason Gross"
] |
Spotlight
|
A recent line of work in mechanistic interpretability has focused on reverse-engineering the computation performed by neural networks trained on the binary operation of finite groups. We investigate the internals of one-hidden-layer neural networks trained on this task, revealing previously unidentified structure and producing a more complete description of such models in a step towards unifying the explanations of previous works (Chughtai et al., 2023; Stander et al., 2024). Notably, these models approximate equivariance in each input argument. We verify that our explanation applies to a large fraction of networks trained on this task by translating it into a compact proof of model performance, a quantitative evaluation of the extent to which we faithfully and concisely explain model internals. In the main text, we focus on the symmetric group S5. For models trained on this group, our explanation yields a guarantee of model accuracy that runs 3x faster than brute force and gives a >=95% accuracy bound for 45% of the models we trained. We were unable to obtain nontrivial non-vacuous accuracy bounds using only explanations from previous works.
|
mechanistic interpretability, verification, proof, guarantees, interpretability, equivariance, group theory, representation theory
|
We investigate how neural networks compute group operations, finding an explanation that unifies those of previous works, then verify this explanation by translating it into a compact proof of model performance.
| 7,930
|
2410.07476
|
[
-0.01977097988128662,
-0.009285069070756435,
-0.00038751456304453313,
0.035699374973773956,
0.03128201141953468,
0.012709364295005798,
0.023749079555273056,
0.008305209688842297,
-0.028910212218761444,
-0.027652425691485405,
0.006399382837116718,
-0.009317336603999138,
-0.04750185087323189,
0.0044267261400818825,
-0.006411305163055658,
0.06577737629413605,
0.04547271132469177,
-0.00404363963752985,
-0.01064464170485735,
-0.012388237752020359,
0.009758595377206802,
0.0037169207353144884,
-0.0031329463236033916,
0.00922707561403513,
0.025317782536149025,
-0.019323041662573814,
0.008914804086089134,
-0.04116852954030037,
-0.013126133941113949,
0.023409871384501457,
0.05268862470984459,
0.01897943578660488,
0.02608233317732811,
-0.015087226405739784,
-0.007507317699491978,
-0.000046727294829906896,
-0.047212865203619,
0.015440721996128559,
-0.003093548584729433,
0.023119280114769936,
-0.04708445817232132,
0.007272500079125166,
0.013616359792649746,
0.031111659482121468,
-0.07469097524881363,
0.03648990020155907,
-0.10971435904502869,
0.04484263435006142,
-0.020797114819288254,
-0.02326631173491478,
-0.09473371505737305,
0.017960984259843826,
0.0022324915044009686,
-0.010006792843341827,
0.009423274546861649,
0.04922725632786751,
0.027553435415029526,
-0.03964720666408539,
-0.012909968383610249,
-0.05461381748318672,
-0.022350626066327095,
0.04634947329759598,
0.02517976239323616,
0.002530614845454693,
-0.003760671243071556,
-0.015644604340195656,
0.029088657349348068,
0.04201769456267357,
-0.049767833203077316,
-0.013739549554884434,
-0.011030917055904865,
-0.009027223102748394,
-0.020585499703884125,
-0.007273620460182428,
0.02362537384033203,
-0.049501147121191025,
0.032966479659080505,
0.0005748545518144965,
0.06237437576055527,
0.00846513919532299,
0.004530882928520441,
0.0488026961684227,
0.034716907888650894,
0.034852173179388046,
0.0048011429607868195,
0.0011528304312378168,
-0.0630340427160263,
-0.03848196938633919,
-0.0838555246591568,
0.04939733073115349,
-0.04663566127419472,
-0.039665814489126205,
-0.001443559885956347,
0.043740008026361465,
0.01050298847258091,
-0.004046373534947634,
0.030554290860891342,
0.018004383891820908,
0.034991808235645294,
-0.004524007439613342,
-0.004474889952689409,
-0.04041367769241333,
0.019006647169589996,
0.0028716078959405422,
-0.11630158126354218,
-0.010634718462824821,
-0.004794306121766567,
-0.024731142446398735,
0.008129690773785114,
-0.030489536002278328,
-0.04361363872885704,
0.009080047719180584,
0.002167682396247983,
0.005040466785430908,
-0.0693482831120491,
0.03158292546868324,
-0.01146776508539915,
-0.0018001520074903965,
0.013529583811759949,
0.004766677040606737,
0.0690048411488533,
0.07988765835762024,
-0.032567258924245834,
0.08101490139961243,
-0.017628967761993408,
0.0077980016358196735,
-0.006542488466948271,
0.048308245837688446,
-0.04708114638924599,
-0.03710414841771126,
-0.01406094804406166,
0.051983654499053955,
-0.0003497805737424642,
0.011189348995685577,
0.030194155871868134,
-0.05982976406812668,
-0.04015221819281578,
0.01988586224615574,
0.012711744755506516,
0.01898658089339733,
-0.005019664764404297,
-0.011134251952171326,
0.048982180655002594,
-0.012745192274451256,
0.08447399735450745,
-0.014016522094607353,
-0.02471490018069744,
-0.03282984346151352,
-0.021901223808526993,
-0.019415324553847313,
0.011836197227239609,
-0.008123669773340225,
-0.021731769666075706,
-0.07404384016990662,
0.02193230576813221,
0.048118554055690765,
0.013191664591431618,
0.028950225561857224,
0.009356504306197166,
-0.011405127122998238,
0.005930194165557623,
-0.025961140170693398,
-0.02537841722369194,
0.007773640565574169,
-0.005539832636713982,
-0.05973103642463684,
0.025619428604841232,
0.07764843106269836,
-0.026307927444577217,
0.03212533891201019,
-0.04018577188253403,
-0.045016247779130936,
0.034146979451179504,
0.004601719789206982,
-0.01484900526702404,
-0.005192918702960014,
0.05131233111023903,
0.0031271229963749647,
0.046895358711481094,
0.0027753545437008142,
-0.0869961753487587,
0.026940863579511642,
0.005870789755135775,
0.022635776549577713,
-0.007561967242509127,
-0.025595828890800476,
0.05318862572312355,
-0.046398840844631195,
0.052657391875982285,
0.009647810831665993,
-0.06894923746585846,
-0.0103166364133358,
0.03110356628894806,
-0.00794307142496109,
0.0830141082406044,
0.014117931015789509,
-0.004146524704992771,
0.02139248326420784,
0.0031668769661337137,
0.048055585473775864,
0.05909791588783264,
-0.003233860246837139,
0.0738556981086731,
-0.01183844730257988,
-0.03743867576122284,
0.017982488498091698,
0.04296119138598442,
-0.06818170100450516,
-0.02460012398660183,
0.01652625761926174,
-0.027024073526263237,
-0.016317516565322876,
0.012470443733036518,
-0.05121522396802902,
0.031032707542181015,
-0.003217591205611825,
-0.015039588324725628,
0.01683259755373001,
0.038645002990961075,
-0.014660142362117767,
0.04149305820465088,
0.036356449127197266,
-0.01741933450102806,
0.003737464314326644,
-0.004529557190835476,
0.09915217757225037,
0.09423819184303284,
-0.03379407525062561,
-0.005063965450972319,
0.03685591742396355,
0.028081797063350677,
0.00788567028939724,
-0.008561486378312111,
-0.006880468223243952,
0.013492448255419731,
-0.02476612851023674,
-0.047859564423561096,
-0.02870708331465721,
0.0606125146150589,
-0.0533844530582428,
-0.0003051322710234672,
0.052917949855327606,
-0.053120627999305725,
0.052788104861974716,
-0.01986842043697834,
0.02182193472981453,
0.022336656227707863,
-0.03578472509980202,
-0.029530338943004608,
0.0027185138314962387,
-0.026075318455696106,
0.0002663505438249558,
0.022470640018582344,
-0.02320978231728077,
0.028572112321853638,
-0.07015980780124664,
0.008107480593025684,
-0.0019897152669727802,
0.08794480562210083,
0.03407973423600197,
-0.0045106252655386925,
0.03692110627889633,
-0.026718266308307648,
-0.050864532589912415,
-0.022116055712103844,
-0.1169794499874115,
-0.07594907283782959,
0.008423157967627048,
0.05248098447918892,
-0.012713709846138954,
0.06440643966197968,
-0.02014349028468132,
0.011603239923715591,
-0.02335084043443203,
-0.02320561744272709,
0.027060016989707947,
0.020193492993712425,
0.010440072044730186,
-0.05163348466157913,
-0.014818067662417889,
0.025131510570645332,
0.05669323727488518,
0.020680110901594162,
-0.01633898913860321,
-0.015780653804540634,
-0.06103337183594704,
-0.0013825400965288281,
-0.03121618926525116,
-0.009895013645291328,
0.00607187720015645,
0.0318022295832634,
0.01161759253591299,
0.004101919941604137,
-0.0029163716826587915,
0.047018468379974365,
0.05019848048686981,
0.03392781317234039,
-0.009556234814226627,
-0.006374581716954708,
0.016071777790784836,
-0.022503705695271492,
0.04124317690730095,
-0.012753008864820004,
-0.0005674924468621612,
-0.019435839727520943,
-0.0058910115621984005,
0.03161618113517761,
0.005854514427483082,
-0.28062570095062256,
-0.010158926248550415,
0.008264859206974506,
-0.02148691564798355,
0.02153320424258709,
-0.02318071946501732,
0.04833504557609558,
-0.009497338905930519,
-0.011686835438013077,
0.008847909979522228,
0.015585514716804028,
0.004087077919393778,
-0.0022827964276075363,
0.028385348618030548,
0.026868131011724472,
0.017034245654940605,
0.0035670383367687464,
-0.034814465790987015,
0.02750418335199356,
0.05600438266992569,
-0.03360442444682121,
-0.05814319849014282,
-0.02796078845858574,
0.018257472664117813,
-0.006403480190783739,
0.05064527690410614,
-0.08359286934137344,
-0.04401708394289017,
-0.0466935932636261,
-0.008705797605216503,
-0.03928235173225403,
-0.010165211744606495,
-0.00548607436940074,
0.03917788341641426,
0.008760337717831135,
-0.0122353071346879,
0.010098982602357864,
-0.021562030538916588,
0.0007239272235892713,
0.030106443911790848,
-0.007501356769353151,
-0.010548598133027554,
-0.010633108206093311,
0.021320292726159096,
0.07864919304847717,
0.02799999713897705,
-0.023934518918395042,
-0.01267982181161642,
-0.010188555344939232,
0.0391843281686306,
-0.006150492466986179,
-0.023352427408099174,
0.012292405590415001,
-0.0011200516019016504,
-0.004477457609027624,
-0.012206933461129665,
-0.016043411567807198,
0.009569749236106873,
-0.0029111297335475683,
0.02091626450419426,
0.004344404675066471,
-0.05130080506205559,
0.022446485236287117,
-0.018894044682383537,
-0.037649739533662796,
-0.009185461327433586,
-0.10379152745008469,
-0.06126393750309944,
0.0493597649037838,
0.03887135908007622,
0.012290608137845993,
0.038388077169656754,
-0.051241371780633926,
-0.06897901743650436,
0.022049717605113983,
0.007212324533611536,
-0.007849674671888351,
-0.02292567864060402,
0.03698636591434479,
0.0728764533996582,
-0.04055780544877052,
-0.040156811475753784,
-0.005588524043560028,
0.01451979298144579,
0.05327729135751724,
0.00026629844796843827,
0.012369707226753235,
-0.019324850291013718,
-0.06804758310317993,
-0.018543418496847153,
0.022061100229620934,
0.020342286676168442,
0.06357895582914352,
-0.011855554766952991,
0.06204567849636078,
0.01426013745367527,
0.039967551827430725,
0.03446853160858154,
0.039073772728443146,
0.03243963420391083,
0.015689296647906303,
-0.04918846860527992,
0.0006216183537617326,
-0.022412050515413284,
-0.05484285578131676,
0.03197582811117172,
-0.04109032824635506,
-0.0035092702601104975,
0.05355905741453171,
0.015283267945051193,
-0.003288320265710354,
-0.06634002178907394,
0.02041982114315033,
-0.01837182231247425,
0.01624154858291149,
-0.005281159654259682,
-0.019218631088733673,
0.019620008766651154,
0.022927597165107727,
-0.018175365403294563,
-0.014453207142651081,
0.049074284732341766,
-0.014344762079417706,
0.026826120913028717,
-0.03184172138571739,
-0.0109028285369277,
-0.005034996196627617,
-0.014804122969508171,
0.026165349408984184,
0.010139141231775284,
0.018454793840646744,
0.03788084536790848,
-0.0010194501373916864,
0.019013069570064545,
0.05940434709191322,
0.017514176666736603,
-0.025087447836995125,
-0.00402909517288208,
-0.02239595353603363,
0.016014669090509415,
0.0280027873814106,
-0.004524027928709984,
0.02976662665605545,
0.01923852413892746,
0.014987112954258919,
0.027042727917432785,
0.02255968376994133,
-0.003145487979054451,
-0.0042975363321602345,
-0.0046013896353542805,
0.04211581125855446,
-0.024385184049606323,
-0.00965642649680376,
-0.03213339298963547,
0.015866219997406006,
0.008350706659257412,
0.03328263759613037,
0.011100223287940025,
0.00021743300021626055,
-0.04697326198220253,
0.046907320618629456,
0.0015399489784613252,
-0.017724867910146713,
-0.008580568246543407,
0.007409784011542797,
0.06639017909765244,
-0.021920735016465187,
-0.01013042964041233,
0.008360340259969234,
0.013696913607418537,
-0.006661660969257355,
0.013996701687574387,
-0.023996733129024506,
0.019883953034877777,
-0.010264011099934578,
0.026486728340387344,
0.0010886802338063717,
-0.0008443471160717309,
-0.021021492779254913,
-0.003741289023309946,
-0.005827886983752251,
-0.013566050678491592,
-0.0006881986046209931,
-0.0017738804453983903,
0.0803874209523201,
0.014509880915284157,
0.02313559502363205,
0.011876454576849937,
-0.012438506819307804,
0.027858462184667587,
0.003651214996352792,
0.009649728424847126,
-0.061930831521749496,
-0.045800644904375076,
-0.031904369592666626,
-0.0364021472632885,
0.005228463560342789,
0.03732024133205414,
-0.01018037274479866,
-0.021643156185746193,
0.03048316016793251,
0.008969566784799099,
-0.05306211858987808,
-0.019016943871974945,
0.03224187716841698,
-0.07428362965583801,
0.015297914855182171,
0.04586578160524368,
-0.00404198607429862,
0.007052235770970583,
-0.016890885308384895,
-0.0083914278075099,
-0.07693757116794586,
-0.03731758892536163,
0.026400117203593254,
0.0003284141421318054,
-0.02620367333292961,
-0.016658399254083633,
0.018458303064107895,
0.00955317635089159,
0.0030844323337078094,
-0.0013115722686052322,
-0.0034134818706661463,
-0.013802902773022652,
0.010741623118519783,
0.040135469287633896,
0.01960722729563713,
0.004226032178848982,
-0.019083423539996147,
-0.034776899963617325,
-0.0008422160753980279,
-0.034030016511678696,
0.01764814928174019,
0.04134926572442055,
-0.011496948078274727,
-0.00674524437636137,
-0.032754234969615936,
0.006228094454854727,
-0.03011278621852398,
-0.00019010993128176779,
-0.00895110797137022,
-0.0021213837899267673,
-0.052248645573854446,
0.02513567917048931,
-0.0024714600294828415,
-0.015237702988088131,
0.047849539667367935,
-0.009251180104911327,
0.007255140691995621,
0.0013153486652299762,
0.04677628353238106,
0.012023714371025562,
-0.07391145080327988,
0.0041502113454043865,
0.06699609756469727,
-0.03331053629517555,
-0.020348144695162773,
-0.048305049538612366,
-0.01133259292691946,
-0.02170424535870552,
-0.06051744148135185,
0.027021238580346107,
-0.03723439574241638,
0.013393555767834187,
0.017354967072606087,
0.036329325288534164,
-0.0029333250131458044,
-0.019824063405394554,
0.04146188125014305,
-0.03762463107705116,
0.018505709245800972,
-0.04905178025364876,
-0.02824976295232773,
0.051958419382572174,
-0.023230649530887604,
0.00921303778886795,
-0.013134617358446121,
-0.02958761341869831,
0.028659546747803688,
-0.020112546160817146,
-0.05013873428106308,
0.02575162798166275,
-0.014841987751424313,
0.009596659801900387,
0.027989109978079796,
-0.06627822667360306,
-0.04240480437874794,
-0.03293794021010399,
-0.04631984233856201,
0.0009381386917084455,
-0.024502165615558624,
0.043150827288627625,
-0.019494814798235893,
0.00031372031662613153,
0.011657238937914371,
0.0012665321119129658,
0.03919763118028641,
0.05671588331460953,
0.035842180252075195,
0.036286868155002594,
-0.04476051405072212,
0.0537477508187294,
0.019468538463115692,
0.023113058879971504,
-0.007634046487510204,
0.03719283267855644,
-0.03918667882680893,
-0.05942556634545326,
0.03344029560685158,
-0.011201723478734493,
-0.022697405889630318,
-0.07397705316543579,
0.04918547719717026,
-0.006527154706418514,
-0.05247030034661293,
-0.04168795794248581,
0.022904815152287483,
-0.07414984703063965,
-0.0038159387186169624,
0.01960883103311062,
0.028401264920830727,
-0.0008562030270695686,
0.04734756052494049,
0.020174000412225723,
0.05409247428178787,
0.060795314610004425,
0.02736116200685501,
-0.024464303627610207,
0.003498804522678256,
0.06977412849664688,
0.053039975464344025,
0.0468105711042881,
0.017628511413931847,
0.05718029662966728,
-0.034929174929857254,
-0.06926412880420685,
-0.01396126952022314,
0.025709711015224457,
-0.03184158727526665,
-0.025490863248705864,
0.004633376840502024,
0.06544142216444016,
-0.005748306401073933,
0.07128354161977768,
-0.029143285006284714,
0.03733891621232033,
0.05254632979631424,
0.020040158182382584,
-0.01760217361152172,
0.0754140317440033,
0.013599634170532227,
-0.019408799707889557,
-0.012344122864305973,
-0.025659658014774323,
-0.03278670087456703,
-0.030406471341848373,
0.00033691077260300517,
0.017199674621224403,
-0.013385765254497528,
0.02797100692987442,
0.009773037396371365,
0.05965212732553482,
0.1043185368180275,
-0.041403595358133316,
-0.03736748546361923,
0.016155516728758812,
0.017320962622761726,
-0.006635099649429321,
0.01589404232800007,
0.005545169580727816,
-0.023400938138365746,
-0.029350904747843742,
-0.03668152913451195,
0.021363183856010437,
0.006331711076200008,
-0.0005570744979195297,
0.003677444066852331,
-0.014214007183909416,
-0.052877575159072876,
-0.01725805550813675,
0.04433900862932205,
-0.006546524818986654,
-0.04576171562075615,
-0.03628520295023918,
-0.0636201798915863,
-0.0553184375166893,
-0.05175088718533516,
0.02009580470621586,
-0.016469106078147888,
-0.03207825869321823,
0.033428121358156204,
-0.028485802933573723,
-0.013729346916079521,
0.02618158794939518,
-0.07123144716024399,
-0.005528900306671858,
0.04411044344305992,
0.0070744906552135944,
-0.00516880489885807,
0.038511715829372406,
0.03159042075276375,
-0.008499853312969208,
-0.015946460887789726,
0.04755884036421776,
-0.004038606304675341,
0.006970155518501997,
-0.01521384995430708,
-0.027993658557534218,
-0.10913588851690292,
0.010000517591834068,
0.012372929602861404,
-0.058608412742614746,
-0.10051802545785904,
0.050207823514938354,
-0.02005769871175289,
0.0019763149321079254,
0.06322906911373138,
-0.004844886716455221,
0.010172231122851372,
-0.028239894658327103,
-0.002221297938376665,
0.01327481772750616,
-0.013731812126934528,
0.0695747584104538,
-0.02727953903377056,
0.07816547155380249,
0.04376723989844322,
-0.03422531485557556,
-0.019163694232702255,
0.010456197895109653,
-0.01618591882288456,
0.0022062615025788546,
-0.01928207278251648,
-0.026374250650405884,
-0.030155183747410774,
-0.10759609937667847,
-0.009197874926030636,
0.006181018427014351,
-0.025655927136540413,
-0.03405788168311119,
-0.004474398214370012,
-0.040059808641672134,
-0.001869595143944025,
-0.024311665445566177,
-0.0297210905700922,
-0.01901540905237198,
-0.011769347824156284,
-0.04355062544345856,
-0.06483601778745651,
0.00011202492896700278,
-0.010087990202009678,
0.019683081656694412,
-0.044490162283182144,
-0.04593531787395477,
-0.03367061913013458,
0.014477504417300224,
0.05252666026353836,
-0.011188763193786144,
0.026169084012508392,
0.010126609355211258
] |
3,480
|
Approximation algorithms for combinatorial optimization with predictions
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=AEFVa6VMu1
|
[
"Antonios Antoniadis",
"Marek Elias",
"Adam Polak",
"Moritz Venzin"
] |
Spotlight
|
We initiate a systematic study of utilizing predictions to improve over approximation guarantees of classic algorithms, without increasing the running time. We propose a generic method for a wide class of optimization problems that ask to select a feasible subset of input items of minimal (or maximal) total weight. This gives simple (near-)linear-time algorithms for, e.g., Vertex Cover, Steiner Tree, Minimum Weight Perfect Matching, Knapsack, and Maximum Clique. Our algorithms produce an optimal solution when provided with perfect predictions and their approximation ratio smoothly degrades with increasing prediction error. With small enough prediction error we achieve approximation guarantees that are beyond the reach without predictions in given time bounds, as exemplified by the NP-hardness and APX-hardness of many of the above problems. Although we show our approach to be optimal for this class of problems as a whole, there is a potential for exploiting specific structural properties of individual problems to obtain improved bounds; we demonstrate this on the Steiner Tree problem. We conclude with an empirical evaluation of our approach.
|
Approximation Algorithm, Predictions, ML-augmented, Combinatorial Optimization
|
We give near-linear time learning-augmented (1+eta/OPT)-approximation algorithms for a number of problems, including Vertex Cover, Steiner Tree, Minimum Weight Perfect Matching, Knapsack, and Maximum Clique.
| 7,901
|
2411.16600
|
[
-0.008643950335681438,
-0.01456375140696764,
-0.002720204181969166,
0.03711922839283943,
0.06121065467596054,
0.04819599539041519,
0.009760345332324505,
-0.015633782371878624,
-0.043963681906461716,
-0.039853233844041824,
-0.01863071322441101,
-0.028577739372849464,
-0.07675706595182419,
-0.01836482062935829,
-0.026715975254774094,
0.05446791648864746,
0.010913223959505558,
0.021312762051820755,
0.007055315189063549,
0.01131785660982132,
0.0060255639255046844,
-0.011434563435614109,
0.033083826303482056,
0.037764038890600204,
0.04229695349931717,
-0.0001845400402089581,
-0.001222850987687707,
-0.004527517128735781,
-0.038463808596134186,
-0.010654671117663383,
0.03135908022522926,
-0.008451983332633972,
0.0015544048510491848,
-0.051162999123334885,
-0.00438147597014904,
0.009263050742447376,
-0.014409813098609447,
-0.0001758494763635099,
-0.0044211409986019135,
0.009410105645656586,
-0.05362582206726074,
0.027507252991199493,
0.005762564949691296,
0.043190427124500275,
-0.05853560194373131,
0.020860157907009125,
-0.07357119023799896,
0.03682559356093407,
-0.015867818146944046,
-0.04665520414710045,
-0.08478476852178574,
0.05144390091300011,
0.010992894880473614,
-0.00785901676863432,
-0.01868591643869877,
0.059978436678647995,
0.05630974471569061,
-0.05632206052541733,
0.003255450865253806,
-0.040418632328510284,
-0.042371246963739395,
0.03127903863787651,
0.029913345351815224,
0.016268176957964897,
-0.0257429089397192,
-0.035535428673028946,
0.024101434275507927,
0.056886788457632065,
-0.030149757862091064,
-0.012796211987733841,
-0.05280567333102226,
-0.029089128598570824,
0.007894334383308887,
0.016416383907198906,
0.02792375348508358,
-0.026941129937767982,
-0.016790203750133514,
0.005452262237668037,
0.04287631809711456,
0.0012908631470054388,
-0.021531540900468826,
0.019683338701725006,
0.01696375571191311,
0.02778327837586403,
0.007952377200126648,
0.006757856346666813,
-0.07572633773088455,
-0.0216809269040823,
-0.10500555485486984,
0.05684838816523552,
0.0005346661200746894,
-0.05249558389186859,
0.01796215958893299,
0.024080216884613037,
0.0004284390597604215,
-0.014714500866830349,
0.02119472622871399,
0.03638772666454315,
0.022991685196757317,
0.0035161180421710014,
-0.015416529029607773,
-0.02500261925160885,
-0.0041997963562607765,
-0.017545465379953384,
-0.11042235046625137,
-0.039120033383369446,
0.013378945179283619,
-0.013383219949901104,
0.009760870598256588,
0.002684535225853324,
-0.031164495274424553,
0.00969688780605793,
0.038369446992874146,
-0.029982086271047592,
-0.06271941214799881,
0.03612086921930313,
-0.016741497442126274,
-0.009657799266278744,
-0.021190648898482323,
-0.0005660473834723234,
0.030906563624739647,
0.036780618131160736,
-0.01722562313079834,
0.07823874801397324,
-0.010924110189080238,
0.010393829084932804,
0.04854624345898628,
0.027174819260835648,
-0.05225888639688492,
-0.03834962844848633,
-0.005177303683012724,
0.04180973768234253,
-0.005922363605350256,
-0.014849666506052017,
-0.0019743789453059435,
-0.014534443616867065,
-0.02881937101483345,
0.014223369769752026,
0.022226208820939064,
0.01055836770683527,
-0.014675810933113098,
-0.017707109451293945,
0.06467436999082565,
-0.00392773374915123,
0.044941361993551254,
-0.043626341968774796,
0.00663852458819747,
-0.03651697188615799,
-0.056482259184122086,
-0.011344081722199917,
0.004537160508334637,
0.007066973485052586,
-0.026237769052386284,
-0.058601174503564835,
0.028944848105311394,
0.06019685044884682,
0.04698878154158592,
0.050741612911224365,
-0.047062039375305176,
0.007853667251765728,
0.031594350934028625,
0.022000795230269432,
-0.04875088110566139,
-0.012076686136424541,
-0.02622065320611,
-0.033798616379499435,
0.04885038360953331,
0.0760398656129837,
-0.019176077097654343,
0.015360172837972641,
-0.015262511558830738,
-0.0271663349121809,
0.056494373828172684,
0.006295916624367237,
-0.0021424784790724516,
-0.0084479795768857,
0.07179586589336395,
-0.012490552850067616,
0.04423292726278305,
0.01543358899652958,
-0.07942290604114532,
0.018461331725120544,
0.0351448580622673,
0.005103590432554483,
0.0023562174756079912,
-0.03366091474890709,
0.06278669834136963,
-0.007477254141122103,
0.027507396414875984,
0.00245420029386878,
-0.061206940561532974,
-0.06274180114269257,
0.026888791471719742,
-0.040856216102838516,
0.06158433482050896,
0.006036981474608183,
-0.03080352582037449,
-0.00855069886893034,
-0.01974218338727951,
0.028940802440047264,
0.05333047732710838,
0.018792705610394478,
0.04547780379652977,
-0.03605455160140991,
-0.07853532582521439,
0.030786821618676186,
0.03155101090669632,
-0.051244281232357025,
-0.05161593109369278,
0.015189127065241337,
-0.01103790383785963,
-0.018660936504602432,
0.0037608621641993523,
-0.029590340331196785,
0.018589384853839874,
-0.02139325998723507,
0.003005353733897209,
-0.0011649150401353836,
0.037178121507167816,
-0.05360762029886246,
0.02549366094172001,
0.03204973787069321,
-0.04879022389650345,
0.01754969172179699,
-0.017516499385237694,
0.08880148828029633,
0.09235292673110962,
-0.04891597479581833,
0.015898022800683975,
0.014484915882349014,
0.00801821518689394,
0.018097970634698868,
0.0023666901979595423,
-0.00980942789465189,
0.0013502138899639249,
-0.003774269949644804,
-0.022638194262981415,
-0.04301586374640465,
0.042993493378162384,
-0.05660371109843254,
0.003089616307988763,
0.06987878680229187,
-0.005407313350588083,
0.06965883821249008,
0.013880905695259571,
0.01397300511598587,
0.01073459628969431,
0.004145445767790079,
-0.015836181119084358,
0.020798636600375175,
-0.03628922626376152,
-0.01201985590159893,
0.014868282712996006,
0.004731646738946438,
-0.007310959510505199,
-0.05016998201608658,
0.04630833864212036,
0.01747143641114235,
0.08711065351963043,
0.03785273805260658,
0.008580268360674381,
0.012499089352786541,
0.019679918885231018,
-0.025503801181912422,
-0.0011275273282080889,
-0.1198284924030304,
-0.04669987037777901,
0.01063963957130909,
0.05753942206501961,
0.020330384373664856,
0.04699480161070824,
-0.02139853686094284,
0.02679290808737278,
-0.013998935930430889,
-0.05488377809524536,
-0.006443173158913851,
0.05848564952611923,
0.0027436427772045135,
-0.05662011355161667,
-0.002876203740015626,
0.03131978213787079,
0.07213685661554337,
-0.007002697791904211,
-0.02681291103363037,
-0.03728622570633888,
-0.03731805086135864,
0.008756744675338268,
-0.06714438647031784,
-0.019502444192767143,
0.015945272520184517,
0.0061194016598165035,
0.04236986115574837,
-0.05026760697364807,
0.020532742142677307,
0.07943989336490631,
0.04378461092710495,
0.03762539476156235,
0.007342698518186808,
0.008521195501089096,
-0.025468606501817703,
0.0068378811702132225,
0.02890048548579216,
-0.031025242060422897,
-0.012680872343480587,
-0.03509712219238281,
0.015831559896469116,
0.012606292963027954,
0.007621589582413435,
-0.27410346269607544,
-0.017799323424696922,
0.026718175038695335,
-0.001313455868512392,
0.02113932929933071,
-0.01299736276268959,
0.02781597524881363,
0.002654880518093705,
-0.03918568789958954,
-0.004689687397330999,
0.013717557303607464,
0.020150931552052498,
-0.0010162469698116183,
0.06618349999189377,
0.02447110414505005,
0.022642113268375397,
-0.024061735719442368,
-0.022228429093956947,
-0.005953108426183462,
-0.006258483976125717,
-0.008096883073449135,
-0.08547496795654297,
0.0064316908828914165,
-0.0036080870777368546,
-0.010595187544822693,
0.05466141551733017,
-0.07714608311653137,
-0.023626897484064102,
-0.04732297360897064,
-0.015551182441413403,
-0.01344152633100748,
-0.020655615255236626,
-0.02030355855822563,
0.021253783255815506,
0.024156928062438965,
-0.0016053072176873684,
0.06318443268537521,
-0.025942327454686165,
0.005979371722787619,
0.056739579886198044,
0.013201993890106678,
-0.016477659344673157,
-0.024910002946853638,
-0.01713603548705578,
0.04228775575757027,
0.025567464530467987,
-0.013023445382714272,
-0.0173871461302042,
-0.00789438746869564,
0.0278081763535738,
0.02501978725194931,
0.004759819712489843,
-0.00668009277433157,
0.0008383429958485067,
0.019184429198503494,
-0.04053851589560509,
-0.0015940527664497495,
0.00563408387824893,
-0.026385078206658363,
-0.007132153492420912,
0.012136828154325485,
-0.05549624562263489,
0.012852943502366543,
-0.01932768151164055,
-0.02746972069144249,
-0.016196822747588158,
-0.0642479732632637,
-0.04934096336364746,
0.02605254016816616,
0.006262157578021288,
0.015623467043042183,
0.032172344624996185,
0.001437752740457654,
-0.09284292161464691,
-0.018873121589422226,
0.02545875497162342,
-0.035153940320014954,
0.01794630102813244,
-0.00024956342531368136,
0.02387803979218006,
-0.036868881434202194,
-0.03803032264113426,
0.01150358933955431,
0.025283807888627052,
0.017966346815228462,
-0.036508556455373764,
-0.02319682389497757,
-0.015862680971622467,
-0.040134821087121964,
-0.01727636717259884,
-0.009688165970146656,
0.0162515752017498,
0.03941675275564194,
-0.013454345054924488,
0.05846014618873596,
0.04828771948814392,
0.044429026544094086,
0.048053912818431854,
0.06011414900422096,
-0.0017425105907022953,
-0.012939773499965668,
-0.05344254896044731,
0.0003297656658105552,
-0.00990322045981884,
-0.047470394521951675,
0.027955591678619385,
-0.044710829854011536,
-0.023602711036801338,
0.04607390612363815,
-0.0043552340939641,
-0.004072545561939478,
-0.03969508409500122,
0.007053221110254526,
-0.029578253626823425,
0.008246999233961105,
-0.02907699905335903,
0.019619349390268326,
0.020702185109257698,
0.016318384557962418,
0.023808496072888374,
-0.037033602595329285,
0.05181499943137169,
-0.004976136144250631,
-0.0049910652451217175,
-0.03552478179335594,
-0.0060372501611709595,
0.020237773656845093,
-0.01094367727637291,
0.0281643345952034,
-0.014735298231244087,
0.025900671258568764,
0.06778453290462494,
0.020546944811940193,
0.003666804637759924,
0.03646301478147507,
0.020568223670125008,
-0.04886992275714874,
-0.04021061956882477,
0.02776988223195076,
-0.0075589935295283794,
0.002997060539200902,
0.017734279856085777,
0.032314568758010864,
0.017224634066224098,
0.06340087950229645,
0.0387134924530983,
0.01974629983305931,
0.0016731062205508351,
0.005896387621760368,
-0.02404496818780899,
-0.012178955599665642,
-0.01741369254887104,
0.05128942057490349,
-0.04064172878861427,
0.025356633588671684,
-0.0019971963483840227,
0.036644089967012405,
-0.01279781199991703,
0.03359251469373703,
-0.07034613192081451,
0.03693617507815361,
-0.02314586006104946,
-0.0014540603151544929,
-0.004405807238072157,
0.027629025280475616,
0.0942290723323822,
-0.024237075820565224,
0.015554139390587807,
-0.04368900507688522,
0.011734295636415482,
0.011297736316919327,
-0.035347700119018555,
-0.07135261595249176,
0.027469461783766747,
-0.01549450308084488,
-0.014148012734949589,
0.020327994599938393,
0.000740785792004317,
-0.0325656533241272,
-0.013073859736323357,
-0.025805866345763206,
-0.03303346410393715,
-0.004812499508261681,
-0.005435317754745483,
0.08061940968036652,
-0.022074278444051743,
0.0003465812769718468,
-0.012656931765377522,
-0.031914059072732925,
0.03903283178806305,
0.014090662822127342,
0.007282450329512358,
0.0183157566934824,
-0.027656884863972664,
0.004111842717975378,
-0.0336817130446434,
0.021910715848207474,
0.011951880529522896,
-0.03970073536038399,
-0.0011172278318554163,
-0.009522472508251667,
0.014203926548361778,
-0.028972528874874115,
0.013166823424398899,
0.03795144334435463,
-0.06494917720556259,
0.005022632889449596,
0.042167555540800095,
0.007772491779178381,
0.026068955659866333,
-0.05249294266104698,
-0.005515966098755598,
-0.045339636504650116,
0.02418726310133934,
0.01163970585912466,
-0.019069457426667213,
-0.02423033118247986,
0.04687727615237236,
0.030621273443102837,
-0.023673221468925476,
0.0031777825206518173,
0.01245767530053854,
0.019964803010225296,
-0.04304694011807442,
0.017451997846364975,
0.07767502963542938,
0.00805309321731329,
-0.04139791056513786,
-0.021096572279930115,
-0.018920740112662315,
0.024469532072544098,
-0.06917916238307953,
-0.012944379821419716,
0.048132605850696564,
0.006286943331360817,
0.01890910230576992,
-0.03295077756047249,
0.029215894639492035,
-0.02151927910745144,
-0.032371267676353455,
-0.016374817118048668,
-0.028045248240232468,
-0.02611352689564228,
-0.03174435347318649,
-0.012799412943422794,
0.028504978865385056,
0.011913851834833622,
0.005277157295495272,
0.003801665734499693,
0.007339490111917257,
-0.0016384088667109609,
0.01609174907207489,
-0.06279566884040833,
-0.024316372349858284,
0.04148513451218605,
0.039682358503341675,
-0.04637952521443367,
-0.014146908186376095,
-0.006199591793119907,
0.014069393277168274,
-0.08012756705284119,
0.02935243397951126,
-0.005605175159871578,
0.024756349623203278,
0.026100389659404755,
0.06616927683353424,
0.02278725802898407,
-0.026798352599143982,
0.03382085636258125,
-0.07578421384096146,
0.02167796716094017,
-0.04625440388917923,
0.011678115464746952,
0.06112047657370567,
-0.021900877356529236,
0.034128278493881226,
0.006609922740608454,
-0.022185280919075012,
0.019230270758271217,
-0.03211700916290283,
-0.05782640725374222,
0.01720627211034298,
-0.045498814433813095,
0.020022429525852203,
0.04377920553088188,
-0.061536990106105804,
-0.0063705164939165115,
0.023353436961770058,
-0.02850966528058052,
0.017412856221199036,
0.0008048794115893543,
0.03419826924800873,
0.01121713500469923,
-0.0024086665362119675,
-0.0245059821754694,
0.007490554358810186,
0.03137519210577011,
0.03682324290275574,
0.010927852243185043,
0.019130229949951172,
-0.04801207408308983,
0.036697618663311005,
0.06489908695220947,
0.0056326724588871,
-0.04542386159300804,
0.04083144664764404,
-0.024862105026841164,
-0.02318805456161499,
0.0370640866458416,
-0.010846508666872978,
-0.027788493782281876,
-0.05402112379670143,
0.06572426855564117,
0.03709482401609421,
-0.0813160315155983,
-0.008291618898510933,
0.01402389258146286,
-0.06618368625640869,
0.04580464959144592,
-0.007566129323095083,
0.015718072652816772,
0.016446977853775024,
0.07030236721038818,
0.006246975157409906,
0.018345678225159645,
0.07364896684885025,
0.010143773630261421,
0.015211287885904312,
-0.058487337082624435,
0.07053956389427185,
0.07791998982429504,
0.041577693074941635,
-0.00231073796749115,
0.05526295304298401,
-0.05542074888944626,
-0.04201285541057587,
-0.025185853242874146,
-0.01462826132774353,
-0.054401613771915436,
-0.00577714666724205,
0.016243724152445793,
0.06817411631345749,
0.008458295837044716,
0.05959215760231018,
-0.05857069045305252,
0.011175328865647316,
0.03634383901953697,
-0.0016900899354368448,
0.01255409698933363,
0.05891896039247513,
0.02155563421547413,
0.03582646697759628,
-0.03617419674992561,
-0.027138439938426018,
0.010166304185986519,
0.025384286418557167,
0.0010575229534879327,
0.00816226378083229,
-0.03576306253671646,
-0.0022372188977897167,
0.012035270221531391,
0.017272114753723145,
0.0772043764591217,
-0.04451669380068779,
-0.04373336583375931,
-0.003327535931020975,
0.01722240075469017,
-0.011456153355538845,
0.03673093020915985,
0.01999032311141491,
-0.039960943162441254,
0.0055589997209608555,
-0.020355554297566414,
0.004426248837262392,
-0.008919025771319866,
0.017833152785897255,
0.00786321796476841,
0.014652012847363949,
-0.022596852853894234,
0.014714552089571953,
0.029353206977248192,
-0.036672934889793396,
-0.051324836909770966,
-0.016534438356757164,
-0.05621875822544098,
-0.025605246424674988,
-0.04299675300717354,
-0.012349347583949566,
-0.003593744710087776,
-0.03287813439965248,
0.013134775683283806,
0.014194056391716003,
0.02437768690288067,
0.01689140871167183,
-0.06030045822262764,
-0.014716261997818947,
0.020307939499616623,
0.012949002906680107,
0.019974254071712494,
0.0263691283762455,
0.03323298320174217,
-0.04555710032582283,
-0.031912077218294144,
0.023994779214262962,
0.030453799292445183,
0.018668977543711662,
0.026752151548862457,
-0.006589733529835939,
-0.09655322134494781,
-0.003850721288472414,
0.016276570037007332,
-0.030613038688898087,
-0.08112999051809311,
0.00035692559322342277,
0.01059367973357439,
0.03764636814594269,
0.06161412224173546,
0.03283433988690376,
-0.013602891936898232,
-0.028740910813212395,
0.030142243951559067,
-0.02973676286637783,
-0.020897824317216873,
0.045889437198638916,
-0.03292417898774147,
0.03256731480360031,
0.024608535692095757,
-0.05381392315030098,
-0.03810780867934227,
0.04394901171326637,
0.00017195550026372075,
0.009002012200653553,
-0.028494669124484062,
-0.024941105395555496,
-0.01890707202255726,
-0.09815949201583862,
-0.01000973116606474,
0.03295578062534332,
0.018215442076325417,
-0.06578559428453445,
-0.004750550724565983,
-0.010480739176273346,
0.00510903587564826,
0.019656794145703316,
-0.035853445529937744,
0.00585944764316082,
-0.05462965741753578,
-0.028026221320033073,
-0.08931171149015427,
0.028316646814346313,
-0.04234190657734871,
-0.010641138069331646,
-0.01467125490307808,
-0.04047008976340294,
-0.034894317388534546,
-0.007248758338391781,
0.036953315138816833,
0.025672847405076027,
0.012493587099015713,
0.0064745075069367886
] |
3,481
|
Bayesian Experimental Design Via Contrastive Diffusions
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=h8yg0hT96f
|
[
"Jacopo Iollo",
"Christophe Heinkelé",
"Pierre Alliez",
"Florence Forbes"
] |
Spotlight
|
Bayesian Optimal Experimental Design (BOED) is a powerful tool to reduce the cost of running a sequence of experiments.
When based on the Expected Information Gain (EIG), design optimization corresponds to the maximization of some intractable expected *contrast* between prior and posterior distributions.
Scaling this maximization to high dimensional and complex settings has been an issue due to BOED inherent computational complexity.
In this work, we introduce an *pooled posterior* distribution with cost-effective sampling properties and provide a tractable access to the EIG contrast maximization via a new EIG gradient expression. Diffusion-based samplers are used to compute the dynamics of the pooled posterior and ideas from bi-level optimization are leveraged to derive an efficient joint sampling-optimization loop, without resorting to lower bound approximations of the EIG. The resulting efficiency gain allows to extend BOED to the well-tested generative capabilities of diffusion models.
By incorporating generative models into the BOED framework, we expand its scope and its use in scenarios that were previously impractical. Numerical experiments and comparison with state-of-the-art methods show the potential of the approach.
|
Bayesian Optimal Experimental Design, Conditional Diffusion Models, score based sampling, Bayesian Inverse Problems, Experimental Design, Sampling as Optimization
|
The paper introduces an efficient BOED method leveraging diffusion-based samplers and bi-level optimization ideas to jointly sample the introduced pooled posterior and maximize Expected Information Gain, enabling larger-scale applications.
| 7,853
|
2410.11826
|
[
0.002321000909432769,
0.03344610333442688,
-0.007624620571732521,
0.04487381502985954,
0.041567496955394745,
0.015714125707745552,
0.024558624252676964,
-0.031751979142427444,
0.00647608982399106,
-0.03349888324737549,
0.02531391941010952,
-0.003274827264249325,
-0.035348985344171524,
-0.007251026574522257,
0.012389625422656536,
0.05861432105302811,
0.044537559151649475,
-0.013363933190703392,
0.0046158842742443085,
0.037506647408008575,
-0.011516645550727844,
-0.044725559651851654,
0.030328795313835144,
0.045448269695043564,
0.04624534398317337,
-0.005003309343010187,
0.03700980171561241,
-0.015576966106891632,
-0.00884883664548397,
-0.015359155833721161,
0.006538884248584509,
-0.0006891291122883558,
-0.0037918221205472946,
-0.03405975550413132,
-0.011405008845031261,
0.028299376368522644,
-0.022631244733929634,
-0.04167508706450462,
-0.014392117038369179,
0.016717612743377686,
-0.07719212025403976,
0.02274933084845543,
-0.026564478874206543,
0.03899000212550163,
-0.029388926923274994,
-0.007573646958917379,
-0.06746885925531387,
0.040432706475257874,
-0.008999401703476906,
-0.018719002604484558,
-0.08070135861635208,
0.005551681388169527,
0.014059435576200485,
-0.04345507547259331,
-0.015653854236006737,
0.05940122529864311,
0.07795032858848572,
-0.047336820513010025,
-0.020558346062898636,
-0.08912039548158646,
-0.0156705304980278,
-0.0004374023119453341,
0.021880153566598892,
0.02680794708430767,
0.037893686443567276,
-0.01914593204855919,
-0.01524712610989809,
0.05446559563279152,
-0.013202478177845478,
-0.01864107884466648,
-0.05765535309910774,
-0.02076750062406063,
0.02034963294863701,
-0.013111351057887077,
0.01203276589512825,
-0.034922052174806595,
0.03433000668883324,
0.005610073916614056,
0.04793085157871246,
-0.015601704828441143,
0.028927680104970932,
0.013576601631939411,
-0.005108403041958809,
0.022031111642718315,
-0.009601233527064323,
-0.00484647648409009,
-0.04109824821352959,
0.0068102614022791386,
-0.04977989196777344,
0.04895870015025139,
-0.04095976799726486,
-0.07523620873689651,
0.022402295842766762,
0.042336247861385345,
0.027671964839100838,
-0.031805895268917084,
0.04740374535322189,
0.005946033168584108,
0.025049811229109764,
-0.03199751675128937,
-0.014522016048431396,
-0.046467531472444534,
0.03002447821199894,
0.0008566838805563748,
-0.10207675397396088,
-0.017164796590805054,
-0.0663987547159195,
-0.04340299218893051,
-0.04276738315820694,
0.006651395466178656,
0.0032041517551988363,
0.005912753753364086,
-0.01871723122894764,
-0.004848857875913382,
-0.09229440242052078,
0.028500305488705635,
0.03247545659542084,
0.02775457687675953,
0.014517882838845253,
-0.011359152384102345,
0.017560984939336777,
0.0555681474506855,
0.01308695413172245,
0.07585974037647247,
0.01091787125915289,
0.0023761524353176355,
0.021466296166181564,
0.03942175209522247,
-0.04378737881779671,
-0.014829465188086033,
0.0247394647449255,
0.026027599349617958,
-0.007719673682004213,
-0.020563412457704544,
0.003597414121031761,
-0.003289120504632592,
0.012268448248505592,
0.016947558149695396,
0.023860760033130646,
0.0032119767274707556,
-0.00994783267378807,
-0.04893885925412178,
0.054249536246061325,
-0.003682805923745036,
0.05559525638818741,
-0.026411019265651703,
0.029178475961089134,
-0.031070465222001076,
-0.032662272453308105,
0.025970831513404846,
0.019065486267209053,
0.0028694607317447662,
0.0019900277256965637,
-0.02114391140639782,
0.01770910434424877,
0.04557114467024803,
0.00934793334454298,
0.01693187840282917,
0.022678252309560776,
-0.01601525768637657,
0.02820988930761814,
-0.004806726239621639,
0.006842035800218582,
-0.00828390009701252,
-0.008208847604691982,
-0.02269732765853405,
0.06660673767328262,
0.05655640363693237,
-0.034279100596904755,
-0.040404751896858215,
-0.028265468776226044,
-0.05755844712257385,
0.03836764767765999,
0.014187267981469631,
0.01982353813946247,
-0.013361990451812744,
0.04944024607539177,
-0.002036111894994974,
0.02640927955508232,
0.036698684096336365,
-0.0748739019036293,
0.017308373004198074,
0.02953219600021839,
0.0040977876633405685,
0.03965684026479721,
-0.019414866343140602,
0.07898391783237457,
-0.01102061290293932,
0.012679402716457844,
0.045299235731363297,
-0.06515505164861679,
-0.01863103173673153,
0.03749535232782364,
-0.019727900624275208,
0.05311471223831177,
0.00759138585999608,
-0.020199544727802277,
0.05986066907644272,
0.05192967876791954,
0.01118030957877636,
0.01532678958028555,
-0.03727523982524872,
0.04894431307911873,
-0.00950597133487463,
-0.03381209820508957,
-0.053865257650613785,
0.08256751298904419,
-0.048135917633771896,
-0.01084581483155489,
0.013874933123588562,
-0.015196491032838821,
0.012890506535768509,
-0.024932613596320152,
-0.029181335121393204,
0.03107621520757675,
-0.039015986025333405,
0.002258619526401162,
0.012384564615786076,
0.0068317558616399765,
-0.03648030012845993,
0.027068985626101494,
0.024035632610321045,
-0.006941115949302912,
0.020762307569384575,
0.011264193803071976,
0.08362473547458649,
0.071369469165802,
-0.05213647335767746,
0.028995387256145477,
0.03228828310966492,
0.027250507846474648,
0.026870138943195343,
0.05183667317032814,
-0.020206615328788757,
0.017965512350201607,
0.005486224312335253,
-0.022823261097073555,
-0.019349854439496994,
0.06653314083814621,
-0.05725198984146118,
0.013043420389294624,
0.04480891302227974,
-0.03282034769654274,
0.06960833817720413,
-0.004947142209857702,
0.00598556362092495,
0.07131991535425186,
0.005609843879938126,
-0.0503140389919281,
-0.019845621660351753,
-0.0005745660164393485,
0.01473260298371315,
0.01338028535246849,
-0.012782587669789791,
0.024088818579912186,
-0.07229919731616974,
0.009371285326778889,
0.012287070043385029,
0.05804072692990303,
0.0802532285451889,
-0.0016069936100393534,
0.006139407865703106,
0.024272441864013672,
-0.020400861278176308,
0.004045404028147459,
-0.10844740271568298,
-0.0715746209025383,
-0.008573008701205254,
-0.0030696040485054255,
0.006583819631487131,
0.031033609062433243,
0.006071229465305805,
0.0044463458471000195,
-0.029093407094478607,
-0.029450222849845886,
0.039837416261434555,
0.012842128984630108,
0.008199064061045647,
-0.005530310794711113,
-0.027863631024956703,
0.011078458279371262,
0.0763198584318161,
-0.018767446279525757,
-0.026898875832557678,
-0.01663520373404026,
-0.0540812611579895,
-0.04444636031985283,
-0.01062688510864973,
-0.004514770582318306,
0.03288682550191879,
0.031340084969997406,
0.012826746329665184,
-0.012390442192554474,
0.04293429106473923,
0.029233885928988457,
0.026254352182149887,
0.02426200360059738,
0.02355070598423481,
-0.03382612019777298,
0.0240511242300272,
0.014911510981619358,
-0.0021193986758589745,
-0.002828879514709115,
0.0009049397776834667,
-0.015470415353775024,
-0.0020676415879279375,
0.05461352691054344,
0.004987151362001896,
-0.2658933699131012,
0.01035851426422596,
0.04083326458930969,
0.0008768558618612587,
0.03358851745724678,
-0.030281666666269302,
0.0372382327914238,
-0.04931550472974777,
-0.03764406591653824,
0.01932629756629467,
-0.014935893006622791,
0.016300199553370476,
-0.01269755233079195,
0.0813654214143753,
0.05455052852630615,
0.03233075514435768,
-0.008168875239789486,
-0.01742149330675602,
0.030346186831593513,
0.015318211168050766,
-0.008976421318948269,
-0.05758221074938774,
-0.030849700793623924,
-0.00294094649143517,
-0.010970843955874443,
0.025332702323794365,
-0.07826247066259384,
0.030294764786958694,
-0.034506428986787796,
0.044545866549015045,
-0.019500497728586197,
-0.049108490347862244,
-0.023458590731024742,
0.024316951632499695,
0.05225455015897751,
0.0025126496329903603,
0.02641034498810768,
-0.030059797689318657,
0.01594405807554722,
0.020114952698349953,
0.003461811924353242,
0.005371709354221821,
-0.04429865628480911,
0.01614370010793209,
0.039466168731451035,
-0.0034710485488176346,
0.004285980947315693,
-0.026647865772247314,
-0.01565319299697876,
0.023853275924921036,
-0.0024501224979758263,
-0.016645286232233047,
-0.01486230082809925,
0.002548954216763377,
0.0075682662427425385,
-0.028791463002562523,
0.01011230330914259,
0.0006597998435609043,
0.00990680605173111,
0.0213887020945549,
-0.015962975099682808,
-0.04271014779806137,
-0.005215669982135296,
-0.014858479611575603,
0.018362896516919136,
-0.05324237048625946,
-0.07152734696865082,
-0.0523318275809288,
0.04056304693222046,
0.03734583035111427,
-0.004980054683983326,
-0.03881904482841492,
-0.002872115932404995,
-0.09761073440313339,
0.042040612548589706,
0.006511565763503313,
0.022675756365060806,
-0.03480027988553047,
-0.0033435472287237644,
0.008621934801340103,
-0.03477253392338753,
-0.04379047825932503,
0.0007264853920787573,
0.02927357144653797,
0.023260626941919327,
-0.019398052245378494,
0.012096814811229706,
-0.04195940122008324,
-0.02076592855155468,
-0.028828077018260956,
0.02269371971487999,
0.029091382399201393,
0.047901663929224014,
-0.02062339521944523,
0.03495803475379944,
0.04057159647345543,
0.06592342257499695,
0.039438068866729736,
0.03538793697953224,
-0.008460759185254574,
0.033924464136362076,
-0.08115735650062561,
-0.04458514228463173,
-0.03537064418196678,
-0.03680824860930443,
-0.005018582567572594,
-0.053012482821941376,
-0.0036659108009189367,
0.01678646355867386,
-0.019665000960230827,
-0.022870657965540886,
-0.023320429027080536,
0.005527207162231207,
0.00729324808344245,
0.007260642014443874,
-0.032673321664333344,
0.0028355587273836136,
0.05700534209609032,
0.025371519848704338,
-0.015952708199620247,
-0.010595601052045822,
0.028933929279446602,
-0.04069206491112709,
-0.009073732420802116,
0.020714279264211655,
-0.013682945631444454,
-0.012757569551467896,
-0.005575238261371851,
0.003700092900544405,
-0.027790572494268417,
0.043100494891405106,
0.05068983510136604,
-0.009704899042844772,
0.012920750305056572,
0.05797015503048897,
-0.015540282242000103,
-0.029219038784503937,
-0.04057899862527847,
0.00997442938387394,
-0.019144883379340172,
0.039247654378414154,
-0.023646563291549683,
0.04817553237080574,
0.019138306379318237,
0.03296677768230438,
0.03301255404949188,
-0.0005327838007360697,
0.01985356956720352,
-0.01797112450003624,
-0.010030298493802547,
0.0004517644119914621,
-0.06931957602500916,
-0.050213322043418884,
-0.002229262376204133,
0.00602505961433053,
-0.030093330889940262,
0.040124133229255676,
0.012213889509439468,
0.038275111466646194,
-0.09346999228000641,
0.04720596224069595,
0.010817823000252247,
-0.026980577036738396,
-0.0015212928410619497,
0.0016047293320298195,
0.06328792870044708,
-0.04034854844212532,
0.024216633290052414,
0.00038058817153796554,
-0.028389694169163704,
0.014349577948451042,
-0.038657255470752716,
-0.06417956203222275,
-0.015829112380743027,
-0.03003394976258278,
0.009498139843344688,
-0.004906773567199707,
-0.07181467860937119,
-0.04354756698012352,
0.029928412288427353,
0.00769759900867939,
-0.03412427380681038,
-0.015623810701072216,
0.004858055617660284,
0.09365670382976532,
-0.02468533255159855,
-0.0024827744346112013,
0.006104688160121441,
-0.026562003418803215,
0.03304681554436684,
-0.016008472070097923,
-0.009871703572571278,
-0.02664383128285408,
-0.0430268757045269,
-0.01506680529564619,
-0.037387914955616,
-0.013186364434659481,
0.0323641411960125,
-0.011135328561067581,
-0.016869595274329185,
0.006109985057264566,
0.007318129297345877,
-0.027998454868793488,
0.0031393365934491158,
0.008550808764994144,
-0.05998266488313675,
0.018160689622163773,
0.03581767901778221,
-0.05686481297016144,
0.05871167406439781,
-0.01685064658522606,
-0.0648621916770935,
-0.07792578637599945,
0.04237505793571472,
0.01596260629594326,
-0.019312703981995583,
-0.055246174335479736,
-0.026978760957717896,
0.01211610995233059,
0.02007586881518364,
-0.01329137571156025,
-0.01743980124592781,
-0.0038293206598609686,
-0.023987330496311188,
0.013699040748178959,
0.052183400839567184,
-0.050494834780693054,
-0.027285199612379074,
0.001234145718626678,
-0.015570775605738163,
-0.0002371583686908707,
-0.05637781322002411,
-0.008248058147728443,
0.056100934743881226,
-0.007398505229502916,
0.024842537939548492,
-0.02847595140337944,
0.059309590607881546,
-0.03275708481669426,
-0.005422983784228563,
-0.002889482071623206,
0.023530850186944008,
-0.0399554967880249,
0.006544668693095446,
0.0047139450907707214,
0.030780179426074028,
-0.0028737508691847324,
0.02157180942595005,
0.020777413621544838,
0.0235639326274395,
0.001046564313583076,
0.00923512876033783,
-0.05719625577330589,
0.020090950652956963,
0.06142512336373329,
-0.02217305637896061,
-0.016195259988307953,
-0.07453221827745438,
-0.029406769201159477,
0.04028384014964104,
0.0010126964189112186,
0.04132804274559021,
-0.0280768983066082,
0.02363993227481842,
0.016634110361337662,
0.02337420918047428,
-0.0038850123528391123,
-0.032205913215875626,
0.042881812900304794,
-0.04181884974241257,
0.03531278669834137,
-0.03670034930109978,
0.006749975029379129,
0.04452802240848541,
-0.035750098526477814,
-0.0004341352905612439,
0.022248758003115654,
-0.013707924634218216,
0.05992930755019188,
-0.033518560230731964,
-0.06753505766391754,
-0.0051027145236730576,
-0.01711653359234333,
-0.01754651963710785,
0.033283255994319916,
-0.03414788097143173,
-0.023703420534729958,
-0.03162245824933052,
-0.03719339892268181,
0.004018136765807867,
0.05534951761364937,
0.03676958382129669,
-0.019089674577116966,
-0.0018835105001926422,
0.0022614633198827505,
0.009909220971167088,
0.05175386741757393,
0.057451870292425156,
0.01188691332936287,
0.04151901975274086,
-0.04410964250564575,
0.07051768153905869,
0.056515395641326904,
0.04788178950548172,
0.03507738932967186,
0.0007636263035237789,
-0.004433991387486458,
-0.03043353371322155,
0.018314862623810768,
-0.025515271350741386,
0.001876171911135316,
-0.08453761786222458,
0.027002975344657898,
0.02246861904859543,
-0.07497039437294006,
-0.04825737699866295,
0.04361038655042648,
-0.02370629645884037,
0.01349762361496687,
-0.01529210340231657,
-0.0059934258460998535,
0.011081291362643242,
0.05455690994858742,
0.02498108334839344,
0.033046938478946686,
0.04232959449291229,
0.010804745368659496,
0.004299716558307409,
-0.013766846619546413,
0.06775904446840286,
0.09470687061548233,
0.04220927879214287,
0.022579025477170944,
0.08282520622015,
-0.05158809944987297,
-0.034899547696113586,
-0.020882785320281982,
-0.009795197285711765,
-0.0370541512966156,
-0.037623412907123566,
-0.020944850519299507,
0.07316909730434418,
0.0032909810543060303,
0.0718090832233429,
-0.029947662726044655,
-0.007091351319104433,
-0.005625915247946978,
0.020087502896785736,
0.00335430889390409,
0.04095274209976196,
0.009763720445334911,
0.025068065151572227,
-0.02717003785073757,
-0.020835088565945625,
-0.04834502935409546,
-0.03641556203365326,
0.03236856684088707,
0.019553856924176216,
-0.012180062010884285,
0.004502883646637201,
0.027741631492972374,
-0.007580778561532497,
0.06982667744159698,
-0.05545933172106743,
-0.042467329651117325,
0.004795820917934179,
-0.0057850186713039875,
-0.01057047676295042,
0.009858773089945316,
0.04401310160756111,
0.016241448000073433,
-0.005315007641911507,
-0.028590956702828407,
-0.009825022891163826,
0.04659327119588852,
0.020796142518520355,
0.0019274160731583834,
-0.040301401168107986,
0.013919454999268055,
0.01032716128975153,
0.013671313412487507,
-0.05700521171092987,
-0.062126483768224716,
-0.016468824818730354,
-0.05592980608344078,
-0.0696486234664917,
-0.03116730973124504,
0.03646938502788544,
-0.004228657111525536,
-0.01647278107702732,
0.0055848537012934685,
-0.005608472041785717,
0.018792251124978065,
0.03555331006646156,
-0.06331349909305573,
-0.05932323634624481,
0.07307371497154236,
-0.01131726149469614,
0.0077523281797766685,
-0.0017443676479160786,
0.022319989278912544,
-0.011944682337343693,
-0.04131297767162323,
0.035834528505802155,
0.003241029568016529,
0.02034701220691204,
-0.061706557869911194,
0.023033542558550835,
-0.08671700954437256,
0.00018126785289496183,
0.014610902406275272,
-0.038810987025499344,
-0.08985594660043716,
0.029036154970526695,
-0.01703127659857273,
0.003730720840394497,
0.03727933391928673,
-0.007012291345745325,
-0.00907102506607771,
-0.03335834667086601,
0.008177146315574646,
-0.006784220691770315,
0.01806294359266758,
0.04653675854206085,
-0.037157103419303894,
0.07925690710544586,
0.015709534287452698,
-0.0421748012304306,
-0.04256033897399902,
0.04412263631820679,
-0.008904567919671535,
0.009314472787082195,
-0.017464173957705498,
-0.0030949939973652363,
-0.03865968436002731,
-0.11446905136108398,
-0.026615986600518227,
-0.000832565885502845,
-0.022956689819693565,
-0.017296358942985535,
0.009729638695716858,
0.0077804457396268845,
0.008317469619214535,
0.019394636154174805,
-0.014440605416893959,
-0.03458869084715843,
-0.012277812696993351,
-0.029034845530986786,
-0.04272390529513359,
0.007705137133598328,
-0.022660860791802406,
-0.0012674068566411734,
-0.04365670680999756,
-0.0327441468834877,
-0.05501518025994301,
-0.031223420053720474,
0.04377162083983421,
0.014071974903345108,
0.021138450130820274,
-0.015336280688643456
] |
3,482
|
MorphoDiff: Cellular Morphology Painting with Diffusion Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=PstM8YfhvI
|
[
"Zeinab Navidi",
"Jun Ma",
"Esteban Miglietta",
"Le Liu",
"Anne E Carpenter",
"Beth A Cimini",
"Benjamin Haibe-Kains",
"BO WANG"
] |
Spotlight
|
Understanding cellular responses to external stimuli is critical for parsing biological mechanisms and advancing therapeutic development. High-content image-based assays provide a cost-effective approach to examine cellular phenotypes induced by diverse interventions, which offers valuable insights into biological processes and cellular states. We introduce MorphoDiff, a generative pipeline to predict high-resolution cell morphological responses under different conditions based on perturbation encoding. To the best of our knowledge, MorphoDiff is the first framework capable of producing guided, high-resolution predictions of cell morphology that generalize across both chemical and genetic interventions. The model integrates perturbation embeddings as guiding signals within a 2D latent diffusion model. The comprehensive computational, biological, and visual validations across three open-source Cell Painting datasets show that MorphoDiff can generate high-fidelity images and produce meaningful biology signals under various interventions. We envision the model will facilitate efficient in silico exploration of perturbational landscapes towards more effective drug discovery studies.
|
Generative Modelling, Latent Diffusion Model, Cell Painting, Morphology, Drug Response Prediction, Cellular Phenotype, Machine Learning
|
We present MorphoDiff as the first generative framework capable of producing guided, high-resolution predictions of cellular morphology that generalizes across both chemical and genetic interventions.
| 7,849
| null |
[
0.004167579114437103,
-0.04572564736008644,
-0.03307468444108963,
0.03721051290631294,
0.04923989251255989,
0.02021995186805725,
0.006470197346061468,
-0.018983157351613045,
-0.03929224610328674,
-0.07776562869548798,
0.024396073073148727,
-0.022646212950348854,
-0.06017673760652542,
0.05091610178351402,
-0.007028670981526375,
0.06653465330600739,
0.032356392592191696,
-0.013967985287308693,
0.015778224915266037,
0.04792267456650734,
-0.03817560896277428,
-0.04732590913772583,
0.008005557581782341,
0.03147207945585251,
0.031955938786268234,
-0.04439833387732506,
0.017453527078032494,
-0.011355206370353699,
-0.02118821255862713,
0.026442764326930046,
0.01570245996117592,
-0.006160055752843618,
-0.029151855036616325,
-0.04476691782474518,
-0.00045301386853680015,
0.018280791118741035,
-0.037033408880233765,
0.0020787438843399286,
-0.021402543410658836,
-0.026492994278669357,
-0.08763403445482254,
0.014619945548474789,
0.017799483612179756,
0.016705593094229698,
-0.03502203896641731,
0.0016202913830056787,
-0.08402886241674423,
0.01930713839828968,
-0.010437436401844025,
0.019544856622815132,
-0.06334108114242554,
0.029002482071518898,
0.02828776277601719,
-0.004599268548190594,
0.01449325680732727,
0.053929317742586136,
0.0329667404294014,
-0.04763355478644371,
-0.016057055443525314,
-0.07107003033161163,
-0.014181789010763168,
0.0013485412346199155,
0.0043418691493570805,
-0.010752006433904171,
0.017322149127721786,
-0.01703540049493313,
-0.005639407783746719,
0.032030023634433746,
-0.04900103807449341,
-0.029046449810266495,
-0.017814049497246742,
0.011272050440311432,
0.020903170108795166,
0.005358823109418154,
0.013239472173154354,
-0.05539436265826225,
-0.03180878236889839,
-0.004809739999473095,
0.06103619933128357,
0.017376095056533813,
0.02540198527276516,
0.02933015488088131,
-0.01796908676624298,
0.020625151693820953,
-0.013588197529315948,
0.027520082890987396,
-0.019318796694278717,
0.006712521892040968,
-0.03507320210337639,
0.05850173905491829,
-0.043332766741514206,
-0.018740661442279816,
0.005810484755784273,
0.012210364453494549,
0.05758960545063019,
-0.020861852914094925,
0.00924764759838581,
0.009883244521915913,
-0.02777106501162052,
0.041852228343486786,
-0.03192068263888359,
-0.03266456350684166,
0.01894974336028099,
0.005014955531805754,
-0.10329004377126694,
0.008518735878169537,
-0.043038662523031235,
-0.04257076233625412,
-0.00892444048076868,
0.03765757754445076,
0.010084991343319416,
-0.017678746953606606,
0.0034840726293623447,
-0.0000471079874841962,
-0.11245778948068619,
0.07168975472450256,
0.01944320648908615,
0.01211054902523756,
0.02917143702507019,
0.02030041627585888,
0.015563431195914745,
0.05350532382726669,
0.005558547098189592,
0.06887909770011902,
0.020049037411808968,
0.025391029193997383,
0.03382818028330803,
0.013935904018580914,
-0.01429106667637825,
-0.029247332364320755,
-0.02243850938975811,
0.05933374911546707,
-0.023790225386619568,
-0.027608288452029228,
0.034395381808280945,
-0.013553434051573277,
0.03784317150712013,
0.00043658495997078717,
0.043563369661569595,
-0.0004709431959781796,
-0.003889701562002301,
-0.032691262662410736,
0.019053678959608078,
-0.038593340665102005,
0.04372987523674965,
-0.08353853970766068,
0.012543407268822193,
-0.012849013321101665,
0.0009068893268704414,
0.006911182776093483,
0.008090185932815075,
0.014561217278242111,
0.03708602860569954,
-0.05153895914554596,
0.029624473303556442,
0.09488435089588165,
-0.014308555983006954,
0.013882503844797611,
-0.005645066034048796,
-0.0408455915749073,
-0.013332958333194256,
-0.016886163502931595,
0.00892346166074276,
-0.025597065687179565,
-0.0035230712965130806,
-0.014886903576552868,
0.019665606319904327,
-0.014458617195487022,
-0.03223947063088417,
-0.009777940809726715,
-0.043795183300971985,
-0.03944138064980507,
0.05190138518810272,
0.011560768820345402,
0.031075673177838326,
-0.04632003232836723,
0.027791278436779976,
0.005881913471966982,
0.0047082072123885155,
-0.014344331808388233,
-0.08221808820962906,
0.029715394601225853,
0.002680836245417595,
0.005186211783438921,
0.018827354535460472,
-0.03708162158727646,
0.09604242444038391,
-0.01961863972246647,
0.014878020621836185,
0.05460257828235626,
-0.06256134063005447,
-0.04226459935307503,
0.07528168708086014,
0.003597941715270281,
0.04671905189752579,
-0.001130168791860342,
-0.013067607767879963,
0.010810872539877892,
0.015722734853625298,
0.059992313385009766,
0.04987018182873726,
-0.0429428368806839,
0.04263642430305481,
-0.016713880002498627,
-0.02058013528585434,
-0.05182475969195366,
0.010686020366847515,
-0.01621715910732746,
-0.02224082499742508,
0.011225580237805843,
-0.027482515200972557,
-0.01428384892642498,
-0.0125365499407053,
0.0015098259318619967,
0.059833358973264694,
-0.007866795174777508,
0.009119545109570026,
0.013942102901637554,
-0.03820126876235008,
-0.04858389124274254,
-0.002097373828291893,
0.008626011200249195,
-0.02381215989589691,
0.007718727458268404,
0.0014237358700484037,
0.09658786654472351,
0.0638618990778923,
-0.0504927858710289,
0.03510469198226929,
0.011188589036464691,
-0.00956635270267725,
0.011290875263512135,
0.012106331065297127,
0.004670462105423212,
-0.012309623882174492,
-0.026443829759955406,
0.012934932485222816,
-0.006259841378778219,
0.07198430597782135,
-0.04779762029647827,
0.01442644838243723,
0.043546900153160095,
-0.013263554312288761,
0.03177014738321304,
0.011403776705265045,
0.016820210963487625,
0.04834242910146713,
-0.02594396099448204,
-0.06581148505210876,
-0.026554234325885773,
-0.006367881782352924,
0.014894633553922176,
-0.017478380352258682,
-0.03949908912181854,
0.008166234008967876,
-0.061828065663576126,
-0.028127867728471756,
-0.030455414205789566,
0.05849173665046692,
0.029289159923791885,
-0.004649554379284382,
-0.023430677130818367,
-0.005371724721044302,
-0.029304353520274162,
-0.020108861848711967,
-0.11585834622383118,
-0.020829016342759132,
-0.01855125091969967,
0.04323123022913933,
0.032881610095500946,
0.06098342686891556,
-0.015669170767068863,
-0.026277901604771614,
-0.03708317130804062,
-0.004926791414618492,
0.02011486329138279,
0.00008260225149570033,
-0.008938457816839218,
-0.04555825889110565,
-0.02397768199443817,
0.010815241374075413,
0.08553911000490189,
0.005242438986897469,
-0.016315793618559837,
0.009099563583731651,
-0.05196981132030487,
-0.01846281625330448,
0.003748958930373192,
0.01904466561973095,
0.0399402491748333,
-0.010398349724709988,
0.0021424214355647564,
-0.02362503483891487,
0.032646019011735916,
0.021748481318354607,
0.013144862838089466,
0.008405503816902637,
0.005337181501090527,
-0.06216691434383392,
0.011857043951749802,
0.01344878040254116,
0.02646942250430584,
0.002714591333642602,
-0.006899799685925245,
-0.0323256179690361,
0.07289426773786545,
0.019361622631549835,
-0.01751042902469635,
-0.24637490510940552,
-0.03393170237541199,
0.02586216665804386,
-0.0003739539533853531,
0.03604387119412422,
-0.018846824765205383,
0.00763347651809454,
-0.014956393279135227,
-0.030302513390779495,
0.0152518879622221,
-0.04578698053956032,
0.027352333068847656,
-0.014113680459558964,
0.07791851460933685,
0.04984505847096443,
0.008701886050403118,
0.021207865327596664,
-0.01462454255670309,
0.01336296834051609,
-0.005511117167770863,
-0.05011369660496712,
-0.038638532161712646,
-0.0044249906204640865,
0.049796655774116516,
-0.01899842917919159,
0.0252226535230875,
-0.034168537706136703,
-0.016031792387366295,
-0.0327196903526783,
-0.015438767150044441,
-0.0017709610983729362,
-0.020683182403445244,
0.0033375562634319067,
0.010355236940085888,
-0.012567424215376377,
0.03133558854460716,
0.03230653703212738,
0.004325526766479015,
0.022992363199591637,
-0.02627117931842804,
-0.002528999699279666,
-0.023157866671681404,
-0.02352815866470337,
-0.008555491454899311,
0.0554402619600296,
-0.004206488374620676,
-0.014127942733466625,
0.01574937254190445,
-0.014316271990537643,
0.059870924800634384,
0.012393745593726635,
-0.03183557465672493,
0.0007409902755171061,
0.017398448660969734,
-0.001519306330010295,
0.002359031466767192,
0.01556492317467928,
-0.012754715047776699,
-0.011052200570702553,
0.00930688064545393,
0.009349719621241093,
-0.03097672574222088,
-0.04756820946931839,
-0.018050439655780792,
0.029774829745292664,
-0.03779292479157448,
-0.08998239040374756,
-0.050534941256046295,
0.05253572762012482,
0.03498180955648422,
0.028668556362390518,
-0.0011722976341843605,
-0.010064801201224327,
-0.10055162757635117,
0.031841203570365906,
-0.0009592787828296423,
-0.009512248449027538,
-0.03344029188156128,
-0.011314036324620247,
0.008930660784244537,
0.007149106822907925,
-0.03806998208165169,
0.025965651497244835,
0.013548747636377811,
0.005015810020267963,
0.007609965279698372,
0.0010204669088125229,
-0.016754480078816414,
-0.0191558338701725,
-0.024645084515213966,
0.06063355505466461,
0.003724933136254549,
0.01196576002985239,
-0.011953561566770077,
0.027782687917351723,
0.01283170934766531,
0.036040861159563065,
0.08057527244091034,
0.037335723638534546,
-0.011823879554867744,
0.03787889704108238,
-0.06820880621671677,
-0.024373497813940048,
-0.04944813251495361,
-0.05852273851633072,
0.001225161598995328,
-0.07808467000722885,
0.013608804903924465,
0.05768834799528122,
-0.009917255491018295,
-0.01728622429072857,
0.0058246878907084465,
0.02731965482234955,
-0.015435393899679184,
-0.003078383393585682,
-0.00512969633564353,
-0.01581864058971405,
0.04286922514438629,
0.04424444958567619,
0.0059111095033586025,
-0.031578753143548965,
0.02489612065255642,
-0.04158047214150429,
0.005302191246300936,
0.007198221515864134,
0.03194193169474602,
-0.027264883741736412,
0.002256928011775017,
0.005810534581542015,
0.0020240263547748327,
0.03441948816180229,
0.02953825518488884,
0.021648984402418137,
0.036293983459472656,
0.03735986724495888,
0.01395948976278305,
-0.021603766828775406,
-0.008227990940213203,
0.0014741991180926561,
0.0034217883367091417,
0.03199271857738495,
0.0152009641751647,
0.07543805241584778,
-0.005902804434299469,
0.04616294056177139,
0.02253885008394718,
-0.0003008553758263588,
0.04498324543237686,
0.008013048209249973,
-0.025975309312343597,
0.0024687403347343206,
-0.053169846534729004,
-0.06096900254487991,
-0.034380730241537094,
0.004616909194737673,
-0.01573336496949196,
0.042070481926202774,
0.011876716278493404,
0.045986175537109375,
-0.0728006511926651,
0.042574089020490646,
0.023254750296473503,
-0.03662114590406418,
0.0007584358681924641,
-0.009572841227054596,
0.08158127963542938,
-0.006011685356497765,
-0.013920646160840988,
-0.020077895373106003,
-0.02575085498392582,
0.019030025228857994,
-0.004202608484774828,
-0.02576460689306259,
0.0043417359702289104,
-0.021625418215990067,
0.019121771678328514,
-0.0008446050924248993,
-0.025590896606445312,
-0.0034736625384539366,
0.07745271176099777,
-0.0014117815298959613,
-0.06291618198156357,
0.01879655197262764,
0.011624010279774666,
0.10462237149477005,
-0.008647516369819641,
0.00411100871860981,
-0.028199492022395134,
-0.008278626017272472,
0.04657153785228729,
-0.027149111032485962,
0.013145866803824902,
-0.045750051736831665,
-0.05052574723958969,
-0.04406949505209923,
-0.0655224472284317,
0.015395954251289368,
0.0325334258377552,
-0.016172047704458237,
-0.0458136722445488,
0.019609756767749786,
0.009146489202976227,
-0.020919444039463997,
0.019335871562361717,
0.0415230467915535,
-0.07150465995073318,
-0.009108800441026688,
0.048780735582113266,
-0.02140120230615139,
0.027249591425061226,
-0.005570023320615292,
-0.04158654063940048,
-0.05490589141845703,
0.009760095737874508,
-0.002135640475898981,
0.01658121682703495,
-0.001399150351062417,
-0.0462312251329422,
-0.008391541428864002,
-0.012516770511865616,
0.01110045239329338,
0.014651726000010967,
-0.0268020648509264,
-0.03794550895690918,
-0.0034099447075277567,
0.03719276189804077,
-0.06593339145183563,
0.00042066044989041984,
-0.0016021676128730178,
0.017172232270240784,
0.03335927426815033,
-0.035351332277059555,
-0.027482016012072563,
0.051552899181842804,
0.027276329696178436,
-0.016999252140522003,
-0.020481862127780914,
0.031590934842824936,
0.005672953557223082,
-0.01575309783220291,
-0.00018446086323820055,
0.017022760584950447,
-0.05137341096997261,
0.019765006378293037,
-0.0015948733780533075,
0.078517384827137,
-0.017075948417186737,
-0.023193735629320145,
0.02023051492869854,
0.047581154853105545,
-0.006466686725616455,
-0.006928011775016785,
-0.016229238361120224,
-0.003239969490095973,
0.037178464233875275,
-0.018021972849965096,
-0.011293880641460419,
-0.0704616829752922,
-0.0207067783921957,
0.02668740414083004,
-0.03155886381864548,
0.0477927103638649,
-0.025656426325440407,
0.05431253835558891,
0.031361401081085205,
0.00612033624202013,
0.005264834500849247,
-0.021929819136857986,
0.022478852421045303,
-0.034438278526067734,
0.01135002076625824,
-0.03326084837317467,
0.01912948675453663,
0.05318259075284004,
-0.037425752729177475,
0.016889803111553192,
-0.014214683324098587,
-0.01192412432283163,
0.04622119292616844,
-0.055156879127025604,
-0.054431766271591187,
0.02460683509707451,
-0.009257648140192032,
0.004043449182063341,
0.04249218851327896,
-0.06055421382188797,
-0.004309061914682388,
-0.002467349637299776,
-0.036187462508678436,
-0.01354971807450056,
0.05996293947100639,
0.016628306359052658,
-0.04537700116634369,
-0.012814694084227085,
0.00028809718787670135,
0.037257418036460876,
0.014675791375339031,
0.05186760425567627,
0.00830837618559599,
-0.003360248636454344,
-0.06199849396944046,
0.08664222061634064,
0.06886248290538788,
0.015601915307343006,
0.009315380826592445,
0.033392198383808136,
0.007590797264128923,
-0.04185695946216583,
0.0054504466243088245,
0.04457055404782295,
-0.013113212771713734,
-0.07110023498535156,
0.031519923359155655,
-0.006827557925134897,
-0.03946033865213394,
-0.018540747463703156,
0.047862179577350616,
-0.0332765206694603,
0.04822540283203125,
-0.032357849180698395,
0.04164743423461914,
0.014821282587945461,
0.02075815387070179,
0.01596970669925213,
0.03371424227952957,
0.05868162587285042,
0.029909426346421242,
0.022397445514798164,
-0.006141940597444773,
0.09772796183824539,
0.09751036763191223,
0.01180386170744896,
-0.020361101254820824,
0.09771506488323212,
-0.004507345147430897,
-0.03442709520459175,
0.008607404306530952,
0.015262625180184841,
-0.03370628133416176,
-0.022652707993984222,
0.04086771979928017,
0.10878738760948181,
0.00011790324788307771,
0.043418191373348236,
-0.044166453182697296,
-0.01308512408286333,
-0.0005997114349156618,
0.009310574270784855,
-0.013058588840067387,
0.005943540018051863,
0.03870663419365883,
0.01658930629491806,
-0.026568785309791565,
0.017407692968845367,
-0.034381717443466187,
-0.05983743444085121,
0.04535467550158501,
0.006635893601924181,
-0.02369387075304985,
0.009856760501861572,
-0.04860425740480423,
0.0035314897540956736,
0.07966957986354828,
0.01264909841120243,
-0.044083986431360245,
0.013811778277158737,
0.04605986177921295,
0.010685219429433346,
0.03993246704339981,
0.023659074679017067,
0.009961133822798729,
0.02409326657652855,
-0.006647506728768349,
-0.012131420895457268,
0.01113347988575697,
0.03966011479496956,
0.002535671927034855,
-0.035077132284641266,
-0.0024221069179475307,
0.015477849170565605,
-0.031487368047237396,
-0.05065024644136429,
-0.036745719611644745,
-0.018006853759288788,
-0.05295372009277344,
-0.0679602399468422,
-0.024337835609912872,
0.01950071193277836,
-0.020793117582798004,
-0.050187770277261734,
0.015377207659184933,
-0.02162720076739788,
0.028877919539809227,
0.04324185848236084,
-0.057931698858737946,
-0.028568750247359276,
0.0464385487139225,
-0.03344690799713135,
-0.02920638769865036,
0.018950080499053,
0.009836540557444096,
-0.01507401280105114,
-0.014340860769152641,
0.022023184224963188,
-0.011902879923582077,
0.018754130229353905,
-0.03524935990571976,
-0.01828077808022499,
-0.09299566596746445,
0.008932529017329216,
0.04068637639284134,
-0.008086863905191422,
-0.08083051443099976,
0.07050430029630661,
-0.026099909096956253,
0.02882285602390766,
0.04599405825138092,
-0.005181478336453438,
0.0007361797033809125,
-0.061621010303497314,
0.003025389974936843,
-0.021092815324664116,
0.005917548201978207,
0.047239091247320175,
-0.030359739437699318,
0.06784581393003464,
0.05145040899515152,
-0.015366625972092152,
-0.03263173997402191,
0.038605112582445145,
-0.024393245577812195,
0.006667632143944502,
-0.030126912519335747,
-0.022952735424041748,
-0.05605396255850792,
-0.1196085587143898,
-0.019685834646224976,
0.03683067485690117,
-0.041286587715148926,
-0.04530530795454979,
-0.014841293916106224,
-0.012763729318976402,
0.030113277956843376,
-0.017730528488755226,
-0.014022552408277988,
-0.008289921097457409,
-0.0463586263358593,
-0.036479391157627106,
-0.059124790132045746,
-0.038535770028829575,
-0.011613894253969193,
0.0049764178693294525,
-0.017059721052646637,
-0.046352215111255646,
-0.0002855868951883167,
0.04105103015899658,
-0.00910889357328415,
-0.019170375540852547,
0.03678101673722267,
-0.014202051796019077
] |
3,483
|
Uncertainty Modeling in Graph Neural Networks via Stochastic Differential Equations
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=TYSQYx9vwd
|
[
"Richard Bergna",
"Sergio Calvo Ordoñez",
"Felix Opolka",
"Pietro Lio",
"José Miguel Hernández-Lobato"
] |
Spotlight
|
We propose a novel Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE) framework to address the problem of learning uncertainty-aware representations for graph-structured data. While Graph Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (GNODEs) have shown promise in learning node representations, they lack the ability to quantify uncertainty. To address this, we introduce Latent Graph Neural Stochastic Differential Equations (LGNSDE), which enhance GNODE by embedding randomness through a Bayesian prior-posterior mechanism for epistemic uncertainty and Brownian motion for aleatoric uncertainty. By leveraging the existence and uniqueness of solutions to graph-based SDEs, we prove that the variance of the latent space bounds the variance of model outputs, thereby providing theoretically sensible guarantees for the uncertainty estimates. Furthermore, we show mathematically that LGNSDEs are robust to small perturbations in the input, maintaining stability over time. Empirical results across several benchmarks demonstrate that our framework is competitive in out-of-distribution detection, robustness to noise perturbations, and active learning, underscoring the ability of LGNSDEs to quantify uncertainty reliably.
|
Graph Neural Networks, Stochastic Differential Equations, Uncertainty Quantification, Bayesian Machine Learning
|
We introduce Latent Graph Neural SDEs (LGNSDEs), a model that quantifies uncertainty in graph-structured data while maintaining robustness to input perturbations, supported by theoretical guarantees and empirical evaluation.
| 7,838
|
2408.16115
|
[
-0.017440974712371826,
0.00016061558562796563,
-0.03719623014330864,
0.08443616330623627,
0.028275541961193085,
0.05674172565340996,
0.029167477041482925,
0.018838927149772644,
-0.00043872339301742613,
-0.06970493495464325,
0.017143012955784798,
-0.014054525643587112,
-0.04988100379705429,
0.011439601890742779,
0.03468798100948334,
0.03644208982586861,
0.042519692331552505,
-0.019238663837313652,
-0.022973783314228058,
0.02962428145110607,
-0.01631835475564003,
-0.029046306386590004,
0.03815566375851631,
0.025847692042589188,
0.04130537435412407,
-0.012534230016171932,
0.0014531462220475078,
-0.0037411153316497803,
-0.004850894678384066,
0.033599816262722015,
0.026265719905495644,
0.01678861863911152,
0.0011642948957160115,
-0.03986448422074318,
-0.00182511901948601,
0.018086731433868408,
-0.035200297832489014,
-0.004697548225522041,
-0.011644309386610985,
0.036946073174476624,
-0.07430902123451233,
-0.01727418042719364,
-0.023982835933566093,
0.023773323744535446,
-0.02158936858177185,
-0.004740598611533642,
-0.062193986028432846,
0.03692753240466118,
0.024408239871263504,
-0.00862404890358448,
-0.13105623424053192,
0.021333225071430206,
0.02949800156056881,
-0.0014157427940517664,
-0.02441161684691906,
0.026680462062358856,
0.07478068768978119,
-0.07139873504638672,
-0.005352482199668884,
-0.06574045121669769,
-0.00965013075619936,
0.011219948530197144,
0.012567688710987568,
0.0009280801750719547,
-0.011386821046471596,
-0.013631426729261875,
0.01993492990732193,
0.06696712225675583,
-0.0434420071542263,
-0.02772495523095131,
0.008395442739129066,
0.01538225170224905,
0.014351947233080864,
0.024198882281780243,
0.025622092187404633,
-0.06356633454561234,
0.03006812185049057,
0.02974814735352993,
0.05091051384806633,
0.001406308962032199,
0.00962277315557003,
0.012017309665679932,
-0.0008579657296650112,
0.03430858999490738,
0.01640867069363594,
0.016478247940540314,
-0.02890482172369957,
-0.04419473931193352,
-0.0827103704214096,
0.035368580371141434,
-0.04248930513858795,
-0.052838943898677826,
-0.013751591555774212,
0.0252740029245615,
0.01752425730228424,
0.0023774306755512953,
0.04053150862455368,
-0.006140316370874643,
0.02681921422481537,
-0.035089895129203796,
-0.013702291995286942,
-0.02940349467098713,
0.013797195628285408,
-0.029960481449961662,
-0.096120685338974,
-0.06601468473672867,
-0.03814808651804924,
-0.027681099250912666,
0.013682270422577858,
-0.02336850017309189,
-0.031549084931612015,
0.019403468817472458,
0.014510161243379116,
-0.02600990980863571,
-0.07457705587148666,
0.011842272244393826,
0.010508510284125805,
0.009509249590337276,
0.0018486959161236882,
-0.015494058839976788,
0.04844606667757034,
0.02439291775226593,
0.0003340165421832353,
0.06832607090473175,
-0.02479221485555172,
0.04127388074994087,
0.001728976028971374,
0.0020018743816763163,
-0.025905674323439598,
-0.04881856590509415,
-0.0041287560015916824,
0.03703615814447403,
0.02191362902522087,
-0.011013583280146122,
0.010204305872321129,
-0.019227176904678345,
0.006976451724767685,
0.03928614407777786,
0.012963381595909595,
0.008867254480719566,
0.0012169997207820415,
-0.043423935770988464,
0.04463077709078789,
-0.0012018999550491571,
0.053712621331214905,
-0.016938457265496254,
0.02565886080265045,
-0.02659684233367443,
-0.028313154354691505,
0.009499666281044483,
0.0018685990944504738,
-0.00938866101205349,
-0.02609281986951828,
-0.05556560307741165,
-0.0011042506666854024,
0.031890470534563065,
0.01369891781359911,
0.04586251080036163,
-0.008483241312205791,
0.015871966257691383,
0.04550548270344734,
0.0009839942213147879,
-0.00553188705816865,
0.028431110084056854,
-0.004559250082820654,
-0.08984903246164322,
0.05870690196752548,
0.01731797121465206,
-0.04583178088068962,
-0.0313047356903553,
-0.011401856318116188,
-0.039032477885484695,
0.034432552754879,
-0.04537390172481537,
0.022932883352041245,
0.00782306119799614,
0.04242299869656563,
-0.014333488419651985,
0.02867475524544716,
0.02464768849313259,
-0.07431725412607193,
0.019230367615818977,
0.03126627206802368,
0.014463288709521294,
-0.021415922790765762,
-0.016140000894665718,
0.0789308175444603,
-0.022265994921326637,
0.005048699676990509,
0.020191237330436707,
-0.10675377398729324,
-0.01673809625208378,
-0.00371788302436471,
-0.013960521668195724,
0.06825114041566849,
0.014576314948499203,
0.0049874200485646725,
0.016585281118750572,
0.024308640509843826,
0.026027051731944084,
0.03236247971653938,
-0.060682304203510284,
0.024400915950536728,
0.007909666746854782,
-0.039787713438272476,
-0.007829342968761921,
0.029777852818369865,
-0.02291877195239067,
-0.015551702119410038,
0.006363565567880869,
-0.012737428769469261,
-0.02042730338871479,
0.013718736357986927,
-0.0031890450045466423,
0.010362332686781883,
-0.04726460948586464,
-0.04109965264797211,
0.0316581130027771,
0.0076960367150604725,
-0.015946831554174423,
0.01342909224331379,
0.04397116228938103,
-0.0026001683436334133,
0.02247036062180996,
-0.015992239117622375,
0.10625206679105759,
0.07845338433980942,
-0.0024469890631735325,
-0.008023930713534355,
0.0058233169838786125,
0.046256136149168015,
0.015548122115433216,
0.04175064340233803,
-0.022532595321536064,
0.030156131833791733,
0.01552652008831501,
0.007158654276281595,
-0.040373433381319046,
0.056476492434740067,
-0.0540660135447979,
0.03431551158428192,
0.05594884976744652,
-0.05269378796219826,
0.06262163817882538,
-0.021433327347040176,
0.012401465326547623,
0.05634203553199768,
-0.0015285640256479383,
-0.02255348116159439,
-0.030377762392163277,
0.0073844073340296745,
0.01285629067569971,
0.00910564512014389,
0.0052763973362743855,
-0.02037140354514122,
-0.04474863409996033,
0.00021434984228108078,
0.009937451221048832,
0.07594890892505646,
0.06480509787797928,
0.045450568199157715,
-0.01770462654531002,
0.028137603774666786,
-0.03625597059726715,
-0.044755663722753525,
-0.1259910762310028,
-0.05416072905063629,
-0.0254720039665699,
0.02634434960782528,
0.027775032445788383,
0.049494657665491104,
-0.016314074397087097,
0.04606166109442711,
-0.009525930508971214,
-0.008221852593123913,
0.020186088979244232,
0.0022206315770745277,
0.02668572962284088,
-0.04124055430293083,
-0.014452604576945305,
0.009805440902709961,
0.070756696164608,
-0.02833271585404873,
-0.03792406991124153,
-0.005335405934602022,
-0.05724324658513069,
0.006739223375916481,
0.015376231633126736,
-0.008130274713039398,
0.019788125529885292,
0.03473956137895584,
-0.0010220464318990707,
-0.032146748155355453,
0.02731078676879406,
0.021496940404176712,
0.06277928501367569,
0.06589251756668091,
0.022277669981122017,
-0.021912671625614166,
0.040037691593170166,
0.0071136122569441795,
0.014141942374408245,
-0.020018557086586952,
0.0037999204359948635,
-0.02019655331969261,
0.015175102278590202,
0.01858406886458397,
0.01668110489845276,
-0.2517460286617279,
-0.012129317969083786,
0.016226833686232567,
-0.017316801473498344,
0.010520601645112038,
-0.020281720906496048,
0.07058053463697433,
-0.022798851132392883,
-0.029733553528785706,
-0.011498824693262577,
0.00009016846888698637,
0.0003890212392434478,
-0.01643604040145874,
0.07268164306879044,
0.055148784071207047,
-0.010455362498760223,
0.018219221383333206,
-0.0313928984105587,
0.02918400801718235,
0.008606757037341595,
-0.05668875575065613,
-0.04340771958231926,
-0.038423098623752594,
0.04240330681204796,
0.0005499239778146148,
0.00578954815864563,
-0.07731135934591293,
-0.02306240051984787,
-0.035092804580926895,
0.021002374589443207,
-0.019056610763072968,
-0.02515496499836445,
-0.010413721203804016,
0.019551951438188553,
-0.0001095835687010549,
0.020711736753582954,
0.010094353929162025,
-0.013697470538318157,
0.0017548032337799668,
0.028995145112276077,
0.013887152075767517,
0.0171837005764246,
-0.02025660127401352,
-0.007794913835823536,
0.08703497797250748,
0.0007488357368856668,
-0.029171813279390335,
0.02770763263106346,
-0.027444250881671906,
0.03854607790708542,
0.0028267167508602142,
-0.0021260303910821676,
0.013064365833997726,
-0.024620715528726578,
0.001818498014472425,
-0.009777865372598171,
-0.01649184338748455,
-0.024202397093176842,
-0.0161603931337595,
0.013024970889091492,
0.02372100204229355,
-0.046279001981019974,
0.012333973310887814,
-0.03039146587252617,
-0.03905881568789482,
-0.037434499710798264,
-0.08433429896831512,
-0.06998495012521744,
0.030286572873592377,
0.007849826477468014,
-0.014984342269599438,
0.010838356800377369,
-0.0038761189207434654,
-0.08423994481563568,
0.026017872616648674,
-0.019447045400738716,
0.013142469339072704,
-0.038998253643512726,
0.03581010177731514,
0.02832312323153019,
-0.035167958587408066,
-0.03979256749153137,
-0.01659693755209446,
0.032582130283117294,
0.03053157776594162,
0.02581428363919258,
0.017589973285794258,
-0.042074140161275864,
-0.04704632610082626,
-0.03153090924024582,
0.03513990715146065,
0.036970727145671844,
0.07209192961454391,
0.009010829031467438,
0.03848377987742424,
0.06421276181936264,
0.04207887873053551,
0.010162480175495148,
0.01767480932176113,
-0.01969030313193798,
0.06073907017707825,
-0.05648788809776306,
-0.014662263914942741,
-0.047982946038246155,
-0.034215204417705536,
0.008074733428657055,
-0.04283805936574936,
-0.0039678397588431835,
0.0031160013750195503,
-0.008904585614800453,
-0.025350550189614296,
-0.04379985108971596,
-0.010637100785970688,
-0.006693167146295309,
-0.041711390018463135,
-0.029802793636918068,
-0.026158520951867104,
0.05110296979546547,
0.013774135150015354,
-0.025505969300866127,
-0.02594330534338951,
0.03772391378879547,
-0.04237550124526024,
-0.010406018234789371,
-0.007024718448519707,
-0.011032039299607277,
-0.008360974490642548,
-0.011154267005622387,
0.0066903457045555115,
-0.008265763521194458,
0.013221567496657372,
0.07740414142608643,
0.012530917301774025,
-0.009210028685629368,
0.039135415107011795,
0.014421612024307251,
-0.02604426071047783,
0.0000328837450069841,
0.05590139329433441,
-0.003183632390573621,
0.010608047246932983,
0.02277122065424919,
0.03652719408273697,
-0.007101505529135466,
0.040130529552698135,
0.020656971260905266,
0.017755527049303055,
0.01255136076360941,
0.024645231664180756,
-0.02696218341588974,
-0.007010340690612793,
-0.04555600881576538,
-0.020166397094726562,
-0.01569436863064766,
0.008549930527806282,
-0.01496774610131979,
0.06587980687618256,
-0.01951397769153118,
0.0007021017954684794,
-0.04080262780189514,
0.043107759207487106,
0.021847017109394073,
-0.03000790625810623,
0.009855663403868675,
-0.02644115686416626,
0.07038403302431107,
-0.03369918465614319,
-0.019283689558506012,
0.04299488663673401,
-0.005554074887186289,
0.02145364135503769,
-0.013739284127950668,
-0.04159557446837425,
-0.02231527492403984,
-0.010811196640133858,
-0.0024726008996367455,
0.0003697615466080606,
-0.04072001948952675,
-0.061479419469833374,
0.0146406264975667,
0.0034033351112157106,
-0.030464371666312218,
-0.027553502470254898,
0.03581516444683075,
0.06120991334319115,
0.005207253620028496,
-0.014628004282712936,
-0.0018349360907450318,
-0.03950737416744232,
0.05458563193678856,
0.014919995330274105,
0.006370179820805788,
-0.06592746078968048,
-0.04027697816491127,
-0.005939066410064697,
-0.03486635908484459,
-0.0009264866821467876,
0.005367346573621035,
0.027324726805090904,
-0.009245889261364937,
0.03606700897216797,
0.0033226695377379656,
-0.05508551746606827,
0.02136792615056038,
0.013995088636875153,
-0.07102135568857193,
0.010525373741984367,
0.06125633418560028,
-0.016876477748155594,
0.009962170384824276,
-0.030830273404717445,
-0.032813962548971176,
-0.03642570972442627,
-0.03043762594461441,
0.022474762052297592,
0.034224722534418106,
-0.021123362705111504,
-0.01565416343510151,
-0.015039102174341679,
0.008699466474354267,
0.02490035817027092,
0.0038380715996026993,
0.03100704587996006,
-0.048682428896427155,
0.02191523276269436,
0.04947594180703163,
-0.05004744976758957,
0.017108416184782982,
-0.014729605987668037,
-0.015224341303110123,
0.00020645624317694455,
-0.029252925887703896,
0.005682418588548899,
0.008214234374463558,
-0.02082355134189129,
0.0456773079931736,
-0.08790300041437149,
0.04966621473431587,
-0.019624771550297737,
-0.03409050405025482,
-0.017921308055520058,
0.012579001486301422,
-0.037413667887449265,
-0.023509010672569275,
-0.001763785257935524,
0.04153911769390106,
0.009901363402605057,
0.02396826073527336,
0.033653587102890015,
0.008393104188144207,
0.0432480089366436,
-0.0027762011159211397,
-0.07784533500671387,
0.040320951491594315,
0.052773021161556244,
-0.007405971642583609,
-0.017341425642371178,
-0.07640166580677032,
-0.02386581338942051,
-0.026128102093935013,
-0.05197039991617203,
0.03278882056474686,
-0.024870123714208603,
0.0279109887778759,
0.03252362087368965,
0.03480011224746704,
0.009201445616781712,
-0.028341416269540787,
0.00872014183551073,
-0.06304576247930527,
0.006541055627167225,
-0.058516617864370346,
-0.004743667319417,
0.023431265726685524,
-0.03550157696008682,
-0.002078884979709983,
0.011546928435564041,
-0.012806783430278301,
0.01752280630171299,
-0.05045723170042038,
-0.05100833624601364,
0.01643245667219162,
-0.019676316529512405,
-0.016158252954483032,
0.0408250093460083,
-0.047906406223773956,
-0.030165627598762512,
0.001644729869440198,
-0.06354475021362305,
-0.007122141774743795,
0.021191434934735298,
0.02866249904036522,
-0.020318808034062386,
0.012376717291772366,
-0.03810069337487221,
0.01154293678700924,
0.04714108258485794,
0.07597597688436508,
0.037732042372226715,
0.02678537555038929,
-0.05965138226747513,
0.051207538694143295,
0.042504630982875824,
0.020597705617547035,
0.03867262601852417,
0.031346600502729416,
-0.01922561787068844,
-0.058650318533182144,
0.03413723409175873,
-0.007677750196307898,
-0.013791851699352264,
-0.05410964414477348,
0.05473851040005684,
0.021743768826127052,
-0.05325036123394966,
-0.01841474510729313,
0.013838659971952438,
-0.02491767331957817,
-0.000514258979819715,
0.003093896433711052,
0.011809822171926498,
0.005558628123253584,
0.07154055684804916,
0.01564203016459942,
0.03524904325604439,
0.04667806252837181,
0.03498772159218788,
-0.013203076086938381,
0.0021297885105013847,
0.08480514585971832,
0.07136521488428116,
0.0294585432857275,
-0.00519886240363121,
0.08378642052412033,
-0.03101133555173874,
-0.03861629217863083,
0.01693985052406788,
0.007344501093029976,
-0.031130027025938034,
-0.06075882539153099,
0.011684797704219818,
0.09815739095211029,
-0.005372710060328245,
0.083180271089077,
-0.05966847389936447,
-0.0030482583679258823,
0.038470908999443054,
0.005091141909360886,
-0.008428048342466354,
0.03301620855927467,
0.0006127816741354764,
0.015569319017231464,
0.0056385681964457035,
-0.015318850055336952,
-0.006937152240425348,
-0.03269164264202118,
0.028193270787596703,
0.02727925404906273,
0.0021055489778518677,
-0.02551114931702614,
0.029037700966000557,
0.010855619795620441,
0.10329606384038925,
-0.06823698431253433,
-0.03770890459418297,
-0.008411302231252193,
0.01905214600265026,
-0.0045329914428293705,
0.0703025683760643,
0.02835521474480629,
-0.019037237390875816,
0.0011963609140366316,
-0.042443353682756424,
0.02437226101756096,
0.0003198204794898629,
-0.01867128163576126,
-0.013915474526584148,
-0.022011669352650642,
-0.02214946784079075,
0.011064136400818825,
-0.008936493657529354,
-0.016522636637091637,
-0.04903779551386833,
0.00023251383390743285,
-0.03803928941488266,
-0.07608119398355484,
-0.054809246212244034,
0.024633685126900673,
-0.00725267780944705,
0.002054442185908556,
0.021657507866621017,
-0.019327906891703606,
0.03186031058430672,
0.025516502559185028,
-0.025694990530610085,
0.010544463992118835,
0.0407526008784771,
0.008165460079908371,
-0.020535554736852646,
0.03149433806538582,
0.025340406224131584,
-0.013871176168322563,
-0.013919683173298836,
0.03918704017996788,
0.015098980627954006,
0.02615206502377987,
-0.0048344312235713005,
0.006428788881748915,
-0.082596056163311,
0.016257179901003838,
0.022103475406765938,
-0.06385952234268188,
-0.07889439165592194,
0.07170587033033371,
-0.02576030045747757,
0.03529001772403717,
0.03451139107346535,
0.013990333303809166,
0.007059878204017878,
-0.04842672497034073,
-0.021637920290231705,
0.0065311542712152,
0.0032207868061959743,
0.03216030076146126,
-0.006465178448706865,
0.05852231755852699,
0.03206253424286842,
-0.004965320695191622,
-0.021889572963118553,
0.013702085241675377,
0.010550790466368198,
-0.000815258885268122,
-0.007280657533556223,
-0.008171712048351765,
-0.030327772721648216,
-0.11334425210952759,
-0.03946761041879654,
0.0020091815385967493,
-0.027864377945661545,
-0.020506102591753006,
-0.012251784093677998,
-0.0037216031923890114,
0.0025179930962622166,
0.02173980511724949,
-0.03281116858124733,
-0.028453826904296875,
-0.03228296339511871,
-0.03248352184891701,
-0.07781707495450974,
0.0018338141962885857,
-0.01675482466816902,
0.0106965908780694,
-0.02318265661597252,
-0.08736152201890945,
-0.054622162133455276,
-0.030905023217201233,
0.0182065237313509,
-0.008156793192029,
0.011633549816906452,
0.02047473005950451
] |
3,484
|
Simplifying Deep Temporal Difference Learning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=7IzeL0kflu
|
[
"Matteo Gallici",
"Mattie Fellows",
"Benjamin Ellis",
"Bartomeu Pou",
"Ivan Masmitja",
"Jakob Nicolaus Foerster",
"Mario Martin"
] |
Spotlight
|
$Q$-learning played a foundational role in the field reinforcement learning (RL).
However, TD algorithms with off-policy data, such as $Q$-learning, or nonlinear function approximation like deep neural networks require several additional tricks to stabilise training, primarily a large replay buffer and target networks. Unfortunately, the delayed updating of frozen network parameters in the target network harms the sample efficiency and, similarly, the large replay buffer introduces memory and implementation overheads. In this paper, we investigate whether it is possible to accelerate and simplify off-policy TD training while maintaining its stability. Our key theoretical result demonstrates for the first time that regularisation techniques such as LayerNorm can yield provably convergent TD algorithms without the need for a target network or replay buffer, even with off-policy data. Empirically, we find that online, parallelised sampling enabled by vectorised environments stabilises training without the need for a large replay buffer. Motivated by these findings, we propose PQN, our simplified deep online $Q$-Learning algorithm. Surprisingly, this simple algorithm is competitive with more complex methods like: Rainbow in Atari, PPO-RNN in Craftax, QMix in Smax, and can be up to 50x faster than traditional DQN without sacrificing sample efficiency. In an era where PPO has become the go-to RL algorithm, PQN reestablishes off-policy $Q$-learning as a viable alternative.
|
Reinforcement Learning, TD, Theory, Q-learning, Parallelisation, Network Normalisation
| null | 7,833
|
2407.04811
|
[
-0.011317312717437744,
-0.04515758529305458,
-0.026075070723891258,
0.04438835009932518,
0.031677041202783585,
0.011103368364274502,
-0.002418048679828644,
0.014502685517072678,
-0.03773532062768936,
-0.012172780930995941,
-0.02244701236486435,
0.01452153641730547,
-0.07600472867488861,
-0.016369158402085304,
0.041966717690229416,
0.07635591179132462,
0.04325641319155693,
-0.04920259490609169,
-0.010630801320075989,
0.009293818846344948,
0.024019036442041397,
0.00139722996391356,
0.024775423109531403,
0.012585978955030441,
0.03153720498085022,
-0.006362923886626959,
0.039853788912296295,
0.027710432186722755,
-0.0168977752327919,
-0.030517593026161194,
0.02661166526377201,
-0.037230078130960464,
0.01801575906574726,
-0.03506830707192421,
0.013382211327552795,
0.006823026575148106,
-0.033321913331747055,
0.01662582717835903,
-0.015607728622853756,
0.01317649893462658,
-0.04987145960330963,
-0.0022192890755832195,
-0.02068694308400154,
0.014262226410210133,
-0.025491204112768173,
0.02138158120214939,
-0.06823382526636124,
-0.00350491632707417,
0.009168255142867565,
-0.040543533861637115,
-0.10146898776292801,
0.054954610764980316,
0.023829661309719086,
-0.01368062011897564,
-0.019341688603162766,
0.029366234317421913,
0.01987055130302906,
-0.0814807265996933,
-0.0062480526976287365,
-0.049415480345487595,
-0.013479765504598618,
0.0188244991004467,
0.04046066850423813,
0.020387113094329834,
-0.022550469264388084,
0.019424447789788246,
0.040144551545381546,
0.04917440190911293,
-0.014906253665685654,
-0.012123079970479012,
-0.021020596846938133,
-0.011339579708874226,
-0.008313433267176151,
0.006015219260007143,
-0.013273383490741253,
-0.018690621480345726,
0.012243936769664288,
0.02629629150032997,
0.06601044535636902,
-0.014357451349496841,
0.036151569336652756,
0.01651112176477909,
0.015964724123477936,
0.0427946001291275,
0.020281298086047173,
0.0036499258130788803,
-0.035911574959754944,
-0.012376471422612667,
-0.09234902262687683,
0.04184681177139282,
-0.010557501576840878,
-0.03496778756380081,
0.02651582844555378,
0.057542502880096436,
-0.006009337026625872,
0.017575152218341827,
0.01937662810087204,
0.018970174714922905,
0.025660915300250053,
-0.01336728222668171,
-0.026314031332731247,
-0.04902321472764015,
0.030332475900650024,
-0.03432585671544075,
-0.12427790462970734,
-0.011447069235146046,
-0.024611946195364,
-0.02767208218574524,
-0.0029029743745923042,
0.051151249557733536,
-0.057174891233444214,
0.008717697113752365,
0.04001590982079506,
-0.020653370767831802,
-0.07931090146303177,
0.008364260196685791,
-0.029327351599931717,
0.04073115438222885,
-0.005213794764131308,
0.011540352366864681,
0.04393565282225609,
0.01100518275052309,
0.02638981305062771,
0.07513988763093948,
0.016321050003170967,
0.010511803440749645,
0.011106479912996292,
0.03537808358669281,
-0.01897287555038929,
-0.05074898526072502,
0.034487877041101456,
0.02870791219174862,
-0.019928455352783203,
0.013621844351291656,
-0.031274616718292236,
-0.04002107307314873,
-0.012289389967918396,
0.008038156665861607,
0.04433448240160942,
0.002773772459477186,
-0.007333456538617611,
-0.026147617027163506,
0.07369603961706161,
-0.035501670092344284,
0.066719189286232,
-0.007946151308715343,
-0.005386901553720236,
-0.022121785208582878,
-0.04419444873929024,
-0.00093218864640221,
0.0043915919959545135,
-0.024476276710629463,
-0.027826089411973953,
-0.07624436169862747,
0.019982580095529556,
0.038593437522649765,
0.033504314720630646,
0.034193698316812515,
-0.013531683944165707,
0.026835018768906593,
0.023806562647223473,
0.004696391522884369,
-0.04268186539411545,
-0.015220643021166325,
-0.006276946514844894,
-0.05364765226840973,
0.051024746149778366,
0.018283894285559654,
-0.034338682889938354,
-0.021743841469287872,
-0.03027862124145031,
-0.03200555220246315,
0.061804987490177155,
-0.004908072296530008,
-0.03158416971564293,
0.02512441575527191,
0.03469414636492729,
-0.008504962548613548,
0.021218616515398026,
0.01246144063770771,
-0.09538771212100983,
0.05183291435241699,
-0.00036573343095369637,
0.014624085277318954,
0.0019292980432510376,
-0.049294255673885345,
0.05880039185285568,
-0.04069115221500397,
0.01894202083349228,
0.016806669533252716,
-0.0818103700876236,
0.0008723316132090986,
0.0009179603075608611,
-0.014153562486171722,
0.07192780822515488,
-0.010136608965694904,
-0.006448486354202032,
0.046164702624082565,
0.019745994359254837,
0.06498505920171738,
0.04207707569003105,
-0.05473748594522476,
0.03660627827048302,
-0.020033277571201324,
-0.036231543868780136,
0.027393586933612823,
0.043389204889535904,
-0.06149040162563324,
-0.014736865647137165,
-0.011061795055866241,
-0.018294580280780792,
0.003117731772363186,
-0.01528564840555191,
0.003704903181642294,
0.010181003250181675,
0.03695356473326683,
0.0005655604763887823,
0.0007281560683622956,
0.023659268394112587,
-0.055403921753168106,
0.03235742822289467,
0.01203182153403759,
-0.02014249749481678,
-0.000051223181799286976,
-0.03214796259999275,
0.11106643825769424,
0.051153212785720825,
-0.03979350998997688,
0.008205706253647804,
0.009442572481930256,
-0.004463103599846363,
0.034725334495306015,
0.0009316026116721332,
-0.04218682646751404,
0.03147340193390846,
-0.004840653855353594,
-0.01630786433815956,
-0.008165332488715649,
0.03866443410515785,
-0.020506583154201508,
-0.021832939237356186,
0.05207757279276848,
0.0018588695675134659,
0.0637330710887909,
0.005832722410559654,
0.0037706776056438684,
0.007022876292467117,
0.011652283370494843,
-0.031229233369231224,
-0.03689904138445854,
-0.0276395995169878,
-0.0017760973423719406,
0.02797924540936947,
-0.013754031620919704,
0.002872650045901537,
-0.06789490580558777,
-0.01095937192440033,
-0.011284244246780872,
0.06448490172624588,
0.03743895888328552,
-0.004622613545507193,
0.046927135437726974,
0.015939760953187943,
-0.017500044777989388,
-0.02316809818148613,
-0.11037816852331161,
-0.051723189651966095,
0.023345887660980225,
0.064768485724926,
0.015571432188153267,
0.016161326318979263,
-0.013432685285806656,
0.01091066375374794,
-0.030262935906648636,
-0.04169990494847298,
-0.0058093261905014515,
0.02512817271053791,
0.021551266312599182,
-0.019151387736201286,
-0.027084995061159134,
0.020832598209381104,
0.06938083469867706,
-0.005044904537498951,
0.0008935786318033934,
-0.012874864041805267,
-0.04810702055692673,
0.0015791968908160925,
-0.02685348130762577,
-0.018061945214867592,
0.04057088866829872,
0.019016524776816368,
0.016380539163947105,
-0.07135409116744995,
0.02306627668440342,
0.030769703909754753,
0.0588102862238884,
0.059948015958070755,
0.004843058995902538,
0.005832048133015633,
0.021624574437737465,
0.00140681816264987,
0.003303857985883951,
-0.011719613336026669,
0.03554480895400047,
-0.00011471875768620521,
-0.028196927160024643,
0.0231065321713686,
0.002247455297037959,
-0.2654413878917694,
-0.04104049503803253,
-0.008840679191052914,
0.012902206741273403,
0.06649573147296906,
-0.005808364599943161,
0.040791984647512436,
-0.0277834665030241,
-0.03135971352458,
0.01682068035006523,
0.027783237397670746,
0.013187075033783913,
0.0026624544989317656,
0.037494122982025146,
0.04169291630387306,
0.028607700020074844,
-0.0009476320701651275,
-0.0210327859967947,
0.030494673177599907,
0.03293557092547417,
-0.006445363163948059,
-0.08714240044355392,
-0.001793751842342317,
0.027767326682806015,
0.004990016110241413,
0.058812618255615234,
-0.058679789304733276,
-0.03713606670498848,
-0.035013552755117416,
-0.013310610316693783,
-0.010154178366065025,
-0.024080755189061165,
-0.015850519761443138,
0.05105973035097122,
0.010084579698741436,
-0.00891613494604826,
0.04549321532249451,
-0.022945212200284004,
0.06821657717227936,
0.02552538737654686,
-0.032177116721868515,
0.001408817246556282,
0.01810479164123535,
0.01026952639222145,
0.04302041977643967,
0.060896582901477814,
-0.04118403419852257,
-0.0038282175082713366,
-0.010997431352734566,
0.036826375871896744,
0.009111970663070679,
0.002954112831503153,
-0.0022448915988206863,
0.006569084711372852,
0.0010603598784655333,
-0.027046315371990204,
-0.03154340386390686,
-0.02039472758769989,
0.028989873826503754,
0.012332958169281483,
0.0059613678604364395,
-0.03757473826408386,
-0.039716240018606186,
-0.019611258059740067,
-0.012686017900705338,
-0.0425359271466732,
-0.06704218685626984,
-0.03628489375114441,
0.032750409096479416,
0.05581478402018547,
-0.0008100589038804173,
-0.03585827723145485,
-0.020423894748091698,
-0.08479611575603485,
0.01730804145336151,
0.002318918239325285,
-0.015375408343970776,
-0.017813291400671005,
0.03706909716129303,
0.0520043782889843,
-0.03162103891372681,
-0.05119452625513077,
0.01546898391097784,
0.013873765245079994,
0.031849946826696396,
-0.026595862582325935,
0.01994793303310871,
-0.024541812017560005,
-0.01756623387336731,
-0.04071331024169922,
0.03690308332443237,
0.003690878627821803,
0.03177992254495621,
-0.024113327264785767,
0.05929023399949074,
0.029455505311489105,
0.016637004911899567,
0.04742148518562317,
0.025248011574149132,
-0.004613790195435286,
-0.0009059180738404393,
-0.03915315866470337,
0.0016655850922688842,
-0.06757703423500061,
-0.01314359251409769,
-0.012477475218474865,
-0.04516076669096947,
-0.017949847504496574,
0.010748352855443954,
0.02663426473736763,
-0.03447873517870903,
-0.035873688757419586,
-0.018167560920119286,
-0.009188883006572723,
-0.019563188776373863,
-0.024331368505954742,
-0.014469369314610958,
0.038895316421985626,
0.03872980177402496,
-0.028727056458592415,
-0.05493970215320587,
0.04014802724123001,
-0.021470779553055763,
0.026216939091682434,
0.010010829195380211,
-0.004147147294133902,
0.013350596651434898,
-0.02036409266293049,
0.020041227340698242,
-0.007719522807747126,
0.04362649843096733,
0.03717869147658348,
-0.0014392868615686893,
0.03105360083281994,
0.03180203586816788,
-0.03367060795426369,
-0.011926937848329544,
0.01914343796670437,
0.038463253527879715,
0.03516364470124245,
0.02105570398271084,
-0.0030915774405002594,
0.050797201693058014,
0.022682219743728638,
-0.0016117640770971775,
0.017950385808944702,
0.008869043551385403,
-0.0035401044879108667,
0.01991795003414154,
-0.01641194522380829,
0.044748254120349884,
-0.06481783837080002,
0.0051985918544232845,
-0.03810683637857437,
0.04308593273162842,
-0.02309468202292919,
0.02514324150979519,
-0.040391527116298676,
0.011238375678658485,
-0.07059663534164429,
0.011675000190734863,
0.00600502360612154,
-0.044153522700071335,
0.01793215051293373,
0.043593503534793854,
0.04938610643148422,
0.0019143604440614581,
-0.017143534496426582,
0.012432335875928402,
-0.02624928392469883,
-0.02503041736781597,
-0.02438241057097912,
-0.03215619921684265,
-0.02841286174952984,
-0.03538194298744202,
-0.026886239647865295,
0.0021891859360039234,
-0.03171353042125702,
-0.027881400659680367,
0.0273575559258461,
0.021367376670241356,
-0.011858361773192883,
-0.001657589222304523,
0.0027811601758003235,
0.07337462157011032,
-0.027217241004109383,
0.005430498626083136,
0.0152211245149374,
-0.032110851258039474,
0.029058007523417473,
0.01677822321653366,
0.04505034536123276,
-0.045886922627687454,
-0.03104841709136963,
-0.022875363007187843,
-0.032514672726392746,
0.007724541239440441,
0.0570405051112175,
-0.022339435294270515,
-0.007254031486809254,
-0.031550295650959015,
-0.0240633524954319,
-0.01718859188258648,
0.007543359417468309,
0.047699566930532455,
-0.06988739222288132,
-0.010331986472010612,
0.047479793429374695,
-0.015506348572671413,
0.01578064262866974,
-0.05438768491148949,
-0.03238768130540848,
-0.031494855880737305,
-0.0381627157330513,
-0.02014850452542305,
-0.004311439581215382,
-0.0206303633749485,
-0.015991374850273132,
-0.0004409689281601459,
0.0031909679528325796,
0.03099058009684086,
-0.02341959998011589,
-0.011289486661553383,
-0.006898508407175541,
-0.013976884074509144,
0.0666947066783905,
-0.048435699194669724,
-0.005399754736572504,
0.007832406088709831,
0.012892753817141056,
0.008777807466685772,
-0.04641762375831604,
0.018579130992293358,
0.0413946770131588,
-0.03410324081778526,
0.021332653239369392,
-0.05441973730921745,
0.07955867052078247,
-0.03440707549452782,
-0.04058286175131798,
-0.008308389224112034,
0.0008082650019787252,
-0.028161587193608284,
-0.0034337935503572226,
-0.035591136664152145,
0.015492464415729046,
0.049939367920160294,
0.01332905050367117,
0.016001123934984207,
-0.002556954976171255,
0.017368728294968605,
0.03179328888654709,
-0.0727982223033905,
-0.02503645233809948,
0.047321297228336334,
-0.0438084714114666,
0.0004870943957939744,
-0.06161431223154068,
-0.018025128170847893,
0.026595020666718483,
-0.04652763903141022,
0.007397118490189314,
-0.0421043299138546,
0.00956911314278841,
0.02657112292945385,
0.045151591300964355,
0.05180525407195091,
-0.04180438816547394,
0.038965582847595215,
-0.0593537911772728,
-0.007007753476500511,
-0.07385220378637314,
-0.00974930077791214,
0.07762979716062546,
-0.01876688189804554,
0.019188709557056427,
0.024115480482578278,
-0.014746829867362976,
0.048467982560396194,
-0.025736970826983452,
-0.05867511406540871,
0.02081490494310856,
-0.01820526458323002,
-0.01624094694852829,
0.05606719106435776,
-0.03669258952140808,
-0.028491603210568428,
0.010809836909174919,
-0.019495634362101555,
0.02665461041033268,
0.0077569689601659775,
0.020323239266872406,
0.010284162126481533,
-0.026337910443544388,
-0.035518430173397064,
0.027931787073612213,
0.009356002323329449,
0.013189037330448627,
0.01182288583368063,
-0.005056867841631174,
-0.021260874345898628,
0.05458947643637657,
0.03418870270252228,
0.025988414883613586,
-0.01666828617453575,
0.02519146166741848,
-0.023906689137220383,
-0.05031556263566017,
0.060350097715854645,
0.010541317984461784,
-0.008218124508857727,
-0.04017436131834984,
0.013101900927722454,
0.017866656184196472,
-0.05311654880642891,
0.010749928653240204,
0.016787145286798477,
-0.0757312998175621,
-0.022530965507030487,
0.008290950208902359,
0.0009654170135036111,
0.00972177367657423,
0.09573467820882797,
0.03099616803228855,
0.044100984930992126,
0.10621781647205353,
0.05516527220606804,
-0.007044077385216951,
0.01238242071121931,
0.05817088112235069,
0.07073739171028137,
0.05425677448511124,
-0.0398804247379303,
0.05548131465911865,
-0.039029911160469055,
-0.04600124433636665,
0.0512496754527092,
0.021196886897087097,
-0.013807285577058792,
-0.0328056700527668,
0.02415531873703003,
0.07232128083705902,
-0.007879304699599743,
0.04285282641649246,
-0.04782719910144806,
-0.027369795367121696,
0.053919531404972076,
-0.013531127013266087,
-0.04693678766489029,
0.03743894025683403,
0.019542714580893517,
0.04013707488775253,
-0.014249064028263092,
-0.05113682523369789,
0.007763125468045473,
0.02363600954413414,
0.01993371732532978,
0.026049161329865456,
-0.017344124615192413,
0.007590515073388815,
0.04441788047552109,
0.021453093737363815,
0.09757642447948456,
-0.0505792461335659,
-0.03689957410097122,
-0.01981748454272747,
-0.008029528893530369,
0.013578338548541069,
0.02907232567667961,
0.026355959475040436,
-0.02907431498169899,
0.015014995820820332,
-0.02949208766222,
0.01034135464578867,
0.02605254203081131,
-0.028900889679789543,
0.021534476429224014,
-0.030825991183519363,
-0.011799106374382973,
0.028560927137732506,
-0.0007414446445181966,
-0.021079903468489647,
-0.06254825741052628,
-0.03548048809170723,
-0.04989602789282799,
-0.051038943231105804,
-0.09157329797744751,
0.01970818266272545,
-0.02574453316628933,
-0.04130937531590462,
0.014222154393792152,
-0.03718778118491173,
0.03387783467769623,
0.0008895917562767863,
-0.05039585754275322,
-0.023277323693037033,
0.03767996281385422,
-0.018331117928028107,
0.01387200690805912,
0.026023373007774353,
0.04095610976219177,
0.014472695998847485,
-0.005489982198923826,
0.023990631103515625,
0.009910031221807003,
0.003887319937348366,
-0.024909650906920433,
-0.008429588750004768,
-0.09010528028011322,
-0.003657815046608448,
0.03220219910144806,
-0.02218921110033989,
-0.0767625942826271,
0.022594759240746498,
-0.04779916629195213,
0.027565915137529373,
0.08592499047517776,
0.004779771436005831,
0.02894001267850399,
-0.026646099984645844,
-0.018804077059030533,
0.018956923857331276,
0.007427573204040527,
0.034556351602077484,
-0.0404929555952549,
0.040846388787031174,
0.0654633417725563,
-0.01193628367036581,
-0.030903860926628113,
0.05651668831706047,
0.021632667630910873,
-0.03453373163938522,
-0.008450050838291645,
-0.03986701741814613,
-0.027200328186154366,
-0.0898032933473587,
-0.027442118152976036,
0.027369653806090355,
-0.020378353074193,
-0.04274268448352814,
-0.0032415580935776234,
0.000731760635972023,
0.010318414308130741,
-0.020529596135020256,
-0.05349221080541611,
-0.011675423942506313,
-0.03823017328977585,
-0.01595110073685646,
-0.08356854319572449,
0.028909362852573395,
-0.018167909234762192,
-0.010079565457999706,
-0.02673494815826416,
-0.044566117227077484,
0.015478033572435379,
0.015601666644215584,
0.030430136248469353,
0.015630532056093216,
0.008553205989301205,
-0.014461537823081017
] |
3,485
|
The Superposition of Diffusion Models Using the Itô Density Estimator
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=2o58Mbqkd2
|
[
"Marta Skreta",
"Lazar Atanackovic",
"Joey Bose",
"Alexander Tong",
"Kirill Neklyudov"
] |
Spotlight
|
The Cambrian explosion of easily accessible pre-trained diffusion models suggests a demand for methods that combine multiple different pre-trained diffusion models without incurring the significant computational burden of re-training a larger combined model. In this paper, we cast the problem of combining multiple pre-trained diffusion models at the generation stage under a novel proposed framework termed superposition. Theoretically, we derive superposition from rigorous first principles stemming from the celebrated continuity equation and design two novel algorithms tailor-made for combining diffusion models in SuperDiff. SuperDiff leverages a new scalable Itô density estimator for the log likelihood of the diffusion SDE which incurs *no additional overhead* compared to the well-known Hutchinson's estimator needed for divergence calculations. We demonstrate that SuperDiff is scalable to large pre-trained diffusion models as superposition is performed *solely through composition during inference*, and also enjoys painless implementation as it combines different pre-trained vector fields through an automated re-weighting scheme. Notably, we show that SuperDiff is efficient during inference time, and mimics traditional composition operators such as the logical OR and the logical AND. We empirically demonstrate the utility of using SuperDiff for generating more diverse images on CIFAR-10, more faithful prompt conditioned image editing using Stable Diffusion, as well as improved conditional molecule generation and unconditional *de novo* structure design of proteins. https://github.com/necludov/super-diffusion
|
generative modelling, protein generation, image generation, diffusion models
|
The principled way to combine the outputs of several diffusion models
| 7,783
| null |
[
-0.04111520200967789,
0.00012664524547290057,
-0.02917177975177765,
0.05975378677248955,
0.05710940062999725,
0.031471654772758484,
-0.0015683136880397797,
-0.010842223651707172,
-0.0006580494809895754,
-0.06772463023662567,
0.044730186462402344,
-0.00882943719625473,
-0.061277709901332855,
0.024167200550436974,
0.010964266024529934,
0.06790228188037872,
0.028387462720274925,
-0.01954866759479046,
-0.016711169853806496,
0.03568490967154503,
-0.0203099362552166,
-0.0006247696001082659,
0.005148543044924736,
0.01308420766144991,
0.019761214032769203,
0.00598841393366456,
0.006696928758174181,
-0.011197494342923164,
-0.029375672340393066,
-0.021188020706176758,
0.02796286903321743,
0.006169330328702927,
-0.01198237668722868,
-0.038301777094602585,
-0.0011648155050352216,
-0.026242461055517197,
-0.03783981874585152,
-0.02416137605905533,
-0.0151292122900486,
0.009735765866935253,
-0.07095566391944885,
0.035161711275577545,
-0.009804727509617805,
0.03693089634180069,
-0.04708234965801239,
-0.02650347724556923,
-0.10866295546293259,
0.04656057432293892,
-0.006300964392721653,
-0.02944250777363777,
-0.08595554530620575,
0.018252359703183174,
0.007532985880970955,
-0.014541174285113811,
-0.017396096140146255,
0.050778504461050034,
0.04000140726566315,
-0.05115967243909836,
-0.017305316403508186,
-0.0570029690861702,
-0.02340848743915558,
0.01032673753798008,
-0.0067975143902003765,
0.015077218413352966,
0.012044137343764305,
-0.021089324727654457,
-0.014140985906124115,
0.03280895948410034,
-0.05313606932759285,
-0.04125373065471649,
-0.008975360542535782,
-0.007013953756541014,
-0.005432419013231993,
0.012176800519227982,
0.01705818437039852,
-0.010212782770395279,
0.008780519478023052,
0.022688060998916626,
0.06125399097800255,
0.01421540230512619,
0.024326330050826073,
0.006335561163723469,
-0.0183867160230875,
0.04137839004397392,
0.030869878828525543,
0.02938692457973957,
-0.03884546458721161,
0.007514802739024162,
-0.06834900379180908,
0.06585202366113663,
-0.02810569666326046,
-0.06053759902715683,
0.02735813334584236,
0.025835560634732246,
0.034005068242549896,
-0.030896402895450592,
0.015641845762729645,
0.008385890163481236,
0.027737127617001534,
-0.017995253205299377,
-0.05260597541928291,
-0.0007584753329865634,
-0.011697700247168541,
-0.01107255183160305,
-0.07613587379455566,
0.0013189068995416164,
-0.07771751284599304,
-0.017482120543718338,
-0.008864271454513073,
0.007152528036385775,
-0.001634837593883276,
0.002449022140353918,
-0.012515896931290627,
-0.01269228383898735,
-0.09710486978292465,
0.049334779381752014,
0.016341716051101685,
0.018733151257038116,
0.011398382484912872,
-0.005305653437972069,
0.020020531490445137,
0.046361394226551056,
-0.001996230101212859,
0.08160669356584549,
0.026528479531407356,
0.035436950623989105,
-0.007617950905114412,
0.02444222941994667,
-0.022089164704084396,
-0.002005857415497303,
0.011738983914256096,
0.05077777057886124,
0.010279454290866852,
-0.02383722923696041,
-0.01117691583931446,
-0.013855080120265484,
-0.031079022213816643,
0.02692260593175888,
0.0600866973400116,
-0.0245031900703907,
0.02381535992026329,
-0.0017149568302556872,
0.012225710786879063,
-0.02386639080941677,
0.037219513207674026,
-0.037011537700891495,
0.000027962114472757094,
-0.024094650521874428,
-0.030307983979582787,
0.01174912415444851,
0.01368996873497963,
-0.008577949367463589,
0.00650981068611145,
-0.04291362315416336,
-0.0027978529687970877,
0.07239604741334915,
-0.0010996926575899124,
-0.005524772219359875,
0.003921844065189362,
-0.01551124732941389,
0.027787810191512108,
-0.015442532487213612,
0.016743674874305725,
-0.010518110357224941,
0.005361619871109724,
-0.06700564175844193,
0.04793890193104744,
0.07104458659887314,
-0.03510390594601631,
-0.014219480566680431,
-0.032257601618766785,
-0.052209436893463135,
0.06935612112283707,
-0.00681401276960969,
0.0348571240901947,
-0.020129770040512085,
0.05159424617886543,
0.005997612606734037,
0.04368222877383232,
0.0005880702519789338,
-0.08862944692373276,
0.011185535229742527,
0.017029771581292152,
0.011779631488025188,
0.026837212964892387,
-0.03812326490879059,
0.09337767958641052,
0.023291166871786118,
0.003629272570833564,
0.03227369859814644,
-0.07970204204320908,
-0.021946227177977562,
0.02642790973186493,
-0.02371944487094879,
0.06939247250556946,
0.02255694940686226,
-0.016304656863212585,
0.019172223284840584,
0.06589875370264053,
0.02148614451289177,
0.03182367980480194,
-0.023577921092510223,
0.014912514947354794,
0.0029506769496947527,
-0.0333823636174202,
-0.033186428248882294,
0.049998968839645386,
-0.05399860441684723,
-0.015108420513570309,
0.0034509170800447464,
-0.02422647923231125,
-0.029764527454972267,
0.00007724281022092327,
-0.02851877361536026,
0.03186246007680893,
-0.016012368723750114,
0.007897702977061272,
-0.00028743353323079646,
-0.00022914097644388676,
-0.04021536186337471,
0.03795206919312477,
0.03163745999336243,
-0.0353178009390831,
0.02923591434955597,
-0.000811130041256547,
0.10782235860824585,
0.09297166019678116,
-0.04462166875600815,
0.007649044040590525,
0.007034653797745705,
0.016776202246546745,
-0.030374106019735336,
0.04054594412446022,
-0.021353669464588165,
0.026870127767324448,
-0.02783294767141342,
0.029530074447393417,
0.006500557065010071,
0.0674775093793869,
-0.06536845117807388,
0.039305105805397034,
0.06451249122619629,
-0.034432828426361084,
0.07383087277412415,
-0.005915489979088306,
0.01753118820488453,
0.04289059713482857,
-0.015696123242378235,
-0.060734108090400696,
-0.008302761241793633,
-0.015532871708273888,
0.013606320135295391,
-0.010608076117932796,
-0.03927526995539665,
0.03456181287765503,
-0.05620156228542328,
-0.004183686804026365,
-0.0027639721520245075,
0.07455737143754959,
0.04266878589987755,
0.005516017321497202,
-0.003019375028088689,
0.024819327518343925,
-0.02117595076560974,
-0.0435914508998394,
-0.09930679202079773,
-0.021689660847187042,
-0.0024340557865798473,
0.03147727996110916,
0.006472108885645866,
0.043207619339227676,
0.013270186260342598,
-0.00014534092042595148,
-0.012127116322517395,
-0.02671964280307293,
-0.02711799368262291,
0.020352572202682495,
0.001623285817913711,
-0.02569897472858429,
-0.0025602695532143116,
0.02474258840084076,
0.0942179411649704,
-0.012607472948729992,
-0.01996324397623539,
-0.031473398208618164,
-0.057765472680330276,
-0.027026517316699028,
0.00161685049533844,
-0.002738750772550702,
0.021449798718094826,
0.03011484630405903,
0.030406957492232323,
-0.04013106971979141,
0.02649766206741333,
0.03163042291998863,
0.03862123191356659,
0.03907322511076927,
0.015080388635396957,
-0.023267105221748352,
0.015235190279781818,
0.02350805141031742,
0.0009994759457185864,
-0.003356065135449171,
0.03538290038704872,
0.004367850720882416,
0.010651891119778156,
0.05057848244905472,
-0.00020776590099558234,
-0.2550647556781769,
0.02885298617184162,
0.022727856412529945,
0.00923821423202753,
0.029852885752916336,
-0.022305430844426155,
0.049189090728759766,
-0.03860411047935486,
-0.040530361235141754,
0.01814517006278038,
-0.021231211721897125,
0.03071407601237297,
-0.01562817022204399,
0.03661530837416649,
0.05230818688869476,
0.025451935827732086,
0.0019200072856619954,
0.006956662051379681,
0.005040912423282862,
0.01920153759419918,
-0.0435023196041584,
-0.07607391476631165,
0.0015139331808313727,
0.03921917453408241,
-0.0025519439950585365,
0.024496031925082207,
-0.07167550921440125,
0.006340960040688515,
-0.04062806814908981,
0.007284448482096195,
-0.03909038007259369,
-0.046450287103652954,
0.02581917867064476,
0.013786952011287212,
0.010360858403146267,
0.009139676578342915,
0.0007843395578674972,
0.00925163459032774,
-0.010062964633107185,
-0.002686119405552745,
0.03355318680405617,
-0.004490682855248451,
-0.03567762300372124,
-0.023328667506575584,
0.050466783344745636,
0.009823993779718876,
-0.005765287205576897,
0.010854010470211506,
-0.03143982216715813,
0.03648935258388519,
-0.010730566456913948,
0.005855751223862171,
0.0017719833413138986,
0.005431194324046373,
-0.010154460556805134,
0.003036760725080967,
0.0052068959921598434,
-0.012931267730891705,
-0.011628910899162292,
0.013602464459836483,
0.013113110326230526,
-0.043072521686553955,
-0.010240772739052773,
-0.02205388806760311,
0.010207444429397583,
-0.05618894100189209,
-0.0744897723197937,
-0.03413422033190727,
0.04441719129681587,
0.018438830971717834,
-0.01995774172246456,
-0.02218923158943653,
-0.002486397512257099,
-0.0784488245844841,
0.00761366868391633,
0.009991690516471863,
-0.007482889108359814,
-0.03416595235466957,
-0.005694363731890917,
0.010795972310006618,
-0.06006794795393944,
-0.009603739716112614,
-0.0074500637128949165,
0.017602011561393738,
0.009007446467876434,
-0.02505987510085106,
0.009203197434544563,
-0.018436815589666367,
-0.02420550025999546,
-0.034035518765449524,
0.027291983366012573,
0.01230638474225998,
0.049893345683813095,
-0.013812323100864887,
0.03306867182254791,
0.048871152102947235,
0.021272987127304077,
0.0783519297838211,
0.03331015259027481,
-0.015222880989313126,
0.0576610341668129,
-0.05757573992013931,
-0.023703614249825478,
-0.0685940533876419,
-0.03011438436806202,
0.015398307703435421,
-0.04982910677790642,
-0.022640449926257133,
0.015884006395936012,
-0.00010499511699890718,
-0.04493822529911995,
-0.024100681766867638,
0.010255509056150913,
0.009718394838273525,
0.01101735234260559,
-0.037864264100790024,
-0.02278045378625393,
0.03323214501142502,
0.021176528185606003,
0.016268089413642883,
-0.04293477535247803,
0.05595529079437256,
-0.0579225979745388,
-0.013817076571285725,
0.0035989992320537567,
-0.006611531134694815,
0.0034372941590845585,
0.009062180295586586,
0.009336929768323898,
-0.02542426623404026,
0.026385236531496048,
0.06127576902508736,
-0.016417820006608963,
0.008067016489803791,
0.04915096238255501,
-0.007327037397772074,
-0.011280497536063194,
-0.03741694241762161,
-0.006343227811157703,
-0.027381282299757004,
0.018329018726944923,
-0.0034200267400592566,
0.05953711271286011,
0.016003072261810303,
0.045607879757881165,
0.01429074164479971,
0.017165236175060272,
0.048825133591890335,
0.006465711165219545,
-0.031765397638082504,
0.017345473170280457,
-0.0472557358443737,
-0.04557981714606285,
-0.028463443741202354,
0.006580337416380644,
-0.008679761551320553,
0.03450658172369003,
-0.00958232767879963,
0.04496091976761818,
-0.07311352342367172,
0.049388788640499115,
-0.00689849816262722,
-0.04896748438477516,
-0.004100563004612923,
0.018356556072831154,
0.050974734127521515,
-0.02672714926302433,
0.006522780284285545,
-0.015537234023213387,
-0.006493469700217247,
0.0037280148826539516,
0.0017139920964837074,
-0.054232191294431686,
-0.01178439985960722,
-0.033292561769485474,
0.02485244907438755,
0.0008623762987554073,
-0.025015519931912422,
-0.05443953350186348,
0.03660327568650246,
0.016681553795933723,
-0.04208403825759888,
-0.0027991055976599455,
0.02527632750570774,
0.08071443438529968,
-0.01071657333523035,
-0.017618456855416298,
-0.01458238996565342,
-0.04200349375605583,
0.0676964744925499,
-0.005389743950217962,
0.013746136799454689,
-0.0332736037671566,
-0.048541001975536346,
-0.01584750972688198,
-0.04020623117685318,
0.009564310312271118,
0.0775967538356781,
-0.04444269463419914,
0.012148179113864899,
0.004544286523014307,
-0.004836685489863157,
-0.04673584923148155,
0.012621001340448856,
0.020151561126112938,
-0.05732980743050575,
0.015229852870106697,
0.0325857512652874,
-0.035953305661678314,
0.0222698412835598,
-0.01403981912881136,
-0.03878077119588852,
-0.06459512561559677,
-0.011934454552829266,
0.015255575068295002,
0.020589955151081085,
0.013920613564550877,
-0.031321439892053604,
0.0015392800560221076,
0.017925964668393135,
-0.0018981468165293336,
0.027354801073670387,
0.0022506900131702423,
-0.019790446385741234,
0.006329219322651625,
0.04709327220916748,
-0.04306028410792351,
0.005834641866385937,
-0.003574522677809,
-0.004881911911070347,
0.01755893975496292,
-0.053151462227106094,
-0.002158708870410919,
0.05620267614722252,
-0.008354220539331436,
0.008632490411400795,
-0.04281756654381752,
0.03203001618385315,
-0.008648434653878212,
-0.007750343065708876,
0.003156098769977689,
-0.0011361618526279926,
-0.020096536725759506,
-0.001500407699495554,
-0.008398560807108879,
0.05707279220223427,
0.0034751971252262592,
-0.004675187170505524,
0.0036206815857440233,
0.04898982495069504,
0.02570578083395958,
0.004629510920494795,
-0.050392840057611465,
-0.0037154206074774265,
0.049133967608213425,
-0.00428979005664587,
-0.05176442489027977,
-0.10343025624752045,
-0.049053363502025604,
0.017995180562138557,
-0.013149436563253403,
0.03993610665202141,
-0.02619820646941662,
0.02080039493739605,
0.03794989362359047,
-0.0036949843633919954,
-0.009186475537717342,
-0.0113605298101902,
0.029409324750304222,
-0.027843257412314415,
0.024260979145765305,
-0.04714467003941536,
-0.0025495574809610844,
0.07762016355991364,
-0.02339792624115944,
0.03497116640210152,
0.018537597730755806,
-0.011144301854074001,
0.01024798396974802,
-0.05065833032131195,
-0.07361596077680588,
0.0298934169113636,
-0.01419108547270298,
-0.0002212342369602993,
0.02411442995071411,
-0.05687292292714119,
-0.025031540542840958,
-0.039108145982027054,
-0.05548710376024246,
0.01688363216817379,
0.01294034719467163,
0.03423791751265526,
-0.005289314780384302,
-0.016376951709389687,
-0.016511641442775726,
0.02082941308617592,
0.014747630804777145,
0.06677068769931793,
-0.01096382923424244,
0.018684914335608482,
-0.02694152668118477,
0.08340582996606827,
0.06184329465031624,
0.03696943074464798,
0.005577519070357084,
0.008737717755138874,
0.009954752400517464,
-0.043292805552482605,
0.03921850025653839,
0.006839008070528507,
0.002786113880574703,
-0.07610052078962326,
0.03654642403125763,
0.020580079406499863,
-0.06113693118095398,
-0.05500878021121025,
0.05131874978542328,
-0.03163793310523033,
0.018131310120224953,
-0.006870056502521038,
0.002211397746577859,
0.010979370214045048,
0.06310076266527176,
-0.012684228830039501,
0.02785589173436165,
0.059890300035476685,
0.009481648914515972,
0.021884413436055183,
-0.014495543204247952,
0.08365817368030548,
0.06500400602817535,
0.018844589591026306,
-0.008898739702999592,
0.06883084774017334,
-0.014831731095910072,
-0.042505860328674316,
0.0145671796053648,
-0.020456921309232712,
-0.01485953014343977,
-0.05551541596651077,
0.03531770408153534,
0.11290694773197174,
-0.022554168477654457,
0.07693055272102356,
-0.0277266688644886,
-0.020758554339408875,
0.02294018492102623,
0.019377104938030243,
0.00467012170702219,
-0.004933146294206381,
0.02882508374750614,
0.008312408812344074,
-0.03670741245150566,
-0.008816885761916637,
-0.014322618953883648,
-0.04118204861879349,
0.01175756100565195,
-0.0076476032845675945,
-0.0019257330568507314,
0.00542411720380187,
-0.002190968720242381,
0.01979103311896324,
0.09401319175958633,
-0.024271160364151,
-0.028969867154955864,
0.004150847438722849,
0.00444266339763999,
0.018525009974837303,
0.04566756263375282,
0.0065035405568778515,
0.0003948787343688309,
-0.00971904955804348,
-0.040329258888959885,
-0.00733388913795352,
0.029452823102474213,
-0.026607269421219826,
0.01635073497891426,
-0.018309397622942924,
0.004245221149176359,
0.015110892243683338,
-0.006868442986160517,
-0.04387914389371872,
-0.06886886060237885,
-0.0007044068770483136,
-0.05801311880350113,
-0.06018656864762306,
-0.03250201418995857,
0.04670281708240509,
-0.02820659801363945,
-0.024211453273892403,
-0.0018922827439382672,
-0.026513705030083656,
0.016376744955778122,
0.036796871572732925,
-0.041766781359910965,
-0.04077678173780441,
0.05301231890916824,
-0.017630765214562416,
-0.032635875046253204,
0.013766122050583363,
0.01118474081158638,
-0.034506428986787796,
-0.019581977277994156,
0.03671928867697716,
0.023863501846790314,
0.04850234463810921,
0.003495150012895465,
0.013089720159769058,
-0.11499624699354172,
0.04267174378037453,
0.05581964552402496,
-0.023486657068133354,
-0.08538692444562912,
0.0355689562857151,
-0.03943317383527756,
-0.008410117588937283,
0.04968840628862381,
0.01618519239127636,
-0.014019663445651531,
-0.051434628665447235,
-0.018274085596203804,
0.0023011285811662674,
-0.004074128810316324,
0.05461627617478371,
-0.04438506439328194,
0.0841159000992775,
0.04347113147377968,
0.010733818635344505,
-0.05439646542072296,
0.034974656999111176,
-0.008356435224413872,
0.02268720045685768,
-0.000056928343838080764,
-0.012208407744765282,
-0.044227734208106995,
-0.11891206353902817,
-0.03182331472635269,
0.023366853594779968,
-0.039606209844350815,
-0.04751019552350044,
0.026048267260193825,
0.006641739048063755,
0.026758668944239616,
-0.009378314949572086,
-0.029935332015156746,
-0.015360265038907528,
-0.024608682841062546,
-0.03025604784488678,
-0.05872075632214546,
-0.03406806290149689,
0.017957990989089012,
0.0008656119462102652,
-0.04364011436700821,
-0.040613871067762375,
-0.0026306279469281435,
-0.015207942575216293,
0.04941040650010109,
0.010561714880168438,
0.028077123686671257,
0.000058582234487403184
] |
3,486
|
Differentiable Integer Linear Programming
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=FPfCUJTsCn
|
[
"Zijie Geng",
"Jie Wang",
"Xijun Li",
"Fangzhou Zhu",
"Jianye HAO",
"Bin Li",
"Feng Wu"
] |
Spotlight
|
Machine learning (ML) techniques have shown great potential in generating high-quality solutions for integer linear programs (ILPs).
However, existing methods typically rely on a *supervised learning* paradigm, leading to (1) *expensive training cost* due to repeated invocations of traditional solvers to generate training labels, and (2) *plausible yet infeasible solutions* due to the misalignment between the training objective (minimizing prediction loss) and the inference objective (generating high-quality solutions).
To tackle this challenge, we propose **DiffILO** (**Diff**erentiable **I**nteger **L**inear Programming **O**ptimization), an *unsupervised learning paradigm for learning to solve ILPs*.
Specifically, through a novel probabilistic modeling, DiffILO reformulates ILPs---discrete and constrained optimization problems---into continuous, differentiable (almost everywhere), and unconstrained optimization problems.
This reformulation enables DiffILO to simultaneously solve ILPs and train the model via straightforward gradient descent, providing two major advantages.
First, it significantly reduces the training cost, as the training process does not need the aid of traditional solvers at all.
Second, it facilitates the generation of feasible and high-quality solutions, as the model *learns to solve ILPs* in an end-to-end manner, thus aligning the training and inference objectives.
Experiments on commonly used ILP datasets demonstrate that DiffILO not only achieves an average training speedup of $13.2$ times compared to supervised methods, but also outperforms them by generating heuristic solutions with significantly higher feasibility ratios and much better solution qualities.
|
Integer Linear Programming, Learning to Optimize
|
We propose a differentiable approach for learning to solve integer linear programming (ILP) problems with unsupervised learning.
| 7,722
|
2109.15122
|
[
-0.013916424475610256,
-0.003629700280725956,
-0.019123520702123642,
0.048460453748703,
0.04468237981200218,
0.05924215167760849,
0.015275541692972183,
-0.022520285099744797,
-0.020849717780947685,
-0.027845319360494614,
0.004763896577060223,
-0.008620156906545162,
-0.07889655977487564,
0.01100483164191246,
0.004139498341828585,
0.052998825907707214,
0.0015684893587604165,
-0.019856275990605354,
-0.0069434079341590405,
0.06585367769002914,
-0.008959348313510418,
-0.019646888598799706,
0.025361251085996628,
0.023374976590275764,
0.026387812569737434,
0.02980140782892704,
0.0016893339343369007,
-0.018936553969979286,
-0.0521889328956604,
-0.0102268410846591,
0.020065175369381905,
-0.021231479942798615,
0.02319484017789364,
-0.04249320551753044,
-0.02239108644425869,
0.043501924723386765,
-0.005647741723805666,
-0.008009519428014755,
0.0033351334277540445,
0.005927601829171181,
-0.031155243515968323,
0.028025591745972633,
-0.015551191754639149,
0.029358970001339912,
-0.06667401641607285,
0.011030531488358974,
-0.09368278831243515,
0.012381056323647499,
-0.008119411766529083,
-0.04824512079358101,
-0.10319505631923676,
0.050616733729839325,
-0.0009324282873421907,
-0.029635220766067505,
-0.005607887636870146,
0.051237478852272034,
0.04583432152867317,
-0.07628659904003143,
-0.019084975123405457,
-0.07610462605953217,
-0.01894492469727993,
0.028764622285962105,
0.034320101141929626,
-0.014417728409171104,
-0.012315278872847557,
-0.033483199775218964,
-0.017320280894637108,
0.05109800398349762,
-0.05152766406536102,
-0.038958046585321426,
-0.07313930988311768,
-0.018630195409059525,
0.022281577810645103,
-0.0016486243112012744,
0.02029050886631012,
-0.04745425283908844,
-0.017660057172179222,
0.03556337207555771,
0.06106762960553169,
-0.012480052188038826,
-0.01566746085882187,
0.04853498563170433,
0.040629029273986816,
0.03052426688373089,
0.005479090381413698,
0.02051233872771263,
-0.04732266068458557,
-0.021779216825962067,
-0.06884632259607315,
0.03946935757994652,
0.010805000551044941,
-0.06528990715742111,
0.03133697062730789,
0.04749210178852081,
0.045974891632795334,
-0.013232666999101639,
0.046700842678546906,
-0.00939802173525095,
0.008600091561675072,
0.00992907676845789,
0.017670292407274246,
-0.039364513009786606,
0.013798731379210949,
0.011030756868422031,
-0.10112538188695908,
-0.0379302017390728,
0.007780128624290228,
-0.006516923196613789,
0.0022416887804865837,
-0.0035548771265894175,
-0.047201529145240784,
-0.007765243761241436,
0.0032559242099523544,
-0.04713376238942146,
-0.07104844599962234,
0.024426843971014023,
-0.0014259745366871357,
0.021916961297392845,
0.015704752877354622,
0.018420320004224777,
0.010788308456540108,
0.04015558585524559,
-0.008028163574635983,
0.07409881055355072,
-0.015457292087376118,
0.021668877452611923,
0.009374462999403477,
0.03744887560606003,
-0.03991645574569702,
-0.031082337722182274,
-0.013138310983777046,
0.022712014615535736,
-0.005182793829590082,
-0.02259957417845726,
-0.0071006035432219505,
0.00492866849526763,
-0.06822682917118073,
0.030651284381747246,
0.032479673624038696,
-0.03122551739215851,
-0.03803179785609245,
-0.025077786296606064,
0.07374537736177444,
-0.02832469716668129,
0.03290175646543503,
-0.030001221224665642,
0.021824132651090622,
-0.01777474582195282,
-0.02476143278181553,
0.012273238971829414,
0.008417483419179916,
-0.0002480749972164631,
-0.014878987334668636,
-0.05238540098071098,
0.008103255182504654,
0.0465763658285141,
0.01608077436685562,
0.017772382125258446,
-0.021312743425369263,
-0.005503984168171883,
0.02708449214696884,
0.012805568985641003,
-0.02921583317220211,
-0.010740143246948719,
-0.02274048514664173,
-0.06353532522916794,
0.055578041821718216,
0.027294499799609184,
-0.04396573081612587,
0.009424619376659393,
-0.023692235350608826,
0.001388323842547834,
0.05201924219727516,
0.017366807907819748,
-0.015638066455721855,
-0.022572193294763565,
0.06723387539386749,
-0.0068257455714046955,
0.0565747432410717,
0.007850558497011662,
-0.08824437111616135,
0.0014571795472875237,
0.013250188902020454,
-0.008057226426899433,
0.017758065834641457,
-0.02101960778236389,
0.06410706788301468,
-0.01350944023579359,
0.026598449796438217,
-0.013306880369782448,
-0.05246845260262489,
-0.012261810712516308,
0.03456493094563484,
-0.02976563200354576,
0.07601326704025269,
0.022510796785354614,
-0.018202226608991623,
-0.0030853822827339172,
-0.01901618018746376,
0.036676935851573944,
0.054369308054447174,
-0.02723841741681099,
0.02692912146449089,
-0.0006530523533001542,
-0.02922782674431801,
0.019824963063001633,
0.05601763352751732,
-0.022948114201426506,
-0.04235471412539482,
0.020991705358028412,
-0.009662739932537079,
-0.03307026997208595,
0.017872126772999763,
-0.009365185163915157,
0.04194395989179611,
0.04016383737325668,
-0.04003060981631279,
0.012806663289666176,
0.01899481937289238,
-0.029644489288330078,
0.04260191321372986,
0.030023260042071342,
-0.0037361960858106613,
-0.0019884039647877216,
-0.025169678032398224,
0.058657824993133545,
0.07577108591794968,
-0.04737401008605957,
0.014304932206869125,
0.011747200042009354,
0.027852436527609825,
0.01157250627875328,
-0.010845717042684555,
-0.022253334522247314,
0.013869250193238258,
-0.003940175287425518,
-0.009758032858371735,
-0.012526504695415497,
0.06355805695056915,
-0.03525679558515549,
-0.018275223672389984,
0.05637572705745697,
-0.009553506970405579,
0.06125815957784653,
0.019597552716732025,
0.01103070005774498,
0.0009150719852186739,
0.0023623215965926647,
-0.03426894545555115,
-0.023714452981948853,
-0.035555507987737656,
0.021824456751346588,
-0.003782897489145398,
0.01384703814983368,
0.0024438786786049604,
-0.06794443726539612,
-0.020830824971199036,
0.009226861409842968,
0.07703513652086258,
0.07091597467660904,
0.02134464494884014,
-0.011826444417238235,
0.00883418321609497,
-0.040068093687295914,
-0.000876018253620714,
-0.09350808709859848,
-0.027170851826667786,
0.013748415745794773,
0.07323730736970901,
0.02402355521917343,
0.039767034351825714,
0.023115167394280434,
0.01956326887011528,
-0.034167077392339706,
-0.032333649694919586,
0.02520911395549774,
0.020164133980870247,
0.042645882815122604,
-0.05004693940281868,
-0.034443676471710205,
0.010582210496068,
0.03738388791680336,
-0.01217908225953579,
-0.017385359853506088,
-0.04521507769823074,
-0.0179936271160841,
0.005234390031546354,
-0.07262373715639114,
0.00677183922380209,
0.021777313202619553,
0.014849706552922726,
0.015345310792326927,
-0.04285222291946411,
0.03805292770266533,
0.08030375093221664,
0.04691562056541443,
0.03761511296033859,
0.03752534091472626,
0.014605417847633362,
0.0012815549271181226,
0.011727373115718365,
0.012559154070913792,
-0.02172054536640644,
0.021473288536071777,
-0.026404332369565964,
0.02277330867946148,
0.041296351701021194,
-0.005177665967494249,
-0.26094308495521545,
-0.021479139104485512,
-0.014382616616785526,
-0.011335152201354504,
0.013653155416250229,
-0.044587645679712296,
0.02968130074441433,
-0.028703104704618454,
-0.01846267469227314,
0.020412931218743324,
-0.006715817376971245,
0.021897897124290466,
-0.00899394229054451,
0.047279804944992065,
0.06853902339935303,
0.031092042103409767,
0.021137036383152008,
0.0015747274737805128,
-0.0010076550533995032,
0.03947151452302933,
-0.006705281790345907,
-0.08466722816228867,
0.0015397063689306378,
0.02432139776647091,
-0.013648049905896187,
0.06411919742822647,
-0.05957574397325516,
-0.03182769939303398,
-0.057228606194257736,
-0.015324925072491169,
-0.04675377905368805,
-0.03443477675318718,
-0.026665708050131798,
0.014376431703567505,
0.023570576682686806,
-0.014014014974236488,
0.04581068828701973,
-0.00939740426838398,
0.041071079671382904,
0.025871457532048225,
-0.0006843908922746778,
-0.008243188261985779,
-0.030221786350011826,
-0.01838912069797516,
0.05453510582447052,
0.0170961394906044,
-0.06116636469960213,
-0.049717534333467484,
-0.015080033801496029,
0.036092307418584824,
0.02352719195187092,
0.0018891373183578253,
0.0005021666293032467,
0.004003406036645174,
0.01196005754172802,
-0.02194262109696865,
-0.003211906412616372,
-0.01096248161047697,
-0.0016480867052450776,
0.010177742689847946,
0.040809884667396545,
-0.04484652355313301,
-0.02972140721976757,
-0.011738755740225315,
-0.017025891691446304,
-0.020376037806272507,
-0.03564206883311272,
-0.05010395124554634,
0.035511355847120285,
0.02734089083969593,
0.02209153212606907,
0.011176752857863903,
-0.005091296974569559,
-0.08424917608499527,
-0.028672002255916595,
0.01972055993974209,
-0.012444634921848774,
0.015149476006627083,
0.0055653490126132965,
0.047061558812856674,
-0.04068191349506378,
-0.06560632586479187,
0.038879185914993286,
0.020805982872843742,
0.02224733680486679,
-0.027693351730704308,
0.023541728034615517,
-0.012128865346312523,
-0.004576333332806826,
-0.017086109146475792,
0.012201457284390926,
-0.000461525225546211,
0.051961272954940796,
-0.013137456960976124,
0.06466987729072571,
0.035489946603775024,
0.053570639342069626,
0.06187371164560318,
0.034681741148233414,
-0.01947706751525402,
-0.006493452470749617,
-0.05564184486865997,
-0.021031908690929413,
-0.05435354262590408,
-0.03047284670174122,
-0.004024759866297245,
-0.03891536965966225,
-0.03793762996792793,
0.041455138474702835,
0.0010318626882508397,
-0.016263024881482124,
-0.07731794565916061,
0.005765569396317005,
-0.031019393354654312,
-0.008309327065944672,
-0.008151448331773281,
-0.009385579265654087,
0.04530046507716179,
0.04924311861395836,
0.007456837687641382,
-0.039571069180965424,
0.039300691336393356,
-0.017367396503686905,
0.011010724119842052,
-0.029313860461115837,
-0.017958030104637146,
-0.016093660145998,
-0.016977954655885696,
-0.0077735730446875095,
0.0037743502762168646,
0.017236744984984398,
0.04339002072811127,
0.0031006198842078447,
0.018677767366170883,
0.015218961052596569,
-0.0002149112697225064,
0.0012645008973777294,
-0.0386103130877018,
0.06204970180988312,
0.024512609466910362,
0.02384958788752556,
0.01490580290555954,
0.03583694249391556,
0.022715959697961807,
0.05638248845934868,
0.05433506518602371,
0.002464845310896635,
0.0076915123499929905,
-0.013386856764554977,
-0.00924261100590229,
0.013143218122422695,
-0.03184526413679123,
0.013411936350166798,
-0.02700304053723812,
0.02350788004696369,
-0.009726198390126228,
0.047881390899419785,
-0.03092179074883461,
0.027583826333284378,
-0.06647174805402756,
0.0641409233212471,
0.029147978872060776,
-0.03557749465107918,
-0.007294561248272657,
0.03401484712958336,
0.07211167365312576,
-0.02347283996641636,
-0.0195777490735054,
-0.031248334795236588,
0.01386279333382845,
0.013054486364126205,
-0.05953611806035042,
-0.030945200473070145,
0.0058770449832081795,
-0.011514101177453995,
-0.01760741136968136,
0.010087386704981327,
-0.018724724650382996,
-0.04965629056096077,
0.020618557929992676,
-0.026216385886073112,
-0.03601966053247452,
-0.010053731501102448,
0.006846082862466574,
0.07813760638237,
-0.005560171324759722,
0.00899981614202261,
-0.02542063221335411,
-0.01231369748711586,
0.02865901030600071,
-0.02442615106701851,
-0.005144012626260519,
-0.016679950058460236,
-0.0001879319897852838,
-0.0240449421107769,
-0.03940461203455925,
0.020382823422551155,
0.013405004516243935,
-0.013129934668540955,
-0.023882141336798668,
-0.04239550977945328,
0.00017133550136350095,
-0.03787084296345711,
-0.004736835602670908,
0.030681811273097992,
-0.07714703679084778,
-0.023797808215022087,
0.043569404631853104,
0.018699247390031815,
0.021814271807670593,
-0.03881559893488884,
-0.05525042489171028,
-0.046700991690158844,
0.0035074877087026834,
-0.0010323789902031422,
-0.027670180425047874,
-0.017287971451878548,
0.011476055718958378,
0.0012412412324920297,
-0.016718197613954544,
0.026179656386375427,
-0.014845474623143673,
0.003067910438403487,
-0.06903725117444992,
0.011203322559595108,
0.0882849246263504,
-0.019379863515496254,
-0.017262732610106468,
-0.011486592702567577,
0.010087570175528526,
0.028125526383519173,
-0.06677976250648499,
0.02029815874993801,
0.034959618002176285,
0.029843147844076157,
0.0452636256814003,
-0.043241169303655624,
0.0723431333899498,
-0.03940099850296974,
-0.010687161237001419,
-0.015325943008065224,
-0.004067384172230959,
0.0019036926096305251,
-0.034031279385089874,
0.016832662746310234,
0.021335603669285774,
0.04601225629448891,
-0.0011740160407498479,
-0.008190241642296314,
-0.01776670664548874,
-0.01604045368731022,
0.009377672336995602,
-0.04501909762620926,
-0.03826487436890602,
0.060771409422159195,
-0.0038043269887566566,
-0.032658811658620834,
-0.045710641890764236,
0.01151813380420208,
0.035694438964128494,
-0.04934648051857948,
0.049666356295347214,
-0.0006910927477292717,
0.04407667741179466,
0.057941652834415436,
0.05675346404314041,
0.007809758652001619,
-0.01978176459670067,
0.050737012177705765,
-0.06268703192472458,
0.0035213481169193983,
-0.08155982196331024,
-0.012600034475326538,
0.06137460842728615,
-0.009706416167318821,
0.009882450103759766,
-0.00463672773912549,
-0.014382943511009216,
0.008469996973872185,
-0.031954534351825714,
-0.08033911138772964,
-0.013232088647782803,
-0.011143953539431095,
0.005655637476593256,
0.032521627843379974,
-0.031059740111231804,
-0.053533606231212616,
0.023002762347459793,
-0.031327228993177414,
0.004259895998984575,
0.00945339910686016,
0.03638213127851486,
-0.015013526193797588,
-0.009903891943395138,
-0.017066732048988342,
0.029271665960550308,
0.011531028896570206,
0.0563666895031929,
0.011986251920461655,
0.00766497477889061,
-0.02619350329041481,
0.06379023939371109,
0.004717809148132801,
0.00833013467490673,
-0.032928649336099625,
0.00956757739186287,
0.0003289959277026355,
-0.05212569609284401,
0.02421560324728489,
-0.007116189692169428,
-0.011394079774618149,
-0.049392566084861755,
0.04694972187280655,
0.03188023716211319,
-0.05100987106561661,
-0.025006845593452454,
0.0073432098142802715,
-0.06595872342586517,
0.013476677238941193,
0.03112686425447464,
-0.0016318215057253838,
0.0244121290743351,
0.06622868776321411,
0.012136250734329224,
0.020857475697994232,
0.05878815799951553,
0.0445135198533535,
-0.00045563504681922495,
-0.03447149693965912,
0.07129989564418793,
0.053156811743974686,
0.03743327409029007,
-0.011051480658352375,
0.05732938274741173,
-0.05082624778151512,
-0.03976044803857803,
0.01836586743593216,
-0.003747262293472886,
-0.06041505187749863,
-0.006356123834848404,
0.032046616077423096,
0.09345301240682602,
0.006322692148387432,
0.052966464310884476,
-0.05409449338912964,
0.03435688093304634,
0.026491869240999222,
-0.014674520120024681,
-0.023969726637005806,
0.08828716725111008,
0.008639289066195488,
0.01783495955169201,
-0.022305121645331383,
-0.047961071133613586,
-0.0063378470949828625,
-0.005130870267748833,
0.0041235811077058315,
-0.02678755484521389,
-0.013622847385704517,
0.000006040793778083753,
0.006132952403277159,
0.040900371968746185,
0.106490857899189,
-0.08142495900392532,
-0.05130137503147125,
0.008896123617887497,
0.034619998186826706,
0.0025130468420684338,
0.014491102658212185,
0.009463333524763584,
-0.016763705760240555,
0.008570429868996143,
-0.044566769152879715,
0.010003785602748394,
0.03723775967955589,
0.021290868520736694,
0.02575279027223587,
-0.009682083502411842,
-0.01485961489379406,
0.04476424679160118,
0.045895788818597794,
-0.02562836743891239,
-0.05966279283165932,
0.0008905776776373386,
-0.04744936525821686,
-0.05962936580181122,
-0.046380847692489624,
-0.007560537196695805,
0.008492025546729565,
-0.04433514177799225,
0.02382444217801094,
-0.020374193787574768,
0.015722127631306648,
0.051305416971445084,
-0.03859391063451767,
-0.0014044690178707242,
0.046736471354961395,
0.00472677405923605,
0.0075902268290519714,
0.007253412622958422,
0.005988307762891054,
-0.020574068650603294,
-0.0005364199751056731,
0.01449225377291441,
0.004005076363682747,
0.03689813241362572,
-0.021907256916165352,
-0.04808846488595009,
-0.079246886074543,
-0.005984981544315815,
0.03776538372039795,
-0.027409115806221962,
-0.08638159930706024,
0.019460663199424744,
-0.010518952272832394,
0.05012411251664162,
0.05418959632515907,
0.00501118553802371,
-0.023069342598319054,
-0.040724482387304306,
-0.0028753632213920355,
-0.008697716519236565,
-0.0112997367978096,
0.038707517087459564,
-0.03717860206961632,
0.04672497138381004,
0.0192869883030653,
-0.0385289341211319,
-0.03869406506419182,
0.0381469652056694,
-0.006366195622831583,
-0.0230258721858263,
-0.03220917657017708,
-0.017969666048884392,
0.002388854743912816,
-0.10407505184412003,
-0.0027848619502037764,
0.0220734104514122,
-0.00910302996635437,
-0.0666016936302185,
0.03374800086021423,
0.007786809932440519,
-0.014099953696131706,
0.020393652841448784,
-0.021536357700824738,
0.015197500586509705,
-0.025137586519122124,
-0.02116069756448269,
-0.07462494820356369,
0.04410156235098839,
-0.02260555699467659,
0.007866407744586468,
-0.0615897960960865,
-0.03877662867307663,
-0.014333110302686691,
-0.0028629067819565535,
0.05660226568579674,
0.020243322476744652,
-0.003976649139076471,
-0.0089437086135149
] |
3,487
|
Streaming Algorithms For ℓp Flows and ℓp Regression
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Kpjvm2mB0K
|
[
"Amit Chakrabarti",
"Jeffrey Jiang",
"David Woodruff",
"Taisuke Yasuda"
] |
Spotlight
|
We initiate the study of one-pass streaming algorithms for underdetermined $\ell_p$ linear regression problems of the form
$$
\min_{\mathbf A\mathbf x = \mathbf b} \lVert\mathbf x\rVert_p \,, \qquad
\text{where } \mathbf A \in \mathbb R^{n \times d} \text{ with } n \ll d \,,
$$
which generalizes basis pursuit ($p = 1$) and least squares solutions to
underdetermined linear systems ($p = 2$). We study the column-arrival
streaming model, in which the columns of $\mathbf A$ are presented one by one in a
stream. When $\mathbf A$ is the incidence matrix of a graph, this corresponds to an
edge insertion graph stream, and the regression problem captures $\ell_p$
flows which includes transshipment ($p = 1$), electrical flows ($p = 2$), and
max flow ($p = \infty$) on undirected graphs as special cases. Our goal is to
design algorithms which use space much less than the entire stream, which has
a length of $d$.
For the task of estimating the cost of the $\ell_p$ regression problem for
$p\in[2,\infty]$, we show a streaming algorithm which constructs a sparse
instance supported on $\tilde O(\varepsilon^{-2}n)$ columns of $\mathbf A$
which approximates the cost up to a $(1\pm\varepsilon)$ factor, which
corresponds to $\tilde O(\varepsilon^{-2}n^2)$ bits of space in general and
an $\tilde O(\varepsilon^{-2}n)$ space semi-streaming algorithm for
constructing $\ell_p$ flow sparsifiers on graphs. This extends to $p\in(1,
2)$ with $\tilde O(\varepsilon^{2}n^{q/2})$ columns, where $q$ is the H\"older
conjugate exponent of $p$. For $p = 2$, we show that $\Omega(n^2)$ bits of
space are required in general even for outputting a constant factor
solution. For $p = 1$, we show that the cost cannot be estimated even to an
$o(\sqrt n)$ factor in $\mathrm{poly}(n)$ space.
On the other hand, if we are interested in outputting a solution $\mathbf
x$, then we show that $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximations require $\Omega(d)$
space for $p > 1$, and in general, $\kappa$-approximations require
$\tilde\Omega(d/\kappa^{2q})$ space for $p > 1$. We complement these lower
bounds with the first sublinear space upper bounds for this problem, showing
that we can output a $\kappa$-approximation using space only
$\mathrm{poly}(n) \cdot \tilde O(d/\kappa^q)$ for $p > 1$, as well as a
$\sqrt n$-approximation using $\mathrm{poly}(n, \log d)$ space for $p = 1$.
|
Regression, Streaming, Online algorithms, Flows
|
We give new streaming algorithms for underconstrained regression when we see the columns one at a time, and obtain related results for flows.
| 7,681
| null |
[
-0.011176819913089275,
-0.012219752185046673,
0.017528777942061424,
0.02041221223771572,
0.0548022985458374,
0.05065087229013443,
0.01032639667391777,
0.003170478856191039,
-0.018903864547610283,
-0.06240847334265709,
-0.02298823930323124,
-0.017734825611114502,
-0.08121798932552338,
-0.009726370684802532,
-0.004110714420676231,
0.058000657707452774,
0.024704961106181145,
0.0034576996695250273,
0.047266870737075806,
0.01719713769853115,
0.0036096209660172462,
-0.020708052441477776,
0.03950963914394379,
0.04768188297748566,
0.011427578516304493,
0.00784801784902811,
0.02103932574391365,
0.027420828118920326,
-0.022811159491539,
0.021699082106351852,
0.04256109520792961,
-0.007943172939121723,
0.009748472832143307,
-0.04501340910792351,
-0.00210023345425725,
0.04247486963868141,
-0.004821657203137875,
0.038383714854717255,
-0.012991831637918949,
0.022385871037840843,
-0.06498422473669052,
0.014123364351689816,
-0.04431615024805069,
0.016458749771118164,
-0.06140366569161415,
-0.014475684612989426,
-0.11173723638057709,
0.02778957039117813,
-0.0025556909386068583,
-0.03517703711986542,
-0.0905337706208229,
0.045279163867235184,
0.009693320840597153,
0.014753478579223156,
0.006468139588832855,
0.036622922867536545,
0.03992429003119469,
-0.04798056557774544,
-0.002086368855088949,
-0.03771840035915375,
-0.013315173797309399,
0.007117855828255415,
0.027819182723760605,
0.003398159286007285,
-0.005100670736283064,
-0.03126036003232002,
0.020186999812722206,
0.048963576555252075,
-0.009234989993274212,
-0.04394233599305153,
-0.014294877648353577,
0.0285736545920372,
0.0031464695930480957,
0.011161206290125847,
0.01419666688889265,
-0.04040830582380295,
0.0038978990633040667,
0.021078720688819885,
0.05371168255805969,
0.0005461441469378769,
0.04796784743666649,
-0.025860726833343506,
0.011921397410333157,
0.027624541893601418,
0.01478764321655035,
0.005370131693780422,
-0.01483591366559267,
-0.032013021409511566,
-0.07376881688833237,
0.04181423783302307,
-0.027180872857570648,
-0.06482373178005219,
0.011410738341510296,
0.018702581524848938,
-0.013217625208199024,
-0.018387356773018837,
0.024609491229057312,
0.01689588651061058,
0.02925410494208336,
-0.012854085303843021,
-0.01613529771566391,
-0.020594390109181404,
0.0029388193506747484,
0.014643729664385319,
-0.07544964551925659,
-0.0576389878988266,
-0.0038066927809268236,
-0.0019662445411086082,
0.004718270152807236,
0.00005581426739809103,
-0.021592088043689728,
0.028900956735014915,
-0.0010212609777227044,
-0.04637082666158676,
-0.08306927978992462,
0.06028249114751816,
-0.0022368512582033873,
0.004152356181293726,
-0.006331987213343382,
-0.00925922766327858,
0.035293661057949066,
0.037114690989255905,
-0.009356136433780193,
0.058100033551454544,
-0.023319566622376442,
0.03375781700015068,
0.04037202149629593,
0.030578671023249626,
-0.03250790759921074,
-0.049644265323877335,
0.041543491184711456,
0.034862663596868515,
0.023356584832072258,
-0.0017342034261673689,
0.00004375727439764887,
-0.012061556801199913,
-0.022677594795823097,
0.016980165615677834,
0.030055465176701546,
0.010753021575510502,
-0.017383789643645287,
0.017289618030190468,
0.0642637312412262,
-0.04463543742895126,
0.0493314154446125,
-0.024142926558852196,
0.03163934126496315,
-0.04203491657972336,
-0.05862756818532944,
-0.010768215171992779,
0.018111703917384148,
0.00904201902449131,
0.014656847342848778,
-0.06400174647569656,
-0.009664016775786877,
0.014283852651715279,
0.001286596991121769,
0.024310162290930748,
-0.03853153437376022,
0.002740622963756323,
0.020914921537041664,
0.026696743443608284,
-0.000260180386248976,
-0.008621583692729473,
-0.03307541087269783,
-0.048012811690568924,
0.07621745020151138,
0.03491184860467911,
-0.0434536337852478,
-0.013787243515253067,
-0.004150980617851019,
0.0064938729628920555,
0.06853871047496796,
0.0009559642639942467,
-0.007102887146174908,
-0.03542161360383034,
0.06849294900894165,
0.018727853894233704,
0.06984860450029373,
0.013273646123707294,
-0.0888717994093895,
0.03914686292409897,
0.021782375872135162,
-0.020280446857213974,
0.014411692507565022,
-0.0005097638349980116,
0.07015427947044373,
0.005456100217998028,
0.01152355782687664,
-0.02273009903728962,
-0.06275896728038788,
-0.033801741898059845,
-0.0006715321796946228,
-0.019271472468972206,
0.0435945950448513,
-0.011612270958721638,
-0.020310314372181892,
0.006297120824456215,
0.021849803626537323,
0.02790231816470623,
0.07242660969495773,
-0.014292411506175995,
0.049765706062316895,
-0.011828827671706676,
-0.057761505246162415,
-0.019699973985552788,
0.03022981435060501,
-0.03708872199058533,
-0.05406554043292999,
0.057019155472517014,
0.01770314946770668,
-0.034118860960006714,
0.014619690366089344,
0.009419956244528294,
0.03140479326248169,
-0.009424181655049324,
-0.031051333993673325,
0.01955370604991913,
0.045365702360868454,
-0.052099619060754776,
0.0521543025970459,
0.023660892620682716,
-0.03493821620941162,
0.040699608623981476,
-0.0077063399367034435,
0.0687316283583641,
0.07558050006628036,
-0.03701299428939819,
-0.0015180823393166065,
-0.01119508408010006,
0.02048887498676777,
-0.010075272992253304,
0.00991226825863123,
-0.043551500886678696,
0.003486655419692397,
0.019961975514888763,
-0.022219279780983925,
-0.04187096655368805,
0.06637991219758987,
-0.03047136217355728,
0.004131272900849581,
0.07161881029605865,
-0.006879839580506086,
0.057222239673137665,
0.0023731286637485027,
-0.010143870487809181,
0.017242399975657463,
0.0007337245624512434,
0.001247611129656434,
-0.012087982147932053,
-0.02814900316298008,
0.0018906908808276057,
0.01715325191617012,
-0.038938600569963455,
-0.004233453422784805,
-0.042169906198978424,
-0.013476009480655193,
-0.0002466829610057175,
0.09192617982625961,
0.05854715779423714,
0.03105388954281807,
0.005795053672045469,
0.020180612802505493,
-0.049161702394485474,
-0.018722988665103912,
-0.11845368891954422,
-0.04502314701676369,
-0.02572641149163246,
0.04854719713330269,
0.054712291806936264,
0.05203874781727791,
-0.022536832839250565,
0.030550993978977203,
-0.003618653630837798,
-0.013573607429862022,
-0.0009279120131395757,
0.05009017884731293,
0.0027813033666461706,
-0.04369427263736725,
-0.037372492253780365,
0.02785922959446907,
0.06656249612569809,
0.011739598587155342,
-0.033981967717409134,
-0.04833202064037323,
-0.03602801263332367,
-0.02882791869342327,
-0.013187210075557232,
0.03020375408232212,
0.01983713172376156,
-0.026080269366502762,
0.011287882924079895,
-0.03909686580300331,
-0.01065593771636486,
0.029881510883569717,
0.0697285458445549,
0.021356701850891113,
-0.0156883392482996,
-0.023309824988245964,
-0.017147667706012726,
-0.012118722312152386,
-0.001900641480460763,
-0.004232873674482107,
0.006963226478546858,
-0.032734911888837814,
-0.008122468367218971,
0.02421872690320015,
-0.007206189911812544,
-0.2817446291446686,
-0.017337491735816002,
0.016228320077061653,
-0.036196716129779816,
0.027817701920866966,
-0.0074652694165706635,
0.0208550076931715,
-0.023276571184396744,
-0.039321593940258026,
0.010225004516541958,
-0.01594165898859501,
0.04096521437168121,
-0.030579062178730965,
0.06647025048732758,
0.06004549190402031,
0.004531644284725189,
-0.015577291138470173,
-0.0019246863666921854,
0.0028935621958225965,
0.016507327556610107,
0.03341533988714218,
-0.06856202334165573,
-0.01879117079079151,
0.0025159178767353296,
0.017688177525997162,
0.033765316009521484,
-0.0704779103398323,
0.01027335412800312,
-0.05584422126412392,
0.012807072140276432,
-0.03612035885453224,
-0.03740658611059189,
-0.0375027135014534,
0.045716483145952225,
0.002921351697295904,
-0.0024423825088888407,
0.030968818813562393,
-0.01064302958548069,
0.017396777868270874,
0.009078854694962502,
-0.0038730257656425238,
-0.004321045707911253,
-0.02210177853703499,
-0.04032371565699577,
0.024909058585762978,
0.01666014827787876,
0.003402148839086294,
0.01004326157271862,
0.019237276166677475,
0.03483228757977486,
0.010265820659697056,
-0.0064965179190039635,
-0.008888114243745804,
-0.0016369028016924858,
-0.025932684540748596,
-0.08449278771877289,
-0.008220519870519638,
-0.02101360820233822,
0.004502767696976662,
0.03928087279200554,
0.02201947569847107,
-0.0511423759162426,
0.024772929027676582,
-0.06360002607107162,
0.005312541965395212,
-0.020939722657203674,
-0.0568329319357872,
-0.06660676747560501,
0.044379591941833496,
0.005956202745437622,
0.03325146809220314,
-0.0002741241187322885,
-0.0029497789219021797,
-0.10041023045778275,
0.017482714727520943,
0.016522323712706566,
0.005773522891104221,
0.02002636343240738,
0.0038527504075318575,
0.02853803150355816,
-0.026164019480347633,
-0.055521607398986816,
0.036454375833272934,
0.028398221358656883,
0.024013003334403038,
-0.032414279878139496,
0.005196383688598871,
-0.012242822907865047,
-0.03441726043820381,
-0.04349204897880554,
0.02502521686255932,
-0.034370362758636475,
0.07232816517353058,
0.003281668061390519,
0.023099353536963463,
0.0531521700322628,
0.034580860286951065,
0.03620220348238945,
0.05877680331468582,
0.002898697042837739,
0.004334976896643639,
-0.07310380786657333,
-0.00948382169008255,
-0.04534682631492615,
0.0169539675116539,
0.004142170771956444,
-0.04779085889458656,
0.0013405635254457593,
0.04216114059090614,
-0.020898522809147835,
-0.0005111544160172343,
-0.009670471772551537,
0.01208452507853508,
-0.047282520681619644,
-0.013612874783575535,
-0.011064108461141586,
0.007616833318024874,
0.04805609956383705,
0.02087743580341339,
0.009175547398626804,
-0.046873968094587326,
0.05183253809809685,
-0.01854521594941616,
0.006604769267141819,
-0.023244129493832588,
0.015147672966122627,
0.003830739064142108,
-0.01802743412554264,
-0.03352924808859825,
-0.016440516337752342,
0.03647998347878456,
0.04545332118868828,
0.017191985622048378,
-0.018401147797703743,
0.05059234797954559,
0.011007062159478664,
-0.03087056800723076,
-0.027345554903149605,
0.054729923605918884,
0.002444565761834383,
0.0350995771586895,
0.020482078194618225,
0.032155100256204605,
0.03233255818486214,
0.05015081167221069,
0.03972050920128822,
0.030772704631090164,
0.0017552947392687201,
-0.010035006329417229,
-0.011136499233543873,
0.02105066552758217,
-0.03756977990269661,
0.00878236722201109,
-0.006592912599444389,
0.007165867369621992,
0.005772075615823269,
0.048731479793787,
0.018656712025403976,
0.006035452242940664,
-0.058572471141815186,
0.05482441559433937,
-0.002327447757124901,
-0.017870547249913216,
-0.0029895277693867683,
0.02952667511999607,
0.05454142019152641,
-0.02463511936366558,
0.015524993650615215,
0.00891853403300047,
-0.0017599468119442463,
0.01843610778450966,
-0.043034814298152924,
-0.04986738786101341,
-0.0049563320353627205,
0.018161175772547722,
-0.0032997571397572756,
0.010512287728488445,
-0.043630894273519516,
-0.03904319182038307,
0.005977864842861891,
-0.004386101383715868,
-0.021211929619312286,
-0.04053584486246109,
0.05475471541285515,
0.06469432264566422,
0.026365378871560097,
0.007400987669825554,
-0.0255443062633276,
-0.03324757516384125,
0.04170124605298042,
0.0023739321622997522,
0.009526471607387066,
-0.0242117028683424,
-0.0539044626057148,
-0.019551753997802734,
-0.03834392502903938,
0.022727053612470627,
0.02099326066672802,
-0.022694181650877,
-0.015673810616135597,
-0.018597550690174103,
-0.015573432669043541,
-0.017066922038793564,
0.0028782489243894815,
0.02036702074110508,
-0.05907362326979637,
0.010864426381886005,
0.021815694868564606,
-0.041860248893499374,
0.02806202881038189,
-0.046766266226768494,
-0.030733849853277206,
-0.024276694282889366,
0.021082425490021706,
0.015557413920760155,
-0.011646253988146782,
-0.03744705766439438,
0.01028871163725853,
0.022091330960392952,
-0.012157930061221123,
0.007312264293432236,
0.006261344999074936,
0.002922366140410304,
-0.017413903027772903,
-0.022671448066830635,
0.06880857050418854,
-0.030426491051912308,
-0.03466280177235603,
-0.012538373470306396,
-0.007646543439477682,
0.0123717300593853,
-0.06022290885448456,
-0.0032425778917968273,
0.0640043318271637,
0.02556859888136387,
0.03693314641714096,
-0.058744508773088455,
0.02641645260155201,
-0.019969457760453224,
0.002308029681444168,
0.0007454244187101722,
-0.0042277248576283455,
-0.0040059504099190235,
0.0001001651180558838,
0.021024100482463837,
0.06806808710098267,
0.007858196273446083,
0.013937796466052532,
0.004804279189556837,
0.03688080608844757,
0.009652223438024521,
0.052596401423215866,
-0.04182836785912514,
-0.011872065253555775,
0.06398860365152359,
0.007490758318454027,
-0.022634396329522133,
-0.05274578928947449,
-0.0003569892724044621,
0.04032106325030327,
-0.034124746918678284,
-0.0006706123240292072,
0.0035916082561016083,
0.04046938568353653,
0.05912991985678673,
0.04573871195316315,
0.004668515175580978,
0.040440283715724945,
0.03309490531682968,
-0.06664083898067474,
0.006179920397698879,
-0.0672287717461586,
0.005889917258173227,
0.035240862518548965,
0.005050991661846638,
0.04372311383485794,
0.035126637667417526,
-0.0035678385756909847,
0.02160119265317917,
-0.02388289012014866,
-0.07499650865793228,
0.005959890317171812,
-0.02729157730937004,
-0.005505641922354698,
0.025478189811110497,
-0.041258107870817184,
-0.01847328618168831,
-0.0020021391101181507,
-0.03684103488922119,
-0.014414632692933083,
0.005283749662339687,
0.03487959876656532,
-0.04685897380113602,
-0.012313427403569221,
-0.04801991209387779,
0.01166609302163124,
0.027627253904938698,
0.054235126823186874,
-0.010496268048882484,
0.0014039324596524239,
-0.04925811290740967,
0.045959386974573135,
0.03667512908577919,
0.023517251014709473,
-0.028997449204325676,
0.03021419048309326,
0.009115430526435375,
-0.041034992784261703,
0.04552764073014259,
0.01614319533109665,
-0.028427068144083023,
-0.06475699692964554,
0.030642308294773102,
0.033873748034238815,
-0.05540921911597252,
-0.030853843316435814,
0.020638078451156616,
-0.03605208173394203,
-0.0005243511986918747,
-0.0070690494030714035,
0.0005138393025845289,
-0.01876426301896572,
0.07853996008634567,
-0.014816981740295887,
-0.011551754549145699,
0.05947720259428024,
0.011857040226459503,
0.0008641489548608661,
-0.024542024359107018,
0.08448290079832077,
0.0882091373205185,
0.03133498504757881,
-0.01956113800406456,
0.06687675416469574,
-0.06374528259038925,
-0.04143849387764931,
0.025528796017169952,
-0.027696318924427032,
-0.029801247641444206,
-0.025842871516942978,
0.002834242768585682,
0.06052447855472565,
0.011576691642403603,
0.08013704419136047,
-0.06623225659132004,
0.005769750103354454,
0.02347598783671856,
0.011422666721045971,
0.01773684471845627,
0.024835864081978798,
-0.004416320007294416,
0.031432781368494034,
-0.04613031819462776,
-0.04019596427679062,
-0.025779273360967636,
0.007724959868937731,
0.03487564995884895,
0.012765795923769474,
-0.004698825068771839,
-0.008321401663124561,
-0.014709332026541233,
-0.003429868258535862,
0.0657825842499733,
-0.07385794073343277,
-0.04299279302358627,
-0.04720482975244522,
0.006132970098406076,
-0.0316193513572216,
0.045213062316179276,
0.028480838984251022,
-0.042915284633636475,
0.01904795877635479,
-0.05204448476433754,
0.03812132775783539,
0.011678560636937618,
0.031509362161159515,
-0.0007008283282630146,
-0.011097929440438747,
0.0041070603765547276,
0.011319884099066257,
0.05025231093168259,
-0.04630539193749428,
-0.0634429082274437,
-0.03255642205476761,
-0.07771138846874237,
-0.07878400385379791,
-0.03609035164117813,
0.008710121735930443,
0.0019031008705496788,
-0.06355903297662735,
-0.0029761209152638912,
-0.043433453887701035,
0.008408077992498875,
0.01911003701388836,
-0.07884612679481506,
-0.004838966298848391,
0.03260834515094757,
0.015789372846484184,
0.013280226849019527,
0.022310469299554825,
0.036764636635780334,
-0.02036529965698719,
-0.023790590465068817,
0.028424890711903572,
0.020930718630552292,
0.030382642522454262,
-0.034822773188352585,
-0.013098441064357758,
-0.08096304535865784,
0.022517668083310127,
0.015413896180689335,
-0.05125443637371063,
-0.09559663385152817,
0.022764183580875397,
-0.01616649143397808,
0.0024213865399360657,
0.035839177668094635,
-0.019640952348709106,
0.015628963708877563,
-0.05774175748229027,
-0.001445266418159008,
-0.005619042553007603,
0.007299560122191906,
0.04280431941151619,
-0.012723262421786785,
0.04817375913262367,
0.0426066555082798,
-0.043248437345027924,
-0.04949309304356575,
0.048269398510456085,
-0.01151743158698082,
0.0018371656769886613,
-0.0274053905159235,
-0.024416303262114525,
-0.014461157843470573,
-0.09320756793022156,
-0.02054193802177906,
0.017078261822462082,
0.020215818658471107,
-0.04319257661700249,
0.004943367093801498,
0.011888607405126095,
0.014058268629014492,
-0.001270629814825952,
0.0038332054391503334,
0.011907841078937054,
-0.07933473587036133,
-0.025478696450591087,
-0.07135635614395142,
0.028071854263544083,
-0.011622625403106213,
-0.017977416515350342,
-0.051703330129384995,
-0.052699681371450424,
0.0021304094698280096,
-0.013398579321801662,
0.017523227259516716,
0.019148491322994232,
0.005346408113837242,
-0.007174563128501177
] |
3,488
|
Generalized Principal-Agent Problem with a Learning Agent
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=LqTz13JS2P
|
[
"Tao Lin",
"Yiling Chen"
] |
Spotlight
|
Generalized principal-agent problems, including Stackelberg games, contract design, and Bayesian persuasion, are a class of economic problems where an agent best responds to a principal's committed strategy.
We study repeated generalized principal-agent problems under the assumption that the principal does not have commitment power and the agent uses algorithms to learn to respond to the principal. We reduce this problem to a one-shot generalized principal-agent problem where the agent approximately best responds. Using this reduction, we show that: (1) if the agent uses contextual no-regret learning algorithms with regret $\mathrm{Reg}(T)$, then the principal can guarantee utility at least $U^* - \Theta\big(\sqrt{\tfrac{\mathrm{Reg}(T)}{T}}\big)$, where $U^*$ is the principal's optimal utility in the classic model with a best-responding agent.
(2) If the agent uses contextual no-swap-regret learning algorithms with swap-regret $\mathrm{SReg}(T)$, then the principal cannot obtain utility more than $U^* + O(\frac{\mathrm{SReg(T)}}{T})$.
But (3) if the agent uses mean-based learning algorithms (which can be no-regret but not no-swap-regret), then the principal can sometimes do significantly better than $U^*$.
These results not only refine previous results in Stackelberg games and contract design, but also lead to new results for Bayesian persuasion with a learning agent and all generalized principal-agent problems where the agent does not have private information.
|
principal-agent problems, Bayesian persuasion, no-regret learning, no-swap-regret
|
We study generalized principal-agent problem with a learning agent, which not only sharpens previous works on contract design and Stackelberg games but also leads to new results for Bayesian persuasion.
| 7,667
|
2402.09721
|
[
-0.05320420116186142,
-0.019999343901872635,
0.008111855015158653,
0.05337098240852356,
0.029784025624394417,
0.013605786487460136,
0.018212324008345604,
0.01200105994939804,
-0.016234388574957848,
-0.06246021389961243,
-0.018209313973784447,
0.03234713152050972,
-0.06129464507102966,
-0.0037539233453571796,
-0.020001597702503204,
0.06215885654091835,
0.03563016280531883,
-0.004484814126044512,
-0.023178786039352417,
-0.01518025528639555,
-0.019969142973423004,
0.03774755448102951,
0.052213333547115326,
0.020582569763064384,
0.02311292290687561,
0.008424616418778896,
0.04129056632518768,
0.025931650772690773,
-0.02016395889222622,
-0.014142685569822788,
0.016063977032899857,
-0.005691869650036097,
0.015341604128479958,
0.0072065237909555435,
-0.008616482838988304,
0.016005072742700577,
-0.016460701823234558,
0.01554100215435028,
-0.010602287948131561,
-0.0013171964092180133,
-0.04718662053346634,
0.04179889336228371,
-0.03319504112005234,
0.02907019481062889,
-0.0074060233309865,
0.01846417225897312,
-0.06860306859016418,
0.01766580529510975,
0.026782972738146782,
-0.03243164345622063,
-0.10007227212190628,
0.03764549270272255,
0.03159094974398613,
-0.018790291622281075,
-0.040015798062086105,
0.05037303268909454,
0.027856089174747467,
-0.06860823929309845,
-0.007971327751874924,
-0.07732371240854263,
-0.017053093761205673,
0.02675471268594265,
0.007356212008744478,
0.0116928331553936,
-0.007386799436062574,
0.0024775369092822075,
0.01726340316236019,
0.03416480869054794,
-0.024643264710903168,
-0.0036578825674951077,
-0.06307726353406906,
-0.02623646706342697,
0.006672319490462542,
0.019167227670550346,
0.03025565668940544,
-0.04859907552599907,
0.03477323427796364,
0.036124326288700104,
0.03807361423969269,
0.012709595263004303,
0.004378273151814938,
0.02253970131278038,
0.013260149396955967,
0.03005076013505459,
0.010154523886740208,
-0.0010589766316115856,
-0.019813857972621918,
-0.02365243062376976,
-0.10039015859365463,
0.04991135373711586,
-0.0026070240419358015,
-0.08179271966218948,
-0.002797194290906191,
0.022941451519727707,
0.007472963072359562,
-0.00909331999719143,
0.04461763799190521,
0.014289903454482555,
0.008698515594005585,
-0.02389812283217907,
-0.059681013226509094,
-0.016295917332172394,
0.024986829608678818,
-0.014289576560258865,
-0.0793728232383728,
-0.027451712638139725,
-0.016271863132715225,
0.000920648337341845,
-0.027248898521065712,
0.026034167036414146,
-0.03895552083849907,
0.003608664497733116,
0.01351992692798376,
-0.027905652299523354,
-0.08566493541002274,
0.049915533512830734,
0.003701231675222516,
0.05815491825342178,
-0.018811890855431557,
-0.00046374404337257147,
0.03623997047543526,
0.034816525876522064,
-0.040891390293836594,
0.06709323078393936,
0.023505184799432755,
-0.000778678513597697,
0.041402023285627365,
0.03218226879835129,
-0.049745142459869385,
-0.0766364112496376,
0.049768734723329544,
0.0405498705804348,
-0.0274981576949358,
0.029485084116458893,
-0.00034772136132232845,
-0.008874655701220036,
-0.011676409281790257,
0.0051824613474309444,
0.02631477080285549,
-0.03613995388150215,
-0.026151113212108612,
0.006809989456087351,
0.05782898887991905,
0.007675283122807741,
0.07037221640348434,
-0.03622180223464966,
0.013366494327783585,
-0.02332955040037632,
-0.0630270466208458,
0.013025549240410328,
0.005280589684844017,
-0.029811430722475052,
0.03614993393421173,
-0.034919630736112595,
0.006590091623365879,
0.009341802448034286,
0.04467177018523216,
0.0033230273984372616,
-0.023925159126520157,
0.026331720873713493,
0.04948868975043297,
-0.01872808299958706,
0.01685900241136551,
0.0032120859250426292,
0.008870462886989117,
-0.06315385550260544,
0.0721142515540123,
0.04840196296572685,
-0.019203374162316322,
-0.0030322240199893713,
-0.03419819474220276,
-0.028424827381968498,
0.0316234715282917,
-0.024307724088430405,
0.01473315991461277,
0.013504433445632458,
0.05067961663007736,
-0.00791929755359888,
0.0848962813615799,
-0.008741435594856739,
-0.0885758027434349,
0.030365824699401855,
0.014601051807403564,
0.010428378358483315,
-0.0043407161720097065,
-0.017118757590651512,
0.0445370227098465,
-0.018101157620549202,
0.01794263906776905,
0.012434371747076511,
-0.07504153996706009,
-0.00866454653441906,
0.04213415086269379,
-0.01027186680585146,
0.06448419392108917,
0.019513100385665894,
-0.039370909333229065,
0.034112557768821716,
0.03304078057408333,
0.028682390227913857,
0.029643842950463295,
-0.0044245910830795765,
0.02839813381433487,
0.024196384474635124,
-0.02152898907661438,
0.01749219186604023,
0.04037444293498993,
-0.020116155967116356,
-0.028687870129942894,
0.046566836535930634,
-0.017876407131552696,
0.035805411636829376,
0.030032331123948097,
-0.02686164714396,
0.037209104746580124,
-0.01152404211461544,
-0.018831029534339905,
-0.014099808409810066,
0.05142829194664955,
-0.04022904485464096,
0.013625895604491234,
-0.013837411068379879,
-0.03901791572570801,
0.037763744592666626,
-0.0067213596776127815,
0.09018504619598389,
0.07547764480113983,
-0.042584992945194244,
0.004900055471807718,
0.0148896099999547,
0.026914790272712708,
0.018026718869805336,
0.03575893118977547,
-0.021170854568481445,
0.06059999391436577,
0.0022572677116841078,
-0.06446672976016998,
-0.05246206372976303,
0.06319236010313034,
-0.02985301986336708,
0.0033989250659942627,
0.07750848680734634,
-0.039624009281396866,
0.07429573684930801,
-0.00980736780911684,
0.033494506031274796,
-0.023878002539277077,
0.032811351120471954,
-0.010661102831363678,
-0.018276480957865715,
-0.04917888343334198,
-0.010482719168066978,
0.021617062389850616,
-0.03331843763589859,
-0.0001807858352549374,
-0.04246220365166664,
0.007940027862787247,
-0.02002393826842308,
0.05258897691965103,
0.04986904561519623,
0.03248085081577301,
0.017898796126246452,
-0.02056197263300419,
-0.03691139444708824,
-0.017051875591278076,
-0.11309050768613815,
-0.05071583762764931,
-0.0002125977916875854,
0.008711782284080982,
0.02135659009218216,
0.02111724391579628,
-0.059295903891325,
0.02460634335875511,
-0.005638851318508387,
-0.050525013357400894,
0.008732817135751247,
0.012930980883538723,
0.010481302626430988,
-0.035442840307950974,
-0.022190235555171967,
0.038420919328927994,
0.07054413855075836,
-0.014507024548947811,
-0.01549458783119917,
-0.015724362805485725,
-0.05822690203785896,
-0.013604477979242802,
-0.05602788180112839,
-0.0018187070963904262,
0.023195579648017883,
0.009732582606375217,
0.03315296769142151,
-0.031625572592020035,
0.02387545444071293,
0.031908418983221054,
0.046742189675569534,
0.012291520833969116,
0.01602395623922348,
0.006008179858326912,
0.00434402609243989,
-0.014385410584509373,
-0.0030791216995567083,
-0.013281824998557568,
0.030378511175513268,
0.0013019299367442727,
-0.026348883286118507,
0.013683123514056206,
-0.000837263825815171,
-0.24751240015029907,
-0.03811860829591751,
0.005399126559495926,
0.01747746951878071,
0.022684844210743904,
-0.01902059279382229,
0.06331543624401093,
-0.030529586598277092,
-0.04497851803898811,
0.009924514219164848,
-0.00037749603507108986,
-0.013995909132063389,
0.007992284372448921,
0.05986903980374336,
0.06686048954725266,
0.032380688935518265,
-0.023886095732450485,
-0.01584578864276409,
0.019248327240347862,
0.020986925810575485,
-0.018593478947877884,
-0.0640331581234932,
-0.033323999494314194,
0.015269859693944454,
0.013331939466297626,
0.05538364499807358,
-0.07147575914859772,
-0.013666723854839802,
-0.0398707240819931,
0.02053038403391838,
-0.0400998629629612,
-0.03468571975827217,
-0.024903181940317154,
0.022320490330457687,
0.017757747322320938,
0.007008192129433155,
0.010507920756936073,
-0.0019638894591480494,
-0.03093252144753933,
0.035732582211494446,
0.006107897497713566,
0.021244479343295097,
-0.026151468977332115,
0.021647224202752113,
0.04934602975845337,
0.015754912048578262,
-0.02460041455924511,
-0.02301635965704918,
-0.021981410682201385,
0.03847649320960045,
0.01717572659254074,
0.010149172507226467,
-0.008613737300038338,
-0.011118368245661259,
0.007012580055743456,
-0.013311101123690605,
0.00007915489550214261,
-0.036905381828546524,
-0.007646646816283464,
0.030015336349606514,
0.034405454993247986,
-0.058714669197797775,
-0.007758202962577343,
-0.024779073894023895,
-0.012224891223013401,
-0.04784553498029709,
-0.07254954427480698,
-0.06601553410291672,
0.04073737934231758,
0.003019795287400484,
-0.01689828932285309,
-0.027576498687267303,
-0.0010395279387012124,
-0.09800082445144653,
0.012819078750908375,
-0.011274032294750214,
-0.008040155284106731,
0.011534851044416428,
0.04745039716362953,
0.042121198028326035,
-0.01322944089770317,
-0.058342017233371735,
-0.0193311870098114,
-0.0003649270220194012,
0.03973396494984627,
-0.003615128342062235,
0.025800080969929695,
0.00385974976234138,
-0.014005145989358425,
-0.023236604407429695,
0.022790823131799698,
0.006259521935135126,
0.03124580718576908,
0.0016024209326133132,
0.03465184569358826,
0.04554198682308197,
0.014017263427376747,
-0.004429178312420845,
0.035115912556648254,
0.007773615885525942,
0.019963683560490608,
-0.0871848315000534,
-0.023453176021575928,
-0.008584712632000446,
-0.021036863327026367,
0.03659266233444214,
-0.0331534817814827,
-0.004967056680470705,
0.03153591603040695,
0.018579576164484024,
0.0010602620895951986,
-0.06444282084703445,
0.004314292222261429,
-0.019753457978367805,
-0.0131620392203331,
-0.023744957521557808,
-0.02304726652801037,
0.07719933986663818,
0.026865946128964424,
-0.01287082303315401,
-0.049112580716609955,
0.03500045835971832,
-0.029035644605755806,
0.012831675820052624,
-0.016752487048506737,
0.03125268965959549,
0.0037650729063898325,
-0.014615241438150406,
-0.004589472897350788,
-0.03613990545272827,
0.02092115394771099,
0.022424912080168724,
0.00675938418135047,
-0.014415066689252853,
0.07403675466775894,
0.007130613550543785,
-0.04859469458460808,
-0.015128868632018566,
0.011942608281970024,
-0.04036606475710869,
0.03454665094614029,
-0.0032149669714272022,
0.0442020408809185,
0.009106279350817204,
0.017396217212080956,
-0.0004687296459451318,
0.01583939418196678,
0.03122847154736519,
0.0439349003136158,
0.02155398577451706,
0.029752524569630623,
-0.04204751178622246,
0.020322049036622047,
-0.026434754952788353,
0.028964459896087646,
-0.047977790236473083,
0.05511138588190079,
-0.02375885844230652,
0.007345161866396666,
-0.04690015688538551,
0.03816678747534752,
-0.05083885416388512,
-0.05200263485312462,
-0.021222345530986786,
0.039235927164554596,
0.08108799159526825,
-0.039914704859256744,
-0.008294444531202316,
0.0029057683423161507,
0.007413202431052923,
0.03065464273095131,
-0.03620739281177521,
-0.03570166602730751,
-0.015995508059859276,
-0.043883416801691055,
-0.014910281635820866,
0.014291627332568169,
-0.042160212993621826,
-0.03632402792572975,
-0.015630250796675682,
-0.005967840552330017,
-0.035915154963731766,
-0.03869135305285454,
0.006172161549329758,
0.07029461860656738,
-0.01463286578655243,
0.04159310832619667,
-0.00411294074729085,
-0.05697505548596382,
0.0073076519183814526,
-0.018163515254855156,
0.038960181176662445,
-0.022837210446596146,
-0.03415176644921303,
-0.019969526678323746,
-0.04309910163283348,
-0.010698121972382069,
-0.0008886099676601589,
-0.011512700468301773,
0.014987899921834469,
-0.004423794336616993,
-0.016565728932619095,
-0.0454212985932827,
0.013199829496443272,
0.026379026472568512,
-0.0623103491961956,
0.002023044740781188,
0.018508654087781906,
-0.002805971773341298,
0.05526489019393921,
-0.07329874485731125,
-0.021713143214583397,
-0.05295881628990173,
0.014336256310343742,
0.021840356290340424,
-0.05878570303320885,
-0.041738253086805344,
-0.022847406566143036,
-0.00996369682252407,
0.03381994366645813,
-0.007314469199627638,
-0.02474854700267315,
-0.01224453840404749,
-0.019537638872861862,
-0.007459250278770924,
0.054056234657764435,
-0.021326251327991486,
-0.035089991986751556,
0.0029586709570139647,
-0.016629885882139206,
0.03651246428489685,
-0.044759128242731094,
0.0153415622189641,
0.03090164251625538,
-0.009382972493767738,
0.04163205251097679,
-0.02939506247639656,
0.04014312103390694,
-0.03583132475614548,
-0.04499059543013573,
-0.028636643663048744,
0.0031339291017502546,
-0.03049413673579693,
-0.04284297302365303,
0.01428800169378519,
0.025217916816473007,
0.009850622154772282,
0.012278344482183456,
0.031034020707011223,
0.022109007462859154,
0.026081854477524757,
0.023811763152480125,
-0.049371108412742615,
0.02078837715089321,
0.043205276131629944,
-0.01632874086499214,
-0.020601270720362663,
-0.018636532127857208,
-0.006096131168305874,
0.03763803467154503,
-0.05174409598112106,
0.0264748428016901,
-0.054697807878255844,
0.03772692754864693,
0.03180210664868355,
0.037429358810186386,
0.004953546449542046,
-0.014255589805543423,
0.041574493050575256,
-0.07040154933929443,
0.020078804343938828,
-0.07202913612127304,
0.030637282878160477,
0.013543106615543365,
-0.0028895623981952667,
0.010447070002555847,
0.028741993010044098,
-0.04033730924129486,
0.017419137060642242,
-0.025977468118071556,
-0.0752207487821579,
0.029956936836242676,
-0.023593828082084656,
-0.020071499049663544,
0.05486718565225601,
-0.06066438555717468,
-0.03417552262544632,
-0.0005872237961739302,
-0.053795162588357925,
0.003817466087639332,
-0.014931070618331432,
0.042206790298223495,
0.003297125920653343,
-0.009680251590907574,
-0.06741740554571152,
0.03017040155827999,
0.033534884452819824,
0.007116173394024372,
0.013975442387163639,
0.045608337968587875,
-0.03867744281888008,
0.041251640766859055,
0.05037425085902214,
0.05798740312457085,
0.021916447207331657,
0.006344021297991276,
-0.039186641573905945,
-0.03968409076333046,
0.04780492186546326,
-0.004052880220115185,
-0.04887128621339798,
-0.07510882616043091,
0.02919590286910534,
0.014314115978777409,
-0.030940242111682892,
-0.02226446382701397,
0.008171048015356064,
-0.08272703737020493,
-0.012569570913910866,
-0.005916351452469826,
0.02602751925587654,
0.04086373373866081,
0.07144591957330704,
0.0030190700199455023,
0.03681258484721184,
0.05339307710528374,
0.03388174623250961,
0.002425058977678418,
-0.01345901656895876,
0.07328566908836365,
0.06449370831251144,
0.048521414399147034,
0.0012798102106899023,
0.058670636266469955,
-0.046390458941459656,
-0.037434570491313934,
0.013563001528382301,
-0.018373241648077965,
-0.01735682785511017,
-0.012234264053404331,
-0.011322284117341042,
0.03651350364089012,
-0.03483760729432106,
0.050269778817892075,
-0.047545548528432846,
-0.03129345551133156,
0.06525391340255737,
-0.007827794179320335,
0.001260547200217843,
0.05662740394473076,
0.03282782807946205,
0.045345526188611984,
-0.018929721787571907,
-0.0367741584777832,
-0.008786111138761044,
-0.0008105346350930631,
0.016104184091091156,
0.015597905963659286,
-0.009256681427359581,
-0.004382656887173653,
0.06103043258190155,
-0.005007560830563307,
0.10427746176719666,
-0.062204550951719284,
0.0016614466439932585,
0.01581338420510292,
0.03000633418560028,
0.013218442909419537,
0.03217511251568794,
0.03669118881225586,
-0.02446412295103073,
0.014119181782007217,
-0.021501412615180016,
0.04729734733700752,
0.03305261209607124,
-0.0026191924698650837,
0.029847223311662674,
0.008877215906977654,
0.018755348399281502,
0.02080507203936577,
0.009490329772233963,
-0.02747207321226597,
-0.05183744430541992,
-0.03520127758383751,
-0.05675632879137993,
-0.06313271075487137,
-0.03750144690275192,
0.033963143825531006,
0.011188831180334091,
-0.06631919741630554,
0.007503389846533537,
-0.0010893569560721517,
0.017106181010603905,
-0.009139210917055607,
-0.05498889833688736,
-0.02005116268992424,
0.021886834874749184,
0.01240636594593525,
0.031211473047733307,
0.0009169169934466481,
0.024301668629050255,
0.004449688363820314,
-0.03156624734401703,
-0.006558348890393972,
0.022669892758131027,
-0.014753635972738266,
-0.018638940528035164,
0.004860416054725647,
-0.06899786740541458,
0.009134247899055481,
0.031105320900678635,
-0.052350953221321106,
-0.078302301466465,
0.02973741479218006,
-0.06785713881254196,
0.007013516500592232,
0.08835241943597794,
0.04175669699907303,
0.009687402285635471,
-0.02851266600191593,
0.022591842338442802,
0.005182438995689154,
0.01842402294278145,
0.03239629417657852,
0.009956056252121925,
0.05602661147713661,
0.03606436029076576,
-0.07451553642749786,
-0.06317771226167679,
0.04730841517448425,
0.012332464568316936,
0.01639723591506481,
-0.011099985800683498,
-0.011644278652966022,
0.018544767051935196,
-0.08409355580806732,
-0.022126201540231705,
0.047261618077754974,
-0.02074284479022026,
-0.037294913083314896,
-0.0006028881180100143,
0.00883505493402481,
0.034143466502428055,
-0.0022120941430330276,
-0.05147378519177437,
0.003527737455442548,
-0.023868586868047714,
-0.030001340433955193,
-0.06052863597869873,
0.002602290129289031,
-0.03419844061136246,
-0.01875312067568302,
-0.036076683551073074,
-0.057781562209129333,
-0.02244601771235466,
-0.009198111481964588,
0.015388868749141693,
0.03490209951996803,
0.010651147924363613,
0.00686202198266983
] |
3,489
|
Targeted Attack Improves Protection against Unauthorized Diffusion Customization
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=agHddsQhsL
|
[
"Boyang Zheng",
"Chumeng Liang",
"Xiaoyu Wu"
] |
Spotlight
|
Diffusion models build a new milestone for image generation yet raising public concerns, for they can be fine-tuned on unauthorized images for customization. Protection based on adversarial attacks rises to encounter this unauthorized diffusion customization, by adding protective watermarks to images and poisoning diffusion models. However, current protection, leveraging untargeted attacks, does not appear to be effective enough. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective improvement for the protection against unauthorized diffusion customization by introducing targeted attacks. We show that by carefully selecting the target, targeted attacks significantly outperform untargeted attacks in poisoning diffusion models and degrading the customization image quality. Extensive experiments validate the superiority of our method on two mainstream customization methods of diffusion models, compared to existing protections. To explain the surprising success of targeted attacks, we delve into the mechanism of attack-based protections and propose a hypothesis based on our observation, which enhances the comprehension of attack-based protections. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to both reveal the vulnerability of diffusion models to targeted attacks and leverage targeted attacks to enhance protection against unauthorized diffusion customization.
|
Protection, Unauthorized Diffusion Customization, Adversarial Attack, Diffusion Model, Privacy
|
We propose a stronger image protection method against unauthorized diffusion customization based on targeted attack.
| 7,651
|
2310.04687
|
[
0.00801470223814249,
-0.037279922515153885,
0.0032800217159092426,
0.05658857896924019,
0.06409312784671783,
0.009863566607236862,
0.0308678075671196,
-0.029895637184381485,
-0.021309541538357735,
-0.05584122985601425,
-0.005802108906209469,
-0.052215807139873505,
-0.02240416407585144,
0.0021928518544882536,
-0.010638309642672539,
0.047581594437360764,
0.03284168988466263,
-0.009239958599209785,
0.0060546183958649635,
0.037512026727199554,
0.00040320822154171765,
-0.024041974917054176,
0.045022428035736084,
0.020569387823343277,
0.022202791646122932,
-0.005718219093978405,
0.02163366600871086,
-0.0030248481780290604,
-0.04486095532774925,
0.010205211117863655,
0.04934978112578392,
0.007068628445267677,
0.007894136942923069,
-0.039042193442583084,
0.019261717796325684,
0.02380482293665409,
-0.06724636256694794,
-0.00951500702649355,
0.00835700985044241,
0.015588304027915001,
-0.049241259694099426,
0.024566898122429848,
0.002261086367070675,
0.005327202379703522,
-0.04240160062909126,
-0.0282139889895916,
-0.11464079469442368,
0.027239663526415825,
-0.024357452988624573,
0.008183774538338184,
-0.07247307151556015,
0.020633110776543617,
-0.008078934624791145,
-0.02097228169441223,
0.030999286100268364,
0.06331996619701385,
0.04458482936024666,
-0.049557048827409744,
-0.00008336273458553478,
-0.07155314087867737,
-0.02318301610648632,
0.006906027439981699,
0.005430957302451134,
0.00916554406285286,
-0.008511245250701904,
-0.0008262848132289946,
0.03372306376695633,
0.03348744660615921,
-0.04421421140432358,
-0.041540879756212234,
-0.010104903019964695,
-0.012000022456049919,
0.0004914260352961719,
-0.02296275459229946,
-0.03162623941898346,
-0.03350172936916351,
-0.005615871399641037,
-0.005969328340142965,
0.05322164669632912,
-0.008619476109743118,
0.03554662689566612,
0.013873462565243244,
-0.004538316745311022,
0.038993801921606064,
-0.024370795115828514,
-0.028104189783334732,
-0.018604334443807602,
0.02954156883060932,
-0.03048539347946644,
0.04517686367034912,
-0.01764252781867981,
-0.051341712474823,
0.048009853810071945,
0.012195825576782227,
0.024873629212379456,
-0.012806998565793037,
0.010241163894534111,
0.0007326399791054428,
0.01476684957742691,
0.027442295104265213,
-0.0016119519714266062,
-0.009332633577287197,
-0.029672669246792793,
0.009166422300040722,
-0.09480072557926178,
0.005715099163353443,
-0.04341283068060875,
-0.04276489466428757,
-0.029376951977610588,
-0.0032468824647367,
0.0020451571326702833,
0.00404518423601985,
-0.008896997198462486,
-0.03515336662530899,
-0.0964789092540741,
0.0580652616918087,
0.007569075096398592,
0.018126867711544037,
0.03965137526392937,
0.014423045329749584,
0.0540345199406147,
0.06336838752031326,
-0.04473402723670006,
0.05634079873561859,
0.05793162062764168,
-0.008814165368676186,
0.045093461871147156,
0.03310292586684227,
-0.014761586673557758,
-0.02044495940208435,
-0.004692469257861376,
0.04677679389715195,
-0.005605361890047789,
0.0004948160494677722,
0.023392075672745705,
-0.02687763050198555,
-0.00615350715816021,
0.050137512385845184,
0.04199254885315895,
-0.06824745237827301,
0.005399250891059637,
-0.03425832465291023,
0.006867135409265757,
-0.0495363213121891,
0.047075703740119934,
-0.03429358825087547,
0.03285256773233414,
-0.03524281084537506,
-0.030534403398633003,
-0.0042161159217357635,
0.02281855419278145,
-0.0033179912716150284,
0.03478032350540161,
-0.05593596398830414,
0.015081772580742836,
0.06536354124546051,
0.032604239881038666,
0.00588075490668416,
-0.031257759779691696,
-0.025952784344553947,
0.006018080748617649,
-0.036909714341163635,
-0.022338081151247025,
0.003133203834295273,
-0.007629770785570145,
-0.03440960496664047,
0.025681376457214355,
0.035509295761585236,
-0.0017590986099094152,
-0.028102105483412743,
-0.04791228845715523,
-0.03478216379880905,
0.02666947990655899,
0.015421790070831776,
0.026065532118082047,
0.04927400127053261,
0.03058580495417118,
0.0352640300989151,
0.03553086519241333,
0.04950401559472084,
-0.08723049610853195,
0.03385533019900322,
0.0119337672367692,
0.021996252238750458,
0.00029989550239406526,
-0.04169343784451485,
0.0861988216638565,
-0.012834909372031689,
-0.0009818298276513815,
0.03801151365041733,
-0.08840519189834595,
-0.017058610916137695,
0.034136805683374405,
-0.025064175948500633,
0.06917522102594376,
0.022347697988152504,
-0.00446101650595665,
0.018659736961126328,
0.03351668640971184,
0.04778783395886421,
0.023453745990991592,
-0.04198930785059929,
0.05213175341486931,
-0.05548606440424919,
-0.04039810970425606,
-0.02599361166357994,
0.049636028707027435,
-0.04874763637781143,
-0.03134256228804588,
0.01068306528031826,
-0.01645371876657009,
0.005152587778866291,
-0.0002965997264254838,
0.02671709656715393,
0.009179050102829933,
-0.026210632175207138,
-0.02192525938153267,
0.02344968542456627,
0.02408198080956936,
-0.06755734980106354,
0.011309551075100899,
0.02200852893292904,
-0.02541915327310562,
0.053240399807691574,
-0.01097800675779581,
0.1140170469880104,
0.05176641792058945,
-0.07432418316602707,
0.021373750641942024,
-0.0006299515371210873,
0.021396957337856293,
-0.011306940577924252,
0.01232748944312334,
-0.00592053635045886,
0.012806725688278675,
-0.020344020798802376,
0.007400158327072859,
-0.014411957003176212,
0.073161780834198,
-0.07015643268823624,
0.002218135865405202,
0.0650421679019928,
-0.009163706563413143,
0.06865397840738297,
-0.02267788164317608,
0.04066542536020279,
0.044802915304899216,
-0.026519129052758217,
-0.02104576863348484,
-0.014763694256544113,
-0.008273380808532238,
0.013112370856106281,
0.02500571310520172,
-0.06456122547388077,
0.03888416662812233,
-0.043529264628887177,
-0.0064120106399059296,
0.0022413802798837423,
0.05055029317736626,
0.04883107170462608,
0.0013963074889034033,
0.03181113675236702,
-0.018496399745345116,
-0.012063570320606232,
-0.022402331233024597,
-0.10459863394498825,
0.000729765510186553,
0.002410916145890951,
0.03267558664083481,
0.010917498730123043,
0.05105244368314743,
0.0019881492480635643,
-0.023655368015170097,
-0.043646831065416336,
-0.005571303423494101,
0.012251176871359348,
0.015189356170594692,
0.02712315320968628,
-0.043732836842536926,
-0.0009777945233508945,
-0.011489510536193848,
0.08451057225465775,
0.009215014055371284,
-0.015577815473079681,
-0.025619162246584892,
-0.03475317358970642,
-0.01732012629508972,
-0.0364670492708683,
-0.04896552488207817,
0.044451408088207245,
0.010665776208043098,
0.04209505766630173,
0.00049406144535169,
0.05484827980399132,
0.02670285850763321,
0.04172033071517944,
-0.01718321442604065,
-0.016866445541381836,
-0.028585823252797127,
0.02297416888177395,
0.02740718051791191,
0.017239810898900032,
0.001687353476881981,
-0.0011504690628498793,
-0.04436682164669037,
-0.018844589591026306,
0.018764855340123177,
-0.020376548171043396,
-0.2592291533946991,
0.018682006746530533,
0.047740619629621506,
0.008261062204837799,
-0.014514361508190632,
0.00871497206389904,
0.03279181569814682,
-0.03598432615399361,
-0.026962846517562866,
-0.010335331782698631,
0.03444176912307739,
0.00451933778822422,
0.013578461483120918,
0.0216948464512825,
-0.008530010469257832,
0.02782963216304779,
-0.000959537923336029,
-0.02236109785735607,
0.004551386926323175,
0.0173710435628891,
-0.02981432154774666,
-0.06710728257894516,
0.007552196271717548,
0.0009819412371143699,
-0.010952942073345184,
0.022107474505901337,
-0.06571286916732788,
-0.007602692116051912,
-0.00029441979131661355,
-0.0010888999095186591,
-0.00308023183606565,
-0.03447171300649643,
-0.0010502886725589633,
0.03537963330745697,
0.01021167729049921,
-0.023047462105751038,
0.05600717291235924,
0.002913227304816246,
-0.01513082254678011,
-0.017046375200152397,
0.04039035737514496,
0.01345786452293396,
-0.009526911191642284,
0.03177756443619728,
0.07994171977043152,
-0.02099073864519596,
-0.010508948937058449,
-0.018777085468173027,
-0.0023105188738554716,
0.0379285030066967,
0.03444812074303627,
-0.04907312989234924,
-0.02456751838326454,
0.0308748260140419,
-0.05710272490978241,
0.006569163408130407,
-0.017492709681391716,
-0.021580906584858894,
0.0038391626439988613,
0.05162801221013069,
0.026478175073862076,
-0.04331246763467789,
-0.017272120341658592,
0.009088549762964249,
0.00801097508519888,
-0.012037823908030987,
-0.0615822896361351,
-0.08159449696540833,
0.05057792365550995,
0.02104651927947998,
0.0016083656810224056,
0.013778714463114738,
0.0011101089185103774,
-0.0944981724023819,
0.02687665820121765,
-0.021802512928843498,
-0.025819027796387672,
-0.016990775242447853,
0.013142001815140247,
0.034433018416166306,
-0.016800807788968086,
-0.01564222201704979,
0.018445806577801704,
0.0034454388078302145,
-0.00686213094741106,
-0.0044223894365131855,
0.033520955592393875,
-0.0072079068049788475,
-0.010005001910030842,
-0.02570291794836521,
0.07053037732839584,
0.02766343764960766,
0.018848277628421783,
-0.01991094835102558,
0.036859724670648575,
0.026135319843888283,
0.06768659502267838,
0.05291369929909706,
0.029158897697925568,
0.01150338165462017,
0.03743266686797142,
-0.07504907250404358,
-0.032996393740177155,
-0.0775153860449791,
-0.027890607714653015,
0.018536897376179695,
-0.042056627571582794,
-0.012003367766737938,
0.029635965824127197,
-0.03821226581931114,
-0.037903957068920135,
-0.039190154522657394,
-0.01790457032620907,
-0.007272637914866209,
0.0035513502079993486,
-0.031354110687971115,
0.019763454794883728,
0.028538279235363007,
0.0478532649576664,
-0.05175715312361717,
-0.024411052465438843,
0.07914985716342926,
-0.026447011157870293,
0.01881033554673195,
-0.004580887034535408,
0.012715965509414673,
-0.04962354898452759,
0.022831639274954796,
0.03138182684779167,
-0.01331165712326765,
0.05563712865114212,
0.02092752978205681,
-0.005555334966629744,
0.02470989339053631,
0.07124374806880951,
0.010126829147338867,
-0.014520336873829365,
-0.021766958758234978,
-0.0006778558017686009,
-0.0264852624386549,
0.020997842773795128,
0.028686491772532463,
0.045619264245033264,
0.0364869050681591,
0.04296829551458359,
-0.007337774615734816,
0.05273020267486572,
0.018697325140237808,
-0.004885408561676741,
-0.0018443689914420247,
0.018443912267684937,
-0.06706824898719788,
-0.01526289340108633,
-0.026737282052636147,
-0.002478172304108739,
0.011944174766540527,
0.003213964169844985,
-0.012288958765566349,
-0.0033516385592520237,
-0.046348463743925095,
0.04804225265979767,
0.029630141332745552,
-0.022637348622083664,
-0.006636505946516991,
0.000590370676945895,
0.054703548550605774,
-0.0362822562456131,
-0.026534635573625565,
-0.011077452450990677,
-0.022618744522333145,
0.007105428725481033,
-0.011563053354620934,
-0.06273359805345535,
-0.006604343187063932,
0.019421368837356567,
0.011142534203827381,
0.009888757951557636,
-0.006319826003164053,
-0.03160707280039787,
0.00962444581091404,
0.013685924932360649,
-0.01551082730293274,
0.0013232090277597308,
0.004981989040970802,
0.09081146866083145,
-0.023662324994802475,
-0.013274519704282284,
-0.01821042411029339,
-0.04496728628873825,
0.047665297985076904,
-0.03850093111395836,
0.022596191614866257,
-0.051049064844846725,
-0.03659574314951897,
-0.012589207850396633,
-0.035078246146440506,
-0.020103324204683304,
0.032065339386463165,
0.0011406487319618464,
-0.02825131267309189,
-0.0025187598075717688,
0.03984886407852173,
-0.0011238956358283758,
0.015767596662044525,
-0.017968526110053062,
-0.0527217723429203,
0.0549960657954216,
0.03932538256049156,
-0.03840348497033119,
0.015877077355980873,
-0.008024372160434723,
-0.0046387119218707085,
-0.06283221393823624,
-0.013446788303554058,
0.01702779531478882,
-0.020162055268883705,
-0.03811328113079071,
-0.04369329288601875,
0.011196454055607319,
-0.002846678951755166,
-0.010818734765052795,
-0.0025819421280175447,
0.023883897811174393,
-0.0006009519565850496,
-0.004610980395227671,
0.0468205101788044,
-0.0304449200630188,
-0.015094161964952946,
0.0029052533209323883,
-0.018581973388791084,
0.025509901344776154,
-0.044930990785360336,
0.026314260438084602,
0.025212133303284645,
-0.01774977147579193,
0.013301198370754719,
-0.05079428479075432,
-0.00037709338357672095,
-0.02798103168606758,
0.02081107906997204,
-0.020451242104172707,
-0.0031421701423823833,
-0.05209914594888687,
0.016288824379444122,
0.004043294116854668,
0.05005703493952751,
-0.031153494492173195,
0.01849164068698883,
-0.007943525910377502,
0.033164478838443756,
-0.005296227056533098,
0.03562198206782341,
-0.04465172812342644,
0.0005521168932318687,
0.050387438386678696,
-0.06778945028781891,
0.022594518959522247,
-0.06185070052742958,
-0.056595586240291595,
0.011233187280595303,
-0.02139408327639103,
0.04684077575802803,
0.000013325317922863178,
0.02614840306341648,
0.035165708512067795,
0.005108513403683901,
-0.007112491875886917,
-0.011047115549445152,
0.008393118157982826,
-0.039721813052892685,
0.007455071434378624,
-0.05754609405994415,
0.05675501748919487,
0.05597257241606712,
-0.05037526786327362,
0.03149467706680298,
-0.0031584505923092365,
-0.04195424169301987,
0.0033540893346071243,
-0.05471309274435043,
-0.0712108239531517,
0.011322937905788422,
-0.018235430121421814,
-0.0391625352203846,
0.005452767945826054,
-0.05535448342561722,
0.00988856889307499,
-0.01906602457165718,
-0.04235013574361801,
-0.013301829807460308,
0.031300123780965805,
0.04338091239333153,
0.004639966879040003,
-0.008011353202164173,
-0.009734581224620342,
-0.018134932965040207,
0.017602449283003807,
0.0288301482796669,
-0.014020395465195179,
0.05292345955967903,
-0.014665629714727402,
0.04099513962864876,
0.04152137041091919,
0.03552969545125961,
0.03726847097277641,
0.029465336352586746,
-0.045443929731845856,
-0.05266319960355759,
0.05694737657904625,
-0.007407192140817642,
-0.03417307138442993,
-0.07090672105550766,
0.03631382808089256,
0.011881670914590359,
-0.053498972207307816,
-0.0660143494606018,
0.036882031708955765,
-0.05103982239961624,
0.019201409071683884,
-0.037908364087343216,
-0.001786301378160715,
0.014101507142186165,
0.05669352412223816,
0.018499674275517464,
0.02508857659995556,
0.05293731391429901,
0.009514957666397095,
0.001692223479039967,
-0.03385276719927788,
0.05130528286099434,
0.06754539906978607,
0.06319363415241241,
-0.0016650360776111484,
0.059768740087747574,
-0.022141331806778908,
-0.035733338445425034,
0.0010143540566787124,
-0.004727854859083891,
-0.04851975291967392,
-0.03833330050110817,
0.019718483090400696,
0.1082594245672226,
-0.022501954808831215,
0.05545880272984505,
-0.043687671422958374,
0.004128565080463886,
0.030703965574502945,
0.01052101794630289,
-0.009368221275508404,
0.026535464450716972,
0.028620686382055283,
-0.011793266981840134,
-0.041683923453092575,
0.01055139023810625,
0.041345879435539246,
-0.03037572093307972,
0.01844991184771061,
0.011576109565794468,
-0.020019546151161194,
0.02514355257153511,
0.007882590405642986,
-0.006952124182134867,
0.07021310925483704,
-0.05509353056550026,
-0.03670191392302513,
0.0032821425702422857,
0.0036679788026958704,
0.03541383892297745,
0.045570965856313705,
0.013942533172667027,
0.02871573716402054,
-0.016334235668182373,
-0.010718096978962421,
0.012154174968600273,
0.01817280240356922,
-0.001957797445356846,
0.05365687236189842,
-0.0004886541282758117,
-0.006808483973145485,
0.035114835947752,
-0.038901057094335556,
-0.03480108082294464,
-0.04914682358503342,
-0.04087058827280998,
-0.06848077476024628,
-0.03245905041694641,
-0.045522499829530716,
0.01857505366206169,
0.003262430662289262,
-0.064350426197052,
-0.006369312759488821,
-0.02759447693824768,
0.01350352168083191,
0.0456765815615654,
-0.06429020315408707,
-0.014427399262785912,
0.026886992156505585,
0.004287839401513338,
-0.005112296435981989,
0.014614220708608627,
-0.008459453471004963,
-0.04987328499555588,
-0.026083437725901604,
0.019675064831972122,
-0.0031971775460988283,
0.0278348159044981,
-0.02815285511314869,
-0.009769165888428688,
-0.10837284475564957,
-0.006662335246801376,
0.0404820516705513,
-0.05208519473671913,
-0.07256778329610825,
0.05683065950870514,
-0.0337803028523922,
-0.011586899869143963,
0.0971798524260521,
-0.01479506865143776,
-0.010201729834079742,
-0.04207797348499298,
-0.0030521349981427193,
-0.006757180672138929,
-0.00998989399522543,
0.05040717124938965,
-0.01806733012199402,
0.08532871305942535,
0.06580804288387299,
-0.030816756188869476,
-0.005293029826134443,
0.04151878505945206,
-0.042504068464040756,
-0.013777660205960274,
-0.01557709276676178,
0.005741238594055176,
-0.025994127616286278,
-0.10194004327058792,
0.020956069231033325,
0.027454635128378868,
0.004718860145658255,
-0.015486542135477066,
0.00644615339115262,
0.002253125421702862,
0.01207144744694233,
-0.02957555465400219,
-0.023668544366955757,
-0.011701696552336216,
-0.02370225265622139,
0.005905422382056713,
-0.04359087720513344,
0.0076032220385968685,
-0.020275212824344635,
0.005791282281279564,
0.021747929975390434,
-0.0682850256562233,
-0.0349859818816185,
0.02104768343269825,
0.05305538699030876,
0.011815041303634644,
0.002735357265919447,
0.019711274653673172
] |
3,490
|
High-dimensional Analysis of Knowledge Distillation: Weak-to-Strong Generalization and Scaling Laws
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=1xzqz73hvL
|
[
"Muhammed Emrullah Ildiz",
"Halil Alperen Gozeten",
"Ege Onur Taga",
"Marco Mondelli",
"Samet Oymak"
] |
Spotlight
|
A growing number of machine learning scenarios rely on knowledge distillation where one uses the output of a surrogate model as labels to supervise the training of a target model. In this work, we provide a sharp characterization of this process for ridgeless, high-dimensional regression, under two settings: *(i)* model shift, where the surrogate model is arbitrary, and *(ii)* distribution shift, where the surrogate model is the solution of empirical risk minimization with out-of-distribution data. In both cases, we characterize the precise risk of the target model through non-asymptotic bounds in terms of sample size and data distribution under mild conditions. As a consequence, we identify the form of the optimal surrogate model, which reveals the benefits and limitations of discarding weak features in a data-dependent fashion. In the context of weak-to-strong (W2S) generalization, this has the interpretation that *(i)* W2S training, with the surrogate as the weak model, can provably outperform training with strong labels under the same data budget, but *(ii)* it is unable to improve the data scaling law. We validate our results on numerical experiments both on ridgeless regression and on neural network architectures.
|
empirical risk minimization, high-dimensional statistics, scaling laws, weak to strong generalization, knowledge distillation
|
This paper provides a sharp characterization of a two-stage learning process, where the first-stage (surrogate) model's output supervises the second stage, thus revealing the form of optimal surrogates and when it is beneficial to discard features.
| 7,640
|
2410.18837
|
[
-0.029543329030275345,
-0.025824222713708878,
-0.0027534104883670807,
0.033213745802640915,
0.049185726791620255,
0.007339298725128174,
0.04012615233659744,
-0.05010807514190674,
0.01130041666328907,
-0.005351928062736988,
-0.010211293585598469,
0.017645101994276047,
-0.07971875369548798,
0.033684682101011276,
0.006198710296303034,
0.06126343831419945,
0.06550208479166031,
0.008015284314751625,
-0.010057068429887295,
0.02465248294174671,
-0.020074306055903435,
-0.0460696816444397,
0.030200952664017677,
0.02338581345975399,
-0.006562034599483013,
0.008533330634236336,
0.011452660895884037,
0.009126470424234867,
-0.016644323244690895,
0.013669575564563274,
0.049671001732349396,
0.006126707419753075,
0.021749546751379967,
-0.027810221537947655,
0.03719324991106987,
0.011768895201385021,
-0.023148909211158752,
0.0355200432240963,
0.0034764197189360857,
0.016591032966971397,
-0.03988493233919144,
-0.0035810018889606,
-0.02033899910748005,
0.0007274139788933098,
-0.048707086592912674,
-0.003991443198174238,
-0.12352046370506287,
0.016138525679707527,
0.007623524870723486,
-0.007684573996812105,
-0.10637062042951584,
0.03600253537297249,
0.009394760243594646,
-0.0016612219624221325,
0.005697614513337612,
0.04498083516955376,
0.02339583821594715,
-0.06867904961109161,
-0.01029474101960659,
-0.05003158375620842,
-0.04766799509525299,
0.02463368885219097,
0.013461264781653881,
-0.022081967443227768,
0.0023035292979329824,
-0.011764119379222393,
0.00015344338316936046,
0.06013532355427742,
-0.05523708835244179,
-0.020524565130472183,
-0.0009261147934012115,
-0.019667917862534523,
-0.018090808764100075,
-0.002770328428596258,
0.02184285596013069,
-0.01793082430958748,
0.01931663788855076,
0.012302943505346775,
0.07860399782657623,
-0.002776889130473137,
-0.002680237405002117,
0.013893038034439087,
0.021410996094346046,
0.025717677548527718,
0.0177219919860363,
-0.007913567125797272,
-0.009857255965471268,
-0.05393350124359131,
-0.0945173054933548,
0.037775132805109024,
-0.013536727987229824,
-0.021840687841176987,
0.024005843326449394,
0.01575424149632454,
-0.0021581787150353193,
-0.0006066001369617879,
0.06725001335144043,
0.004277010913938284,
0.030316565185785294,
0.007597129791975021,
-0.034685779362916946,
-0.007877523079514503,
0.012126825749874115,
0.0017136454116553068,
-0.09610943496227264,
-0.014454534277319908,
-0.029153548181056976,
-0.007626166567206383,
0.0025355105753988028,
-0.012148105539381504,
-0.0456688292324543,
0.000668240652885288,
0.013308283872902393,
0.020488053560256958,
-0.07377538830041885,
0.01960906945168972,
-0.00498052965849638,
0.027035413309931755,
-0.01596374623477459,
-0.03281984105706215,
0.0382218174636364,
0.02846256084740162,
-0.009535007178783417,
0.06381026655435562,
-0.013955007307231426,
0.007084377575665712,
0.009955327026546001,
0.03851597011089325,
-0.010206574574112892,
-0.04797883331775665,
0.01768980175256729,
0.022783685475587845,
0.028369035571813583,
0.004045174922794104,
0.0022009422536939383,
0.0032098598312586546,
0.005051003769040108,
0.029980065301060677,
0.03748356178402901,
-0.010163008235394955,
0.0022683278657495975,
-0.00983481016010046,
0.04869435355067253,
-0.048157382756471634,
0.06990174949169159,
-0.022640252485871315,
0.020834481343626976,
-0.033175043761730194,
-0.06671003997325897,
-0.012005847878754139,
0.021728266030550003,
0.006737946067005396,
-0.017058013007044792,
-0.058858223259449005,
0.041844431310892105,
0.041391562670469284,
-0.02966070920228958,
-0.0020576580427587032,
0.0009672190644778311,
-0.015295139513909817,
0.008534437045454979,
-0.010730879381299019,
0.0133314598351717,
0.0008709346875548363,
0.037296079099178314,
-0.05217837169766426,
0.05140677094459534,
0.022064972668886185,
-0.029163332656025887,
-0.013374537229537964,
-0.04523242637515068,
-0.03323016315698624,
0.05411117523908615,
-0.005097207613289356,
0.0019449219107627869,
0.010364212095737457,
0.042073674499988556,
0.038541290909051895,
0.07014169543981552,
0.02951880358159542,
-0.09888280928134918,
0.04686085507273674,
0.022766422480344772,
-0.015635859221220016,
-0.010611243546009064,
-0.007184963673353195,
0.07671688497066498,
-0.030486103147268295,
0.027816932648420334,
0.031173765659332275,
-0.0657123550772667,
-0.005723548121750355,
0.015888653695583344,
-0.007932265289127827,
0.073797307908535,
0.025251133367419243,
-0.01430775411427021,
0.026829537004232407,
0.01804543286561966,
0.010749188251793385,
0.049564190208911896,
-0.02550659142434597,
0.04997006803750992,
0.009188798256218433,
-0.0368247888982296,
-0.008208420127630234,
0.025527361780405045,
-0.06404070556163788,
-0.021519113332033157,
0.03095557726919651,
-0.032552093267440796,
-0.020453302189707756,
-0.01284001674503088,
-0.00625703064724803,
0.0432962104678154,
0.027142874896526337,
-0.007043678313493729,
0.0013455257285386324,
0.03962821140885353,
-0.015781162306666374,
0.05198344588279724,
0.01877717114984989,
-0.03696203976869583,
0.03035532496869564,
-0.008602239191532135,
0.09411339461803436,
0.0712701752781868,
-0.009008062072098255,
-0.016098342835903168,
-0.006401060614734888,
0.024876510724425316,
0.010125991888344288,
0.034299854189157486,
-0.015884678810834885,
0.0484616756439209,
-0.019022725522518158,
0.01618938520550728,
-0.01227464247494936,
0.07158450037240982,
-0.066652312874794,
-0.02528473362326622,
0.04698887839913368,
-0.010007006116211414,
0.08083272725343704,
-0.000819243723526597,
0.018446503207087517,
0.044298626482486725,
-0.006047969684004784,
-0.03299476578831673,
-0.048243600875139236,
-0.018925532698631287,
0.0012155158910900354,
-0.025822140276432037,
-0.019919587299227715,
0.019678374752402306,
-0.059409260749816895,
-0.03213455155491829,
-0.009171812795102596,
0.061962276697158813,
0.04069909453392029,
0.023608693853020668,
-0.006445538718253374,
0.011351390741765499,
-0.026431508362293243,
0.0016883916687220335,
-0.08155974745750427,
-0.06402403116226196,
-0.005113257560878992,
0.03531408682465553,
-0.008722665719687939,
0.055349938571453094,
-0.03302202746272087,
0.04380904510617256,
-0.02695079706609249,
-0.0402962826192379,
0.018246689811348915,
0.005203386768698692,
0.00008387772686546668,
-0.04612455889582634,
-0.0121204424649477,
0.02485804073512554,
0.07766644656658173,
-0.00829978659749031,
-0.022942740470170975,
-0.03822246193885803,
-0.046748001128435135,
-0.0291866734623909,
-0.040718838572502136,
-0.020324796438217163,
-0.01930668018758297,
0.0176631398499012,
0.013692366890609264,
-0.012864979915320873,
-0.008187727071344852,
0.0360095240175724,
0.04827296361327171,
0.031828925013542175,
0.042782194912433624,
0.01056109182536602,
0.03991469368338585,
-0.023668929934501648,
0.004062934312969446,
-0.033221323043107986,
0.019885262474417686,
-0.004760023672133684,
-0.008365855552256107,
0.033222854137420654,
0.023831825703382492,
-0.26952505111694336,
-0.00402677059173584,
0.006407770328223705,
-0.019284563139081,
0.0526675283908844,
-0.043206360191106796,
0.023872025310993195,
-0.017406215891242027,
-0.040693849325180054,
-0.004915089812129736,
0.022215519100427628,
0.0130526227876544,
-0.0029546504374593496,
0.07218803465366364,
0.040630653500556946,
0.0165425855666399,
0.0081016318872571,
-0.013381262309849262,
0.01587037369608879,
0.010939342901110649,
-0.005056701600551605,
-0.06584006547927856,
-0.0023842111695557833,
0.05564916506409645,
-0.015087081119418144,
0.05063893273472786,
-0.06293131411075592,
-0.0017051235772669315,
-0.027285991236567497,
-0.00979060772806406,
-0.00833161175251007,
-0.022687790915369987,
-0.04475155472755432,
0.06174086034297943,
-0.002462933538481593,
-0.001764298533089459,
0.01892741397023201,
-0.0032109639141708612,
0.03548465296626091,
0.011314313858747482,
-0.002871353179216385,
-0.008379591628909111,
-0.03013124316930771,
0.03187232464551926,
0.07790491729974747,
-0.0034687502775341272,
-0.0449480302631855,
-0.0316045880317688,
-0.033286452293395996,
0.03403012827038765,
-0.0024492177180945873,
-0.028360214084386826,
-0.029683977365493774,
0.004728978965431452,
0.01850755140185356,
-0.03239288553595543,
-0.01944485306739807,
-0.022143064066767693,
-0.021541515365242958,
0.014596918597817421,
-0.019614599645137787,
-0.051243316382169724,
0.009171899408102036,
-0.06856323033571243,
-0.017086269333958626,
-0.020020706579089165,
-0.0809062272310257,
-0.06057407706975937,
0.02539450116455555,
0.03055388107895851,
-0.027970582246780396,
0.028040768578648567,
-0.01548654306679964,
-0.09083258360624313,
0.038816556334495544,
-0.015372278168797493,
-0.01736714318394661,
-0.017759516835212708,
0.03403144329786301,
0.0746617391705513,
-0.030327515676617622,
-0.035650137811899185,
-0.005551222246140242,
0.0022094242740422487,
0.02548866532742977,
-0.0034569588024169207,
0.02583390288054943,
-0.010303229093551636,
-0.0264926478266716,
-0.02232663333415985,
0.027476206421852112,
-0.010462956503033638,
0.014115788973867893,
-0.015362291596829891,
0.020855817943811417,
0.0672612264752388,
0.023959016427397728,
0.06600546091794968,
0.03829298913478851,
-0.016366660594940186,
0.014095073565840721,
-0.07481684535741806,
-0.04761886969208717,
-0.07371924817562103,
-0.011868545785546303,
0.020972345024347305,
-0.05099682882428169,
-0.007214762270450592,
0.030892908573150635,
-0.023495065048336983,
-0.022844843566417694,
-0.027595816180109978,
-0.025012269616127014,
-0.039383407682180405,
-0.0017314298311248422,
-0.013559586368501186,
-0.008549785241484642,
0.033721987158060074,
0.030773110687732697,
-0.017832491546869278,
-0.013099453411996365,
0.07467176020145416,
-0.0003165927482768893,
0.006354530341923237,
-0.015943676233291626,
-0.016044341027736664,
0.01702895760536194,
-0.0153088653460145,
0.005926794372498989,
-0.02126866765320301,
0.011818332597613335,
0.046258553862571716,
-0.013319483026862144,
-0.003212154842913151,
0.064083032310009,
0.024980366230010986,
0.01049831323325634,
-0.017617108300328255,
0.034312911331653595,
-0.005101843737065792,
0.0175216943025589,
-0.015265177935361862,
0.039154279977083206,
0.018626797944307327,
0.02445772849023342,
0.02641468308866024,
0.011789530515670776,
0.0016705176094546914,
-0.009105870500206947,
-0.027013089507818222,
0.013150831684470177,
-0.0282355397939682,
-0.01509346067905426,
-0.03531475365161896,
-0.0030235997401177883,
0.007263024803251028,
0.05236046761274338,
-0.008029460906982422,
0.02270638197660446,
-0.0761047974228859,
0.03157341852784157,
0.0005365978577174246,
-0.04029956832528114,
-0.006937878672033548,
0.008143443614244461,
0.04346213489770889,
-0.03663230314850807,
0.005294845439493656,
0.04732128605246544,
0.017797082662582397,
0.0288190096616745,
-0.010077155195176601,
-0.052298951894044876,
-0.014784827828407288,
-0.012356286868453026,
-0.01520959660410881,
-0.009838081896305084,
-0.006655831355601549,
-0.02959623374044895,
0.03367667645215988,
0.03913145884871483,
0.010003291070461273,
-0.017319615930318832,
0.019498901441693306,
0.08562768995761871,
0.008642851375043392,
-0.0035742747131735086,
-0.013845834881067276,
-0.060538727790117264,
0.03902649134397507,
-0.06112242117524147,
-0.01333921030163765,
-0.03337140753865242,
-0.032879192382097244,
-0.004858685191720724,
-0.023093027994036674,
0.016790784895420074,
0.04811849817633629,
-0.014856739901006222,
0.023058561608195305,
-0.016452731564641,
-0.005987045355141163,
-0.041975732892751694,
-0.016010599210858345,
0.05670604109764099,
-0.09685863554477692,
0.01339900866150856,
0.034045685082674026,
-0.03318602219223976,
0.013515624217689037,
-0.016502441838383675,
-0.06453532725572586,
-0.06366335600614548,
-0.019427573308348656,
0.046450499445199966,
-0.032208822667598724,
-0.014861132949590683,
-0.011066763661801815,
0.025257591158151627,
-0.0312449112534523,
0.04185391589999199,
-0.02407038025557995,
0.024309812113642693,
-0.016542358323931694,
0.020635005086660385,
0.06299664825201035,
-0.03364734724164009,
0.027182066813111305,
-0.007903327234089375,
-0.0387624055147171,
0.005111461039632559,
-0.017381997779011726,
-0.0019252040656283498,
0.050803281366825104,
-0.010490333661437035,
0.002547381678596139,
-0.03849613666534424,
0.04231882095336914,
-0.031332798302173615,
-0.013639112003147602,
-0.018943872302770615,
0.03089478425681591,
-0.020802855491638184,
0.021710369735956192,
0.013093647547066212,
0.04638483375310898,
-0.01606684923171997,
0.006751803681254387,
0.007918527349829674,
-0.002158702816814184,
0.02698666974902153,
0.004157381597906351,
-0.05714018642902374,
-0.0063349902629852295,
0.08342571556568146,
-0.03997233510017395,
-0.008327522315084934,
-0.061390504240989685,
-0.02859324961900711,
0.03595458343625069,
-0.023273097351193428,
0.036259084939956665,
-0.0040120454505085945,
0.023711467161774635,
0.03016509674489498,
0.0281841903924942,
-0.01375313475728035,
-0.0006920042214915156,
0.03789335489273071,
-0.061997439712285995,
-0.015336353331804276,
-0.05465058609843254,
-0.050142060965299606,
0.06613808125257492,
-0.02451237104833126,
0.0004572371835820377,
-0.005771324038505554,
-0.02435319870710373,
0.02201205864548683,
-0.01559521071612835,
-0.0822489857673645,
-0.005631724838167429,
-0.028725506737828255,
0.0012517801951617002,
0.004694375209510326,
-0.0593731552362442,
-0.020205684006214142,
-0.027975469827651978,
-0.06873078644275665,
-0.014060535468161106,
0.028379743918776512,
0.053473178297281265,
-0.03414946421980858,
-0.005538062192499638,
-0.03419232740998268,
-0.01143184956163168,
0.03641851246356964,
0.05977188050746918,
0.02397131361067295,
0.034239958971738815,
-0.024691158905625343,
0.059303078800439835,
0.032566118985414505,
0.009153722785413265,
-0.0020755890291184187,
0.030735185369849205,
-0.019557543098926544,
-0.07913105189800262,
0.060765258967876434,
-0.018701985478401184,
0.0036570618394762278,
-0.06256530433893204,
0.05250095948576927,
0.0243445485830307,
-0.020358122885227203,
-0.022883599624037743,
0.032346367835998535,
-0.02998025342822075,
0.004771966487169266,
0.022271275520324707,
-0.006496284622699022,
-0.024262189865112305,
0.06661108136177063,
0.0075336117297410965,
0.03264043852686882,
0.061788104474544525,
0.015469462610781193,
-0.0074960533529520035,
-0.02700730226933956,
0.0641787052154541,
0.03169320896267891,
0.04792671278119087,
0.009207536466419697,
0.06473255902528763,
-0.049002110958099365,
-0.06658536940813065,
0.016439124941825867,
0.011951323598623276,
-0.006405714433640242,
-0.040634434670209885,
0.018081700429320335,
0.067439965903759,
-0.0038750458043068647,
0.07142370939254761,
-0.041309576481580734,
-0.012698532082140446,
0.004490806721150875,
-0.0012061280431225896,
-0.019707584753632545,
0.033570606261491776,
0.01829690672457218,
0.018769916146993637,
-0.006162220612168312,
-0.029678165912628174,
-0.023003533482551575,
-0.030807599425315857,
0.012914481572806835,
0.0047389608807861805,
-0.02639918215572834,
0.008611521683633327,
0.023626040667295456,
0.03616427257657051,
0.10260309278964996,
-0.05065261945128441,
-0.016966411843895912,
0.006770733278244734,
0.050978027284145355,
-0.0150328753516078,
0.058111533522605896,
0.002632760675624013,
-0.03901435807347298,
0.0004488120030146092,
-0.06429827213287354,
0.031477995216846466,
0.02650362439453602,
0.027355700731277466,
0.03119782730937004,
-0.038920462131500244,
-0.030327724292874336,
0.03502717241644859,
0.041514065116643906,
-0.02448650822043419,
-0.060819730162620544,
-0.03723633661866188,
-0.06014600396156311,
-0.060362059623003006,
-0.057985130697488785,
0.04053281992673874,
0.04715069383382797,
-0.014187154360115528,
0.010624123737215996,
-0.048665836453437805,
0.021505825221538544,
0.04650253802537918,
-0.06848205626010895,
0.018028896301984787,
0.047769010066986084,
0.011315655894577503,
-0.024263635277748108,
0.03904224932193756,
0.028275560587644577,
-0.009938118048012257,
-0.007734887767583132,
0.024062879383563995,
0.025161458179354668,
0.039748795330524445,
-0.013024411164224148,
0.011305619962513447,
-0.08587630093097687,
0.009100660681724548,
-0.00999867171049118,
-0.04925155267119408,
-0.07886440306901932,
0.03322891145944595,
-0.032233309000730515,
-0.0069096265360713005,
0.06263966858386993,
0.02496950514614582,
0.015718210488557816,
-0.04642122983932495,
-0.016787070780992508,
-0.010198764503002167,
0.021268896758556366,
0.02394012175500393,
-0.02822083979845047,
0.05062296241521835,
0.06796108931303024,
-0.0126804793253541,
-0.03170054405927658,
0.02056606486439705,
-0.017717745155096054,
0.015857528895139694,
-0.03028031252324581,
-0.024626795202493668,
-0.017122887074947357,
-0.09188949316740036,
-0.023347418755292892,
0.02160751447081566,
0.008251132443547249,
-0.017077889293432236,
-0.031068667769432068,
-0.0214337520301342,
0.015032953582704067,
-0.014076393097639084,
-0.021489150822162628,
0.012998899444937706,
-0.04383312538266182,
-0.03391260653734207,
-0.03826921433210373,
0.0359247587621212,
-0.016001369804143906,
0.000039613347325939685,
-0.03686273470520973,
-0.059173572808504105,
-0.0017991922795772552,
-0.032823991030454636,
0.03194350376725197,
0.004413858987390995,
-0.0011054971255362034,
0.012532500550150871
] |
3,491
|
BlendRL: A Framework for Merging Symbolic and Neural Policy Learning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=60i0ksMAhd
|
[
"Hikaru Shindo",
"Quentin Delfosse",
"Devendra Singh Dhami",
"Kristian Kersting"
] |
Spotlight
|
Humans can leverage both symbolic reasoning and intuitive responses. In contrast, reinforcement learning policies are typically encoded in either opaque systems like neural networks or symbolic systems that rely on predefined symbols and rules. This disjointed approach severely limits the agents’ capabilities, as they often lack either the flexible low-level reaction characteristic of neural agents or the interpretable reasoning of symbolic agents.
To overcome this challenge, we introduce *BlendRL*, a neuro-symbolic RL framework that harmoniously integrates both paradigms.
We empirically demonstrate that BlendRL agents outperform both neural and symbolic baselines in standard Atari environments, and showcase their robustness to environmental changes. Additionally, we analyze the interaction between neural and symbolic policies, illustrating how their hybrid use helps agents overcome each other's limitations.
|
Neuro-Symbolic AI, Differentiable Reasoning, Reinforcement Learning, Interpretable AI, First-order logic
|
We propose a framework that jointly learns symbolic and neural policies for reinforcement learning.
| 7,559
|
2410.11689
|
[
-0.010116631165146828,
-0.02998252585530281,
-0.021480754017829895,
0.052198611199855804,
0.02998615987598896,
0.02397206984460354,
0.011659836396574974,
-0.009517871774733067,
-0.05762818455696106,
-0.024757685139775276,
-0.016977254301309586,
0.03652620315551758,
-0.06675611436367035,
-0.02731849066913128,
0.01994335651397705,
0.04676147177815437,
-0.0025689429603517056,
-0.004180774558335543,
-0.006446060258895159,
0.006884426809847355,
-0.000995432143099606,
-0.0019073855364695191,
0.0075467051938176155,
0.010670541785657406,
0.039107535034418106,
0.0037710557226091623,
0.044688835740089417,
0.0016604384873062372,
-0.03192158788442612,
0.0194077268242836,
0.03119160793721676,
0.004318572580814362,
-0.0067819650284945965,
-0.026200812309980392,
-0.004578676540404558,
0.010413065552711487,
-0.033848993480205536,
0.018265074118971825,
0.0031505103688687086,
0.007824039086699486,
-0.05480410158634186,
0.02226041443645954,
-0.00027699299971573055,
-0.011845874600112438,
-0.00925904419273138,
0.008796703070402145,
-0.08440433442592621,
0.021121883764863014,
0.0258410032838583,
-0.03541534021496773,
-0.09450993686914444,
0.011970081366598606,
0.030356386676430702,
-0.040856022387742996,
-0.022461581975221634,
0.02792404033243656,
0.04007332772016525,
-0.09841331839561462,
0.008568718098104,
-0.07309707254171371,
-0.02917611412703991,
0.045849766582250595,
0.00878208875656128,
-0.008858803659677505,
-0.014305636286735535,
0.031092798337340355,
0.045400649309158325,
0.03333577513694763,
-0.056579168885946274,
-0.0027235806919634342,
-0.03302751109004021,
0.02960403636097908,
-0.006896365899592638,
0.014106303453445435,
0.009481087327003479,
-0.05350510776042938,
0.015552552416920662,
0.040162909775972366,
0.05270490050315857,
-0.02332165092229843,
-0.0008437153301201761,
0.055889587849378586,
0.03434360399842262,
0.06412828713655472,
0.023354338482022285,
0.027066342532634735,
-0.03197765722870827,
-0.021348271518945694,
-0.06997428834438324,
0.021492961794137955,
-0.037963125854730606,
-0.05025359243154526,
0.008325194008648396,
0.03597943112254143,
0.0003132595447823405,
0.004365905188024044,
0.021677913144230843,
0.0023139379918575287,
-0.0025188224390149117,
0.008305752649903297,
-0.028761843219399452,
-0.026100242510437965,
0.014857430011034012,
0.006633593235164881,
-0.09722580015659332,
-0.003468573559075594,
-0.02028767764568329,
-0.006958102807402611,
-0.021948624402284622,
0.0343288779258728,
-0.04291481152176857,
-0.007630712352693081,
0.0685708224773407,
-0.024568963795900345,
-0.06101054698228836,
0.017551995813846588,
0.009774194099009037,
0.025250062346458435,
0.004261513240635395,
0.028586504980921745,
0.045639440417289734,
0.017861371859908104,
-0.00527122663334012,
0.04049132391810417,
0.0027551758103072643,
0.008094146847724915,
0.00640463549643755,
0.033868901431560516,
0.0027651069685816765,
-0.0579456202685833,
0.04329061508178711,
0.029421404004096985,
-0.008234459906816483,
0.004196805413812399,
-0.015468019060790539,
-0.004277695901691914,
-0.006976750213652849,
0.018796641379594803,
0.009936080314218998,
-0.013592342846095562,
-0.0066628833301365376,
-0.013764181174337864,
0.10383161157369614,
-0.022509479895234108,
0.07398202270269394,
-0.025063088163733482,
0.003054192289710045,
-0.023309001699090004,
-0.027113771066069603,
-0.00930004846304655,
0.0004758679715450853,
-0.036455899477005005,
-0.013027047738432884,
-0.0660531297326088,
0.021890422329306602,
0.05925107002258301,
0.03766555339097977,
0.016959480941295624,
0.003302832366898656,
0.023598244413733482,
-0.00450627226382494,
-0.012706363573670387,
-0.04832174628973007,
0.0021197483874857426,
0.008891597390174866,
-0.08078210800886154,
0.013522908091545105,
0.026733528822660446,
-0.006605937611311674,
0.01682121492922306,
-0.02689278870820999,
-0.04892177879810333,
0.02157408930361271,
0.018603524193167686,
-0.018554525449872017,
-0.008466019295156002,
0.07143159210681915,
-0.009630793705582619,
0.047638893127441406,
0.007299396209418774,
-0.07099119573831558,
0.018297838047146797,
-0.01880340836942196,
0.02709953859448433,
-0.005012268200516701,
-0.036977577954530716,
0.06140220910310745,
-0.06601330637931824,
0.03680269792675972,
0.00925226230174303,
-0.03931519761681557,
-0.010106891393661499,
0.004708389285951853,
0.01400365773588419,
0.0695127546787262,
0.01650898903608322,
-0.032781023532152176,
0.04737984761595726,
-0.009325938299298286,
0.062418729066848755,
0.06280169636011124,
-0.030683351680636406,
0.05726275220513344,
0.0014530166517943144,
-0.0004282149311620742,
-0.010204652324318886,
0.027642568573355675,
-0.04201973229646683,
-0.04275507852435112,
-0.010641379281878471,
-0.030287576839327812,
0.008162141777575016,
0.0013351745437830687,
-0.0183879267424345,
0.042523838579654694,
0.019337033852934837,
-0.010822517797350883,
0.007094023749232292,
0.020175401121377945,
-0.04772258549928665,
0.0005844393745064735,
-0.02380271442234516,
-0.01628233678638935,
0.010042180307209492,
-0.011317596770823002,
0.09273596107959747,
0.05564204603433609,
-0.05311666056513786,
-0.023572152480483055,
0.035184502601623535,
-0.038574136793613434,
-0.0021563151385635138,
0.013394816778600216,
-0.020755253732204437,
0.017670325934886932,
0.000053506002586800605,
-0.003472044598311186,
-0.0253329798579216,
0.047017209231853485,
-0.021815763786435127,
-0.002393698785454035,
0.07041183859109879,
-0.0033204208593815565,
0.0827549621462822,
-0.027297766879200935,
0.020056264474987984,
0.002239172114059329,
0.006190741900354624,
-0.00458372849971056,
-0.021549131721258163,
-0.026435235515236855,
-0.004993560258299112,
0.019711695611476898,
-0.0165391955524683,
0.005760094616562128,
-0.05854154750704765,
-0.01798800192773342,
-0.036489520221948624,
0.08309300243854523,
0.04988274723291397,
0.018239378929138184,
0.017491772770881653,
-0.03744008019566536,
-0.016061626374721527,
-0.0002852508332580328,
-0.11180516332387924,
-0.0450836643576622,
0.0445983000099659,
0.007307456340640783,
0.03931751102209091,
0.00034757464891299605,
-0.03257336467504501,
0.05409641191363335,
-0.025481974706053734,
-0.02753501944243908,
0.007910549640655518,
0.004813652019947767,
0.0331440232694149,
-0.024055255576968193,
-0.02491576410830021,
0.024679960682988167,
0.057171888649463654,
-0.0057629914954304695,
0.019872674718499184,
-0.018115103244781494,
-0.041526973247528076,
0.020802393555641174,
-0.0208290982991457,
-0.019660161808133125,
0.010392863303422928,
0.04125233739614487,
0.030136898159980774,
-0.008725699037313461,
0.014197515323758125,
0.008829629980027676,
0.08821938186883926,
0.050996147096157074,
0.012057340703904629,
-0.0000997312818071805,
0.022449413314461708,
-0.01764005608856678,
-0.0003209190326742828,
-0.018057385459542274,
0.03026028908789158,
0.011977838352322578,
-0.009261775761842728,
0.02561068721115589,
-0.0033225156366825104,
-0.2491268515586853,
-0.046499792486429214,
0.026897381991147995,
0.001823460217565298,
0.0252835750579834,
-0.014485137537121773,
0.04680138826370239,
-0.0353705957531929,
-0.013048876076936722,
0.010880110785365105,
0.03318518400192261,
0.011323196813464165,
0.014416088350117207,
0.04777552932500839,
0.057749345898628235,
0.010677858255803585,
-0.0007171558099798858,
-0.04215758293867111,
0.005468884017318487,
0.037830378860235214,
-0.020163752138614655,
-0.09252439439296722,
-0.011542116291821003,
0.060042545199394226,
-0.0010455851443111897,
0.07331598550081253,
-0.059034865349531174,
-0.019831394776701927,
-0.05071059614419937,
-0.005684494972229004,
-0.02690698578953743,
0.012149595655500889,
-0.0551837794482708,
0.057396531105041504,
0.017306726425886154,
0.02348986826837063,
0.04011807590723038,
-0.011356488801538944,
0.037312060594558716,
0.00754199642688036,
-0.005175735801458359,
-0.005693529266864061,
-0.027132371440529823,
0.030002405866980553,
0.06332098692655563,
-0.00013142105308361351,
-0.07043297588825226,
-0.04610950127243996,
-0.03731754422187805,
0.019166871905326843,
-0.021487336605787277,
-0.002143477788195014,
0.012063607573509216,
0.004992339760065079,
0.0008805487304925919,
0.004862864036113024,
-0.027392622083425522,
-0.023506544530391693,
-0.02375647984445095,
0.03284727782011032,
0.026200855150818825,
-0.05248534306883812,
-0.033294424414634705,
-0.026753371581435204,
0.013870969414710999,
-0.019708147272467613,
-0.05468729883432388,
-0.0844692662358284,
0.04688028246164322,
0.03536226972937584,
-0.023387737572193146,
-0.031287677586078644,
-0.034214068204164505,
-0.09787680953741074,
0.004261026158928871,
-0.004150213208049536,
-0.03306315094232559,
-0.046935759484767914,
0.02747560665011406,
0.044514529407024384,
-0.020893005654215813,
-0.05478939041495323,
-0.02788488008081913,
-0.007596204988658428,
0.030275162309408188,
0.01379496417939663,
0.025743350386619568,
-0.038145512342453,
-0.02727377973496914,
-0.014308484271168709,
0.027331160381436348,
0.0029960914980620146,
0.034324776381254196,
-0.02916313149034977,
0.0578867606818676,
0.029715975746512413,
0.04186266288161278,
0.0298745259642601,
0.04043431207537651,
0.004076569341123104,
0.002165426965802908,
-0.09620852768421173,
-0.011618092656135559,
-0.03472968935966492,
-0.051034681499004364,
0.01868954673409462,
-0.05643501132726669,
-0.009181072935461998,
0.02764284424483776,
0.0152234872803092,
0.001454086508601904,
-0.053725264966487885,
0.013920106925070286,
-0.014730704016983509,
-0.03003394789993763,
-0.015086241066455841,
-0.024315472692251205,
0.026358362287282944,
0.02606564201414585,
-0.015060841105878353,
-0.045280151069164276,
0.017130667343735695,
-0.013745407573878765,
0.03179303556680679,
0.006166976876556873,
-0.012753690592944622,
0.01800970546901226,
-0.04304754361510277,
0.026912052184343338,
-0.009567778557538986,
0.048601146787405014,
0.036416806280612946,
0.0038581793196499348,
0.01828325167298317,
0.04370550066232681,
-0.006914970465004444,
-0.016025589779019356,
-0.0032209556084126234,
0.016146181151270866,
-0.003938150126487017,
0.014721844345331192,
-0.013820379041135311,
0.058132413774728775,
0.013609584420919418,
-0.021731017157435417,
0.014495228417217731,
0.009273424744606018,
-0.004326502326875925,
-0.016957195475697517,
0.028531203046441078,
0.04706674441695213,
-0.04074880853295326,
0.005636996123939753,
-0.015827160328626633,
0.01838679239153862,
-0.04228512942790985,
0.036491986364126205,
-0.044099826365709305,
0.026397474110126495,
-0.05592595040798187,
0.022092180326581,
-0.0011533701326698065,
-0.03465301916003227,
-0.007046073209494352,
-0.005180489271879196,
0.06302111595869064,
-0.03540151193737984,
-0.036791425198316574,
-0.0017871229210868478,
0.01675824262201786,
0.01642029546201229,
-0.028552424162626266,
0.0072953300550580025,
-0.004489911254495382,
-0.04442897439002991,
-0.010964656248688698,
0.020466892048716545,
-0.05777960270643234,
-0.0270856786519289,
-0.01554636750370264,
-0.012569897808134556,
-0.03352798521518707,
-0.00005857244832441211,
-0.02217007242143154,
0.06842361390590668,
-0.00209704227745533,
0.010309135541319847,
0.013492492958903313,
-0.03555474057793617,
0.003014971502125263,
0.0008376713376492262,
0.03405725210905075,
-0.03957868367433548,
-0.0532538965344429,
-0.05201239511370659,
-0.016761645674705505,
0.0056097726337611675,
0.01683991588652134,
-0.011577585712075233,
-0.013149366714060307,
0.011348710395395756,
0.0042367842979729176,
-0.04758962243795395,
0.0032188575714826584,
0.004367130808532238,
-0.0655035525560379,
-0.021796178072690964,
0.04859558120369911,
-0.019099678844213486,
0.043868713080883026,
-0.06779561191797256,
-0.021925436332821846,
-0.038538265973329544,
-0.03286418318748474,
0.02737569808959961,
-0.005000067874789238,
-0.03970474749803543,
-0.032385583966970444,
-0.014048642478883266,
0.017193535342812538,
0.03394967317581177,
-0.03745779022574425,
-0.0009226821130141616,
-0.028250299394130707,
-0.0013961328659206629,
0.033210352063179016,
-0.03751356527209282,
-0.01858983002603054,
0.013536741957068443,
0.018320683389902115,
0.019001714885234833,
-0.05043792724609375,
0.021860629320144653,
0.03269745782017708,
-0.005715751089155674,
0.0022885920479893684,
-0.05410604551434517,
0.052684485912323,
-0.02053745649755001,
-0.040313128381967545,
-0.005473908502608538,
0.016033822670578957,
-0.043455880135297775,
-0.026218069717288017,
0.027943599969148636,
0.02915358543395996,
0.021869657561182976,
0.025858338922262192,
0.01808510161936283,
-0.009904861450195312,
0.017220625653862953,
-0.016512515023350716,
-0.04579330235719681,
-0.003112401347607374,
0.07637839019298553,
-0.01918540522456169,
-0.02831309475004673,
-0.0469963476061821,
-0.008528698235750198,
0.02286187931895256,
-0.01188195962458849,
0.01689930260181427,
-0.06927262246608734,
0.031231986358761787,
-0.011120264418423176,
0.014685182832181454,
0.03892408311367035,
-0.029816992580890656,
0.042359162122011185,
-0.06315480172634125,
0.012995005585253239,
-0.06021814048290253,
-0.01314754132181406,
0.06352287530899048,
-0.03807201609015465,
-0.025488270446658134,
0.029348056763410568,
-0.03980379179120064,
0.04780006781220436,
-0.02204604260623455,
-0.03926178067922592,
0.05074869841337204,
-0.02087518200278282,
0.016463592648506165,
0.042446065694093704,
-0.051693979650735855,
-0.03515321761369705,
-0.0011603264138102531,
-0.0478455051779747,
0.01921825110912323,
-0.008144465275108814,
0.04035038873553276,
0.0006444152095355093,
0.026821985840797424,
-0.021176155656576157,
0.018401173874735832,
0.04311663657426834,
0.03859986364841461,
0.03389618545770645,
0.0416460856795311,
-0.045245956629514694,
0.06256040930747986,
0.022840747609734535,
0.06256140768527985,
-0.012025702744722366,
0.016372671350836754,
-0.021010631695389748,
-0.049656402319669724,
0.030163809657096863,
-0.021794518455863,
-0.012538515962660313,
-0.03994010388851166,
0.04878397285938263,
-0.02663954347372055,
-0.03845680132508278,
0.02336924336850643,
0.011585533618927002,
-0.07195620983839035,
-0.004561159294098616,
0.021632978692650795,
0.037455614656209946,
0.008607457391917706,
0.06397346407175064,
0.028122935444116592,
0.08105998486280441,
0.08034411817789078,
0.052632711827754974,
0.0011359074851498008,
0.017739081755280495,
0.048589132726192474,
0.02346482314169407,
0.046711888164281845,
-0.008275486528873444,
0.0678308978676796,
-0.05421030521392822,
-0.05757267028093338,
0.062081679701805115,
0.04301456734538078,
0.015136238187551498,
-0.045814767479896545,
0.017321353778243065,
0.050153542309999466,
-0.011323747225105762,
0.04845193028450012,
-0.038037583231925964,
-0.004393464419990778,
0.0761493667960167,
-0.010008880868554115,
-0.021329786628484726,
0.04011240601539612,
0.0265662744641304,
0.013556085526943207,
-0.014284740202128887,
-0.024306001141667366,
0.022134626284241676,
-0.05059536546468735,
0.01636185310781002,
-0.015347791835665703,
-0.025455528870224953,
0.026155322790145874,
0.0065917931497097015,
0.072369784116745,
0.13478784263134003,
-0.033172037452459335,
-0.007767906878143549,
0.0342867411673069,
0.038568444550037384,
0.019279388710856438,
0.018217092379927635,
0.011263019405305386,
-0.017370061948895454,
0.026808056980371475,
-0.04027338698506355,
0.020355481654405594,
0.023416293784976006,
-0.0027556782588362694,
0.02506042830646038,
-0.049783945083618164,
-0.0469077005982399,
-0.012647776864469051,
0.03192565217614174,
0.0020741852931678295,
-0.026155440136790276,
-0.032180603593587875,
-0.029306724667549133,
-0.05710015073418617,
-0.07173460721969604,
0.02299381233751774,
0.0021273952443152666,
-0.07046545296907425,
0.007731953170150518,
-0.013865258544683456,
0.026670919731259346,
0.005867272615432739,
-0.01697710156440735,
0.024389542639255524,
0.014409535564482212,
0.02913384884595871,
-0.010986833833158016,
0.010751345194876194,
0.03651919588446617,
0.009416012093424797,
-0.029905203729867935,
0.006877359468489885,
0.004229457583278418,
0.0013247031020000577,
-0.018320992588996887,
-0.0465870164334774,
-0.093210868537426,
-0.00726667745038867,
0.016728054732084274,
-0.041951943188905716,
-0.08392227441072464,
0.024983679875731468,
-0.06253566592931747,
0.016710583120584488,
0.09088819473981857,
0.01070267055183649,
0.004310086369514465,
-0.029752667993307114,
0.0016699618427082896,
0.032753366976976395,
0.007396080996841192,
0.048110999166965485,
-0.04581231251358986,
0.060789354145526886,
0.051846131682395935,
-0.03494785353541374,
-0.06476312130689621,
0.0313868448138237,
0.01737239770591259,
-0.024260910227894783,
0.005871982779353857,
-0.021954117342829704,
0.014013990759849548,
-0.10579729825258255,
-0.030113833025097847,
0.05023984983563423,
0.007816092111170292,
-0.029227348044514656,
-0.007467610761523247,
-0.011082199402153492,
0.00018555931455921382,
-0.01029476709663868,
-0.04808434471487999,
-0.014072862453758717,
-0.013380731455981731,
-0.023081358522176743,
-0.04664473980665207,
0.02028590813279152,
-0.049152348190546036,
0.03160041943192482,
-0.06499642878770828,
-0.029021641239523888,
-0.01234516128897667,
0.009959549643099308,
0.027445022016763687,
0.02928430214524269,
0.005699983332306147,
-0.010807252489030361
] |
3,492
|
Uncovering Overfitting in Large Language Model Editing
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=t8qcGXaepr
|
[
"Mengqi Zhang",
"Xiaotian Ye",
"Qiang Liu",
"Shu Wu",
"Pengjie Ren",
"Zhumin Chen"
] |
Spotlight
|
Knowledge editing has been proposed as an effective method for updating and correcting the internal knowledge of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing editing methods often struggle with complex tasks, such as multi-hop reasoning. In this paper, we identify and investigate the phenomenon of Editing Overfit, where edited models assign disproportionately high probabilities to the edit target, hindering the generalization of new knowledge in complex scenarios. We attribute this issue to the current editing paradigm, which places excessive emphasis on the direct correspondence between the input prompt and the edit target for each edit sample. To further explore this issue, we introduce a new benchmark, EVOKE (EValuation of Editing Overfit in Knowledge Editing), along with fine-grained evaluation metrics. Through comprehensive experiments and analysis, we demonstrate that Editing Overfit is prevalent in current editing methods and that common overfitting mitigation strategies are ineffective in knowledge editing. To overcome this, inspired by LLMs’ knowledge recall mechanisms, we propose a new plug-and-play strategy called Learn the Inference (LTI), which introduce a Multi-stage Inference Constraint module to guide the edited models in recalling new knowledge similarly to how unedited LLMs leverage knowledge through in-context learning. Extensive experimental results across a wide range of tasks validate the effectiveness of LTI in mitigating Editing Overfit.
|
Large language models, Knowledge editing, Editing overfit
|
We explore the overfitting problem in knowledge editing and develop a new benchmark along with a novel overfitting mitigation strategy.
| 7,510
|
2410.07819
|
[
-0.020245056599378586,
-0.017408737912774086,
-0.021012593060731888,
0.04443909600377083,
0.08486007899045944,
0.017531409859657288,
0.05386671796441078,
0.022968782112002373,
-0.024573732167482376,
0.0059365262277424335,
-0.013356109149754047,
0.05576618015766144,
-0.04672896862030029,
-0.034080665558576584,
-0.02533792331814766,
0.039075713604688644,
0.012923697009682655,
-0.017955495044589043,
0.04024335741996765,
0.020421762019395828,
0.02412468194961548,
0.0033389206510037184,
0.037774790078401566,
-0.0008705127984285355,
0.013306735083460808,
0.010746177285909653,
-0.0044202241115272045,
-0.033037420362234116,
-0.03722675144672394,
0.020249299705028534,
0.04877718165516853,
-0.024105748161673546,
0.011601350270211697,
-0.018563220277428627,
-0.006722844671458006,
-0.021554220467805862,
-0.024393601343035698,
0.011452785693109035,
-0.0019106650725007057,
0.0002870694443117827,
-0.06399992108345032,
0.02086522988975048,
-0.03487245365977287,
0.027421753853559494,
-0.06404022127389908,
-0.024479934945702553,
-0.08780638873577118,
0.021763239055871964,
0.009367357939481735,
-0.056510090827941895,
-0.12173964828252792,
0.006835761945694685,
0.001064034178853035,
-0.028464186936616898,
0.013775131665170193,
0.06940402090549469,
0.07457412779331207,
-0.09325921535491943,
0.005035616457462311,
-0.020436065271496773,
-0.052959006279706955,
0.024938372895121574,
0.008103391155600548,
-0.005278878845274448,
0.013556266203522682,
-0.019137149676680565,
-0.028472131118178368,
0.030485929921269417,
-0.04411986470222473,
-0.03726796805858612,
-0.02302156388759613,
0.023914778605103493,
-0.00555462297052145,
-0.01210170891135931,
0.0019649663008749485,
-0.0414804108440876,
0.027204815298318863,
0.040990959852933884,
0.05426618829369545,
0.013988838531076908,
-0.006255448330193758,
0.0015748757869005203,
0.024357261136174202,
0.03574194014072418,
0.04778457432985306,
0.005133760627359152,
-0.021982736885547638,
-0.06174502149224281,
-0.044804561883211136,
-0.010985251516103745,
-0.004178415983915329,
-0.07182289659976959,
0.028018005192279816,
0.032833024859428406,
0.013948542065918446,
0.013625107705593109,
0.009846511296927929,
0.03138863667845726,
-0.023662665858864784,
0.02204640582203865,
-0.05678284168243408,
-0.02354547753930092,
0.005942088086158037,
0.0375930517911911,
-0.10468693822622299,
-0.01936880499124527,
-0.024324385449290276,
-0.013168547302484512,
0.0007057032780721784,
-0.012105514295399189,
-0.012886900454759598,
-0.01657860353589058,
-0.0007103187963366508,
-0.008579954504966736,
-0.09852050244808197,
0.029036173596978188,
-0.0022519310005009174,
0.026290874928236008,
0.00471052760258317,
0.009280573576688766,
0.030493592843413353,
0.0523119680583477,
0.04493827372789383,
0.0942634716629982,
0.011028710752725601,
0.02294430322945118,
-0.010088540613651276,
0.0223540011793375,
-0.0433182455599308,
-0.014752751216292381,
0.03005152754485607,
0.029882045462727547,
-0.020729048177599907,
0.0069095417857170105,
0.00039212824776768684,
0.02068735845386982,
0.014436239376664162,
0.01623028703033924,
0.02645098604261875,
0.01728096976876259,
-0.00048032551421783864,
0.0030179088935256004,
0.04502072185277939,
-0.003930073697119951,
0.04421835020184517,
0.010453875176608562,
-0.04182654246687889,
-0.011511764489114285,
-0.021154392510652542,
0.0018081915332004428,
0.014777765609323978,
0.021945960819721222,
0.0003694471961352974,
-0.029622934758663177,
0.04795670509338379,
0.07090427726507187,
-0.011919761076569557,
-0.03003721497952938,
-0.0013982293894514441,
0.027562258765101433,
0.039628349244594574,
0.012559495866298676,
-0.029329370707273483,
-0.022715112194418907,
-0.016627904027700424,
-0.07457458227872849,
-0.003789774142205715,
0.006568899378180504,
-0.01203843206167221,
-0.0037066189106553793,
-0.03331636264920235,
-0.02716727927327156,
0.07630234211683273,
-0.06771023571491241,
-0.01735028810799122,
-0.0102393738925457,
0.06969914585351944,
0.028280753642320633,
0.04698724299669266,
0.07114353030920029,
-0.060331493616104126,
0.0051300907507538795,
-0.0065811737440526485,
-0.011353733949363232,
-0.006408124230802059,
-0.004863285459578037,
0.05992060527205467,
-0.008239615708589554,
0.026029318571090698,
0.010565429925918579,
-0.08050645142793655,
-0.02575065940618515,
0.041745636612176895,
-0.019325003027915955,
0.09160006046295166,
0.0026156294625252485,
-0.004926249850541353,
0.07859400659799576,
0.007485059555619955,
0.04803100973367691,
0.07133013010025024,
0.006869231350719929,
0.04606190323829651,
-0.019254865124821663,
-0.021129360422492027,
-0.00197293097153306,
0.02701956033706665,
-0.04930466413497925,
-0.049954939633607864,
0.04364447295665741,
-0.039774540811777115,
0.01839817874133587,
0.020218947902321815,
0.016477979719638824,
-0.011499199084937572,
0.02513011172413826,
-0.025506243109703064,
-0.003515683813020587,
0.02215549908578396,
-0.03511786833405495,
0.05522719770669937,
0.02210376411676407,
0.007710645440965891,
-0.010726965963840485,
-0.025465887039899826,
0.09967702627182007,
0.053922317922115326,
-0.012585341930389404,
-0.0051423306576907635,
0.021735630929470062,
0.014564613811671734,
-0.025451578199863434,
0.04183175414800644,
-0.016297703608870506,
0.0497281588613987,
-0.044439636170864105,
0.0014547603204846382,
-0.021122107282280922,
0.034898243844509125,
-0.03919944912195206,
-0.004907907918095589,
0.07816417515277863,
-0.025869173929095268,
0.036320194602012634,
-0.0035421408247202635,
0.02074427902698517,
0.023486781865358353,
0.0025384421460330486,
-0.006238963920623064,
-0.011380377225577831,
0.030731815844774246,
-0.0022577305790036917,
0.030442770570516586,
-0.03820453956723213,
-0.002591019729152322,
-0.034226931631565094,
-0.014409279450774193,
-0.01990465447306633,
0.0677800253033638,
0.03596940264105797,
-0.00778192887082696,
-0.007397977169603109,
0.0013156402856111526,
-0.05517252907156944,
0.03298201784491539,
-0.08302614837884903,
-0.011193051002919674,
-0.041378963738679886,
0.0105766411870718,
-0.0354175828397274,
0.02009779028594494,
0.0025520839262753725,
0.023365605622529984,
-0.03394833207130432,
-0.0016406332142651081,
0.009454597719013691,
0.03252340108156204,
-0.02156008780002594,
-0.05180704593658447,
-0.0004143406404182315,
-0.030633939430117607,
0.04647550359368324,
-0.022963663563132286,
-0.02990729734301567,
-0.04383015260100365,
-0.044602856040000916,
-0.023985853418707848,
-0.025377139449119568,
-0.03291869908571243,
0.03973916545510292,
0.007969479076564312,
0.004269861150532961,
-0.04101880267262459,
0.01159766037017107,
0.03634535148739815,
0.03533746302127838,
0.048582740128040314,
0.02277808077633381,
-0.03137347474694252,
0.053099218755960464,
-0.011324556544423103,
0.02938813902437687,
-0.0028052444104105234,
0.036768633872270584,
-0.013052926398813725,
0.020708072930574417,
0.00016066813259385526,
-0.00744591886177659,
-0.25403252243995667,
-0.0008285693475045264,
0.016461526975035667,
-0.030297143384814262,
0.02825780026614666,
-0.009997965767979622,
0.047858837991952896,
-0.032701585441827774,
-0.05282989516854286,
0.002839360386133194,
0.023786991834640503,
0.04249270632863045,
-0.00388295273296535,
0.05534760653972626,
0.036997269839048386,
0.05088037997484207,
0.012588358484208584,
-0.009072203189134598,
-0.024285227060317993,
0.035452164709568024,
0.0109478197991848,
-0.048224106431007385,
-0.044836338609457016,
0.07480286061763763,
-0.015898440033197403,
0.04747694358229637,
-0.08142530918121338,
-0.02871572971343994,
-0.04671132564544678,
-0.012244992889463902,
0.015862001106142998,
-0.03207602724432945,
-0.009485981427133083,
0.025381306186318398,
-0.01358984224498272,
0.03016030229628086,
0.04336497187614441,
0.018780026584863663,
0.04349846765398979,
0.008876873180270195,
0.005070152226835489,
-0.02857021987438202,
0.0029764517676085234,
-0.006505765486508608,
0.03058355301618576,
0.005289482418447733,
-0.05701742693781853,
-0.023839445784687996,
-0.02316160872578621,
0.048069726675748825,
0.0035090914461761713,
-0.057655736804008484,
-0.014814639464020729,
0.002623405773192644,
0.005123069975525141,
-0.03471667319536209,
0.06284020841121674,
-0.029470356181263924,
-0.009664759039878845,
-0.0004064097593072802,
0.0014040046371519566,
-0.04204465448856354,
-0.007886724546551704,
-0.0472407303750515,
-0.008783134631812572,
-0.05138682574033737,
-0.06846597045660019,
-0.0549667589366436,
0.028388826176524162,
0.05038929358124733,
-0.036937907338142395,
0.030248304829001427,
0.02260650508105755,
-0.08772168308496475,
-0.017334798350930214,
-0.030617650598287582,
-0.02516612596809864,
-0.03771558776497841,
-0.008461576886475086,
0.022170884534716606,
-0.07500043511390686,
-0.015084605664014816,
0.006894553080201149,
-0.016171196475625038,
0.03093278408050537,
-0.03990538418292999,
0.011840262450277805,
-0.06528282910585403,
-0.023128241300582886,
-0.04475954547524452,
0.029168501496315002,
0.0035323931369930506,
-0.002742632059380412,
0.02415969781577587,
0.04011363908648491,
0.054087575525045395,
0.010343186557292938,
0.08262979239225388,
0.04921632260084152,
-0.004256846848875284,
0.027130160480737686,
-0.07205764204263687,
0.0021093753166496754,
-0.05664845556020737,
-0.014263960532844067,
0.01633751206099987,
-0.06217388063669205,
-0.027867937460541725,
0.028921280056238174,
-0.03757193684577942,
-0.018009373918175697,
0.0002835840277839452,
-0.019122913479804993,
-0.007650948595255613,
-0.028369564563035965,
-0.0010621780529618263,
-0.006922093220055103,
0.03973755985498428,
0.024474065750837326,
-0.012268715538084507,
-0.022914612665772438,
0.04061188921332359,
-0.03811660781502724,
0.0006542769842781126,
0.0014068123418837786,
-0.04851815477013588,
0.008989166468381882,
-0.030351093038916588,
-0.01055958028882742,
0.010252179577946663,
0.006947522517293692,
0.025061069056391716,
-0.013834208250045776,
0.005131832789629698,
0.03405080363154411,
-0.032724298536777496,
0.004434110131114721,
0.026646820828318596,
-0.005568796303123236,
-0.005255816504359245,
-0.015539716929197311,
0.014788951724767685,
0.03231031075119972,
0.017780262976884842,
0.014438861981034279,
-0.014113145880401134,
0.009392108768224716,
-0.002019111067056656,
-0.011677795089781284,
0.033653318881988525,
0.032190676778554916,
-0.034750018268823624,
-0.000574571720790118,
-0.04693137854337692,
0.03249472379684448,
0.0073157623410224915,
0.024488240480422974,
-0.0033573706168681383,
0.034732699394226074,
-0.05656939372420311,
0.02283671125769615,
-0.0059763723984360695,
-0.005656260997056961,
0.014540954492986202,
0.04116726294159889,
0.02836160734295845,
-0.03921332210302353,
0.035920511931180954,
-0.006218458991497755,
0.0071346210315823555,
0.011002027429640293,
0.004417696502059698,
-0.04688040912151337,
-0.0036860189866274595,
0.008791571483016014,
-0.0024819958489388227,
0.0162738636136055,
-0.01413046196103096,
-0.01613723300397396,
0.025515038520097733,
0.005435842555016279,
-0.025262175127863884,
-0.0031459680758416653,
0.02137501910328865,
0.07185288518667221,
0.016674965620040894,
0.014898075722157955,
-0.008199363015592098,
-0.015403222292661667,
-0.014691025950014591,
-0.033423952758312225,
0.01739382930099964,
0.00356373842805624,
-0.03152773901820183,
-0.03450627997517586,
-0.04801090434193611,
0.025572236627340317,
0.030612098053097725,
-0.024410728365182877,
0.01340362336486578,
-0.010624170303344727,
-0.03188822418451309,
-0.05981968715786934,
-0.026256730780005455,
0.043256670236587524,
-0.0803506076335907,
-0.005219054874032736,
-0.02279733121395111,
-0.0021380388643592596,
0.05618796870112419,
-0.03831663355231285,
-0.05350727587938309,
-0.07518985867500305,
-0.0222463496029377,
0.0316300168633461,
-0.034906625747680664,
-0.009302150458097458,
0.0006282962276600301,
0.013851978816092014,
-0.010319865308701992,
0.02307545579969883,
-0.013229411095380783,
-0.015862204134464264,
-0.04187439754605293,
0.004925040993839502,
0.028678616508841515,
-0.03657888248562813,
-0.00488720228895545,
0.002825775882229209,
-0.03915387764573097,
0.0506863035261631,
-0.040660370141267776,
0.024869859218597412,
0.04430444911122322,
0.008906315080821514,
0.004137171432375908,
-0.040190599858760834,
0.049831077456474304,
0.010757210664451122,
-0.04714947193861008,
0.026589281857013702,
-0.025484599173069,
-0.01770532876253128,
0.016276711598038673,
-0.02845490723848343,
0.04429428279399872,
-0.014690534211695194,
0.0035406772512942553,
-0.011127765290439129,
0.04094715788960457,
0.04692413657903671,
0.012928689830005169,
-0.04723435267806053,
0.0043502734042704105,
0.05454913154244423,
-0.045281585305929184,
-0.027601750567555428,
-0.06420257687568665,
-0.06059645488858223,
0.015092283487319946,
-0.0027020378038287163,
0.03716661036014557,
-0.019801298156380653,
0.0356714203953743,
0.0349043644964695,
0.024955127388238907,
-0.024951094761490822,
-0.017518285661935806,
0.029006294906139374,
-0.010553005151450634,
-0.015572916716337204,
-0.09621024131774902,
-0.029867226257920265,
0.05228925496339798,
-0.027766752988100052,
-0.010540870018303394,
-0.0012123656924813986,
-0.02989942580461502,
0.06656085699796677,
-0.013841955922544003,
-0.024179663509130478,
0.0029178790282458067,
-0.013689474202692509,
-0.014317966066300869,
0.022856663912534714,
-0.03675815835595131,
-0.009710228070616722,
-0.008123728446662426,
-0.04140641912817955,
-0.002613064367324114,
-0.028653252869844437,
0.048299212008714676,
-0.022572627291083336,
0.01915016397833824,
-0.04158132150769234,
-0.0030430606566369534,
0.002398333977907896,
0.04848027229309082,
0.054874446243047714,
0.03441421315073967,
-0.014481030404567719,
0.054600898176431656,
0.03461228311061859,
0.05230826139450073,
-0.005268716719001532,
0.011804605834186077,
-0.05634479597210884,
-0.06793825328350067,
0.06889104098081589,
-0.008231120184063911,
0.0007546748965978622,
-0.03666676953434944,
0.08330170065164566,
0.03571091219782829,
-0.03412928432226181,
-0.04132474213838577,
0.021941157057881355,
-0.04628142714500427,
-0.0016016463050618768,
-0.000771780963987112,
0.013928748667240143,
-0.011315034702420235,
0.05968410149216652,
0.024683402851223946,
0.064162477850914,
0.06074092537164688,
-0.0006591815617866814,
-0.004634242970496416,
-0.035536255687475204,
0.060031142085790634,
0.05782606452703476,
0.06901638209819794,
0.03213634714484215,
0.056041911244392395,
-0.04291827976703644,
-0.03534024953842163,
0.045628003776073456,
0.0417838990688324,
0.007595371920615435,
-0.03596761077642441,
0.006488137412816286,
0.09736131876707077,
-0.00561093632131815,
0.03565067797899246,
-0.02265853062272072,
-0.020570114254951477,
0.01784253679215908,
-0.003656064160168171,
-0.002538117114454508,
0.07209809124469757,
0.03720191866159439,
0.02180260606110096,
-0.05100957676768303,
-0.03331412002444267,
0.006794188171625137,
-0.03431499004364014,
0.01092550065368414,
0.018352409824728966,
-0.04512498900294304,
-0.006219889502972364,
0.0019850677344948053,
0.048605311661958694,
0.10234297811985016,
-0.05481690168380737,
-0.01877637766301632,
0.019065169617533684,
0.037199780344963074,
-0.016044877469539642,
0.07314616441726685,
-0.001740670413710177,
-0.03300115466117859,
-0.010864287614822388,
-0.03305032104253769,
-0.014893943443894386,
0.010932565666735172,
-0.022472040727734566,
0.017841452732682228,
-0.015637526288628578,
-0.02025485411286354,
0.029370341449975967,
0.01519203744828701,
-0.036533258855342865,
-0.028308220207691193,
-0.008881143294274807,
-0.050346359610557556,
-0.03486786037683487,
-0.03935666009783745,
0.005407748278230429,
0.005023075267672539,
-0.012621082365512848,
0.00898765865713358,
-0.057039596140384674,
-0.007083361502736807,
0.033686380833387375,
-0.04970221593976021,
0.013015558011829853,
0.014579548500478268,
-0.01745590753853321,
-0.04610224813222885,
0.06623990088701248,
0.011929557658731937,
-0.0016888089012354612,
0.01581656187772751,
0.06019841507077217,
0.022199323400855064,
0.02219521440565586,
-0.011389425955712795,
-0.002727493178099394,
-0.08953194320201874,
-0.00814153254032135,
0.008461002260446548,
-0.04964425787329674,
-0.08621370792388916,
0.02643333561718464,
-0.004155167378485203,
0.03245478495955467,
0.046630702912807465,
0.04149466007947922,
0.032703567296266556,
0.0004814115527551621,
0.005958518944680691,
0.00007753152021905407,
0.016555463895201683,
0.02987903729081154,
-0.02036658115684986,
0.09031953662633896,
0.05256810784339905,
-0.03170951083302498,
-0.03991391509771347,
0.03399921953678131,
-0.006195430643856525,
-0.031146930530667305,
-0.033924855291843414,
-0.025117643177509308,
-0.009863045066595078,
-0.07801418751478195,
0.007094965316355228,
0.0080121960490942,
-0.005956428591161966,
-0.021639278158545494,
-0.017895424738526344,
-0.017241504043340683,
-0.042311131954193115,
0.003103360766544938,
-0.0160893052816391,
0.030614599585533142,
-0.042145829647779465,
-0.04063805937767029,
-0.04586757719516754,
-0.010160336270928383,
0.014377258718013763,
-0.03116433508694172,
-0.040046095848083496,
-0.06165686622262001,
0.037162698805332184,
-0.007792132906615734,
0.044468268752098083,
-0.027659716084599495,
0.02974303439259529,
-0.025379806756973267
] |
3,493
|
Advantage-Guided Distillation for Preference Alignment in Small Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=xsx3Fpo3UD
|
[
"Shiping Gao",
"Fanqi Wan",
"Jiajian Guo",
"Xiaojun Quan",
"Qifan Wang"
] |
Spotlight
|
Alignment techniques enable Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate outputs that align with human preferences and play a crucial role in their effectiveness. However, their impact often diminishes when applied to Small Language Models (SLMs), likely due to the limited capacity of these models. Instead of directly applying existing alignment techniques to SLMs, we propose to utilize a well-aligned teacher LLM to guide the alignment process for these models, thereby facilitating the transfer of the teacher's knowledge of human preferences to the student model. To achieve this, we first explore a straightforward approach, Dual-Constrained Knowledge Distillation (DCKD), that employs knowledge distillation with two KL-divergence constraints from the aligned teacher to the unaligned student. To further enhance the student's ability to distinguish between preferred and dispreferred responses, we then propose Advantage-Guided Distillation for Preference Alignment (ADPA), which leverages an advantage function from the aligned teacher to deliver more nuanced, distribution-level reward signals for the student's alignment. Our experimental results show that these two approaches appreciably improve the alignment of SLMs and narrow the performance gap with larger counterparts. Among them, ADPA demonstrates superior performance and achieves even greater effectiveness when integrated with DCKD. Our code is available at https://github.com/SLIT-AI/ADPA .
|
Preference Alignment; Large language model; Knowledge Distillation; Advantage Function
| null | 7,508
|
2502.17927
|
[
-0.009735580533742905,
0.00263117253780365,
-0.0173198189586401,
0.048945553600788116,
0.03324827924370766,
0.022455483675003052,
0.03531495854258537,
0.008803094737231731,
-0.024868059903383255,
-0.014315493404865265,
-0.022558385506272316,
0.01865442842245102,
-0.07640902698040009,
-0.005533345974981785,
0.021122045814990997,
0.031362343579530716,
0.04408285766839981,
-0.007714355364441872,
0.03376824036240578,
0.010087215341627598,
-0.015988249331712723,
-0.042331043630838394,
0.04198480397462845,
0.01474811602383852,
0.025664787739515305,
0.03708392754197121,
0.015910178422927856,
-0.0020992092322558165,
-0.022827697917819023,
-0.027928758412599564,
0.04439239203929901,
-0.0002547559852246195,
0.0252640713006258,
-0.01798991486430168,
-0.0038011057768017054,
-0.005026881583034992,
-0.04594140872359276,
-0.000184086718945764,
0.028099415823817253,
0.05221223458647728,
-0.03102150559425354,
0.033649396151304245,
-0.008634693920612335,
-0.004027179908007383,
-0.03253614902496338,
0.0007306779152713716,
-0.12035498768091202,
0.039386991411447525,
-0.0006349030300043523,
-0.04378628358244896,
-0.11561399698257446,
0.031237110495567322,
0.020066265016794205,
-0.01686687581241131,
0.0004422274651005864,
0.03480019047856331,
0.053486716002225876,
-0.08405274152755737,
-0.001378050073981285,
-0.02547978051006794,
-0.03922354429960251,
0.031673721969127655,
0.010289451107382774,
0.00569277536123991,
0.028174739331007004,
-0.01703636534512043,
-0.009962438605725765,
0.02388659678399563,
-0.05855853483080864,
-0.04997710883617401,
-0.018163206055760384,
0.011655985377728939,
0.0026883194223046303,
0.013133459724485874,
0.001030151965096593,
-0.051524531096220016,
0.01418160181492567,
0.027643313631415367,
0.06864218413829803,
-0.0023863965179771185,
-0.023539632558822632,
0.008269578218460083,
0.00940997339785099,
0.05159463360905647,
0.027091393247246742,
-0.005304992198944092,
-0.03182973712682724,
-0.02791382558643818,
-0.06382386386394501,
0.014863654039800167,
-0.03832587972283363,
-0.06382244825363159,
0.024495042860507965,
0.017633061856031418,
0.03692183271050453,
0.002640719525516033,
0.03701532632112503,
0.021607039496302605,
-0.0071083116345107555,
-0.009554069489240646,
-0.02271904982626438,
-0.04598834738135338,
0.02798081748187542,
-0.0004623262502718717,
-0.08314622193574905,
-0.03328847140073776,
-0.006180059164762497,
-0.0069303023628890514,
0.007403102237731218,
0.01806407980620861,
-0.03133189678192139,
0.00028818193823099136,
0.043496716767549515,
0.001537188421934843,
-0.09521913528442383,
0.027194349095225334,
-0.008393130265176296,
0.03450043871998787,
-0.01902645081281662,
0.009585097432136536,
0.02903960831463337,
0.04100986197590828,
0.00854793842881918,
0.0787959098815918,
-0.031659286469221115,
0.013192097656428814,
0.009680119343101978,
0.04547397047281265,
-0.033214010298252106,
-0.04623938724398613,
0.005756988190114498,
0.014874957501888275,
0.015673896297812462,
-0.005752783268690109,
-0.010176469571888447,
-0.003517189994454384,
0.04448956996202469,
0.03872254118323326,
0.07983017712831497,
-0.020649095997214317,
-0.0011354858288541436,
-0.0045110140927135944,
0.061715029180049896,
-0.018988654017448425,
0.032287485897541046,
-0.003334142966195941,
0.0014136891113594174,
-0.011688610538840294,
-0.03347928822040558,
0.00028979103080928326,
0.010142349638044834,
0.0011586769251152873,
0.019599055871367455,
-0.03375213220715523,
0.025685878470540047,
0.0771995484828949,
-0.023813901469111443,
-0.006570875179022551,
0.014914308674633503,
0.01202092133462429,
-0.03444730490446091,
-0.02791582979261875,
-0.035835959017276764,
-0.025360392406582832,
0.008852235041558743,
-0.05630911514163017,
0.03385436534881592,
0.004572500940412283,
-0.04290458932518959,
0.002411902416497469,
-0.039073605090379715,
-0.012806870974600315,
0.07309658080339432,
-0.06307056546211243,
0.001350253471173346,
-0.0276182834059,
0.04134703427553177,
0.011387239210307598,
0.05601852759718895,
0.03325492888689041,
-0.07674246281385422,
0.01927383616566658,
-0.0011653710389509797,
-0.004889428615570068,
0.03265459090471268,
0.01081211306154728,
0.06317906826734543,
-0.037506040185689926,
0.01216854713857174,
0.05127622187137604,
-0.07542844116687775,
-0.032032594084739685,
0.03708164766430855,
-0.009773836471140385,
0.08713337033987045,
0.010586060583591461,
-0.01234822254627943,
0.03172554075717926,
0.041248172521591187,
0.05270789563655853,
0.05634408816695213,
-0.02564789541065693,
0.04383138194680214,
-0.006091887131333351,
-0.025770241394639015,
-0.014138219878077507,
0.016926154494285583,
-0.03680233657360077,
-0.034651368856430054,
0.023566506803035736,
-0.04757111147046089,
-0.0018800700781866908,
0.014746035449206829,
-0.0006442744634114206,
0.02515105903148651,
-0.0038760362658649683,
-0.00759940454736352,
-0.02762085385620594,
0.026584602892398834,
-0.03792453184723854,
0.052490752190351486,
0.025605352595448494,
-0.01202849019318819,
0.006986407563090324,
-0.029606923460960388,
0.0876404419541359,
0.06582364439964294,
0.0038207920733839273,
0.00413001561537385,
0.041048966348171234,
0.022113146260380745,
-0.0019515323219820857,
0.03904075548052788,
-0.026439383625984192,
0.029271157458424568,
-0.018449919298291206,
-0.02311018295586109,
-0.012725288979709148,
0.06436899304389954,
-0.027817435562610626,
-0.010590387508273125,
0.06390916556119919,
-0.03325485810637474,
0.05230545997619629,
-0.004549642559140921,
0.01735212281346321,
0.041716575622558594,
0.01321046706289053,
-0.014333086088299751,
-0.031110556796193123,
-0.021439431235194206,
0.017564674839377403,
0.006924794055521488,
-0.039575230330228806,
0.022969212383031845,
-0.031246330589056015,
-0.04116421937942505,
-0.020268669351935387,
0.050399299710989,
0.04238762706518173,
-0.01052911952137947,
0.037197697907686234,
0.01929505169391632,
-0.043054696172475815,
0.01705900765955448,
-0.08750072121620178,
-0.024966198951005936,
-0.008621114306151867,
0.003404577262699604,
0.0025485344231128693,
0.02326364815235138,
0.004619476851075888,
0.03284725174307823,
-0.06402943283319473,
-0.04146566614508629,
0.02621481381356716,
0.00973923597484827,
0.008220641873776913,
-0.03440575301647186,
-0.03366156294941902,
-0.019417177885770798,
0.05032150447368622,
-0.039593473076820374,
-0.021630480885505676,
-0.046334970742464066,
-0.04376537725329399,
-0.009101714007556438,
-0.07708774507045746,
0.01055054273456335,
0.026318160817027092,
0.048284418880939484,
0.008264374919235706,
-0.016399428248405457,
-0.0015171754639595747,
0.04560886323451996,
0.029484422877430916,
0.030751947313547134,
0.0066849179565906525,
-0.007010344881564379,
0.054811522364616394,
-0.005837481934577227,
0.03941979631781578,
0.005782570224255323,
0.046033479273319244,
0.0005666996585205197,
-0.025381987914443016,
0.005084702745079994,
-0.013459928333759308,
-0.29193687438964844,
-0.021122535690665245,
-0.0045203096233308315,
-0.0045518409460783005,
0.04093528166413307,
-0.034856416285037994,
0.04810258746147156,
-0.04876882955431938,
-0.03151287883520126,
0.03129641339182854,
-0.010147299617528915,
0.023950858041644096,
-0.005418790504336357,
0.048966217786073685,
0.03705810010433197,
0.04247214272618294,
-0.025090912356972694,
-0.02304794080555439,
-0.00121130864135921,
0.03020746447145939,
-0.02176528237760067,
-0.06242777779698372,
-0.01725936308503151,
0.048077356070280075,
0.019515978172421455,
0.05372490733861923,
-0.07821257412433624,
-0.00496685178950429,
-0.01946612074971199,
-0.006600967608392239,
-0.013180240988731384,
-0.0017984494334086776,
-0.04149933531880379,
0.012595866806805134,
-0.001692004967480898,
0.012365934439003468,
0.03302590548992157,
0.0076681626960635185,
0.03996122255921364,
0.027758335694670677,
0.021123897284269333,
-0.04300577938556671,
-0.009286297485232353,
0.016411274671554565,
0.04205644130706787,
0.023394238203763962,
-0.05947864428162575,
-0.017523672431707382,
-0.021799420937895775,
0.037323493510484695,
0.023963289335370064,
-0.02112456038594246,
-0.020381294190883636,
0.035170525312423706,
0.016898030415177345,
-0.00205500447191298,
0.019849881529808044,
-0.014074524864554405,
-0.0016498344484716654,
0.015647022053599358,
-0.00228133681230247,
-0.04840818792581558,
-0.032665859907865524,
-0.04141879826784134,
-0.02484709769487381,
-0.0370282344520092,
-0.06955154240131378,
-0.03703954815864563,
0.023979028686881065,
0.05827813595533371,
-0.05364624038338661,
0.011285178363323212,
0.01930779218673706,
-0.08691180497407913,
0.011288250796496868,
-0.012795241549611092,
-0.003808789886534214,
-0.009424661286175251,
-0.0024784933775663376,
0.04746898636221886,
-0.031113196164369583,
-0.021530600264668465,
0.011868579313158989,
0.014267906546592712,
0.03646206110715866,
-0.03680022060871124,
0.003894809167832136,
-0.006724584847688675,
-0.03425607085227966,
-0.028948383405804634,
0.03431910276412964,
0.006002702750265598,
-0.009204013273119926,
0.012890889309346676,
0.0510617159307003,
0.04330975189805031,
0.02789071947336197,
0.0628109723329544,
0.02885541319847107,
0.007141933776438236,
0.015524481423199177,
-0.0910656526684761,
-0.04732401669025421,
-0.05220559239387512,
-0.02911718562245369,
0.03843148797750473,
-0.08197294175624847,
-0.037647590041160583,
0.03116164542734623,
0.003922062925994396,
-0.03396987169981003,
-0.03572500869631767,
-0.015729285776615143,
0.010543004609644413,
-0.05942939594388008,
-0.006033626850694418,
0.006409040652215481,
0.03979397937655449,
0.001637541688978672,
-0.012833988294005394,
0.009604422375559807,
0.04371267184615135,
-0.024845879524946213,
-0.01231212168931961,
-0.011696350760757923,
-0.009137541987001896,
-0.023340167477726936,
-0.014334904961287975,
-0.024508079513907433,
0.000997444847598672,
0.022682400420308113,
0.021652085706591606,
0.01565823331475258,
-0.007028302643448114,
0.057281266897916794,
0.000143092343932949,
0.011703822761774063,
-0.0008859510999172926,
0.022709758952260017,
-0.04222496971487999,
0.015745198354125023,
-0.037260912358760834,
0.012676378712058067,
0.017583124339580536,
0.022544821724295616,
0.008507126942276955,
0.02740716002881527,
0.0031459061428904533,
-0.005518913734704256,
-0.004499957896769047,
0.04102528840303421,
-0.03983386605978012,
-0.010076960548758507,
-0.027016757056117058,
0.019869942218065262,
-0.0028370858635753393,
0.015759702771902084,
0.0076392521150410175,
0.002604821929708123,
-0.05468149855732918,
0.04515000805258751,
-0.0100296251475811,
-0.017400160431861877,
0.0046827285550534725,
0.048370614647865295,
0.05099714919924736,
-0.04975355416536331,
0.02045889012515545,
0.028084345161914825,
0.003650960046797991,
0.012514634057879448,
-0.001306332414969802,
-0.049765851348638535,
-0.028363967314362526,
-0.01921536773443222,
-0.01289331540465355,
0.05312342196702957,
-0.0022701178677380085,
-0.050841979682445526,
0.01982821710407734,
0.023748215287923813,
-0.04154549166560173,
0.005502751097083092,
0.008356991223990917,
0.07295453548431396,
0.02151859737932682,
-0.02787070907652378,
-0.005457620602101088,
-0.018104083836078644,
0.013641764409840107,
-0.041464801877737045,
-0.0032938180956989527,
-0.013531701639294624,
-0.0463588647544384,
-0.03561513498425484,
-0.039664674550294876,
-0.01068422757089138,
0.02678418718278408,
-0.010052405297756195,
-0.006188735831528902,
-0.03781004622578621,
0.005001327954232693,
-0.0511111244559288,
-0.027751632034778595,
0.04258924722671509,
-0.08549212664365768,
0.0005920278490521014,
0.006280808709561825,
-0.005613917484879494,
0.013727021403610706,
-0.0029923194088041782,
-0.06774154305458069,
-0.05566422641277313,
-0.018342850729823112,
0.040359191596508026,
0.008863522671163082,
-0.02634439989924431,
-0.016883116215467453,
-0.01646413281559944,
0.015914587303996086,
0.029180390760302544,
-0.034943584352731705,
0.0019841743633151054,
-0.00843623373657465,
-0.01403625588864088,
0.031405121088027954,
-0.04955761507153511,
0.008366812020540237,
-0.011592427268624306,
-0.036863695830106735,
0.05294357240200043,
-0.05582982301712036,
0.03675540164113045,
0.03395967558026314,
0.003932312596589327,
0.0347016341984272,
-0.07240302860736847,
0.048016928136348724,
-0.007788016926497221,
-0.02473527379333973,
0.01549760065972805,
-0.02163466066122055,
-0.03017861396074295,
0.002985709812492132,
-0.027675924822688103,
0.040239568799734116,
-0.006251034326851368,
-0.005498936399817467,
-0.019119853153824806,
-0.00305870920419693,
-0.0030238484032452106,
0.009131078608334064,
-0.022445686161518097,
0.022715304046869278,
0.06982255727052689,
-0.02684064581990242,
-0.05418340861797333,
-0.07594653218984604,
-0.06905456632375717,
0.024540184065699577,
0.000630719237960875,
0.03761903941631317,
-0.015983199700713158,
0.05737568438053131,
0.010171527042984962,
0.0382259264588356,
0.018801653757691383,
-0.009670908562839031,
0.023555021733045578,
-0.05634210258722305,
-0.013601938262581825,
-0.08122570812702179,
-0.0028366921469569206,
0.06777969747781754,
-0.028701772913336754,
-0.014481290243566036,
-0.009816564619541168,
-0.04068215936422348,
0.03678496181964874,
-0.01479741744697094,
-0.04219180718064308,
0.027642201632261276,
-0.020739277824759483,
0.002661163453012705,
0.03575139865279198,
-0.04593372717499733,
-0.033653657883405685,
-0.04440325126051903,
-0.03904857486486435,
-0.01156264916062355,
0.019554313272237778,
0.06629688292741776,
-0.02211012877523899,
0.026911217719316483,
-0.05433030426502228,
0.0011947964085265994,
0.010925544425845146,
0.039492905139923096,
0.0038242957089096308,
0.020627867430448532,
-0.03588835522532463,
0.06123495101928711,
0.04229094088077545,
0.04278956726193428,
-0.0016751943621784449,
0.007382581010460854,
-0.01942720264196396,
-0.055831097066402435,
0.06346198171377182,
0.015366209670901299,
0.023915257304906845,
-0.05103267729282379,
0.06231648102402687,
0.035499218851327896,
-0.05076947435736656,
-0.020586786791682243,
0.06279966235160828,
-0.044065892696380615,
0.007603766396641731,
0.004909374751150608,
0.005533298477530479,
-0.033100299537181854,
0.08488573879003525,
0.0018931690137833357,
0.052479613572359085,
0.059103939682245255,
0.011605112813413143,
-0.027986928820610046,
0.018382137641310692,
0.06525794416666031,
0.034346193075180054,
0.0804353728890419,
0.010613233782351017,
0.054136935621500015,
-0.04715338349342346,
-0.04683777689933777,
0.015060524456202984,
0.01594138890504837,
-0.021307332441210747,
-0.05633283033967018,
0.03707948327064514,
0.08008337020874023,
-0.029064860194921494,
0.05280090868473053,
-0.013103997334837914,
-0.01759597659111023,
0.036368582397699356,
0.0307850893586874,
0.00729001872241497,
0.04217921569943428,
0.003710258984938264,
0.01765226572751999,
-0.01981005258858204,
0.009195012971758842,
0.014992989599704742,
-0.009499301202595234,
0.011104211211204529,
-0.025985533371567726,
-0.027866818010807037,
0.015927748754620552,
-0.009798982180655003,
0.05009300634264946,
0.11059912294149399,
-0.06322208046913147,
-0.03952039033174515,
0.007487619761377573,
0.010885861702263355,
0.01256367564201355,
0.05675126984715462,
0.00501397717744112,
-0.0038426381070166826,
-0.01787220686674118,
-0.051306143403053284,
-0.013109032064676285,
0.03944496437907219,
0.010286933742463589,
0.03381851315498352,
-0.030563481152057648,
0.016017582267522812,
0.022389056161046028,
0.03308181092143059,
-0.08491004258394241,
-0.05762229114770889,
-0.02520264871418476,
-0.05275629833340645,
-0.019484348595142365,
-0.0573994442820549,
0.023744476959109306,
0.01962771639227867,
-0.03189176321029663,
0.009124363772571087,
-0.047733865678310394,
0.039437003433704376,
0.003984923008829355,
-0.06933614611625671,
0.006518644280731678,
0.02302958443760872,
0.010518327355384827,
-0.01669597253203392,
0.028194280341267586,
0.013750369660556316,
-0.03397528454661369,
0.007823814637959003,
0.03839832916855812,
0.01903737150132656,
0.005094257649034262,
-0.018891919404268265,
0.005857065320014954,
-0.06913911551237106,
-0.009707748889923096,
0.008942781947553158,
-0.028409898281097412,
-0.08016174286603928,
0.013040234334766865,
0.009659592062234879,
0.03291698917746544,
0.08275963366031647,
0.017423368990421295,
0.021822016686201096,
-0.002156625734642148,
-0.021371260285377502,
0.031539350748062134,
0.02828022837638855,
0.02682444080710411,
-0.028358357027173042,
0.06353265792131424,
0.020107805728912354,
-0.0008623253088444471,
-0.06039981171488762,
0.03361786901950836,
-0.013068389147520065,
-0.010168556123971939,
0.005591096356511116,
-0.013344336301088333,
-0.03190508857369423,
-0.08665529638528824,
-0.02540655992925167,
0.03210031986236572,
-0.01752036064863205,
-0.022400235757231712,
-0.008068123832345009,
0.015055784955620766,
-0.0029053359758108854,
0.0030298749916255474,
-0.013088617473840714,
-0.012791444547474384,
-0.044547270983457565,
-0.005298119969666004,
-0.05430905148386955,
0.015639537945389748,
-0.04656098410487175,
-0.012463473714888096,
-0.039961077272892,
-0.04195135831832886,
0.0007484796224161983,
0.008641043677926064,
0.04658685252070427,
-0.0006080789607949555,
0.004179073963314295,
-0.006104013416916132
] |
3,494
|
SVBench: A Benchmark with Temporal Multi-Turn Dialogues for Streaming Video Understanding
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Hz4BYVY8YM
|
[
"Zhenyu Yang",
"Yuhang Hu",
"Zemin Du",
"Dizhan Xue",
"Shengsheng Qian",
"Jiahong Wu",
"Fan Yang",
"Weiming Dong",
"Changsheng Xu"
] |
Spotlight
|
Despite the significant advancements of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) on established benchmarks, there remains a notable gap in suitable evaluation regarding their applicability in the emerging domain of long-context streaming video understanding. Current benchmarks for video understanding typically emphasize isolated single-instance text inputs and fail to evaluate the capacity to sustain temporal reasoning throughout the entire duration of video streams. To address these limitations, we introduce SVBench, a pioneering benchmark with temporal multi-turn question-answering chains specifically designed to thoroughly assess the capabilities of streaming video understanding of current LVLMs. We design a semi-automated annotation pipeline to obtain 49,979 Question-Answer (QA) pairs of 1,353 streaming videos, which includes generating QA chains that represent a series of consecutive multi-turn dialogues over video segments and constructing temporal linkages between successive QA chains. Our experimental results, obtained from 14 models in dialogue and streaming evaluations, reveal that while the closed-source GPT-4o outperforms others, most open-source LVLMs struggle with long-context streaming video understanding. We also construct a StreamingChat model, which significantly outperforms open-source LVLMs on our SVBench and achieves comparable performance on diverse vision-language benchmarks. We expect SVBench to advance the research of streaming video understanding by providing a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of current LVLMs. Our benchmark and model can be accessed at https://yzy-bupt.github.io/SVBench.
|
Multimodal large language model, Streaming video analysis, Video understanding
|
A benchmark with temporal multi-turn dialogues specifically designed to thoroughly assess the capabilities of long-context streaming video understanding of current LVLMs.
| 7,487
|
2502.10810
|
[
0.016316648572683334,
-0.04043084383010864,
0.01989545300602913,
0.05248699337244034,
0.0018683470552787185,
0.026056308299303055,
0.025300396606326103,
0.017195792868733406,
-0.019583778455853462,
-0.01351899653673172,
-0.02269633300602436,
0.03879547491669655,
-0.058361660689115524,
-0.006921788211911917,
0.00845431350171566,
0.051165513694286346,
0.02242329530417919,
0.003105918411165476,
0.024167217314243317,
0.018266623839735985,
0.011598207987844944,
-0.007170917000621557,
0.03340185433626175,
0.019124094396829605,
0.013950618915259838,
0.00287275156006217,
0.02589520998299122,
0.021851183846592903,
-0.050399813801050186,
0.007904361933469772,
0.039521828293800354,
-0.02108531817793846,
-0.003077855333685875,
-0.024643396958708763,
0.015409666113555431,
-0.035643287003040314,
-0.03457821533083916,
0.025589432567358017,
0.010070550255477428,
0.03165392577648163,
-0.018391983583569527,
0.023300020024180412,
0.010840632021427155,
-0.003527230815961957,
-0.0515965037047863,
0.017190413549542427,
-0.0652376189827919,
0.04585275053977966,
0.00746743893250823,
-0.010969605296850204,
-0.09822573512792587,
0.029909439384937286,
-0.03196833282709122,
0.009445607662200928,
0.007863473147153854,
0.02326412871479988,
0.03766413778066635,
-0.10736104100942612,
-0.003922976553440094,
-0.024518312886357307,
0.0003653040621429682,
0.0011197803542017937,
0.024110399186611176,
0.012179147452116013,
0.0016855393769219518,
-0.0040900371968746185,
0.00048299870104528964,
0.03846484795212746,
-0.03412920609116554,
-0.0307194571942091,
-0.0047520799562335014,
-0.00652674725279212,
-0.016151024028658867,
0.025016367435455322,
0.006508432328701019,
-0.04041118547320366,
0.01640789583325386,
0.03528083115816116,
0.05947820842266083,
-0.03406612575054169,
0.018563520163297653,
0.030721819028258324,
0.012781980447471142,
0.07979460060596466,
0.00812119897454977,
0.023890268057584763,
-0.018371928483247757,
-0.044045109301805496,
-0.08219119161367416,
0.03085886500775814,
-0.007014583796262741,
-0.046598851680755615,
0.01213769894093275,
0.022776272147893906,
0.0009703474352136254,
-0.0014445687411352992,
0.01489628478884697,
0.01339841540902853,
0.009878257289528847,
0.0030869306065142155,
-0.026672521606087685,
-0.04512813687324524,
0.039180297404527664,
0.009470108896493912,
-0.10977388173341751,
-0.015211532823741436,
-0.015815457329154015,
-0.022743895649909973,
0.0037686473224312067,
0.01276052463799715,
-0.027097227051854134,
0.04634539783000946,
0.060345299541950226,
-0.0027619677130132914,
-0.07709114998579025,
0.028972622007131577,
0.011873752810060978,
-0.013316675089299679,
-0.008615013211965561,
0.023191189393401146,
0.0608600378036499,
0.019875353202223778,
0.005232345778495073,
0.0762680172920227,
0.011859072372317314,
0.015282124280929565,
0.02513694018125534,
0.01816016063094139,
-0.00025479873875156045,
-0.03334059938788414,
0.03948186710476875,
0.01957264356315136,
0.01779261790215969,
0.021706515923142433,
-0.006498981267213821,
-0.0017621442675590515,
0.03908440098166466,
-0.022273601964116096,
0.048224594444036484,
-0.0059741768054664135,
0.008041104301810265,
-0.000002664621661097044,
0.06665778905153275,
-0.013386630453169346,
0.0726844072341919,
-0.017527684569358826,
-0.023224828764796257,
-0.02891387976706028,
-0.04516158252954483,
-0.021738877519965172,
0.007302284240722656,
0.0024877223186194897,
0.0067491368390619755,
-0.07249895483255386,
0.011629829183220863,
0.06455237418413162,
0.005247802473604679,
-0.013208764605224133,
0.008370015770196915,
0.012035397812724113,
-0.009278712794184685,
0.02137669175863266,
-0.07120448350906372,
0.023081179708242416,
-0.01559273898601532,
-0.04892464727163315,
0.014216884039342403,
-0.004785367287695408,
-0.04408123716711998,
0.006305467337369919,
-0.04000111296772957,
-0.02643590420484543,
0.05584193393588066,
-0.003906615544110537,
-0.05242154747247696,
0.021395549178123474,
0.07644177973270416,
0.02048562653362751,
0.03806674852967262,
0.012644072994589806,
-0.0727287158370018,
0.009789051488041878,
-0.006275887135416269,
0.007194477133452892,
0.011425061151385307,
-0.022250907495617867,
0.07678001374006271,
-0.034132082015275955,
-0.04890193045139313,
0.00939568318426609,
-0.06765834987163544,
-0.02673720195889473,
-0.02321062982082367,
0.03270765766501427,
0.05628044903278351,
-0.03180135041475296,
0.014531333930790424,
0.04026591032743454,
0.02587112970650196,
0.04485003277659416,
0.03727026283740997,
-0.01784360595047474,
0.04956876114010811,
0.004705401137471199,
-0.04707816615700722,
0.01941549964249134,
0.050528351217508316,
-0.059315118938684464,
-0.05649728327989578,
-0.019322697073221207,
-0.009453869424760342,
0.009811531752347946,
0.002943651285022497,
0.001739923725835979,
0.01116497814655304,
0.01549283042550087,
-0.02435721829533577,
-0.012275699526071548,
0.02118408866226673,
-0.04083596169948578,
0.04979401081800461,
0.010797372087836266,
-0.026559321209788322,
-0.019208870828151703,
-0.03918963298201561,
0.07753913104534149,
0.039194151759147644,
-0.028946928679943085,
-0.032214801758527756,
-0.01397109217941761,
-0.008378120139241219,
0.028494974598288536,
-0.032515473663806915,
-0.05540555715560913,
-0.012215470895171165,
-0.021068667992949486,
0.01739163137972355,
-0.02272425964474678,
0.042849648743867874,
-0.022254453971982002,
-0.0012844736920669675,
0.03517457842826843,
0.018830498680472374,
0.035790398716926575,
0.014816218987107277,
-0.008532898500561714,
0.03116827830672264,
0.004319412633776665,
-0.014379816129803658,
-0.015186631120741367,
-0.0047291917726397514,
0.007639967370778322,
0.009553642943501472,
-0.04374152049422264,
0.018053211271762848,
-0.010699436068534851,
-0.029475685209035873,
-0.02841084450483322,
0.07292225956916809,
0.049129314720630646,
0.016800764948129654,
0.026082195341587067,
0.008354141376912594,
-0.04423610866069794,
-0.0005470936885103583,
-0.09764797985553741,
-0.07046033442020416,
-0.04298529028892517,
0.007567121181637049,
0.02519693411886692,
0.04939212650060654,
-0.01340093556791544,
0.024895191192626953,
-0.03834259882569313,
-0.015276720747351646,
0.01859249733388424,
0.04268084838986397,
0.013687225989997387,
-0.01030387170612812,
-0.030177665874361992,
0.021823614835739136,
0.04482917860150337,
-0.020705876871943474,
0.0010794986737892032,
-0.03332623094320297,
0.004429700318723917,
-0.00011520979751367122,
-0.018938850611448288,
0.024165049195289612,
0.003413458587601781,
0.03834981471300125,
0.030845189467072487,
-0.014089517295360565,
0.009978481568396091,
0.04795774072408676,
0.08273110538721085,
0.043638404458761215,
-0.03361307457089424,
-0.03977381810545921,
0.04948069155216217,
0.005160051863640547,
0.012215298600494862,
0.013877217657864094,
0.011844750493764877,
-0.0072433194145560265,
0.007936444133520126,
0.012559127993881702,
-0.05299144610762596,
-0.27452588081359863,
-0.033355120569467545,
0.02790794149041176,
-0.005387340672314167,
0.06939834356307983,
-0.05741522088646889,
0.03357367217540741,
-0.032759830355644226,
-0.03155411779880524,
0.026484685018658638,
0.02790401689708233,
0.032902974635362625,
-0.019951891154050827,
0.04246637225151062,
0.045009881258010864,
0.02115200087428093,
-0.013595106080174446,
-0.029194235801696777,
0.022366587072610855,
0.04233314469456673,
-0.0054490817710757256,
-0.10851552337408066,
-0.009292292408645153,
0.06257914006710052,
-0.00736416969448328,
0.027444442734122276,
-0.090919628739357,
-0.0047966111451387405,
-0.009047220461070538,
-0.011509706266224384,
0.009047850035130978,
-0.013490627519786358,
-0.027467908337712288,
0.037403691560029984,
-0.006743206176906824,
0.0058331540785729885,
0.0577244907617569,
-0.02061823196709156,
0.05001305788755417,
0.0022300048731267452,
0.02859124355018139,
-0.03572096303105354,
-0.03501862287521362,
0.024051403626799583,
0.05653831362724304,
0.00035696441773325205,
-0.03272702544927597,
-0.027193745598196983,
-0.010105014778673649,
0.017267758026719093,
-0.008538295514881611,
-0.034504082053899765,
-0.03236132487654686,
0.01211982499808073,
-0.007539242040365934,
-0.043879538774490356,
0.001464987057261169,
0.003854443784803152,
0.007852723821997643,
0.007921651005744934,
-0.02760886400938034,
-0.03233487531542778,
-0.015807190909981728,
-0.03169664740562439,
-0.018774306401610374,
-0.03812558948993683,
-0.05201549828052521,
-0.022322015836834908,
0.023090440779924393,
0.027289940044283867,
-0.020365005359053612,
0.021606115624308586,
-0.013271709904074669,
-0.09313061833381653,
-0.0028280916158109903,
0.00937179010361433,
-0.018264658749103546,
-0.009235628880560398,
0.0062147872522473335,
0.049416590481996536,
-0.01835295930504799,
-0.07141575962305069,
0.01702328771352768,
-0.01292765699326992,
0.030209705233573914,
-0.04933847859501839,
0.00689091719686985,
-0.03668368607759476,
0.025924528017640114,
-0.03009737655520439,
0.06678004562854767,
-0.02807113341987133,
-0.0006756182410754263,
0.0164777934551239,
0.025485873222351074,
0.04302240163087845,
0.01364160981029272,
0.04517146572470665,
0.028366535902023315,
0.025920888409018517,
-0.0014171270886436105,
-0.06749939173460007,
-0.012219024822115898,
-0.042996350675821304,
-0.019382698461413383,
0.030419889837503433,
-0.03262960538268089,
-0.007982056587934494,
0.03206160292029381,
0.008645737543702126,
-0.04660077765583992,
-0.011118865571916103,
0.006866810843348503,
0.0030922056175768375,
-0.008136417716741562,
-0.005365852266550064,
-0.0014409410068765283,
0.033727992326021194,
0.020968329161405563,
-0.02282542735338211,
-0.028640586882829666,
0.031381215900182724,
-0.014781617559492588,
0.007347520440816879,
-0.002302789129316807,
-0.002517075277864933,
0.0015686550177633762,
-0.0010781479068100452,
-0.021449284628033638,
0.0074483659118413925,
0.018238790333271027,
0.03137762099504471,
-0.0028676441870629787,
0.009038882330060005,
0.06015283986926079,
-0.03592345863580704,
-0.006025281734764576,
-0.005607303697615862,
0.009389249607920647,
-0.020275773480534554,
0.016558043658733368,
-0.028413847088813782,
0.02278229035437107,
0.0461651086807251,
0.022393755614757538,
0.016402408480644226,
0.0445631705224514,
0.010225215926766396,
-0.028330137953162193,
0.014643482863903046,
0.037755776196718216,
-0.07202838361263275,
-0.03814803436398506,
-0.019849427044391632,
0.011492188088595867,
-0.005418071988970041,
0.005973459221422672,
0.012348191812634468,
0.02154717780649662,
-0.0645638033747673,
0.06738954782485962,
0.02354257181286812,
-0.016139980405569077,
-0.008842254988849163,
0.020362483337521553,
0.025357067584991455,
0.014156659133732319,
0.0011011800961568952,
0.009314375929534435,
0.00602289754897356,
-0.030461210757493973,
-0.03389565646648407,
-0.03164668381214142,
0.001524633727967739,
-0.002848648699000478,
0.02909773774445057,
-0.0043637920171022415,
-0.015772821381688118,
-0.03401102125644684,
0.04787936061620712,
0.013945026323199272,
-0.004200749099254608,
0.016618305817246437,
-0.01386724691838026,
0.0800902396440506,
0.028795970603823662,
-0.022791188210248947,
0.011952647008001804,
-0.054059188812971115,
0.013094436377286911,
-0.001532113878056407,
0.007400433998554945,
0.002199518261477351,
-0.06423359364271164,
-0.04763049632310867,
-0.05952688306570053,
0.0423915833234787,
-0.01470138318836689,
-0.026048000901937485,
-0.04934512451291084,
-0.028557710349559784,
0.016192704439163208,
-0.027688467875123024,
-0.005918610841035843,
0.03577696159482002,
-0.059165216982364655,
0.014077384024858475,
0.049349345266819,
-0.013856478966772556,
0.013172612525522709,
-0.04837716370820999,
-0.030312955379486084,
-0.03378225117921829,
-0.057873472571372986,
-0.001878467621281743,
-0.03161831572651863,
0.006404868792742491,
-0.026952864602208138,
-0.005188221577554941,
-0.02655811607837677,
0.011404861696064472,
-0.013845055364072323,
0.0037218097131699324,
-0.011758120730519295,
-0.015696629881858826,
0.029531728476285934,
-0.029118217527866364,
-0.008960272185504436,
0.03177487105131149,
-0.047762345522642136,
0.004556077066808939,
-0.04218021780252457,
0.0324353352189064,
0.06569285690784454,
-0.02247118204832077,
-0.0008516088710166514,
-0.08417344838380814,
0.03968821093440056,
0.02305157668888569,
-0.007361261639744043,
0.020476555451750755,
0.01288505271077156,
-0.022711092606186867,
0.043706126511096954,
0.010012052021920681,
0.0358230322599411,
0.037096258252859116,
0.001274875015951693,
0.020504163578152657,
0.004859255626797676,
0.019462084397673607,
0.024395110085606575,
0.004234043415635824,
-0.03105505183339119,
0.049705538898706436,
-0.0716085210442543,
-0.006441005505621433,
-0.07916352897882462,
-0.05431794747710228,
0.029813718050718307,
-0.04674139246344566,
-0.014090590178966522,
-0.05338021740317345,
0.05018177255988121,
-0.008603410795331001,
0.031295206397771835,
0.06891558319330215,
-0.004850185476243496,
0.03624356910586357,
-0.024400657042860985,
0.02206926979124546,
-0.07800774276256561,
-0.04224681109189987,
0.048429667949676514,
-0.0069237020798027515,
-0.006539741065353155,
-0.02153710089623928,
-0.034072086215019226,
0.0548381507396698,
-0.01736048050224781,
-0.03604443371295929,
-0.0011575466487556696,
-0.05345740541815758,
0.006290358491241932,
0.020004119724035263,
-0.03760642930865288,
0.017867056652903557,
0.0011317678727209568,
-0.02605600282549858,
-0.0072886329144239426,
-0.0170096717774868,
0.04990839585661888,
-0.020511236041784286,
0.06822259724140167,
-0.02664545737206936,
-0.025880351662635803,
0.03052162565290928,
0.041205622255802155,
0.02664136327803135,
0.026163212954998016,
0.005694580264389515,
0.06792648136615753,
0.05932443588972092,
0.005367880221456289,
0.03003716468811035,
0.004383925814181566,
-0.024611100554466248,
-0.056909386068582535,
0.06624670326709747,
0.026390688493847847,
-0.022974349558353424,
-0.06420479714870453,
0.06437141448259354,
0.02295357547700405,
-0.03591235354542732,
0.0015962511533871293,
0.005932870786637068,
-0.04650850221514702,
-0.02214246243238449,
-0.0016258814139291644,
0.002006232738494873,
-0.01728350855410099,
0.06303563714027405,
0.002953441347926855,
0.035147134214639664,
0.0919642224907875,
0.006637154147028923,
-0.027082469314336777,
0.013020463287830353,
0.0812200978398323,
0.049531489610672,
0.058347150683403015,
-0.03270445764064789,
0.0721556767821312,
-0.06654562056064606,
-0.0120324632152915,
0.03496696427464485,
0.03805844485759735,
-0.02653309889137745,
-0.05704601854085922,
0.023466842249035835,
0.08123801648616791,
-0.0058654421009123325,
0.06614042073488235,
-0.06837636232376099,
-0.02310832403600216,
0.0459052138030529,
0.020006947219371796,
-0.0015462825540453196,
0.06903545558452606,
0.012773260474205017,
-0.019213838502764702,
0.008109365589916706,
-0.020836317911744118,
-0.0015017512487247586,
-0.006625683046877384,
-0.008081375621259212,
0.01403641328215599,
-0.005248900968581438,
0.012819732539355755,
-0.020549030974507332,
0.03568454459309578,
0.10058499127626419,
-0.034333888441324234,
-0.04332251474261284,
0.017751501873135567,
-0.015342023223638535,
0.014881176874041557,
0.057903893291950226,
-0.016493095085024834,
-0.030648158863186836,
0.023072417825460434,
-0.045013681054115295,
-0.00101901451125741,
0.004899663385003805,
-0.030236411839723587,
0.017829330638051033,
-0.04519486427307129,
-0.030938662588596344,
0.031039170920848846,
0.01931467466056347,
-0.04191289842128754,
-0.05326703190803528,
-0.05203912407159805,
-0.06957130134105682,
-0.03620987385511398,
-0.040658917278051376,
0.03708283230662346,
0.006246491335332394,
-0.053433433175086975,
-0.053362540900707245,
-0.03356824815273285,
0.022509688511490822,
0.03794927895069122,
-0.0657707154750824,
-0.02848423831164837,
0.023943854495882988,
-0.014271032996475697,
-0.003909795079380274,
0.036622144281864166,
0.01896979659795761,
-0.024399790912866592,
-0.00595640204846859,
0.015961384400725365,
0.047715723514556885,
-0.003115901257842779,
-0.0231337733566761,
-0.03182011470198631,
-0.11201824247837067,
0.0020034785848110914,
0.0319225899875164,
-0.013303100131452084,
-0.06840100884437561,
-0.006601986475288868,
-0.03559346869587898,
0.05390239506959915,
0.0846928060054779,
0.004986936692148447,
0.049977242946624756,
-0.047632940113544464,
-0.0102638378739357,
-0.011774522252380848,
0.016538824886083603,
0.0651988759636879,
-0.013216923922300339,
0.07225070893764496,
0.03884798288345337,
-0.032929062843322754,
-0.048614051192998886,
0.021756930276751518,
-0.024418113753199577,
-0.00684863468632102,
-0.00035561248660087585,
-0.012982630170881748,
-0.035509783774614334,
-0.10082853585481644,
-0.024794824421405792,
0.0131349116563797,
0.005716326180845499,
-0.039804741740226746,
-0.0036209954414516687,
0.003277032868936658,
-0.02496909908950329,
-0.014932649210095406,
-0.016328681260347366,
-0.023290155455470085,
-0.013917792588472366,
-0.02908652275800705,
-0.05022423341870308,
0.025802476331591606,
-0.05463149771094322,
-0.012414361350238323,
-0.036292869597673416,
-0.034824732691049576,
-0.008423696272075176,
0.022284716367721558,
0.03686109185218811,
0.03869989514350891,
0.03514276444911957,
-0.024107551202178
] |
3,495
|
Knowledge Distillation with Multi-granularity Mixture of Priors for Image Super-Resolution
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=cWHonXThtM
|
[
"Simiao Li",
"Yun Zhang",
"Wei Li",
"Hanting Chen",
"Wenjia Wang",
"Bingyi Jing",
"Shaohui Lin",
"Jie Hu"
] |
Spotlight
|
Knowledge distillation (KD) is a promising yet challenging model compression approach that transmits rich learning representations from robust but resource-demanding teacher models to efficient student models. Previous methods for image super-resolution (SR) are often tailored to specific teacher-student architectures, limiting their potential for improvement and hindering broader applications. This work presents a novel KD framework for SR models, the multi-granularity Mixture of Priors Knowledge Distillation (MiPKD), which can be universally applied to a wide range of architectures at both feature and block levels. The teacher’s knowledge is effectively integrated with the student's feature via the Feature Prior Mixer, and the reconstructed feature propagates dynamically in the training phase with the Block Prior Mixer. Extensive experiments illustrate the significance of the proposed MiPKD technique.
|
Image Super-Resolution, Knowledge Distillation, Model Compression
| null | 7,476
|
2404.02573
|
[
0.0055392044596374035,
0.007786591071635485,
-0.021223194897174835,
0.06788627803325653,
0.06803526729345322,
0.02248581312596798,
0.02645707316696644,
-0.04830257222056389,
-0.04141566529870033,
-0.01743459329009056,
-0.015440152958035469,
-0.02151634730398655,
-0.021744202822446823,
0.031201539561152458,
0.018460871651768684,
0.06339374929666519,
0.039567891508340836,
-0.0017576237441971898,
0.0026118806563317776,
0.06699143350124359,
-0.010137793608009815,
-0.052730705589056015,
0.03375528007745743,
0.0036660984624177217,
-0.0016035651788115501,
-0.010107493959367275,
-0.0065644546411931515,
0.026127072051167488,
-0.015837809070944786,
-0.03825753182172775,
0.03164029121398926,
-0.009705747477710247,
0.026681777089834213,
-0.024635348469018936,
0.041849907487630844,
-0.015229130163788795,
-0.047968316823244095,
-0.0015882080188021064,
-0.004328410606831312,
0.02921382151544094,
-0.02709471434354782,
0.005308555904775858,
0.0075344666838645935,
0.001891275867819786,
-0.053412001579999924,
-0.016901308670639992,
-0.08694295585155487,
0.04011332616209984,
0.0009348735911771655,
-0.006493364926427603,
-0.07634259760379791,
0.01624448411166668,
0.010894181206822395,
0.004253992810845375,
0.00022852122492622584,
0.03220991790294647,
0.03178034722805023,
-0.051848944276571274,
-0.002300559775903821,
-0.0346398688852787,
-0.03400741517543793,
-0.010736084543168545,
0.01100124977529049,
0.011206883937120438,
0.008665723726153374,
-0.029550660401582718,
-0.006744103040546179,
0.052751194685697556,
-0.02658422850072384,
-0.06515595316886902,
0.0033200804609805346,
-0.01796058937907219,
0.0244853887706995,
0.0017552388599142432,
0.006190513260662556,
-0.030355649068951607,
0.04852302372455597,
-0.03260999172925949,
0.06217145919799805,
-0.004168949089944363,
0.029850635677576065,
0.010074539110064507,
-0.00026566602173261344,
0.03759200870990753,
-0.013908833265304565,
0.008070943877100945,
-0.01052199024707079,
-0.011869990266859531,
-0.04421402886509895,
0.042074285447597504,
-0.025736844167113304,
-0.05162089690566063,
0.023011721670627594,
0.01802525483071804,
0.036295026540756226,
-0.014591804705560207,
-0.00046623183880001307,
0.00508021330460906,
0.03507630154490471,
-0.0054571786895394325,
-0.035597559064626694,
-0.026975030079483986,
0.022875817492604256,
0.03380779176950455,
-0.07160040736198425,
-0.005341389216482639,
-0.02892172709107399,
-0.021533457562327385,
-0.01108633168041706,
0.006048835348337889,
-0.016816632822155952,
0.00895204208791256,
0.00035147214657627046,
-0.02430572919547558,
-0.07941439002752304,
0.029650434851646423,
0.004508987069129944,
0.02836381457746029,
-0.03274865448474884,
-0.0072379629127681255,
0.03929058834910393,
0.07073333114385605,
0.0078427754342556,
0.050189848989248276,
0.008209184743463993,
-0.004566565155982971,
-0.014051703736186028,
0.028572801500558853,
-0.058978743851184845,
0.022948065772652626,
-0.01133744977414608,
0.029676932841539383,
0.003261837875470519,
-0.010436342097818851,
0.016218680888414383,
-0.026852698996663094,
0.02766902558505535,
0.008292370475828648,
0.024449538439512253,
-0.029931945726275444,
0.020004229620099068,
-0.028964517638087273,
0.038476232439279556,
-0.03759222850203514,
0.05504590645432472,
0.0004430826229508966,
0.047299575060606,
-0.010797649621963501,
-0.01669458858668804,
-0.004092213697731495,
0.002017668914049864,
-0.022901922464370728,
0.015996601432561874,
-0.06287821382284164,
0.022129444405436516,
0.06365563720464706,
-0.030979175120592117,
0.0033008516766130924,
-0.003693417413160205,
-0.012621243484318256,
-0.007488089147955179,
-0.021312598139047623,
0.019122106954455376,
-0.008386119268834591,
0.0019301532302051783,
-0.074684739112854,
0.03662155568599701,
0.05894095450639725,
-0.014129986986517906,
0.008031794801354408,
-0.04290779307484627,
-0.05254019796848297,
0.040930818766355515,
-0.003629049751907587,
-0.011556866578757763,
0.009769744239747524,
0.07232510298490524,
0.01993188075721264,
0.04727981984615326,
0.021003149449825287,
-0.08643069118261337,
0.009675877168774605,
-0.021242568269371986,
-0.06338488310575485,
-0.03170714154839516,
-0.02670520544052124,
0.09573651850223541,
-0.04727066680788994,
0.0019382003229111433,
0.03079521842300892,
-0.081052765250206,
-0.005234879907220602,
0.0018947592470794916,
-0.0417337603867054,
0.06697162985801697,
0.05082053691148758,
-0.027308771386742592,
-0.00932584423571825,
0.0383441261947155,
0.030902843922376633,
0.039981648325920105,
-0.02131740376353264,
0.07149747759103775,
-0.01021829154342413,
-0.019609767943620682,
0.014108828268945217,
0.0398070327937603,
-0.05950586497783661,
0.001371183549053967,
0.005016946233808994,
-0.01732581853866577,
-0.009816096164286137,
-0.003251133020967245,
-0.0075581069104373455,
0.01824112981557846,
0.009681599214673042,
-0.023781832307577133,
-0.019391480833292007,
0.02721099741756916,
-0.02851784974336624,
0.04304291307926178,
0.02852056547999382,
-0.03228505328297615,
0.04122905433177948,
-0.016237059608101845,
0.09830402582883835,
0.06149938702583313,
-0.015712156891822815,
0.016566229984164238,
-0.025088747963309288,
-0.01901075430214405,
-0.011290202848613262,
0.03560984879732132,
-0.018983393907546997,
0.01782885752618313,
-0.014131322503089905,
0.02559213526546955,
0.016971739009022713,
0.0487697459757328,
-0.06644503772258759,
-0.03305122256278992,
0.07293768227100372,
-0.010440400801599026,
0.04409138113260269,
0.014295036904513836,
0.0027690737042576075,
0.06669358164072037,
0.02624119631946087,
-0.024685556069016457,
-0.019595930352807045,
0.014188703149557114,
0.01412392221391201,
-0.00032217137049883604,
-0.030636712908744812,
0.024716464802622795,
-0.05300488322973251,
-0.015926500782370567,
-0.01457033958286047,
0.08113525807857513,
0.023842180147767067,
-0.015037397854030132,
0.019844723865389824,
0.03146789222955704,
-0.048206627368927,
-0.03363711014389992,
-0.081403449177742,
0.002571760443970561,
-0.04706113412976265,
0.04373921453952789,
0.005151369143277407,
0.0381709523499012,
0.009628699161112309,
0.04818780720233917,
-0.013206490315496922,
-0.019550461322069168,
0.005855273455381393,
0.012516114860773087,
0.05138067156076431,
-0.03462104871869087,
-0.004641501698642969,
0.014243513345718384,
0.08351211249828339,
-0.004663389176130295,
-0.008369975723326206,
-0.05528978630900383,
-0.042642008513212204,
-0.012170972302556038,
-0.03247517719864845,
-0.01600244827568531,
-0.014279542490839958,
0.043551038950681686,
0.022621240466833115,
-0.01915036141872406,
0.0062842234037816525,
0.04136817529797554,
0.054602399468421936,
0.040518853813409805,
-0.008198339492082596,
-0.04347648471593857,
0.03374813124537468,
-0.02469577081501484,
0.039897967129945755,
-0.0020627337507903576,
0.025221750140190125,
-0.018458975479006767,
0.011415453627705574,
0.009676056914031506,
-0.000497911125421524,
-0.27182915806770325,
0.027376797050237656,
0.010642822831869125,
-0.007848412729799747,
0.05315665155649185,
-0.0408104807138443,
0.035435665398836136,
-0.0440826378762722,
-0.04566144198179245,
0.023107973858714104,
0.024733252823352814,
-0.012316223233938217,
-0.013453514315187931,
0.048531025648117065,
0.040460254997015,
0.01354160625487566,
-0.014823982492089272,
-0.013341432437300682,
0.012559338472783566,
0.03593628853559494,
-0.007155376486480236,
-0.04263709485530853,
-0.02364707738161087,
0.05903197452425957,
-0.014811299741268158,
0.010829287581145763,
-0.06926988810300827,
-0.0005418342771008611,
-0.02895498089492321,
-0.02222946286201477,
-0.004544942639768124,
-0.02538076601922512,
-0.014480951242148876,
0.058121487498283386,
-0.0388406477868557,
0.02364993281662464,
0.054572947323322296,
-0.010594540275633335,
0.0523475706577301,
-0.01794222928583622,
0.02245335653424263,
0.0007232471834868193,
-0.003603232791647315,
0.017474964261054993,
0.0530974380671978,
0.017173122614622116,
-0.037359818816185,
-0.008473426103591919,
-0.034735407680273056,
0.04881232604384422,
-0.016973096877336502,
-0.006700838450342417,
-0.013928390108048916,
0.01688775233924389,
-0.02366447262465954,
-0.029780974611639977,
0.04124468192458153,
-0.013586527667939663,
-0.0026619182899594307,
-0.0005867849104106426,
-0.002681933343410492,
-0.0717180147767067,
-0.023993631824851036,
-0.013454154133796692,
-0.0005886231083422899,
-0.047311071306467056,
-0.06223508343100548,
-0.06744841486215591,
0.024372396990656853,
0.021810906007885933,
-0.03523848578333855,
-0.009388706646859646,
-0.024591587483882904,
-0.08874492347240448,
0.03006383404135704,
0.006758714560419321,
-0.01420011930167675,
-0.016238922253251076,
0.0046294680796563625,
0.06928519159555435,
-0.017247112467885017,
-0.048019006848335266,
0.036608245223760605,
0.028896719217300415,
0.0060582831501960754,
-0.02314765751361847,
0.0008590936777181923,
-0.03297698125243187,
-0.018440039828419685,
-0.018345633521676064,
0.04826265200972557,
-0.00005236047218204476,
0.02164633385837078,
0.01834411546587944,
0.034554239362478256,
0.0720943883061409,
0.03213443607091904,
0.062451861798763275,
0.02015761286020279,
-0.00908216554671526,
0.026338739320635796,
-0.06536031514406204,
-0.02669556625187397,
-0.03130127862095833,
-0.04580748826265335,
0.0005353055894374847,
-0.0325828455388546,
-0.004207337275147438,
0.031978871673345566,
0.019344426691532135,
-0.04787624999880791,
-0.02769981138408184,
0.024784285575151443,
0.00014449861191678792,
0.003126611467450857,
0.016755791381001472,
0.004044714383780956,
0.010728271678090096,
0.045046087354421616,
-0.02070591412484646,
-0.01046319492161274,
0.06314489990472794,
-0.02311611920595169,
-0.00685531459748745,
0.0151722002774477,
-0.007284920196980238,
-0.015087581239640713,
-0.015092488378286362,
0.006338588893413544,
-0.04424918442964554,
0.01943211816251278,
0.03196004033088684,
0.031000617891550064,
0.029724547639489174,
0.06084273010492325,
0.009947340004146099,
-0.017568543553352356,
-0.018872564658522606,
0.030665801838040352,
-0.01770086959004402,
0.019528241828083992,
-0.0061464328318834305,
0.06447193771600723,
-0.0034526060335338116,
0.002532131737098098,
0.006142678204923868,
0.00980391539633274,
0.02436130680143833,
-0.0054007163271307945,
-0.017902925610542297,
0.008682399056851864,
-0.02963678166270256,
-0.03278550133109093,
-0.02146795019507408,
0.011629925109446049,
-0.016436977311968803,
0.03165438026189804,
-0.021777544170618057,
0.05015239119529724,
-0.0612935796380043,
0.04336211830377579,
0.03907044976949692,
-0.05293738469481468,
-0.038972705602645874,
0.02450396865606308,
0.048370592296123505,
0.02291395701467991,
-0.01935638301074505,
0.02964717522263527,
0.019033776596188545,
0.027366461232304573,
-0.0319124236702919,
-0.03196926414966583,
-0.06318420171737671,
0.007708461955189705,
0.03292277082800865,
-0.009724589064717293,
-0.004153119400143623,
-0.047384701669216156,
0.037262458354234695,
0.0466071292757988,
-0.004655413795262575,
0.0003068334481213242,
-0.0017468453152105212,
0.07257704436779022,
0.032199449837207794,
-0.0047945259138941765,
-0.031236393377184868,
-0.03524142503738403,
0.016811475157737732,
-0.0035817530006170273,
0.029461396858096123,
-0.03053213097155094,
-0.0138016976416111,
-0.03538353368639946,
-0.0406334288418293,
0.011001866310834885,
0.05591009184718132,
-0.016074471175670624,
0.005629586987197399,
0.0008378584170714021,
-0.01201531570404768,
-0.03250839561223984,
-0.0013868631795048714,
0.040904175490140915,
-0.0634298026561737,
0.023213939741253853,
0.04749756306409836,
-0.04942895099520683,
-0.025504672899842262,
-0.019309720024466515,
-0.02262459322810173,
-0.059416208416223526,
-0.03702561929821968,
0.001991880824789405,
-0.015711983665823936,
-0.0015405701706185937,
-0.009129321202635765,
0.008276031352579594,
-0.016627218574285507,
0.030998077243566513,
0.015054919756948948,
0.019800754263997078,
-0.015460568480193615,
-0.008124352432787418,
0.07251475751399994,
-0.05516815558075905,
0.039865728467702866,
0.0023181585129350424,
-0.03957272320985794,
0.026061804965138435,
-0.04541713371872902,
-0.009116223081946373,
0.061947450041770935,
-0.0031776169780641794,
0.030747151002287865,
-0.020502164959907532,
0.033101554960012436,
-0.03399965912103653,
-0.04255874082446098,
-0.0016594361513853073,
-0.0003356949891895056,
-0.03013002872467041,
0.019888313487172127,
-0.006468155421316624,
0.030956367030739784,
-0.014111990109086037,
-0.0014475450152531266,
0.024956749752163887,
0.002269336022436619,
-0.003801771905273199,
-0.013843302614986897,
-0.03992247208952904,
-0.0006506058853119612,
0.07939524948596954,
-0.06027870625257492,
-0.029848376289010048,
-0.07977290451526642,
-0.027327120304107666,
0.023742737248539925,
-0.008367522619664669,
0.021833475679159164,
-0.011204659938812256,
0.01586839184165001,
0.0314713753759861,
0.007993706502020359,
-0.023133661597967148,
-0.03562942519783974,
0.03002559207379818,
-0.003222629427909851,
0.025125814601778984,
-0.05184892937541008,
-0.02407829836010933,
0.07708164304494858,
-0.07127935439348221,
0.0021963100880384445,
-0.015625890344381332,
-0.04990823194384575,
-0.02091829665005207,
-0.02601098269224167,
-0.054785676300525665,
0.00564173050224781,
-0.04132474586367607,
-0.0012071736855432391,
0.01593269407749176,
-0.0610806867480278,
-0.02612060308456421,
-0.05727282539010048,
-0.06585174053907394,
-0.0049313511699438095,
-0.02386738359928131,
0.04158958047628403,
0.0062977927736938,
-0.006427090149372816,
-0.029301799833774567,
-0.022156421095132828,
0.009643539786338806,
0.0704832598567009,
0.010723836719989777,
0.019390154629945755,
-0.0306075569242239,
0.08053965866565704,
0.026462581008672714,
0.01975332200527191,
0.01174977794289589,
-0.014267764054238796,
-0.008802494965493679,
-0.04588501527905464,
0.059188857674598694,
-0.003431434277445078,
0.011213629506528378,
-0.08086755871772766,
0.0306889396160841,
0.024178843945264816,
-0.032478976994752884,
-0.03516165912151337,
0.09306532889604568,
-0.06984817236661911,
0.01477100607007742,
-0.014382557943463326,
0.0028282583225518465,
0.00561443530023098,
0.040414709597826004,
-0.030032068490982056,
-0.0019518517656251788,
0.03549788519740105,
0.02880406193435192,
-0.02520165778696537,
-0.011812767945230007,
0.05846121534705162,
0.030347514897584915,
0.010270711034536362,
0.006169014610350132,
0.0805516242980957,
-0.015940001234412193,
-0.016067948192358017,
0.028644831851124763,
0.016287513077259064,
0.000775120803155005,
-0.036014627665281296,
0.015310654416680336,
0.12214723974466324,
0.004263692069798708,
0.06309588253498077,
-0.036437466740608215,
-0.023966822773218155,
0.061292875558137894,
-0.006032496225088835,
0.001335577224381268,
0.023480257019400597,
0.013932379893958569,
0.010577533394098282,
0.0057393512688577175,
-0.00557118933647871,
-0.012598087079823017,
-0.026227906346321106,
-0.008218836970627308,
-0.03935050591826439,
-0.03336662799119949,
0.014691864140331745,
0.0433395579457283,
0.017104294151067734,
0.08622513711452484,
-0.01791994646191597,
-0.06421786546707153,
-0.010851300321519375,
0.03812926262617111,
0.0010457588359713554,
0.06257926672697067,
0.03053736872971058,
-0.02946864813566208,
0.004780638497322798,
-0.029865995049476624,
0.0098876329138875,
-0.003127278992906213,
-0.014797226525843143,
0.007894839160144329,
-0.015302998945116997,
-0.0350441038608551,
0.022700311616063118,
-0.0028834184631705284,
-0.044633641839027405,
-0.05397704243659973,
-0.07039406150579453,
-0.052372220903635025,
-0.06454037874937057,
-0.028379155322909355,
0.04152873903512955,
0.0027544950135052204,
-0.053191881626844406,
-0.03264198079705238,
-0.04349144175648689,
-0.0041979593224823475,
0.06192084774374962,
-0.08129342645406723,
0.002779886592179537,
0.030348902568221092,
-0.017108691856265068,
-0.03105100803077221,
0.024521611630916595,
0.04183414578437805,
-0.024495679885149002,
0.022223252803087234,
0.03741055727005005,
0.017016880214214325,
0.024189405143260956,
-0.045390695333480835,
-0.02538023330271244,
-0.08787065744400024,
-0.00009241146472049877,
0.04815555736422539,
-0.03811630234122276,
-0.0565362386405468,
0.017129285261034966,
-0.02401444874703884,
0.02465509995818138,
0.07249923795461655,
0.018820593133568764,
0.04841151461005211,
-0.054192181676626205,
-0.021520843729376793,
-0.03601383790373802,
0.020476290956139565,
0.07197276502847672,
-0.02223891019821167,
0.056119926273822784,
0.05067773908376694,
0.003045707708224654,
-0.01847473531961441,
0.022794269025325775,
-0.027530338615179062,
0.05536223202943802,
-0.022467894479632378,
-0.01885741762816906,
-0.03892853111028671,
-0.1319931298494339,
-0.03484422340989113,
0.023471076041460037,
0.011986195109784603,
-0.06068812683224678,
-0.037795789539813995,
0.0024288895074278116,
0.009483406320214272,
-0.013775425031781197,
-0.01997712440788746,
-0.0023453107569366693,
-0.05024997517466545,
-0.03268372640013695,
-0.03199860081076622,
0.023217275738716125,
0.03669936582446098,
0.014238075353205204,
-0.011592600494623184,
-0.020189249888062477,
-0.016794491559267044,
0.010839149355888367,
0.032315365970134735,
0.0182906836271286,
0.031105469912290573,
-0.03632599860429764
] |
3,496
|
Controlling Language and Diffusion Models by Transporting Activations
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=l2zFn6TIQi
|
[
"Pau Rodriguez",
"Arno Blaas",
"Michal Klein",
"Luca Zappella",
"Nicholas Apostoloff",
"marco cuturi",
"Xavier Suau"
] |
Spotlight
|
The increasing capabilities of large generative models and their ever more widespread deployment have raised concerns about their reliability, safety, and potential misuse. To address these issues, recent works have proposed to control model generation by steering model activations in order to effectively induce or prevent the emergence of concepts or behaviors in the generated output.
In this paper we introduce Activation Transport (AcT), a general framework to steer activations guided by optimal transport theory that generalizes many previous activation-steering works. AcT is modality-agnostic and provides fine-grained control over the model behavior with negligible computational overhead, while minimally impacting model abilities. We experimentally show the effectiveness and versatility of our approach by addressing key challenges in large language models (LLMs) and text-to-image diffusion models (T2Is). For LLMs, we show that AcT can effectively mitigate toxicity, induce arbitrary concepts, and increase their truthfulness. In T2Is, we show how AcT enables fine-grained style control and concept negation.
|
controllability, generative models, toxicity, diffusion
|
We propose an inference-time intervention framework based on Optimal Transport that generalizes previous methods and allows interpretable control of both LLMs and Diffusion models.
| 7,460
|
2410.23054
|
[
-0.045464400202035904,
0.0010652778437361121,
-0.019276771694421768,
0.049458883702754974,
0.04324999824166298,
0.003324675839394331,
0.0349462516605854,
-0.00198183860629797,
-0.006072938442230225,
-0.027341440320014954,
-0.01108808908611536,
0.0245714969933033,
-0.037484169006347656,
0.014179972931742668,
-0.007049020379781723,
0.055364787578582764,
0.015681367367506027,
-0.015950171276926994,
0.025149738416075706,
0.009669180028140545,
-0.01968460902571678,
-0.016585558652877808,
0.04708625376224518,
0.019366350024938583,
0.055822134017944336,
-0.019107485190033913,
0.010131604969501495,
-0.02115360088646412,
-0.014583234675228596,
-0.005774474237114191,
0.0341726616024971,
-0.006139793898910284,
-0.011896440759301186,
-0.011322102509438992,
-0.004245187621563673,
-0.009747292846441269,
-0.04850798845291138,
0.0001328303333139047,
0.025301413610577583,
0.005986301694065332,
-0.04832419008016586,
0.014905835501849651,
-0.028559954836964607,
-0.01754879765212536,
-0.06123094633221626,
0.000584046880248934,
-0.12882041931152344,
0.028661565855145454,
0.020000025629997253,
-0.053844090551137924,
-0.11803329735994339,
0.0219433531165123,
-0.0011939385440200567,
-0.013812039978802204,
0.02907838113605976,
0.016037769615650177,
0.027969038113951683,
-0.07148446142673492,
0.0018155814614146948,
-0.06668522953987122,
-0.03073292225599289,
0.03423459827899933,
-0.003318443661555648,
0.0059119900688529015,
-0.006177071947604418,
-0.022634228691458702,
-0.0012373387580737472,
0.033835675567388535,
-0.06533458828926086,
-0.059788890182971954,
-0.04912053048610687,
0.022256623953580856,
-0.00792941078543663,
-0.010068320669233799,
-0.004222847521305084,
-0.04768533632159233,
0.010770975612103939,
0.03045550361275673,
0.054151684045791626,
-0.031280070543289185,
-0.00011501873086672276,
0.024624526500701904,
-0.0008429564768448472,
0.04177035018801689,
0.02417607419192791,
-0.007630741689354181,
-0.0371059887111187,
-0.0013007794041186571,
-0.04773135855793953,
0.007026876788586378,
-0.05000321567058563,
-0.04560956731438637,
-0.014260444790124893,
0.008855998516082764,
0.029419803991913795,
0.0011054743081331253,
0.015019024722278118,
0.02296050824224949,
-0.00045859350939281285,
0.03301430866122246,
-0.017300643026828766,
-0.03263859078288078,
-0.0045085689052939415,
0.019815169274806976,
-0.10763690620660782,
-0.015741875395178795,
-0.032281048595905304,
-0.027474045753479004,
0.006962333805859089,
-0.004253396298736334,
-0.027969544753432274,
-0.029453104361891747,
-0.0038931143935769796,
-0.027190256863832474,
-0.08671411871910095,
0.022239523008465767,
0.008629043586552143,
-0.0001571831089677289,
0.030142053961753845,
0.0033863382413983345,
0.05134120211005211,
0.04537750780582428,
0.006372594274580479,
0.05620503053069115,
-0.018820075318217278,
0.022316237911581993,
0.027438677847385406,
0.01993507333099842,
-0.03246195614337921,
-0.04100296273827553,
0.021198101341724396,
0.03386513143777847,
0.024288015440106392,
0.011277953162789345,
-0.00729019520804286,
0.0015698268543928862,
0.041747432202100754,
0.03098524548113346,
0.0485307052731514,
-0.0016693195793777704,
0.010099991224706173,
-0.00971000175923109,
0.045285820960998535,
-0.012993426993489265,
0.06607034057378769,
-0.029352381825447083,
-0.041384268552064896,
-0.018039483577013016,
-0.031280841678380966,
0.025473779067397118,
0.028375009074807167,
-0.008667929098010063,
-0.0005815704935230315,
-0.05957016721367836,
0.017659878358244896,
0.06449276953935623,
0.021297922357916832,
0.0269085131585598,
0.0064696152694523335,
-0.015967871993780136,
0.01837925799190998,
-0.01421878021210432,
-0.05023559555411339,
-0.016673197969794273,
-0.008363140746951103,
-0.046698641031980515,
0.0030083165038377047,
0.014082527719438076,
-0.045972440391778946,
-0.02057570219039917,
-0.03264845535159111,
-0.026349160820245743,
0.04236993566155434,
0.00522976228967309,
-0.016832169145345688,
0.0009140235488303006,
0.02859782800078392,
0.014937627129256725,
0.024279143661260605,
0.03562212362885475,
-0.07223383337259293,
0.03034556470811367,
0.007667024154216051,
0.01209446880966425,
0.02433423139154911,
-0.03209890052676201,
0.06135415658354759,
-0.020606528967618942,
0.009525984525680542,
0.04447081312537193,
-0.07271823287010193,
-0.032307062298059464,
0.03796430304646492,
-0.020778838545084,
0.053194187581539154,
0.015370517037808895,
-0.00773162255063653,
0.06636008620262146,
0.05544433742761612,
0.052417803555727005,
0.0645008534193039,
-0.027243437245488167,
0.05184204876422882,
-0.03397186100482941,
-0.004370540846139193,
-0.012274778448045254,
0.03067358396947384,
-0.05407930538058281,
-0.057111579924821854,
0.03692813962697983,
-0.035668715834617615,
-0.008852098137140274,
0.009123142808675766,
-0.010293527506291866,
0.027174467220902443,
-0.005067318212240934,
-0.03156162425875664,
0.036798201501369476,
-0.004482615739107132,
-0.06329461187124252,
0.03301393240690231,
0.029175572097301483,
-0.011815815232694149,
0.026960760354995728,
-0.043343957513570786,
0.09279230982065201,
0.056915897876024246,
-0.027570147067308426,
0.001951774349436164,
0.03587547317147255,
-0.0012262538075447083,
0.011986948549747467,
0.004759760107845068,
-0.02143046446144581,
0.01571405865252018,
-0.043161503970623016,
0.012028899043798447,
-0.013226273469626904,
0.045131098479032516,
-0.040523555129766464,
-0.0001778580481186509,
0.07038477063179016,
-0.019919337704777718,
0.0653671845793724,
-0.023471489548683167,
0.04362551122903824,
0.05689253658056259,
-0.03271888941526413,
-0.011274008080363274,
-0.027737153694033623,
-0.00907090026885271,
0.005111296195536852,
0.0003557430754881352,
-0.022895121946930885,
0.019869953393936157,
-0.027086686342954636,
-0.005384513642638922,
-0.021326683461666107,
0.06886885315179825,
0.04672114923596382,
-0.003567494684830308,
0.02514546364545822,
-0.012613823637366295,
-0.025517325848340988,
0.0001229652261827141,
-0.09839428961277008,
0.002614709548652172,
0.0045304871164262295,
0.027519946917891502,
0.0015896301483735442,
0.052706483751535416,
-0.02859681472182274,
0.020797591656446457,
-0.025500157848000526,
-0.020956354215741158,
0.010224844329059124,
-0.004018790554255247,
0.006905825342983007,
-0.03121073730289936,
0.0025163914542645216,
0.0008188335341401398,
0.08970149606466293,
0.00287462305277586,
0.009838190861046314,
-0.03302515298128128,
-0.03931325301527977,
-0.013314810581505299,
-0.008534401655197144,
0.009998833760619164,
0.022228039801120758,
0.03355803340673447,
-0.006775371264666319,
-0.010006238706409931,
0.009916889481246471,
0.007821638137102127,
0.07856079190969467,
0.034300077706575394,
0.0011426536366343498,
-0.03076765686273575,
0.028499022126197815,
0.00002108876287820749,
0.003955125343054533,
-0.014969750307500362,
0.049960508942604065,
0.014280399307608604,
-0.014367802068591118,
0.021115506067872047,
0.012572633102536201,
-0.28592434525489807,
0.0031523345969617367,
0.017344094812870026,
-0.009263664484024048,
0.007851448841392994,
0.006493257824331522,
0.04711712896823883,
-0.038955677300691605,
-0.02482481673359871,
0.026250343769788742,
-0.004250565078109503,
0.03555732220411301,
-0.012461286969482899,
0.049289584159851074,
0.05748322233557701,
0.03976825624704361,
0.00033937167609110475,
-0.059912700206041336,
0.00681802025064826,
0.018924765288829803,
-0.023073658347129822,
-0.04503524303436279,
-0.02151256985962391,
0.024897906929254532,
-0.007399263326078653,
0.024612005800008774,
-0.0965745747089386,
0.001621800009161234,
-0.024057921022176743,
-0.0010184370912611485,
-0.008750306442379951,
-0.04465639591217041,
0.01347684022039175,
0.01947968266904354,
-0.006885542534291744,
-0.0022407996002584696,
0.03598475456237793,
0.019061261788010597,
0.03617982566356659,
-0.022949663922190666,
0.023233264684677124,
-0.0008618389256298542,
-0.023895278573036194,
-0.0016016726149246097,
0.057299595326185226,
-0.032006338238716125,
-0.0394609309732914,
-0.004014489706605673,
0.004731487482786179,
0.04773818328976631,
-0.012277986854314804,
-0.03536507487297058,
-0.020171742886304855,
0.02566736564040184,
0.004152389243245125,
-0.01814553327858448,
0.003246201202273369,
-0.024559197947382927,
0.005036829970777035,
0.026187246665358543,
-0.003159790299832821,
-0.014710932970046997,
-0.01291678473353386,
-0.020164621993899345,
0.004343927372246981,
-0.016444172710180283,
-0.07734262943267822,
-0.04993772506713867,
0.03812966123223305,
0.023781845346093178,
-0.020162589848041534,
0.010251924395561218,
0.007902758195996284,
-0.10747324675321579,
-0.008444111794233322,
0.022209227085113525,
-0.04884999245405197,
-0.03157079592347145,
-0.018041590228676796,
0.029022514820098877,
-0.05285412445664406,
-0.033223848789930344,
-0.028120260685682297,
0.010382067412137985,
0.0028775124810636044,
-0.022726120427250862,
0.04980817437171936,
-0.03987421840429306,
-0.03155907616019249,
-0.03991226479411125,
0.043307945132255554,
0.04063411429524422,
0.02412790060043335,
-0.0022116024047136307,
0.03931563347578049,
0.02455657720565796,
0.03967734053730965,
0.05897245556116104,
0.04055887088179588,
-0.0013093918096274137,
0.04351607337594032,
-0.08924733102321625,
-0.03008130192756653,
-0.015631932765245438,
-0.033643368631601334,
0.03362240269780159,
-0.07796861976385117,
-0.03706608712673187,
0.017411815002560616,
0.012104121036827564,
-0.03125334531068802,
0.007481914013624191,
0.016705097630620003,
-0.005858973599970341,
-0.012490076012909412,
0.01870645023882389,
-0.00473410589620471,
0.026222437620162964,
0.013352908194065094,
-0.03459665924310684,
-0.039539895951747894,
0.03673446923494339,
-0.03923708572983742,
0.02953566424548626,
0.017933156341314316,
-0.008846077136695385,
0.011687583290040493,
0.010217142291367054,
-0.01703629456460476,
-0.009615813381969929,
0.0384703204035759,
0.024834515526890755,
0.008482175879180431,
-0.00551115907728672,
0.04231864959001541,
-0.02544635534286499,
0.0018860672134906054,
-0.003705995623022318,
-0.006168167572468519,
-0.02532338909804821,
0.009846559725701809,
-0.020375574007630348,
0.030446497723460197,
0.007539686746895313,
0.02834351174533367,
0.01215643621981144,
-0.0005994035745970905,
0.042467329651117325,
0.004701660946011543,
-0.01780560240149498,
0.05386894568800926,
-0.051625076681375504,
-0.04701266065239906,
-0.012141874060034752,
0.0206755418330431,
0.0011678056325763464,
0.005558768752962351,
-0.028883669525384903,
0.036763254553079605,
-0.05247003957629204,
0.04241321235895157,
0.009482957422733307,
-0.0028490920085459948,
0.00886404886841774,
0.01036845613270998,
0.028349557891488075,
-0.03655858337879181,
-0.024038182571530342,
0.028191285207867622,
-0.006376414559781551,
-0.007114434614777565,
-0.018892139196395874,
-0.03420697897672653,
-0.0018659040797501802,
-0.02825617790222168,
0.0329887792468071,
-0.004347335547208786,
-0.04921823367476463,
0.008690014481544495,
0.055314574390649796,
0.010625094175338745,
-0.02513435110449791,
0.002660793252289295,
0.002353009069338441,
0.08047795295715332,
0.0014476178912445903,
0.025165120139718056,
0.006210354156792164,
-0.05289725959300995,
0.0394248329102993,
-0.027593174949288368,
0.014325400814414024,
-0.033510010689496994,
-0.053703244775533676,
-0.02551727183163166,
-0.032190997153520584,
-0.0010308267083019018,
0.028043225407600403,
-0.003600094001740217,
0.013860496692359447,
0.007142938207834959,
0.00022026051010470837,
-0.039786018431186676,
0.002633539028465748,
0.018080884590744972,
-0.06452740728855133,
-0.013540535233914852,
0.023475956171751022,
-0.027430802583694458,
0.05565536022186279,
-0.017955908551812172,
-0.02767232246696949,
-0.07611359655857086,
-0.017226729542016983,
0.030878622084856033,
-0.019609959796071053,
-0.03448042273521423,
-0.03639831766486168,
0.017112471163272858,
0.0050104036927223206,
-0.01382632739841938,
0.0064351800829172134,
-0.031348831951618195,
-0.030418047681450844,
0.004325670190155506,
0.02380233071744442,
-0.05352344363927841,
-0.025131991133093834,
0.006282495800405741,
-0.04254761338233948,
0.015169783495366573,
-0.049272093921899796,
0.025844702497124672,
0.053273603320121765,
0.008652153424918652,
-0.004723708610981703,
-0.029525889083743095,
0.05718113109469414,
0.012357468716800213,
-0.006469639018177986,
0.03065098077058792,
-0.015711620450019836,
-0.04774237424135208,
0.015359622426331043,
0.016519857570528984,
0.032681938260793686,
-0.008386675268411636,
0.004679393023252487,
0.004542241338640451,
0.01442684791982174,
0.02933230623602867,
0.010403801687061787,
-0.03507329523563385,
0.02181188389658928,
0.06454151123762131,
-0.05928418040275574,
-0.018105778843164444,
-0.06823214888572693,
-0.04963015764951706,
0.01077280379831791,
0.004591773729771376,
0.040646497160196304,
-0.04016846790909767,
0.03264092653989792,
0.007937433198094368,
0.008446809835731983,
0.02313879504799843,
-0.019958017393946648,
0.03303033113479614,
-0.02849789895117283,
0.001226420747116208,
-0.07656508684158325,
-0.024629909545183182,
0.037907663732767105,
-0.0784764513373375,
-0.01835968717932701,
0.01622767746448517,
-0.012531368993222713,
0.03735999017953873,
-0.03879057615995407,
-0.047135431319475174,
0.01734985038638115,
0.005928629077970982,
-0.021149784326553345,
0.028656139969825745,
-0.063120998442173,
0.005418263375759125,
-0.035820700228214264,
-0.049555834382772446,
0.010640166699886322,
0.03327178582549095,
0.03908725455403328,
-0.023013433441519737,
0.021646002307534218,
-0.013206047005951405,
0.0045512947253882885,
0.0246717631816864,
0.06447340548038483,
0.00870643649250269,
0.056895166635513306,
-0.022930536419153214,
0.0688318982720375,
0.029888471588492393,
0.03327307105064392,
0.0030590358655899763,
0.008459368720650673,
-0.013012616895139217,
-0.050022076815366745,
0.056551992893218994,
-0.0031771440990269184,
0.003585259662941098,
-0.07693655788898468,
0.0863116979598999,
0.029728543013334274,
-0.05888238921761513,
-0.04240133985877037,
0.057010356336832047,
-0.031148705631494522,
0.002612271113321185,
-0.010360954329371452,
0.011151670478284359,
0.018526507541537285,
0.04727959632873535,
0.016122110188007355,
0.06516589969396591,
0.08244775235652924,
-0.0017138905823230743,
-0.010603358969092369,
0.003397364169359207,
0.0650881975889206,
0.054065458476543427,
0.0672866702079773,
0.013663389720022678,
0.09747928380966187,
-0.010596268810331821,
-0.037771813571453094,
0.027264628559350967,
0.036892637610435486,
-0.012341495603322983,
-0.06534196436405182,
0.021137157455086708,
0.09765741229057312,
-0.02878710627555847,
0.0456530824303627,
-0.041085924953222275,
-0.007390154525637627,
0.049918223172426224,
0.02413323149085045,
-0.0359434075653553,
0.02359117567539215,
0.06530439108610153,
-0.0067054773680865765,
-0.023029157891869545,
0.0035611188504844904,
-0.034690745174884796,
-0.0313304141163826,
0.015337597578763962,
0.03240180015563965,
-0.010812927037477493,
0.003945423290133476,
-0.010205683298408985,
0.04487735033035278,
0.11909490078687668,
-0.032521847635507584,
-0.004938751459121704,
0.00812631193548441,
0.018711131066083908,
-0.016699545085430145,
0.033467378467321396,
-0.017440184950828552,
-0.021746788173913956,
0.017647864297032356,
-0.04336616024374962,
0.015046018175780773,
0.02492794208228588,
0.02912096306681633,
0.046850502490997314,
-0.0340578630566597,
-0.01574443280696869,
0.02045300230383873,
0.02701495960354805,
-0.04216592758893967,
-0.048599619418382645,
-0.0340675413608551,
-0.04376593604683876,
-0.05909564346075058,
-0.05490816757082939,
0.03914152830839157,
-0.020435066893696785,
-0.018126679584383965,
0.007590292952954769,
-0.02210214175283909,
0.004130642395466566,
0.028273316100239754,
-0.06218942627310753,
-0.004327788949012756,
0.03703371062874794,
0.019296418875455856,
-0.039534926414489746,
0.03516292944550514,
0.019963420927524567,
-0.004439337179064751,
-0.012179207056760788,
0.02170279435813427,
0.029826518148183823,
0.03542184457182884,
-0.015311744064092636,
-0.016912778839468956,
-0.11066422611474991,
-0.0002759732014965266,
-0.013371963053941727,
-0.019573312252759933,
-0.09353688359260559,
0.037840936332941055,
-0.028870508074760437,
0.05822862312197685,
0.06616579741239548,
0.008068116381764412,
-0.0035072879400104284,
-0.022141795605421066,
0.018817292526364326,
0.03063499554991722,
0.011512205936014652,
0.056868776679039,
-0.04270634427666664,
0.09526053816080093,
0.07259621471166611,
-0.022452013567090034,
-0.04020138084888458,
0.013399647548794746,
0.0036826615687459707,
0.007857888005673885,
-0.018351281061768532,
-0.01491229236125946,
-0.015319601632654667,
-0.09778866916894913,
-0.02523774467408657,
0.02152140438556671,
-0.015401815995573997,
-0.025132395327091217,
0.003347186604514718,
-0.03293923661112785,
-0.0043478673323988914,
-0.005648034159094095,
-0.024187685921788216,
-0.049596693366765976,
-0.005572819150984287,
-0.04683559387922287,
-0.03911934792995453,
-0.0023181703872978687,
-0.03930209204554558,
-0.009836756624281406,
-0.010208861902356148,
-0.04153072461485863,
-0.0030636987648904324,
0.003679888555780053,
0.04304318130016327,
-0.04146074876189232,
0.02673020213842392,
-0.024747688323259354
] |
3,497
|
Efficient and Accurate Explanation Estimation with Distribution Compression
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=LiUfN9h0Lx
|
[
"Hubert Baniecki",
"Giuseppe Casalicchio",
"Bernd Bischl",
"Przemyslaw Biecek"
] |
Spotlight
|
We discover a theoretical connection between explanation estimation and distribution compression that significantly improves the approximation of feature attributions, importance, and effects. While the exact computation of various machine learning explanations requires numerous model inferences and becomes impractical, the computational cost of approximation increases with an ever-increasing size of data and model parameters. We show that the standard i.i.d. sampling used in a broad spectrum of algorithms for post-hoc explanation leads to an approximation error worthy of improvement. To this end, we introduce Compress Then Explain (CTE), a new paradigm of sample-efficient explainability. It relies on distribution compression through kernel thinning to obtain a data sample that best approximates its marginal distribution. CTE significantly improves the accuracy and stability of explanation estimation with negligible computational overhead. It often achieves an on-par explanation approximation error 2-3x faster by using fewer samples, i.e. requiring 2-3x fewer model evaluations. CTE is a simple, yet powerful, plug-in for any explanation method that now relies on i.i.d. sampling.
|
explainable ai, feature attributions, feature importance, sampling, kernel thinning
| null | 7,423
|
2406.18334
|
[
-0.01802176609635353,
0.0030411952175199986,
-0.035564929246902466,
0.07430275529623032,
0.050132494419813156,
0.04424573853611946,
-0.013807987794280052,
-0.02039101906120777,
-0.009075162932276726,
-0.030525827780365944,
-0.028250915929675102,
0.030835187062621117,
-0.038916923105716705,
0.019692780449986458,
-0.013691702857613564,
0.08414220809936523,
0.020239049568772316,
0.005119418725371361,
0.02132454328238964,
0.04109298437833786,
0.005741463974118233,
-0.04390331357717514,
0.0043690623715519905,
-0.001481392653658986,
0.031495388597249985,
-0.0271321851760149,
0.03083307296037674,
0.004049626179039478,
-0.04513104259967804,
0.01924593560397625,
0.007703633047640324,
0.028632748872041702,
-0.030181268230080605,
-0.04150891676545143,
-0.025903737172484398,
0.02846801094710827,
-0.03928923234343529,
-0.0029990102630108595,
-0.010900216177105904,
0.02264747954905033,
-0.03290111571550369,
0.0030158006120473146,
0.009285072796046734,
0.04570787400007248,
-0.06455820798873901,
-0.03860181197524071,
-0.07648473232984543,
0.014469403773546219,
-0.02788790874183178,
-0.05469539761543274,
-0.062481097877025604,
0.022430434823036194,
-0.020593425258994102,
-0.016500158235430717,
0.0008287243545055389,
0.09014280885457993,
0.05978074297308922,
-0.07179883867502213,
0.00004267125405021943,
-0.0275125652551651,
-0.06965156644582748,
0.010176466777920723,
0.022289112210273743,
0.014463378116488457,
-0.010799536481499672,
-0.040937814861536026,
-0.024364730343222618,
0.053035859018564224,
-0.03211301192641258,
-0.0692305862903595,
-0.01929151453077793,
-0.00771345803514123,
-0.013876959681510925,
-0.016929112374782562,
-0.003669703146442771,
-0.005705834832042456,
0.044875700026750565,
0.001061441726051271,
0.05677161365747452,
-0.001895264140330255,
-0.015318642370402813,
0.005566075909882784,
0.00614537950605154,
0.03995990753173828,
0.023422224447131157,
-0.01689056120812893,
-0.04056043550372124,
-0.023145539686083794,
-0.05467480048537254,
0.036838386207818985,
-0.0523112453520298,
-0.062439680099487305,
0.03189282491803169,
0.020951908081769943,
-0.00685368524864316,
0.009268557652831078,
0.039378874003887177,
0.0022465912625193596,
-0.003329142229631543,
-0.044307053089141846,
-0.0073069739155471325,
-0.024575356394052505,
0.0006998509052209556,
0.022775255143642426,
-0.10093341767787933,
0.006917945574969053,
0.009472993202507496,
-0.03587253391742706,
-0.028158128261566162,
-0.002587968483567238,
0.0003855684190057218,
-0.0004259752749931067,
-0.002007999224588275,
-0.006518403999507427,
-0.09942691028118134,
0.019495688378810883,
0.02305569499731064,
-0.01089248526841402,
-0.00006896424747537822,
-0.015360315330326557,
0.04314087703824043,
0.08255185931921005,
-0.010049563832581043,
0.09350227564573288,
-0.007052747532725334,
0.030998414382338524,
-0.0011686311336234212,
0.04869431257247925,
-0.03602175414562225,
-0.05147627741098404,
0.016242003068327904,
0.015959367156028748,
0.03036871738731861,
-0.014600332826375961,
0.024795202538371086,
-0.008580353111028671,
-0.0016387400683015585,
-0.010511829517781734,
0.05738739296793938,
-0.019934123381972313,
0.0015426134923473,
-0.034542687237262726,
0.015378303825855255,
-0.002229413716122508,
0.07049407064914703,
-0.03077622689306736,
-0.03861357644200325,
-0.021081412211060524,
-0.030406780540943146,
-0.01302327960729599,
0.004151216708123684,
0.00820841919630766,
-0.008537638932466507,
-0.05833827704191208,
0.00833665020763874,
0.06375662237405777,
-0.012157488614320755,
-0.003068370744585991,
0.03869893029332161,
0.0045921760611236095,
0.028868163004517555,
-0.0012404329609125853,
-0.016182804480195045,
0.007986607030034065,
-0.0018300324445590377,
-0.08392787724733353,
0.02152119018137455,
0.08355793356895447,
-0.02696376107633114,
-0.003936184570193291,
-0.054322775453329086,
-0.01438102312386036,
0.0779937282204628,
0.010502494871616364,
-0.016794877126812935,
0.04714110121130943,
0.07121456414461136,
0.03612273931503296,
0.04891178011894226,
0.020372916013002396,
-0.06821126490831375,
0.02075246162712574,
-0.005789970979094505,
-0.023008164018392563,
0.0011083646677434444,
-0.026303766295313835,
0.09298892319202423,
-0.04390932247042656,
0.013616125099360943,
-0.0011696773581206799,
-0.09236844629049301,
-0.034953124821186066,
0.037985749542713165,
-0.008495773188769817,
0.057611674070358276,
0.016320738941431046,
-0.03064880333840847,
0.03237935155630112,
0.033050086349248886,
0.012242943979799747,
0.01382999774068594,
-0.0003530496032908559,
0.05889357626438141,
0.003894289257004857,
-0.0411544144153595,
0.015285029076039791,
0.0355832502245903,
-0.06980834901332855,
-0.04703882709145546,
-0.004944457672536373,
-0.016985494643449783,
-0.002596464706584811,
0.0024726660922169685,
-0.03437867388129234,
0.025407930836081505,
-0.0003606276004575193,
0.0159147959202528,
-0.004859249573200941,
0.012930898927152157,
-0.04088860750198364,
0.024633226916193962,
0.04430826008319855,
-0.025676896795630455,
0.022140825167298317,
-0.009205454960465431,
0.09519711881875992,
0.07060286402702332,
0.00842000637203455,
0.011731431819498539,
0.023265689611434937,
-0.010238483548164368,
0.008772417902946472,
-0.0032883062958717346,
-0.03931400924921036,
0.0158272385597229,
-0.01629081554710865,
-0.011998556554317474,
-0.044424425810575485,
0.03033399023115635,
-0.05696430802345276,
-0.02075841650366783,
0.08573529869318008,
-0.036367423832416534,
0.05971643701195717,
-0.007582623511552811,
0.0278165303170681,
0.04046536237001419,
0.008411971852183342,
-0.031776368618011475,
-0.0075301178731024265,
0.006887095049023628,
0.013967551290988922,
0.010766119696199894,
-0.030355796217918396,
0.001283249817788601,
-0.03634776547551155,
-0.0030243368819355965,
0.03457654267549515,
0.06144830957055092,
0.03844502195715904,
0.02089102938771248,
-0.015051127411425114,
0.008390756323933601,
-0.0324583575129509,
0.0079543087631464,
-0.11356151103973389,
-0.06907960772514343,
-0.020233862102031708,
0.026863275095820427,
-0.008823534473776817,
0.05203671008348465,
-0.013454140163958073,
0.013728481717407703,
-0.004395175725221634,
-0.024012619629502296,
-0.013614052906632423,
0.035101305693387985,
0.007553952280431986,
-0.04862367734313011,
0.01229145098477602,
0.009008189663290977,
0.08310623466968536,
-0.0036809532903134823,
-0.008233170956373215,
-0.019846005365252495,
-0.04417691379785538,
-0.034954171627759933,
-0.0009426200995221734,
-0.02314281091094017,
0.004948060028254986,
0.024376433342695236,
-0.024600621312856674,
0.0033662014175206423,
-0.007343212608247995,
0.05529464781284332,
0.06957109272480011,
0.06692073494195938,
-0.026978900656104088,
0.02749389223754406,
-0.003535756142809987,
-0.009830458089709282,
-0.003460083855316043,
-0.020342502743005753,
0.007400307804346085,
-0.011110921390354633,
0.0028184764087200165,
0.028457365930080414,
0.008627809584140778,
-0.25589796900749207,
0.00464641023427248,
0.03417803719639778,
-0.009293417446315289,
0.03349342569708824,
-0.044334519654512405,
0.05945682153105736,
-0.016591398045420647,
-0.01272051502019167,
0.004646721761673689,
0.028310831636190414,
0.021509245038032532,
0.01597999781370163,
0.039830371737480164,
0.029895206913352013,
0.037201233208179474,
0.009386933408677578,
0.02026532031595707,
0.010936770588159561,
0.031440895050764084,
0.005290632601827383,
-0.04119882732629776,
-0.026865830644965172,
0.029450448229908943,
0.014635973609983921,
0.009971882216632366,
-0.046428196132183075,
0.013994592241942883,
-0.0610431507229805,
-0.02012447826564312,
0.00018034694949164987,
-0.03921101242303848,
-0.04945455491542816,
0.04986300319433212,
-0.024742674082517624,
-0.002543747192248702,
0.02788661979138851,
0.02168288826942444,
0.01630519889295101,
0.04640711843967438,
0.007200009189546108,
-0.0006274466868489981,
0.013045179657638073,
-0.01522919163107872,
0.02839694544672966,
-0.0212207343429327,
-0.05350764840841293,
0.014346977695822716,
-0.011321929283440113,
0.04015056788921356,
-0.015072626061737537,
-0.02260233834385872,
-0.034002531319856644,
-0.0050680972635746,
-0.007414535619318485,
-0.02284860797226429,
-0.022932300344109535,
-0.014323463663458824,
-0.03654877841472626,
0.006113956682384014,
0.007136484142392874,
-0.05456242710351944,
0.01288516353815794,
-0.05548453330993652,
-0.000006934247267054161,
-0.03855390474200249,
-0.08565829694271088,
-0.06671745330095291,
0.037259556353092194,
0.018807101994752884,
-0.013768238015472889,
0.01808820106089115,
-0.011164586059749126,
-0.07913600653409958,
0.024707842618227005,
-0.012735863216221333,
0.0126350661739707,
0.02061530016362667,
0.014679212123155594,
0.06646613776683807,
-0.03336176648736,
-0.045746248215436935,
0.024282366037368774,
-0.006254108622670174,
0.010961715131998062,
0.006275097839534283,
-0.030881807208061218,
-0.03149864077568054,
-0.04384840279817581,
-0.028916846960783005,
-0.0036122112069278955,
0.03580757603049278,
0.01820017397403717,
0.039362020790576935,
0.028540009632706642,
0.05770682543516159,
0.00486551271751523,
0.07348287105560303,
0.016899405047297478,
0.0014684554189443588,
-0.0058359429240226746,
-0.0991043895483017,
-0.02185247465968132,
-0.042212631553411484,
-0.044520303606987,
0.02240212820470333,
-0.013862626627087593,
-0.03157540783286095,
0.05228452757000923,
-0.025381609797477722,
-0.01278682705014944,
-0.06863871961832047,
-0.0036135332193225622,
0.009472490288317204,
0.00727058295160532,
0.010239984840154648,
0.000014927129086572677,
-0.001901790383271873,
0.01501617580652237,
-0.036987412720918655,
0.028622817248106003,
0.007168991956859827,
-0.033375829458236694,
-0.02258441410958767,
-0.011734250001609325,
0.018959732726216316,
0.0008672958356328309,
0.01562124490737915,
-0.007613120600581169,
-0.012084112502634525,
0.010968754068017006,
0.03157804533839226,
0.01414195355027914,
0.037401728332042694,
0.07687319815158844,
0.007829266600310802,
0.004001471679657698,
-0.010882031172513962,
-0.0309651717543602,
-0.027980368584394455,
-0.0010419009486213326,
-0.006491543725132942,
0.05225040018558502,
0.0282740518450737,
0.048072610050439835,
-0.0010534628527238965,
0.004758668597787619,
-0.01569131389260292,
0.0159541554749012,
-0.047708235681056976,
0.017938710749149323,
-0.021358422935009003,
-0.026768838986754417,
-0.022744042798876762,
0.010518869385123253,
-0.0042585344053804874,
0.02258755825459957,
-0.009896991774439812,
-0.004214751999825239,
-0.05994950234889984,
0.074419304728508,
0.02732054330408573,
-0.0008261959301307797,
-0.0024435557425022125,
0.020259516313672066,
0.05734784156084061,
0.006594102364033461,
0.01290198601782322,
0.006721061188727617,
0.02504781261086464,
0.03399677202105522,
0.007753931451588869,
-0.02161278761923313,
-0.016186950728297234,
0.016938690096139908,
-0.0037733912467956543,
0.015003778971731663,
-0.0010677166283130646,
-0.030033648014068604,
0.03625401109457016,
0.02001437172293663,
-0.0423373281955719,
0.0052717383950948715,
0.0017872356111183763,
0.08251703530550003,
-0.0033860616385936737,
0.023551099002361298,
0.006808572914451361,
-0.017389608547091484,
0.03709958493709564,
-0.008081340231001377,
0.021827248856425285,
-0.03934168443083763,
-0.029481327161192894,
-0.012622429057955742,
-0.03852073848247528,
0.04643600061535835,
0.03708028048276901,
-0.0423739030957222,
0.003603165503591299,
-0.0006436298135668039,
0.010633221827447414,
-0.044756583869457245,
-0.026027215644717216,
0.004537519998848438,
-0.04093922674655914,
0.03228774294257164,
0.05865215137600899,
-0.024158580228686333,
0.01892899163067341,
-0.037740450352430344,
-0.03566289693117142,
-0.0868852436542511,
0.01104306522756815,
0.02024419791996479,
-0.05190068483352661,
0.000974346708972007,
-0.0004458989715203643,
0.02282870002090931,
-0.005551679525524378,
0.021414170041680336,
-0.004235544707626104,
-0.0016044593648985028,
0.0063344743102788925,
0.01652652956545353,
0.029087746515870094,
-0.0005551914218813181,
-0.024625368416309357,
-0.03537709265947342,
-0.03245178237557411,
0.001582927769050002,
-0.044994860887527466,
-0.017553608864545822,
0.06975633651018143,
-0.0015009845374152064,
-0.0027190109249204397,
-0.03690604120492935,
0.03129475191235542,
-0.012599210254848003,
-0.010381766594946384,
-0.013219098560512066,
-0.008754206821322441,
-0.02200697921216488,
-0.012236548587679863,
0.024834943935275078,
0.03833818808197975,
0.017509864643216133,
-0.021803786978125572,
-0.003639430971816182,
0.021359344944357872,
0.040418852120637894,
0.0016349728684872389,
-0.08814191818237305,
0.007065447047352791,
0.056498825550079346,
-0.049815136939287186,
-0.040309809148311615,
-0.053027842193841934,
-0.012518291361629963,
0.026893066242337227,
-0.009214961901307106,
0.007106740027666092,
0.02287621796131134,
-0.02509133517742157,
-0.0017048909794539213,
0.05169307813048363,
-0.013254990801215172,
0.00637856125831604,
0.035762861371040344,
-0.041218582540750504,
-0.013130208477377892,
-0.042785923928022385,
0.0010173231130465865,
0.06229905039072037,
-0.0430975966155529,
-0.004097985103726387,
0.018020857125520706,
-0.048901621252298355,
0.055456362664699554,
-0.022021614015102386,
-0.029432950541377068,
-0.005969406571239233,
-0.011636120267212391,
-0.018876804038882256,
0.017708098515868187,
-0.037497635930776596,
-0.031130429357290268,
0.017129331827163696,
-0.0430154874920845,
0.01329238060861826,
-0.01232721097767353,
0.04087161272764206,
0.004850135184824467,
-0.023258613422513008,
-0.0157561507076025,
-0.004322357010096312,
0.014557061716914177,
0.0800141915678978,
0.05151219666004181,
0.0013720731949433684,
-0.02766234055161476,
0.05025900900363922,
0.008666040375828743,
-0.0032676984556019306,
-0.004151594825088978,
0.01387130655348301,
-0.051376428455114365,
-0.02758726291358471,
0.06441453844308853,
-0.023509478196501732,
-0.016548091545701027,
-0.07408031076192856,
0.032934918999671936,
0.020579930394887924,
-0.03745819255709648,
-0.048358380794525146,
0.021607620641589165,
-0.04175245389342308,
0.014867601916193962,
-0.017044981941580772,
-0.013793430291116238,
0.010830116458237171,
0.07376636564731598,
0.010765989311039448,
0.046073563396930695,
0.04880614951252937,
-0.005834149196743965,
0.003071004059165716,
-0.03197449445724487,
0.06601709872484207,
0.08704736828804016,
0.051531095057725906,
0.023064754903316498,
0.06338264793157578,
-0.04084604233503342,
-0.009311957284808159,
0.01808355562388897,
0.03653537854552269,
0.01881442219018936,
-0.05576486885547638,
0.02916528657078743,
0.07572270929813385,
0.02366645820438862,
0.07405446469783783,
-0.046634577214717865,
0.026176752522587776,
0.030892087146639824,
0.023946339264512062,
0.015020341612398624,
0.02839750237762928,
0.009836935438215733,
0.0006724449340254068,
-0.023855868726968765,
-0.03657187893986702,
0.030979637056589127,
-0.027860427275300026,
0.03265989571809769,
-0.0026552320923656225,
-0.004715777467936277,
0.0056885043159127235,
-0.007023286074399948,
0.032296281307935715,
0.09592445194721222,
-0.03631938621401787,
-0.061910729855298996,
0.06600551307201385,
0.029019387438893318,
0.0035955719649791718,
0.05884908139705658,
0.020254382863640785,
-0.04139624163508415,
-0.010116181336343288,
-0.05143485963344574,
-0.02870849333703518,
0.000033072687074309215,
-0.015418942086398602,
0.019896497949957848,
-0.03023207001388073,
-0.03516860678792,
0.00825923215597868,
0.013771153055131435,
-0.06530240178108215,
-0.04026951268315315,
-0.023041540756821632,
0.012141995131969452,
-0.09299254417419434,
-0.04341283440589905,
0.04131140932440758,
-0.009857313707470894,
-0.031454723328351974,
-0.0013399353483691812,
-0.054809555411338806,
0.010355761274695396,
0.042067792266607285,
-0.06900171935558319,
-0.009387548081576824,
0.008604518137872219,
0.0014650310622528195,
-0.014554016292095184,
0.02796332724392414,
0.0021439073607325554,
-0.004593731369823217,
-0.006980147212743759,
0.01492892112582922,
0.019479818642139435,
-0.006352472119033337,
0.00296297250315547,
-0.013173740357160568,
-0.09079137444496155,
0.015298950485885143,
0.024842461571097374,
-0.018471043556928635,
-0.07967281341552734,
0.01851845718920231,
0.0004305524635128677,
0.01196239609271288,
0.08558842539787292,
0.0008085822919383645,
0.020419444888830185,
-0.033565621823072433,
-0.04114552587270737,
0.023621167987585068,
0.04442073777318001,
0.040524836629629135,
-0.015612478367984295,
0.07306797802448273,
0.065752312541008,
-0.03705478459596634,
-0.053182452917099,
0.029821978881955147,
-0.011414810083806515,
0.008152337744832039,
-0.004111844580620527,
-0.004323109984397888,
-0.025472775101661682,
-0.09755577892065048,
-0.03027321770787239,
0.03980306163430214,
-0.016842739656567574,
-0.0389677919447422,
-0.0022234271746128798,
-0.04883153364062309,
-0.02292580157518387,
0.006482149474322796,
-0.0349234864115715,
0.007198050152510405,
-0.03246043249964714,
-0.032502658665180206,
-0.07820117473602295,
0.025179559364914894,
0.0008215346606448293,
-0.02629794366657734,
-0.04406924173235893,
-0.04729567840695381,
-0.030259663239121437,
-0.0004688230692408979,
0.05288175493478775,
0.03942716866731644,
0.03150635585188866,
-0.01768435910344124
] |
3,498
|
Interleaved Scene Graphs for Interleaved Text-and-Image Generation Assessment
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=rDLgnYLM5b
|
[
"Dongping Chen",
"Ruoxi Chen",
"Shu Pu",
"Zhaoyi Liu",
"Yanru Wu",
"Caixi Chen",
"Benlin Liu",
"Yue Huang",
"Yao Wan",
"Pan Zhou",
"Ranjay Krishna"
] |
Spotlight
|
Many real-world user queries (e.g. *"How do to make egg fried rice?"*) could benefit from systems capable of generating responses with both textual steps with accompanying images, similar to a cookbook.
Models designed to generate interleaved text and images face challenges in ensuring consistency within and across these modalities.
To address these challenges, we present ISG, a comprehensive evaluation framework for interleaved text-and-image generation. ISG leverages a scene graph structure to capture relationships between text and image blocks, evaluating responses on four levels of granularity: holistic, structural, block-level, and image-specific. This multi-tiered evaluation allows for a nuanced assessment of consistency, coherence, and accuracy, and provides interpretable question-answer feedback.
In conjunction with ISG, we introduce a benchmark, ISG-Bench, encompassing 1,150 samples across 8 categories and 21 subcategories. This benchmark dataset includes complex language-vision dependencies and golden answers to evaluate models effectively on vision-centric tasks such as style transfer, a challenging area for current models.
Using ISG-Bench, we demonstrate that recent unified vision-language models perform poorly on generating interleaved content. While compositional approaches that combine separate language and image models show a 111% improvement over unified models at the holistic level, their performance remains suboptimal at both block and image levels.
To facilitate future work, we develop ISG-Agent, a baseline agent employing a *"plan-execute-refine"* pipeline to invoke tools, achieving a 122% performance improvement.
|
Interleaved Text-and-Image Generation, Generative Models, Multimodal Large Language Model, Scene Graphs, Automatic Evaluation, Benchmark
|
This paper introduces a fine-grained automatic evaluation framework and a new benchmark for interleaved text-and-image generation, offering valuable insights for future research in accurate interleaved generation.
| 7,414
|
2411.17188
|
[
0.028225921094417572,
-0.01123070903122425,
0.01916971057653427,
0.05336901172995567,
0.017038865014910698,
0.0025649394374340773,
0.011376469396054745,
0.027990881353616714,
-0.024730131030082703,
-0.030521493405103683,
-0.05702599138021469,
0.004172198940068483,
-0.06823430210351944,
-0.02014477178454399,
0.006466276943683624,
0.04629330709576607,
0.03919434919953346,
0.021589327603578568,
0.003652866929769516,
0.026373064145445824,
-0.005887880921363831,
-0.017433123663067818,
0.01736326701939106,
-0.012602902948856354,
0.04054102674126625,
-0.006402409169822931,
0.02752590738236904,
0.015796322375535965,
-0.06943576782941818,
-0.004369738046079874,
0.016716208308935165,
-0.0304864589124918,
0.020918602123856544,
-0.03359658271074295,
0.03449549898505211,
-0.05302891880273819,
-0.05595296621322632,
0.026108836755156517,
0.015109950676560402,
0.026921402662992477,
-0.02582821436226368,
0.004194659646600485,
-0.017605792731046677,
-0.011222105473279953,
-0.03486517816781998,
0.0023617628030478954,
-0.1121203601360321,
0.04488018527626991,
0.00931521225720644,
-0.010225431993603706,
-0.10471225529909134,
0.04764394462108612,
0.0042336927726864815,
-0.001174069126136601,
0.01966870203614235,
0.03853197395801544,
0.040914397686719894,
-0.0852188840508461,
-0.007163802161812782,
-0.04184359684586525,
-0.022091560065746307,
-0.010319477878510952,
0.018858004361391068,
0.014346996322274208,
0.004302330780774355,
-0.03912471979856491,
-0.02141278237104416,
0.009696156717836857,
-0.0443640872836113,
-0.005009953398257494,
0.0012425106251612306,
0.026578454300761223,
0.00220670853741467,
0.020197706297039986,
-0.00523932371288538,
-0.04316176101565361,
-0.00619498360902071,
-0.00590692600235343,
0.06423040479421616,
-0.047214407473802567,
0.00446696113795042,
0.023869160562753677,
0.018187079578638077,
0.047125015407800674,
-0.03303872048854828,
0.004934643395245075,
-0.04409473016858101,
-0.03734761103987694,
-0.07033741474151611,
0.016125380992889404,
-0.029636533930897713,
-0.06826607137918472,
0.0053743827156722546,
0.025056039914488792,
0.04693010821938515,
-0.00788167119026184,
0.017173046246170998,
0.044591862708330154,
-0.006457949988543987,
0.009054960682988167,
-0.02263909950852394,
-0.01995840296149254,
0.03895450010895729,
0.011109364219009876,
-0.10132088512182236,
0.0007334487745538354,
-0.018131418153643608,
-0.021080467849969864,
-0.030944760888814926,
-0.006076466292142868,
-0.02938145026564598,
-0.004190884996205568,
0.014562173746526241,
-0.04813587665557861,
-0.05407699570059776,
0.025690119713544846,
0.02425154112279415,
0.010438049212098122,
-0.023978199809789658,
0.022214388474822044,
0.08128147572278976,
0.0390845350921154,
0.00431000255048275,
0.08947072923183441,
-0.02842741459608078,
0.03336111083626747,
-0.0010221825214102864,
0.037377167493104935,
-0.05303800106048584,
-0.032193709164857864,
-0.010726145468652248,
0.00684992503374815,
-0.007699009962379932,
0.002908109687268734,
0.006424466148018837,
-0.004157438408583403,
0.036892369389534,
-0.03935891389846802,
0.039168644696474075,
-0.03414406254887581,
0.004834943916648626,
-0.012974313460290432,
0.05126821622252464,
-0.028842167928814888,
0.07314056903123856,
-0.02271885611116886,
-0.002790795871987939,
-0.03538784384727478,
-0.017439337447285652,
0.0012721943203359842,
0.006074995268136263,
-0.027949819341301918,
0.011064618825912476,
-0.0747159942984581,
0.008895094506442547,
0.08725841343402863,
0.0192071832716465,
0.008356933481991291,
0.008189474232494831,
-0.003797292010858655,
0.007906783372163773,
-0.008393635973334312,
-0.012188020162284374,
-0.01418170053511858,
-0.023565197363495827,
-0.06099772825837135,
-0.008282809518277645,
0.00422642333433032,
-0.04511166736483574,
-0.008687729015946388,
-0.03686097636818886,
-0.057591378688812256,
0.025235028937458992,
-0.023412631824612617,
-0.030348841100931168,
-0.007957151159644127,
0.06120561435818672,
0.030411656945943832,
0.023059619590640068,
0.006058583036065102,
-0.08258765935897827,
0.011903195641934872,
0.011147652752697468,
-0.014081469736993313,
0.002562797861173749,
-0.03341270983219147,
0.07997488230466843,
-0.01960202120244503,
-0.0114813931286335,
0.022740861400961876,
-0.09838759899139404,
-0.015291079878807068,
0.033967845141887665,
0.005831568967550993,
0.025772863999009132,
0.0005655968561768532,
-0.014147833921015263,
0.023037675768136978,
0.04586423188447952,
0.022519368678331375,
0.04729730635881424,
-0.023248283192515373,
0.06582576781511307,
-0.00806888286024332,
-0.017270682379603386,
0.0010052192956209183,
0.05541912838816643,
-0.0027487105689942837,
-0.06631124764680862,
0.0029809942934662104,
-0.0014319702750071883,
-0.00369301438331604,
0.040634408593177795,
0.019778942689299583,
0.025517625734210014,
0.039354268461465836,
-0.004352713003754616,
0.016670148819684982,
0.03229695186018944,
-0.051662739366292953,
0.035411495715379715,
0.026348387822508812,
0.0007537352503277361,
-0.04206462576985359,
-0.05845610797405243,
0.08609294146299362,
0.03755766898393631,
-0.027391182258725166,
-0.03082909807562828,
0.02129344269633293,
-0.029132923111319542,
0.0192725732922554,
0.0006794377113692462,
-0.040437497198581696,
-0.02247084304690361,
-0.021605979651212692,
0.023676473647356033,
-0.010904813185334206,
0.06849289685487747,
-0.03929021582007408,
-0.022747479379177094,
0.03927374258637428,
-0.028562571853399277,
0.06618109345436096,
0.015239098109304905,
-0.019239872694015503,
0.02841964364051819,
-0.006572015583515167,
-0.011111363768577576,
-0.016882283613085747,
-0.0009729178855195642,
0.00737763661891222,
-0.004479965195059776,
-0.029234187677502632,
-0.0031413051765412092,
-0.02368423156440258,
-0.007347511127591133,
-0.031120749190449715,
0.06526128202676773,
0.05165775492787361,
0.022151879966259003,
0.023988498374819756,
0.021876467391848564,
-0.024133125320076942,
-0.0037108452524989843,
-0.07522459328174591,
-0.043105348944664,
-0.01016746275126934,
0.021563272923231125,
0.018243173137307167,
0.07734500616788864,
0.012203551828861237,
0.009293674491345882,
-0.03366807475686073,
-0.007308771833777428,
0.009450956247746944,
0.012052096426486969,
0.025386622175574303,
-0.030028564855456352,
-0.009578406810760498,
-0.008598122745752335,
0.05698511376976967,
-0.023319516330957413,
-0.00006802979623898864,
-0.026465345174074173,
-0.04719904437661171,
0.003824430052191019,
-0.04167349264025688,
0.0196746364235878,
0.015351537615060806,
0.0386594794690609,
0.03599041327834129,
-0.005906258709728718,
-0.02079782262444496,
0.059979699552059174,
0.052028898149728775,
0.033818185329437256,
-0.026978177949786186,
-0.040376074612140656,
0.04364192113280296,
0.0001990993769140914,
0.014574453234672546,
0.02453697845339775,
0.016173377633094788,
0.003488674759864807,
-0.0010948117123916745,
0.015162885189056396,
0.004574477206915617,
-0.26956984400749207,
-0.03028666041791439,
0.023557225242257118,
-0.005268399138003588,
0.009219476021826267,
-0.06409415602684021,
0.04172511026263237,
-0.03908521682024002,
-0.018634432926774025,
0.02665851265192032,
0.018330151215195656,
0.039273135364055634,
0.0011380166979506612,
0.06277426332235336,
0.055511556565761566,
0.04821212962269783,
0.0027021632995456457,
-0.035693589597940445,
0.017188170924782753,
0.05666055902838707,
-0.010593372397124767,
-0.08011352270841599,
-0.020808422937989235,
0.051766786724328995,
0.000736940884962678,
0.026180140674114227,
-0.10097118467092514,
-0.01556447334587574,
-0.015749860554933548,
-0.010105684399604797,
0.027306344360113144,
-0.01154948677867651,
0.008231306448578835,
0.07250211387872696,
-0.012741809710860252,
0.008062400855123997,
0.09352654218673706,
0.00028104058583267033,
0.014827034436166286,
0.0003424130263738334,
0.013138151727616787,
-0.024189025163650513,
-0.03416899964213371,
0.003509015776216984,
0.07671545445919037,
-0.026014145463705063,
-0.05336843803524971,
-0.04752360284328461,
-0.00784146599471569,
0.03452492505311966,
-0.0022311743814498186,
-0.017002269625663757,
-0.0036179577000439167,
0.025894777849316597,
-0.029423383995890617,
-0.011954300105571747,
0.011833714321255684,
-0.01989547163248062,
-0.0337003655731678,
-0.02769472822546959,
-0.013588672503829002,
-0.007209002505987883,
-0.028060298413038254,
-0.018683727830648422,
-0.0028168228454887867,
-0.0287788063287735,
-0.04424567520618439,
-0.06585031747817993,
0.016592662781476974,
0.042584434151649475,
-0.033616986125707626,
0.012087861075997353,
-0.009017030708491802,
-0.08752468973398209,
-0.0008054272620938718,
-0.0033195868600159883,
0.00029828198603354394,
-0.034466687589883804,
-0.016696279868483543,
0.019982649013400078,
-0.014913958497345448,
-0.049145422875881195,
0.03313174098730087,
0.03667616471648216,
0.033624131232500076,
-0.008003137074410915,
0.01697191782295704,
-0.04054681584239006,
0.03452327847480774,
-0.024960696697235107,
0.07315126061439514,
-0.00039580382872372866,
0.020858369767665863,
0.017532462254166603,
0.02760731242597103,
0.019479436799883842,
0.07578607648611069,
0.03184351325035095,
0.032534681260585785,
0.012574808672070503,
0.03755319118499756,
-0.09163305163383484,
-0.019451208412647247,
0.029684491455554962,
-0.03790219500660896,
0.011519190855324268,
-0.05921328440308571,
-0.005486410576850176,
0.03617522865533829,
-0.011284672655165195,
-0.051681842654943466,
-0.00874887965619564,
0.020110484212636948,
-0.01853288523852825,
-0.020458243787288666,
-0.014888472855091095,
0.011430283077061176,
0.01586257666349411,
0.018482038751244545,
-0.012899086810648441,
-0.02192448079586029,
0.026015670970082283,
-0.014177924953401089,
0.005373743362724781,
-0.014130725525319576,
-0.024511011317372322,
0.0026779465842992067,
-0.013632051646709442,
-0.019902488216757774,
-0.003977341577410698,
0.03513799235224724,
0.02685336396098137,
0.007541170343756676,
0.028461983427405357,
0.03994518890976906,
-0.027252618223428726,
0.0011580511927604675,
-0.0060022491961717606,
0.026180950924754143,
-0.015030788257718086,
0.010351416654884815,
-0.0025006490759551525,
0.020947884768247604,
0.011945618316531181,
0.025061173364520073,
-0.009005749598145485,
0.015126676298677921,
0.0018305584089830518,
-0.02602268196642399,
0.008453698828816414,
0.02745218575000763,
-0.037890076637268066,
-0.058218445628881454,
-0.01388577651232481,
-0.0022610840387642384,
-0.022225460037589073,
0.0022234823554754257,
-0.012424053624272346,
0.03074628673493862,
-0.05604855716228485,
0.09241332113742828,
0.00274583138525486,
0.004753315355628729,
-0.014347380958497524,
0.0067639523185789585,
0.006364292465150356,
0.05169367790222168,
0.006438314449042082,
0.0023176257964223623,
-0.01197283249348402,
0.032250627875328064,
-0.03399040922522545,
0.01062413863837719,
-0.01232736837118864,
-0.019298098981380463,
0.03465648740530014,
-0.003552101319655776,
-0.01032803114503622,
-0.007621509954333305,
0.06774016469717026,
-0.012408300302922726,
0.007774641737341881,
0.0334731824696064,
-0.0013018297031521797,
0.09397152066230774,
-0.003461271058768034,
-0.014621380716562271,
0.00464904960244894,
-0.011755642481148243,
0.03554913029074669,
-0.0012116881553083658,
0.008472383953630924,
-0.03265751153230667,
-0.006859470624476671,
-0.0412658266723156,
-0.06070047616958618,
0.015007343143224716,
-0.02496115304529667,
0.01810956932604313,
-0.01661209762096405,
-0.016392406076192856,
0.022725500166416168,
-0.08467759937047958,
-0.02758846804499626,
-0.007126303389668465,
-0.06740438938140869,
-0.000014420393199543469,
0.030311545357108116,
-0.012361796572804451,
0.018003106117248535,
-0.013455800712108612,
-0.04280371591448784,
-0.06188882514834404,
-0.0380374900996685,
0.017970120534300804,
-0.007934506982564926,
-0.013772974722087383,
-0.0417681448161602,
0.024260131642222404,
-0.02128685638308525,
-0.016750287264585495,
0.020106947049498558,
0.004855824168771505,
-0.002947218017652631,
0.01811680570244789,
0.04126095771789551,
-0.020955117419362068,
-0.024705959483981133,
0.011267680674791336,
-0.05250918120145798,
0.03849736228585243,
-0.004337442107498646,
0.053297486156225204,
0.04719218239188194,
-0.011408213526010513,
-0.005911892745643854,
-0.04631704092025757,
0.013125166296958923,
0.0479997843503952,
-0.002256884705275297,
0.007261238526552916,
0.024813657626509666,
-0.02914630062878132,
0.01239344198256731,
0.020374348387122154,
0.029895180836319923,
0.010063721798360348,
-0.004449032247066498,
0.00006004479291732423,
0.01941406913101673,
0.004753555171191692,
-0.0022242204286158085,
-0.025738686323165894,
-0.03344026952981949,
0.028953634202480316,
-0.058309804648160934,
-0.008665884844958782,
-0.0652872622013092,
-0.06429263204336166,
0.013281185179948807,
-0.017516229301691055,
0.0477166511118412,
-0.015270289964973927,
0.020194197073578835,
0.0414755642414093,
0.013488097116351128,
0.02065070904791355,
-0.03153424710035324,
0.04739319905638695,
-0.015337777324020863,
0.017132101580500603,
-0.04725349321961403,
-0.005489553790539503,
0.06662280112504959,
-0.036145322024822235,
-0.033323321491479874,
-0.006886821240186691,
-0.02308586798608303,
0.029244747012853622,
-0.024376630783081055,
-0.044578682631254196,
0.018146002665162086,
-0.03817913681268692,
0.0040901354514062405,
0.020146232098340988,
-0.030189119279384613,
0.0120389424264431,
-0.057499248534440994,
-0.05159348249435425,
-0.02654864825308323,
-0.004617695696651936,
0.03757382556796074,
-0.041053406894207,
-0.02375604771077633,
-0.038231588900089264,
0.0023526595905423164,
0.03421105071902275,
0.07900714874267578,
0.019239414483308792,
0.007588231936097145,
-0.025871237739920616,
0.06537631899118423,
0.017334749922156334,
0.00795801356434822,
0.007483089808374643,
0.017748072743415833,
-0.03183874115347862,
-0.0692993625998497,
0.07697188854217529,
-0.002319854684174061,
-0.013783358037471771,
-0.0785946324467659,
0.06791874021291733,
0.011087197810411453,
-0.05271853879094124,
-0.015014061704277992,
0.052251268178224564,
-0.05397167056798935,
0.04966771975159645,
-0.0019491083221510053,
0.037254419177770615,
-0.02156076766550541,
0.062013909220695496,
0.005847306922078133,
0.018750978633761406,
0.05254169926047325,
0.011341887526214123,
-0.0002178672148147598,
-0.017826437950134277,
0.06726296246051788,
0.07586223632097244,
0.06735144555568695,
-0.010603278875350952,
0.0836467444896698,
-0.04815895855426788,
-0.04862039163708687,
0.010463273152709007,
0.03758886829018593,
-0.01586252637207508,
-0.04015460982918739,
0.006747780833393335,
0.06346270442008972,
0.004597770515829325,
0.056331463158130646,
-0.06856940686702728,
0.005488761700689793,
0.04620255157351494,
-0.015455033630132675,
-0.021133484318852425,
0.04645726457238197,
0.04231041297316551,
0.01682026870548725,
-0.019221315160393715,
-0.008760361932218075,
0.014332771301269531,
-0.045773621648550034,
0.00019044677901547402,
-0.015054234303534031,
0.011125867255032063,
-0.004777268506586552,
-0.01729913055896759,
0.04644850641489029,
0.10616355389356613,
-0.021779265254735947,
-0.046091556549072266,
0.018711771816015244,
0.019145440310239792,
0.03391260653734207,
0.04776442423462868,
0.02959093265235424,
-0.03750244900584221,
-0.003524754662066698,
-0.04257907718420029,
-0.0006290856981649995,
0.004650350194424391,
-0.002459513256326318,
0.01744857244193554,
-0.02412855252623558,
0.010758418589830399,
0.038614463061094284,
0.0039949179627001286,
-0.03174927830696106,
-0.03517378121614456,
-0.019382240250706673,
-0.047629110515117645,
-0.03573376312851906,
-0.0378461517393589,
0.019357943907380104,
0.009935861453413963,
-0.0416591502726078,
-0.02315792813897133,
-0.027788398787379265,
0.0039329081773757935,
0.033222049474716187,
-0.07725139707326889,
0.010690256021916866,
0.05376831069588661,
0.027659425511956215,
-0.016993630677461624,
0.03427833318710327,
0.0256609246134758,
-0.03513320907950401,
-0.014986618421971798,
0.02180727943778038,
0.04724002629518509,
-0.0061115422286093235,
-0.019555171951651573,
-0.018314752727746964,
-0.11538195610046387,
0.005684057716280222,
0.025806033983826637,
-0.04797390475869179,
-0.08964339643716812,
0.021801244467496872,
-0.024656372144818306,
0.037047598510980606,
0.06226936727762222,
0.018798841163516045,
0.04566268250346184,
-0.03515494242310524,
0.01959911733865738,
-0.014403100125491619,
0.019046107307076454,
0.046434078365564346,
-0.04879146069288254,
0.09146374464035034,
0.035973235964775085,
0.0033721807412803173,
-0.018519006669521332,
0.04404725879430771,
-0.01357785239815712,
0.0269844401627779,
-0.04913374036550522,
-0.00041273620445281267,
-0.03778921440243721,
-0.09615976363420486,
-0.020110102370381355,
0.016072742640972137,
0.034699518233537674,
-0.027752960100769997,
-0.01807325892150402,
-0.04321351274847984,
-0.028605829924345016,
0.03170781210064888,
-0.010335024446249008,
0.0013653127243742347,
-0.02414150908589363,
-0.02064056694507599,
-0.04218167066574097,
0.00431545777246356,
-0.019834397360682487,
0.013881954364478588,
-0.035233136266469955,
-0.03271123021841049,
-0.022817838937044144,
0.02183384634554386,
0.032184164971113205,
-0.006424838677048683,
0.05961615592241287,
-0.014307919889688492
] |
3,499
|
ODE-based Smoothing Neural Network for Reinforcement Learning Tasks
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=S5Yo6w3n3f
|
[
"Yinuo Wang",
"Wenxuan Wang",
"Xujie Song",
"Tong Liu",
"Yuming Yin",
"Liangfa Chen",
"Likun Wang",
"Jingliang Duan",
"Shengbo Eben Li"
] |
Spotlight
|
The smoothness of control actions is a significant challenge faced by deep reinforcement learning (RL) techniques in solving optimal control problems. Existing RL-trained policies tend to produce non-smooth actions due to high-frequency input noise and unconstrained Lipschitz constants in neural networks. This article presents a Smooth ODE (SmODE) network capable of simultaneously addressing both causes of unsmooth control actions, thereby enhancing policy performance and robustness under noise condition. We first design a smooth ODE neuron with first-order low-pass filtering expression, which can dynamically filter out high frequency noises of hidden state by a learnable state-based system time constant. Additionally, we construct a state-based mapping function, $g$, and theoretically demonstrate its capacity to control the ODE neuron's Lipschitz constant. Then, based on the above neuronal structure design, we further advanced the SmODE network serving as RL policy approximators. This network is compatible with most existing RL algorithms, offering improved adaptability compared to prior approaches. Various experiments show that our SmODE network demonstrates superior anti-interference capabilities and smoother action outputs than the multi-layer perception and smooth network architectures like LipsNet.
|
Reinforcement Learning, Smooth Control, Low-pass Filter, Neural ODE
|
This paper proposes a neural unit structure with smooth properties, and based on it, proposes a smoothing policy neural network. This work is the first time that Neural ODE method is used for action smoothing in deep reinforcement learning.
| 7,391
| null |
[
-0.06491953134536743,
-0.02487548254430294,
-0.016827864572405815,
0.05087798833847046,
0.049652889370918274,
0.036272261291742325,
0.010433523915708065,
0.0015985221834853292,
-0.030924636870622635,
-0.03262535110116005,
0.019137289375066757,
-0.00660883029922843,
-0.07998110353946686,
-0.0046186624094843864,
0.017755167558789253,
0.05449777469038963,
0.05792784318327904,
-0.021099090576171875,
-0.012368849478662014,
0.022908752784132957,
0.011954456567764282,
0.001862027682363987,
0.03284202143549919,
0.02209055982530117,
0.04416824132204056,
-0.020445536822080612,
0.019681012257933617,
0.002512307371944189,
-0.009806395508348942,
0.005627346690744162,
0.027327105402946472,
0.01275285892188549,
-0.0012793645728379488,
-0.026591245085000992,
-0.015965372323989868,
0.023247942328453064,
-0.03360461816191673,
0.0015053398674353957,
-0.013691560365259647,
0.0067100184969604015,
-0.03908597677946091,
0.010355103760957718,
-0.010134401731193066,
-0.00167905876878649,
-0.01853146217763424,
0.01771998591721058,
-0.07842136174440384,
0.027039213106036186,
0.021069062873721123,
-0.032390132546424866,
-0.10238474607467651,
0.036705173552036285,
0.003450903110206127,
-0.017935875803232193,
-0.020489349961280823,
0.029661014676094055,
0.020357923582196236,
-0.06678375601768494,
-0.028938421979546547,
-0.06894882023334503,
-0.010185436345636845,
0.02712331898510456,
-0.002280531683936715,
0.011378249153494835,
-0.004531974904239178,
0.050645552575588226,
0.005121794529259205,
0.02808661386370659,
-0.04859486222267151,
-0.010859659872949123,
-0.02954256907105446,
-0.002038052771240473,
0.0016466622473672032,
0.01731407642364502,
0.014369252137839794,
-0.05740203708410263,
0.03286950662732124,
0.04572609066963196,
0.04884747043251991,
0.016851510852575302,
0.03553560748696327,
-0.010537403635680676,
0.02883780188858509,
0.044417981058359146,
-0.011671863496303558,
0.035526156425476074,
-0.037372127175331116,
-0.007514425087720156,
-0.08308171480894089,
0.025582412257790565,
-0.05083506926894188,
-0.04611827805638313,
0.02353997528553009,
0.03728998452425003,
-0.00376107613556087,
-0.01720845326781273,
0.0217271875590086,
0.03428400307893753,
-0.014101805165410042,
0.018998093903064728,
-0.024798864498734474,
-0.04705265909433365,
0.016927950084209442,
-0.008302710019052029,
-0.08997073769569397,
-0.049476347863674164,
-0.003707494819536805,
-0.03630244359374046,
0.009552063420414925,
0.03603972867131233,
-0.0413331612944603,
0.006705753039568663,
0.011266879737377167,
-0.02935776114463806,
-0.08677895367145538,
0.028947949409484863,
-0.008813515305519104,
0.015187901444733143,
0.0034067435190081596,
-0.006413253955543041,
0.027644557878375053,
0.04732617735862732,
-0.008820513263344765,
0.03830181807279587,
-0.010828861966729164,
0.015944771468639374,
0.014452524483203888,
0.03170141577720642,
0.0029722321778535843,
-0.026815146207809448,
0.04870154336094856,
0.031144576147198677,
0.010287589393556118,
0.008852160535752773,
-0.0005799383507110178,
-0.013594184070825577,
-0.004690264351665974,
0.03791319206357002,
0.015046036802232265,
0.0389200784265995,
0.014997722581028938,
-0.05659398436546326,
0.06894013285636902,
-0.03911321237683296,
0.04755550995469093,
-0.022924697026610374,
-0.001829626620747149,
-0.029744436964392662,
-0.06117815151810646,
-0.034559790045022964,
-0.002132921013981104,
-0.016477186232805252,
-0.026515712961554527,
-0.062460508197546005,
0.03780367970466614,
0.03717442974448204,
0.036037031561136246,
0.020278407260775566,
-0.009158048778772354,
0.013008431531488895,
-0.008558342233300209,
-0.007183520123362541,
-0.0069203684106469154,
0.003842627163976431,
-0.007230809424072504,
-0.07097768038511276,
0.04825855791568756,
0.02908344566822052,
-0.008898436091840267,
-0.015261654742062092,
-0.02432144805788994,
-0.012414328753948212,
0.01935385726392269,
0.0136260399594903,
0.0211037565022707,
-0.010104948654770851,
0.057652056217193604,
-0.03162738308310509,
0.022337688133120537,
0.01961657404899597,
-0.07363715767860413,
0.06061273440718651,
0.010013596154749393,
-0.0134592829272151,
0.00280363904312253,
-0.07023629546165466,
0.08195628225803375,
-0.03257068619132042,
-0.003065223339945078,
0.011940202675759792,
-0.08032990992069244,
0.00252057914622128,
0.0054977587424218655,
-0.013440546579658985,
0.06247758865356445,
0.03059731423854828,
-0.01107200887054205,
-0.012632796540856361,
0.0032184310257434845,
0.0769052729010582,
0.03373246267437935,
-0.042758580297231674,
0.031618908047676086,
0.009497247636318207,
-0.023080768063664436,
-0.022316355258226395,
0.03864861652255058,
-0.05693865939974785,
0.01640905998647213,
0.006967711262404919,
-0.033236224204301834,
-0.01683070696890354,
0.017051944509148598,
-0.026700660586357117,
0.03862352669239044,
-0.018846066668629646,
-0.01438965741544962,
-0.009744450449943542,
-0.001836611656472087,
-0.07076089084148407,
0.018576206639409065,
0.010249977000057697,
-0.0329410657286644,
0.014703656546771526,
-0.03280797228217125,
0.09055524319410324,
0.08778594434261322,
-0.0366712287068367,
-0.0766855925321579,
0.0031810100190341473,
-0.01988406665623188,
0.015059876255691051,
0.022906048223376274,
-0.01849142648279667,
0.044116437435150146,
0.0021664611995220184,
0.003013686742633581,
-0.023067552596330643,
0.05915899947285652,
-0.030983345583081245,
0.007709756027907133,
0.08767538517713547,
-0.002467046258971095,
0.05549095198512077,
-0.02192600443959236,
0.0307084359228611,
0.03507746383547783,
-0.013405872508883476,
-0.02784695476293564,
-0.026332702487707138,
-0.05221080780029297,
0.005863283760845661,
0.04853935167193413,
-0.022220253944396973,
0.016893602907657623,
-0.04951174184679985,
-0.040623269975185394,
-0.01152131613343954,
0.08108564466238022,
0.059986412525177,
0.02101786620914936,
0.0010170865571126342,
-0.014204153791069984,
-0.020141545683145523,
-0.02432217262685299,
-0.11408470571041107,
-0.012354141101241112,
0.01572100631892681,
0.03387223184108734,
0.03436989337205887,
-0.005028202198445797,
-0.035349611192941666,
0.07198737561702728,
-0.03461596742272377,
-0.02463110163807869,
0.014325320720672607,
0.02907124161720276,
0.05108403414487839,
-0.017493896186351776,
-0.06044856831431389,
0.031236285343766212,
0.07978704571723938,
0.0003787043096963316,
-0.009393641725182533,
-0.013632147572934628,
-0.04647808521986008,
0.005024611484259367,
0.002710093976929784,
-0.007163690403103828,
0.00238537578843534,
0.004755025263875723,
-0.009621182456612587,
-0.03084815852344036,
0.03851034864783287,
-0.01618805341422558,
0.08846937119960785,
0.05375048518180847,
0.022838899865746498,
-0.017567314207553864,
0.01457120943814516,
0.010558705776929855,
0.0038839264307171106,
-0.037173714488744736,
0.0097351698204875,
-0.0054239630699157715,
-0.007023544982075691,
0.022580841556191444,
0.010570820420980453,
-0.2466398924589157,
-0.027570392936468124,
-0.008274995721876621,
0.004001390654593706,
0.03570020943880081,
0.027270833030343056,
0.04670106992125511,
0.0017080921679735184,
-0.021252792328596115,
0.02186455950140953,
0.0059876046143472195,
0.006930945906788111,
0.005987386219203472,
0.05172855034470558,
0.045743584632873535,
-0.013332989998161793,
-0.013795336708426476,
-0.03323175385594368,
-0.021459633484482765,
0.015192333608865738,
-0.011379715986549854,
-0.08575259149074554,
-0.012735117226839066,
0.02983732521533966,
-0.007172122597694397,
0.0575680248439312,
-0.04241344705224037,
-0.03761177882552147,
-0.0437619648873806,
-0.011444715782999992,
-0.0482260100543499,
-0.008463514037430286,
-0.027107002213597298,
0.010408803820610046,
0.0031242447439581156,
-0.007598315365612507,
0.01378703024238348,
-0.007841003127396107,
0.06322105973958969,
0.04934978485107422,
-0.0014731434639543295,
-0.013587634079158306,
0.0022287212777882814,
0.033442892134189606,
0.06556996703147888,
0.031397975981235504,
-0.05250164121389389,
0.014124282635748386,
-0.03457131236791611,
0.04638371244072914,
0.01041973102837801,
-0.022959785535931587,
-0.018214091658592224,
-0.008399681188166142,
0.010902068577706814,
0.003155894111841917,
0.01507779210805893,
-0.01167338527739048,
0.02220986969769001,
0.02101404406130314,
-0.04103831201791763,
-0.02602718211710453,
-0.06733063608407974,
-0.024552736431360245,
0.0010971842566505075,
-0.007850500755012035,
-0.028758037835359573,
-0.06453249603509903,
0.008243901655077934,
0.03193172439932823,
0.008960721082985401,
-0.01873692125082016,
-0.03543667867779732,
-0.10676547139883041,
0.0042990283109247684,
0.01059103012084961,
-0.02848452888429165,
-0.050516899675130844,
0.01876581832766533,
0.027486011385917664,
-0.035415101796388626,
-0.05396061763167381,
-0.008557151071727276,
0.016930844634771347,
0.013576722703874111,
-0.00476775411516428,
0.04606638476252556,
-0.03806380182504654,
-0.004125706385821104,
-0.055704016238451004,
0.04506484046578407,
-0.0005604695179499686,
0.03323673829436302,
-0.02574472874403,
0.05525709316134453,
0.02078872360289097,
0.014928811229765415,
0.030911799520254135,
0.018774239346385002,
-0.025727014988660812,
0.02695794589817524,
-0.05373195931315422,
-0.0222477987408638,
-0.04582097753882408,
-0.021776607260107994,
0.020105361938476562,
-0.059521351009607315,
-0.02849356271326542,
0.028143474832177162,
0.029773246496915817,
0.020434550940990448,
-0.06253660470247269,
-0.005474689416587353,
-0.023686271160840988,
-0.006271835882216692,
-0.02249729633331299,
0.011154372245073318,
0.029202865436673164,
0.028446633368730545,
0.0016132995951920748,
-0.04844848811626434,
0.03315277025103569,
-0.04779602959752083,
0.031713586300611496,
0.0017351279966533184,
0.015775075182318687,
-0.0023650156799703836,
-0.008879957720637321,
0.010678425431251526,
-0.022046925500035286,
0.04723183438181877,
0.0635257139801979,
0.011880217120051384,
-0.006675569340586662,
0.03589764982461929,
-0.02246786840260029,
-0.010330799967050552,
-0.011909686960279942,
0.021280046552419662,
0.001670941710472107,
-0.0220257006585598,
0.012506322003901005,
0.045800935477018356,
0.007352894637733698,
0.01899532601237297,
0.022058891132473946,
0.04520948603749275,
-0.01327335275709629,
0.04501066729426384,
0.012673452496528625,
0.05454711988568306,
-0.07284820079803467,
-0.06171124428510666,
-0.0400601327419281,
0.019468778744339943,
-0.05293315649032593,
0.024738859385252,
-0.020699867978692055,
0.0231628455221653,
-0.03953395038843155,
0.011691094376146793,
0.02858462557196617,
-0.06155490502715111,
0.03028482012450695,
0.029216410592198372,
0.06756025552749634,
-0.021255608648061752,
-0.016971828415989876,
0.034142524003982544,
-0.0065154568292200565,
-0.005045425612479448,
-0.020040452480316162,
0.002819848246872425,
-0.04174308851361275,
-0.02974689193069935,
-0.019116220995783806,
0.018668487668037415,
-0.0512421689927578,
-0.032235633581876755,
0.01658596098423004,
0.01535928063094616,
-0.018927913159132004,
0.010106249712407589,
0.011411614716053009,
0.06363461166620255,
-0.022951697930693626,
0.0093033192679286,
-0.023755719885230064,
-0.025527607649564743,
0.01171319279819727,
-0.027466315776109695,
0.013012192212045193,
-0.03491885960102081,
-0.023534350097179413,
-0.0386718288064003,
-0.0331355519592762,
0.008740685880184174,
0.019420163705945015,
-0.03151234984397888,
-0.026173992082476616,
0.005369344726204872,
0.014834470115602016,
-0.04648369178175926,
0.014223194681107998,
0.006892330478876829,
-0.09640465676784515,
0.004230001010000706,
0.06520668417215347,
0.014045708812773228,
0.03393138572573662,
-0.03475717082619667,
-0.022353393957018852,
-0.009242044761776924,
-0.04165123030543327,
-0.001254121190868318,
-0.01723773032426834,
-0.01667606830596924,
-0.03748820349574089,
-0.02295750193297863,
0.0031963931396603584,
0.01466250978410244,
-0.014820387586951256,
-0.0193898044526577,
-0.03954847902059555,
0.00019306028843857348,
0.0426434651017189,
-0.04555034264922142,
-0.016951970756053925,
0.02451271191239357,
-0.00461646169424057,
0.007210662588477135,
-0.04417867213487625,
0.018167760223150253,
0.010110970586538315,
0.001946283970028162,
0.03452230244874954,
-0.05535881221294403,
0.04770549759268761,
-0.05254494771361351,
-0.03404480218887329,
-0.026634935289621353,
0.011479613371193409,
-0.028736336156725883,
0.0055261217057704926,
0.0067616975866258144,
0.03144613653421402,
0.010200361721217632,
0.012758110649883747,
-0.015472297556698322,
0.0062517281621694565,
0.0073218210600316525,
0.018805596977472305,
-0.06922207772731781,
0.015020317398011684,
0.05500275269150734,
-0.03933333978056908,
-0.010051770135760307,
-0.05434336140751839,
-0.012239598669111729,
0.02693050727248192,
-0.04666227102279663,
0.03529905900359154,
-0.051318783313035965,
0.03758346289396286,
0.0003353736537974328,
0.02120888978242874,
0.025890273973345757,
-0.011905010789632797,
0.06714441627264023,
-0.09178373962640762,
0.03959674388170242,
-0.04789021611213684,
-0.01730586774647236,
0.05087421461939812,
-0.027960889041423798,
0.021016927435994148,
0.04109913855791092,
-0.00009611861605662853,
0.037959739565849304,
-0.038831476122140884,
-0.03941318392753601,
0.061494141817092896,
-0.03351486101746559,
-0.003670857986435294,
0.02393997646868229,
-0.0533159114420414,
-0.036615677177906036,
-0.016445940360426903,
-0.052746038883924484,
0.030690839514136314,
0.02785695157945156,
0.024040671065449715,
-0.00026947338483296335,
0.0027033088263124228,
-0.05449190363287926,
0.024215031415224075,
0.05086755007505417,
0.024672692641615868,
0.021982669830322266,
0.019025227054953575,
-0.04266304522752762,
0.07039611786603928,
0.018858276307582855,
0.04740343987941742,
-0.004168644081801176,
0.03826501965522766,
-0.010664123110473156,
-0.04884686693549156,
0.023814665153622627,
-0.003864048747345805,
0.002029906492680311,
-0.04902981221675873,
0.03937855735421181,
0.010459900833666325,
-0.018931277096271515,
0.008800134062767029,
0.0020547090098261833,
-0.060718975961208344,
-0.01947624608874321,
0.019521301612257957,
0.009540879167616367,
0.06371849030256271,
0.0784432515501976,
0.027727555483579636,
0.019990500062704086,
0.061633769422769547,
0.01673763431608677,
-0.016662035137414932,
0.017593029886484146,
0.09581373631954193,
0.07774875313043594,
0.022267265245318413,
-0.02639063261449337,
0.07583992928266525,
-0.04737563803792,
-0.05279397964477539,
0.04361506924033165,
0.01403557788580656,
-0.03642655164003372,
-0.027746671810746193,
-0.0058083366602659225,
0.0763774886727333,
-0.0030233904253691435,
0.06183411180973053,
-0.04590671882033348,
0.0060935490764677525,
0.05269520729780197,
-0.000382352591259405,
-0.02977525070309639,
0.015278574079275131,
0.02048492431640625,
0.02665483020246029,
-0.0014083405258134007,
-0.012542963959276676,
-0.015075492672622204,
-0.04165903478860855,
0.014182532206177711,
-0.00761149637401104,
-0.01598401926457882,
-0.004415196366608143,
0.02049104869365692,
0.06188332289457321,
0.12291639298200607,
-0.07484087347984314,
-0.00648905336856842,
0.0024306741543114185,
0.005962694529443979,
0.015892978757619858,
0.03688051924109459,
0.00383386155590415,
0.0008711288683116436,
0.021979648619890213,
-0.00449059484526515,
0.022256193682551384,
0.024860382080078125,
0.003662386443465948,
0.021382663398981094,
-0.05264195799827576,
-0.01622573845088482,
0.012566990219056606,
0.013832703232765198,
0.013904554769396782,
-0.03933662921190262,
-0.02803652361035347,
-0.055183131247758865,
-0.053638722747564316,
-0.08077329397201538,
0.03944189473986626,
0.002142817247658968,
-0.05751018226146698,
0.00746300769969821,
0.0035219676792621613,
0.03170772269368172,
0.009582600556313992,
-0.033920109272003174,
0.013111491687595844,
0.012480664998292923,
0.007566862273961306,
-0.014664305374026299,
0.028150247409939766,
0.050787925720214844,
0.009481819346547127,
-0.02732069045305252,
0.005227165296673775,
0.0013518122723326087,
0.031402360647916794,
-0.020047660917043686,
0.0018954292172566056,
-0.09200499206781387,
-0.0006888429634273052,
0.03988782316446304,
-0.013702113181352615,
-0.06724568456411362,
0.06419401615858078,
-0.05026720464229584,
0.0361652746796608,
0.07210031896829605,
-0.02311534620821476,
-0.004537305794656277,
-0.023782288655638695,
-0.0214582197368145,
-0.006184469908475876,
-0.0038572929333895445,
0.04985123127698898,
-0.022742772474884987,
0.05310788378119469,
0.06311188638210297,
-0.02027437835931778,
-0.04409013316035271,
0.041303232312202454,
-0.004589711781591177,
-0.002700469922274351,
-0.0056677102111279964,
-0.02179284766316414,
-0.016574326902627945,
-0.09622708708047867,
-0.016185251995921135,
0.05004287511110306,
-0.007730524986982346,
-0.04618694260716438,
0.023967677727341652,
-0.005228988826274872,
0.019801247864961624,
-0.008441806770861149,
-0.033025454729795456,
-0.039834242314100266,
-0.039852675050497055,
-0.029917368665337563,
-0.04632916301488876,
0.038511693477630615,
-0.01425495371222496,
0.03675990179181099,
-0.030310269445180893,
-0.0366424061357975,
-0.0054305195808410645,
-0.009368428960442543,
0.02654770389199257,
0.032487653195858,
0.006782118696719408,
-0.0032103480771183968
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.